Determination of the gas compositions for direct coal liquefaction by gas chromatography

火山喷发实验过程作文英语Title: The Process of Simulating a Volcanic Eruption Experiment。

Volcanic eruptions, with their sheer power and immense consequences, have always captivated the curiosity of scientists and enthusiasts alike. Conducting experiments to understand and simulate these eruptions provides invaluable insights into their mechanisms and helps in devising strategies for mitigating their impact. In this essay, I will outline the process of conducting a simulated volcanic eruption experiment.1. Objective Definition:Before commencing the experiment, it's crucial to define its objectives clearly. Typically, the aim involves replicating the conditions of a volcanic eruption to study various aspects such as magma behavior, gas release, and the formation of volcanic ash.2. Setup Preparation:Container Selection: Choose a suitable container to represent the volcanic chamber. It should be heat-resistant and capable of containing high temperatures and pressures.Magma Simulation: Prepare a mixture resembling magma. This can include substances like molten rock, silica, and various minerals to mimic the composition of real magma.Gas Injection System: Set up a mechanism tointroduce gases into the container, representing thevolatile gases present in magma.Pressure and Temperature Monitoring: Install sensors to measure pressure and temperature changes inside the container throughout the experiment.3. Experiment Execution:Initial Conditions: Start by heating the containerto simulate the high temperatures within the Earth's mantle. The magma mixture is then added to the container.Gas Injection: Introduce gases such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide into the container to simulate the volatile nature of magma. This process mimics the buildup of pressure within a volcanic chamber.Observation and Data Collection: Monitor thecontainer closely for signs of volcanic activity. This includes observing changes in pressure, temperature, andthe behavior of the magma mixture. Record all relevant data for analysis.4. Analysis and Interpretation:Magma Behavior: Analyze how the magma behaves under different temperature and pressure conditions. Observe phenomena such as magma viscosity, gas bubble formation,and flow patterns.Gas Release Dynamics: Study the release of gasesfrom the magma and their effects on eruption intensity and style. This includes examining gas compositions and their interactions with the surrounding environment.Volcanic Ash Formation: Investigate the formation of volcanic ash particles during the eruption process. Understand factors influencing ash production, particle size distribution, and dispersal patterns.5. Conclusion and Insights:Understanding Volcanic Processes: Reflect on the findings of the experiment and their implications for understanding real volcanic eruptions. Discuss how the experiment contributes to our knowledge of volcanic processes and hazards.Applications in Hazard Mitigation: Highlight the practical applications of the experiment in mitigating volcanic hazards. This can include improving eruption forecasting, assessing volcanic risks, and developing strategies for disaster preparedness.6. Future Directions:Refinement of Models: Identify areas for further research and refinement of experimental models. This may involve incorporating additional factors such as magma composition variations, crustal interactions, and external influences.Integration of Technology: Explore the use of advanced technologies such as computer simulations and remote sensing techniques to enhance experimental capabilities and observational methods.In conclusion, conducting a simulated volcanic eruption experiment involves meticulous planning, precise execution, and thorough analysis. Through such experiments, scientists can unravel the complexities of volcanic phenomena and contribute to the advancement of knowledge in the field of volcanology.。

Characterization of the Seed Oil and Meal from Monechma ciliatum and Prunus mahaleb SeedsJAOCS, Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, Aug 2009 by Mariod, Abdalbasit Adam, Aseel, Kawthar Mahmoud, Mustafa, Ali Abdalgadir, Abdel-Wahab, Siddig IbrahimAbstractThe oil and meal from Monechma ciliatum (black mahlab) and Prunus mahaleb (white mahlab) seeds were characterized for their physicochemical properties. The oil content was found to be 30.95 and 13.15% in white and black mahlab seeds, respectively. The refractive indices of white mahlab oil (WMO) and black mahlab oil (BMO) were 1.475 and 1.470, and specific gravities were 0.8511 and 0.8167 g/cm^sup 3^, respectively. Saponification values were 184.23 and 180.3 mg KOH/g, peroxide values were 2.54 and 4.43 meq/kg, and unsaponifiable matter was 0.92 and 0.66%, respectively. The major fatty acids were palmitic 4.5%, stearic 16.0%, oleic 47.3%, and linoleic 31.4% in BMO, while in WMO they were palmitic 5.7%, oleic 45.0%, and linoleic acid 47.0%. A moderate amount of tocopherols were found at 45.2 and 28.5 mg/100 g in BMO and WMO, respectively. Protein content was found to be 21% in black and 28% in white mahlab seeds. The total amount of amino acids in black and white mahlab seeds was found to be 783.3 and 1,223.2 mg/g N, respectively. The concentration (on ppm dry-weight basis) of major elements (Ca, K, and Mg) and of minor elements (Al, Pb Ni, Mn, Cu, Cr, Co, and Fe) was also determined in the meals.Keywords Amino acid * Fatty acid * ICP-MS * Mineral elements * Monechma ciliatum * Physicochemical properties * Prunus mahlabIntroductionRecently, researchers all over the world have been looking to discover new sources of oils. In Sudan many studies have been done looking at the utilization of wild plants as a source of unconventional oil and theirmaximum utilities as antioxidants [1-3]. One of these wild plants, considered among the plants of the future, is black mahlab (Monechma ciliatum), which is well known in Sudan and belongs to the family Acanthaceae. Black mahlab is an annual glabrous herb, 30-65 cm high [4], with simple leaves measuring about 4-7 × 1-2 cm [5]. Black mahlab (Monechma ciliatum) is a famous medicinal plant in western Sudan, especially in the Nuba Mountains and Gabel Mara area. The seeds are used as an effective laxative and contain a fixed oil that emits a sweet and pleasant odor. Its further used in traditional Sudanese fragrances, lotions, and other cosmetics used for wedding preparation and childbirth [6]. In Botswana, Monechma ciliatum was believed to play an important role as a medicine for the remedy of general body pain, liver, and bowel trouble (diarrhea), as well as sterility in women [7]. The plant is used to induce labor and menses in Nigeria. It is also reported that the dried leaves are powdered and burnt as an inhalation for colds [8]. In Sudan, the dried entire plant is used for diarrhea, vomiting, and as a scent preparation. The seed oil content is 11.6% with iodine value of 69 and saponification value of 175.16; the fatty acid composition is 20.2, 17.3, and 17.9% for oleic, linoleic, and arachidic acid, respectively [9, 10]. Previous study by Uguru and others [5] showed that the hot methanol extract of the leaves of M. ciliatum has potent oxytocic property in vivo and in vitro, thus justifying its use in traditional medicine.White mahlab (Prunus mahaleb) is a deciduous tree, 1-2 m high, with many spreading branches; the bark is smooth and mahogany red. The leaves, which are up to 6 cm long, are bright green, shiny, oval, and finely toothed [H]. The white mahlab tree is a member of Rosaceae family, subfamily Prunoideae. The kernels of white mahlab seem to contain only small amounts of cyanogenic glycosides, but coumarin derivatives have been found. From the seeds, a fixed oil can be extracted that contains unusual conjugated linolenic fatty acid [12]. In Sudan, white mahlab is used in wedding preparations by crushing the seeds to manufacture traditional fragrances and lotions such as Dilka, Khumrra, and Darira. Also eating soaked white mahlab seeds is a remedy used for diarrhea in children. White mahlab is collected in Turkey and exported on a large scale. It is used in Turkey as a tonic or an antidiabetic in folk medicine and as a flavoring agent in making pies and candies. The white mahlab kernels form an important source of protein (30.98%) and fatty oil (40.40%). Its oil is also valuable in the preparation of lacquers and varnishes [12].Monechma ciliatum still grows as a wild plant in different areas in western Sudan states. No research data on its commercial production and its oil composition are available.Amino acid composition and protein digestibility measurements are considered necessary to predict accurately the protein quality of foods for human diets [13]. The widespread availability of vegetable oils around the world has resulted in the development of other oil-bearing plant species being neglected [14]. This study investigates the physicochemical and compositional properties including amino acids, minerals, trace elements, and fatty acids of seeds of the two mahlab plants, and a sensory evaluation of the oils obtained from these seeds is performed.Materials and MethodsSamples, Solvents, and ReagentsAll solvents used were of analytical grade. n-Hexane, methanol, chloroform, and petroleum ether were obtained from Prime for Scientific Services, Khartoum, Sudan. HCl, NaOH, HNO^sub 3^, and H^sub 2^O^sub 2^ were Suprapur grade (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany).Dried seeds of white and black mahlab were collected from a local market in Khartoum North, Sudan, then blended to obtain homogeneous samples, and pulverized before representative samples were taken for chemical analysis. For determination of the oven-dry weight, samples were dried at 105 °C for 24 h. Moisture and volatile matter in the samples were determined following a previously described method [15].Proximate Chemical AnalysisMoisture, lipid, ash, and crude-fiber contents were determined following the standard methods of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists [16]. The organic nitrogen content was quantified by the Kjeldahl method, and an estimate of the crude protein content was calculated by multiplication of the organic nitrogen content by a factor of 6.25 [17]. The two different samples were analyzed in triplicate. Total carbohydrate content was calculated from the difference, applying the formula:100% - (% protein % lipid %ash %fiber)Mineral AnalysisTwo replicate aliquote (500 mg) from each of the dried, powdered plant specimens were weighed, then wet-ashed by refluxing overnight with 15 mL of concentrated HNO^sub 3^ and 2.0 mL of 70% HClO^sub 4^ at 150 °C. The samples were dried at 120 °C, and the residues were dissolved in 10 mL of 4.0 N HNO^sub 3^-1% HClO^sub 4^ solution. The mineral content of each sample solution was determined by an Agilent Technologies 7500cinductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) system (Agilent Technologies, Wilmington, DE). Wavelengths used for the tested minerals were aluminum (Al) 396.152, calcium (Ca) 393.366, cadmium (Cd) 226.502, chromium (Cr) 206.149, cobalt (Co) 238.892, copper (Cu) 224.700, iron (Fe) 239.562, lead (Pb) 220.353, magnesium (Mg) 279.553, manganese (Mn) 257.610, nickel (Ni) 221.647, potassium (K) 766.490, and zinc (Zn) 213.856. The mineral contents of the samples were quantified against standard solutions of known concentrations, which were analyzed concurrently.Oil Extraction and DeterminationThe seeds were milled gently in a blender (Braun Multimix System 200, with Multimix deluxe grinder, MXK4 Germany), and oil was extracted by Soxhlet apparatus using petroleum ether 40-60 °C and determined following a previously described method [15]. The oil content was determined as a percentage of the extracted oil to the sample weight (w/w). The samples were analyzed in triplicate, then mean and standard deviation were calculated. The extracted oil was stored in a cold room (4 °C) in a dark glass bottle under nitrogen blanket for further analysis.Oil Physicochemical AnalysisFree fatty acids (FFA), iodine value (IV), saponification number (SN), peroxide value (PV), unsaponifiable matter, color, and refractive index (RI) were measured following a previously described method [15]. Color was determined using Lovibond Tintometer, Lovibond model E (Bicasa), suppUed by Griffin and Georgy, England, and refractive index was determined using an Abbe bench refractometer (model 46-315, England) with the temperature maintained at 30 °C. The analysis was done for the freshly extracted oils. The samples were analyzed in triplicate, then mean and standard deviation were calculated.Fatty Acid Composition by Gas Liquid ChromatographyThe fatty acid compositions of the seed oils were determined by gas liquid chromatography (GLC). The oils were converted to their corresponding methyl esters following a previously described method [15]. BF3/ methanol reagent (14% boron trifluoride) was used for methylation. GLC analysis of the fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) was performed using aHewlett-Packard HP5890 Series II gas Chromatograph (GLC) coupled to a flame ionization detector (FID) equipped with an Ultra 2 capillary column (25 m × 0.32 mm × 0.5 µm, 5% biphenyl and 95% dimethyl polysiloxane; Hewlett-Packard, Waldron, Germany), a split injector (split ratio 88:1), and an FID. The column temperature pro gram was 5 min at 150 °C, 10 °C/min to 275 °C, and 10 min at 275 °C. The injector temperature was 250 °Cwith a split ratio of 88:1. The carrier gas was hydrogen at a flow rate of 1.6 mL/min. The detector temperature was 280 °C with air and hydrogen flow rates of 460 and 33 mL/min, respectively. The fatty acid peaks were identified by comparing the retention times with those of a mixture of standard FAMEs (Sigma Chemicals, Deisenhofen, Germany). Each FAME sample was analyzed in duplicate.TocopherolFor determination of tocopherols, a solution of 250 mg of Monechma ciliatum and Prunus mahaleb oils in 25 mL ?-heptane was directly used for the HPLC. The HPLC analysis was conducted using a Merck-Hitachi (Tokyo, Japan) low-pressure grathent system fitted with an L-6000 pump, a Merck-Hitachi F-1000 fluorescence spectrophotometer (detector wavelengths for excitation 295 nm, for emission 330 nm), and a D-2500 integration system. The samples (20 µL each) were injected by a Merck 655-A40 autosampler onto a Diol phas e HPLC column (25 cm × 4.6 mm i.d.) (Merck) using a flow rate of 1.3 mL/min. The mobile phase used wasn-heptane/methy tert-butyl ether (MTBE) (99:1, v/v) [18].Amino Acid Composition by Amino Acid AnalyzerPreparation of Hydrolysate SampleThe content of dry matter and total N were determined according to procedures described by [16]. The content of amino acids (except for tryptophan) in defatted mahlab seeds was determined using Amino Acid Analyzer (L-8900 Hitachi-hitech, Japan) under the experimental conditions recommended for protein hydrolysates. Samples containing 5.0 mg of protein were acid hydrolyzed with 1.0 mL of 6 N HCl in vacuum-sealed hydrolysis vials at 110 °C for 22 h. The ninhydrine was added to the HCl as an internal standard. Hydrolysates were suitable for analysis of all amino acids. The tubes were cooled after hydrolysis, opened, and placed in a desiccator containing NaOH pellets under vacuum until dry (5-6 days). The residue was then dissolved in a suitable volume of a sample dilution Na-S buffer, pH 2.2 (Beckman Instr.), filtered through a millipore membrane (0.22-µm pore size) and analyzed for amino acids by ion-exchange chromatography in a Beckman (model 7300) instrument, equipped with an automatic integrator. Nitrogen in amino acids was determined by multiplying the concentration of individual amino acids by corresponding factors calculated from the percentage N of each amino acid [19]. The ammonia content was included in the calculation of protein nitrogen retrieval, as it comes from the degradation of some amino acids during acid hydrolysis [20, 21]. The ammonia nitrogen content was calculated by multiplying the ammonia content by 0.824 (N = 82.4% NH^sub 3^).Expression of ResultsThe composition of amino acids was expressed as milligrams per gram of N to estimate the quality of the protein in mahlab defatted seeds using the amino acid score pattern where amino acid ratio = (mg of an essential amino acid in 1.0 g of test protein/mg of the same amino acid in 1.0 g of reference prote in × 100). Nine essential amino acids were calculated by using a previously described method [13], where egg protein was used as reference protein.Sensory EvaluationPanelists were chosen to taste the two mahlab oils for characterization of their organoleptic properties (color, flavor, and taste). Oil samples were presented to the panelists in clear glasses at room temperature and in duplicate. The sensory analysis used was described in detail by Min [22]. Sensory qualities of the two oils were evaluated using a hedonic scale of 1-10, where 1 indicated the poorest flavor, color, and taste quality and 10 the highest organoleptic quality. The numerical results were then subjected to statistical analysis.Statistical AnalysisThe analyses were performed wi tìi three replicates. The mean values and standard deviation (mean ± SD) were calculated and tested using the Student's i-test (PResults and DiscussionProximate Chemical AnalysisThe proximate composition of the two mahlab seeds is given in Table 1. T he two samples showed significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) in all the analyzed constituents of the proximate composition except moisture content. The white mahlab seeds showed higher levels of lipid and protein content of 30.95 and 28.0 g/100 g, respectively, while black mahlab showed higher levels of fibers and carbohydrates content at 24.4 and 32.6 g/100 g, respectively. The results of oil content showed that white mahlab seed has a higher amount of oil (30.9 g/100 g) than the black mahlab seed (13.2 g/100 g). In 1981 Ayoub and Babiker [9] reported an oil content of 11.6% for black mahalb, which was higher than that reported in this study. Yücel [24] studied the seeds of Prunus mahaleb, and he found that die oil content ranged from 4.7 to 18.5 g/100 g, while Johansson et al. [25] mentioned that oil contents of Prunus mahaleb ranged from 12 to 16 g/100 g. The oilcontent of Prunus mahaleb in this study was higher than that found in these other studies.Oil Physicochemical PropertiesThe physicochemical properties of the two mahlab seed oils are shown in Table 2. Compared with Codex standards for crude vegetable oils [26], the white mahalab oil showed higher values for specific gravity, refractive index, acid value, peroxide value, saponification value, and unsaponifiable matter. Ayoub and Babiker [9] reported a lower saponification value (175.16) and a lower refractive index (1.4730) for black mahlab oil in comparison witìi me results in this study.From Table 2 it is instructive to note that the refractive indices for the white mahlab seed oil (1.475) and black mahlab seed oil (1.470) fall within the same range of 1.467-1.477 for grapeseed oil. The acid values for WMO and BMO of 7.8 and 7.3 mg KOHVg, respectively, were higher man the Codex standards for sunflower and ground nut oils, whilst the peroxide values for the WMO of 2.54 meq/Kg oil and for the BMO of 4.43 meq 02/Kg oil were less than that recorded for sunflower and ground nut oils in Codex standards. The percent unsaponifiable matter, shown in Table 2 for white mahlab (0.99%) and black mahlab (0.66%) seed oils, was less than that recorded for sunflower and ground nut oils in Codex standards [26].Sensory Evaluation of Black and White Mahlab OilTable 3 shows the results of the sensory evaluation for white and black mahlab oils. WMO oil scored more than 8 as overall score thus classifying the oil as better in color, odor, and taste. There was a significant difference (PFatty Acid CompositionThe fatty acid composition determined by GLC of the black and white mahlab oils is illustrated in Table 4. The major fatty acids in white mahlab seed oil were oleic (45.0%), linoleic (47.0%), and palmitic (5.7%). This result was higher than that reported by Yiicel [24], who reported 35.4, 28.5, and 4.6% for oleic, linoleic, and palmitic, respectively, in white mahlab seed oil. The major fatty acids in black mahlab seed oil were oleic (47.3%), linoleic (31.4%), stearic (16.0%), and palmitic (4.5%). This were higher than reported by Ayoub and Babiker [9] who reported 20.2, 17.3, and 12.5% for oleic, linoleic, and palmitic acids, respectively. They also reported 17.9% for arachidic acid, which was surprisingly not found in this study. The percentage of unsaturated fatty acids in white mahlab oil was 92.1%, while it was 79.9% in black mahlab oil. White mahlab oil was very richin both oleic and linoleic acid, while black mahlab oil was rich in oleic acid only.TocopherolThe tocopherol content of the oil from black and white mahlab seeds is given in Table 5. They had moderate amounts of tocopherols, 45.2 and 28.5 mg/100 g, respectively. The main tocopherol of the two samples wasγ-tocopherol, which represented 80.7 and 77.6% of the total, followed by a-tocopherol and δ-tocopherol, which represented 12.3 and 1.6 mg/100 g in BMO and 1.4 and 6.4 mg/100 g in WMO, respectively.Amino Acid ProfileThe amino acid profile of black and white mahlab seed, analyzed by amino acid hydrolysis, is presented in Table 6. The percentage ofsulphur-containing amino acids (methionine and cystine) in white mahlab seed was 3.9%, while in black mahlab it was 3.4% of the total amino acids, which was the lower than the other amino acids and was considered a reasonable amount for their important function in the cell processes in the oxidation and reduction system (cystine) and as a methyl donor (methionine) in metaboUsm. The total amount of the essential amino acids found in white and black mahlab seed was 623.8 and 454.8 mg/g N, respectively. The total aromatic amino acid levels (phenylalanine and tyrosine) found in white and black mahalab were 1 17.0 and 78.1 mg/g N, respectively. All the essential amino acids with the exception of tryptophan, which was not analyzed, were found to be present at low levels, and the total essential amino acids were found to be lower when compared to that of three different foods: broad bean (2740.0 mg/g N), wheat flour (1960.0 mg/g N), and soy flour (2,630.0 mg/g N) [27]. The total amount of the essential amino acids of white mahlab seed comprised about 50.9% of the total amino acids, which was less than that of black mahlab seed (58.0%).The chemical score suggested that the first limiting amino acid in black mahlab seed sample was methionine cystine followed by threonine, histidinen and isoleucine (Table 7). In the white mahlab seed sample, the chemical score suggested that the first limiting amino acids were threonine, methionine cystine, lysine, and isoleucine.Mineral CompositionMineral analyses are essential to guarantee the quality of any food product. ICP-MS aUowed us to determine the content of 13 minerals, many of which are required in human diets and others which are considered toxic.Table 8 summarizes the results of these analyses. Concentrations of major elements such as Ca, K, and Mg in white mahlab seeds (133.7, 204.2, and 102.2 ppm) were significantly (P <0.05)Table 8 also shows the content of potassium in black and white mahlab seeds was 204.2 and 80.53 ppm, respectively. Potassium plays an important role in human physiology, and sufficient amounts of it in the diet protect against heart disease, hypoglycemia, diabetes, obesity, and kidney disease. The content of magnesium in the studied samples (Table 8) was 102.2 and 69.13 ppm for BMS and WMS, thus providing 28.9 and 19.6% of the recommended dietary allowances [28], respectively. The concentrations of minor elements Al, Pb Ni, Mn, Cu, Cr, Co, and Fe levels were found at low levels in the studied samples.ConclusionsThe results reported here show that the seeds of two different species of mahlab plant collected in Sudan were different in their oil content and the physicochemical properties of that oil. Fatty acid composition was determined by GLC, and the major fatty acids were found to be 4.5% palmitic, 16.0% stearic, 47.3% oleic, and 31.4% linoleic in black mahlab oil. In white mahlab, the major fatty acids of me oil were found to be 5.7% palmitic, 45% oleic, and 47% linoleic acid. The amino acid profile of the defatted seeds as analyzed by amino acid analyzer indicated that the total amount of amino acids of black mahalb was 783 mg/g N and that of white mahlab was 1,223 mg/g N. The percentage of essential amino acids was 58.0% in black mahalb and 50.9% in the white mahlab. The results from sensory evaluation analysis of the two mahlab oils revealed that there was a significant difference (PAcknowledgements We thank Dr. B. Matthäus of M ax RubnerInstitute, Germany, for the analysis of tocpherols and Dr. Colin D. Costin of Cargill Global Food Research, USA, for his valuable help during the preparation of the manuscript. The third author thanks Mr. Mayudin Othman of Department of Land Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, for ICP-MS mineral analysis.美国油脂化学协会杂志J.JOTA-OCSAug.2009Characterization of the Seed Oil and Meal from Monechma ciliatum and Prunus mahaleb SeedsJAOCS, Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, Aug 2009 by Mariod, Abdalbasit Adam, Aseel, Kawthar Mahmoud, Mustafa, Ali Abdalgadir, Abdel-Wahab, Siddig Ibrahim.班级：学号：姓名：来自梅类缘毛和圆叶樱桃种子的植物油和粕的特性摘要来自梅类缘毛（黑樱桃）和圆叶樱桃（白樱桃）籽的植物油和粕因它们的理化性质而具有特性。

2021年托福阅读真题第6篇Origins of Earth…Origins of Earth's Salty OceansScientists have long been interested in discovering the origin of Earth's water and establishing why Earth's oceans are so salty There has been speculation that earliest Earth was so hot that no liquid water existed, and all light elements (such as hydrogen and oxygen) were rapidly stripped away from Earth by the solar wind (a stream of charged particles emitted by the Sun). If this were true, then the elements needed to form water on Earth would not have been freely available. As a consequence, it was proposed that collisions with icy comets or similar gas-and water-rich materials brought water to Earth after the planet had sufficiently cooled to retain it. This concept was supported by comparisons of the gas compositions of meteorites with those of rocks from beneath Earth's surface, notably using krypton and xenon, nonmetallic gases that do. not react with other materials. There certainly is enough ice in space to have supplied our water (and atmosphere)in this manner.In July 2015, the space probe Philae. which landed on comet Churi, discovered not only ice and dust, but also 16 types of organic compounds, present not in a loose distribution but in discrete clumps. Suddenly, the idea gained lots of traction that comets brought not only water, but also the ingredients for life, even in ready-made clumps. Intriguingly, in October 2015 it was reported. that-as this comet slowly thaws-molecular oxygen(02) escapes in a constant and high proportion(1% to 10%) relativeto water which suggests that the comet also contains a surprising amount of primordial (ancient) oxygen, which was incorporated during the comet's formation.Other work favors an alternative explanation. This work found that the hydrogen isotope ratio(the proportion of different forms of hydrogen) of ice in comets may be different from that of water on Earth. It instead emphasizes that the chemical composition of water on Earth resembles that of the small percentage of water contained within rocky meteorites, and thus in asteroids, which are essentially very large meteorites. Thus, a theory was developed that the asteroids planetesimals. and protoplanets that clumped together to form Earth had carried enough water in their rock minerals to explain our oceans. It would have escaped from the planet's interior as steam, which in turn would have condensed into water at the surface and in the early atmosphere. Calculations indicate that this mechanism can also provide plenty of water to explain Earth's observed water content.We have a more complete understanding of the origin of salt in our oceans. It represents an accumulation of dissolved minerals over tens of millions to hundreds of millions of years. These minerals were broken up and dissolved during chemical weathering We are all familiar with this process from limestone buildings that become pitted or smoothed by the action of water, wind, and weather; this is where the term weathering comes from. The key process at work is one of chemical reactions between the rock and the water, with an important role for gases that are dissolved in water, such as carbon dioxide or sulfur dioxide, since these make the water more corrosive. The chemical weathering reactions break up rock minerals into charged atoms or molecules, called ions, which areremoved in solution by river water and groundwater. This is exactly what happens when you dissolve table salt in water: the mineral salt breaks down into sodium and chloride ions that are held in a solution.The early atmosphere contained high levels of carbon dioxide, or CO2. This gas is easily dissolved in water, forming a mildly acid solution. In the Co2-rich early atmosphere, this resulted in a corrosive acid rain that was highly effective at chemically weathering rocks, and fresh volcanic rocks are especially easily weathered.The intense weathering released dissolved minerals in the form of ions into river water and groundwater. From early times onward, river and groundwater flow has transported the dissolved minerals to their final collection point, the ocean basins. Given the extremely slow input and removal of salts, it becomes clear that the oceans' vast store of salt has accumulated because the oceans have for ages been the end station for salt transport. Meanwhile water itself continually evaporates from the oceans-concentrating- its salts-and- the evaporated fresh water continues the weathering cycle.1、Scientists have long been interested in discovering the origin of Earth's water and establishing why Earth's oceans are so salty There has been speculation that earliest Earth was so hot that no liquid water existed, and all light elements (such as hydrogen and oxygen) were rapidly stripped away from Earth by the solar wind (a stream of charged particles emitted by the Sun). If this were true, then the elements needed to form water on Earth would not have been freely available. As a consequence, it was proposed that collisions with icy comets or similar gas-and water-rich materials brought water to Earth after the planet had sufficiently cooled to retain it. This concept was supported by comparisons of the gas compositions of meteorites with those of rocks from beneath Earth's surface, notably using krypton and xenon, nonmetallic gases that do. not react with other materials. There certainly is enough ice in space to have supplied our water (and atmosphere)in this manner.2、Scientists have long been interested in discovering the origin of Earth's water and establishing why Earth's oceans are so salty There has been speculation that earliest Earth was so hot that no liquid water existed, and all light elements (such as hydrogen and oxygen) were rapidly stripped away from Earth by the solar wind (a stream of charged particles emitted by the Sun). If this were true, then the elements needed to form water on Earth would not have been freely available. As a consequence, it was proposed that collisions with icy comets or similar gas-and water-rich materials brought water to Earth after the planet had sufficiently cooled to retain it. This concept was supported by comparisons of the gas compositions of meteorites with those of rocks from beneath Earth's surface, notably using krypton and xenon, nonmetallic gases that do. not react with other materials. There certainly is enough ice in space to have supplied our water (and atmosphere)in this manner.3、In July 2015, the space probe Philae. which landed on comet Churi, discovered not only ice and dust, but also 16 types of organic compounds,present not in a loose distribution but in discrete clumps. Suddenly, the idea gained lots of traction that comets brought not only water, but also the ingredients for life, even in ready-made clumps. Intriguingly, in October 2015 it was reported. that-as this comet slowly thaws-molecular oxygen(02) escapes in a constant and high proportion(1% to 10%) relative to water which suggests that the comet also contains a surprising amount of primordial (ancient) oxygen, which was incorporated during the comet's formation.4、In July 2015, the space probe Philae. which landed on comet Churi, discovered not only ice and dust, but also 16 types of organic compounds, present not in a loose distribution but in discrete clumps. Suddenly, the idea gained lots of traction that comets brought not only water, but also the ingredients for life, even in ready-made clumps. Intriguingly, in October 2015 it was reported. that-as this comet slowly thaws-molecular oxygen(02) escapes in a constant and high proportion(1% to 10%) relative to water which suggests that the comet also contains a surprising amountof primordial (ancient) oxygen, which was incorporated during the comet's formation.5、Other work favors an alternative explanation. This work found that the hydrogen isotope ratio(the proportion of different forms of hydrogen) of ice in comets may be different from that of water on Earth. It instead emphasizes that the chemical composition of water on Earth resembles that of the small percentage of water contained within rocky meteorites, and thus in asteroids, which are essentially very large meteorites. Thus, a theory was developed that the asteroids planetesimals. and protoplanets that clumped together to form Earth had carried enough water in their rock minerals to explain our oceans. It would have escaped from the planet's interior as steam, which in turn would have condensed into water at the surface and in the early atmosphere. Calculations indicate that this mechanism can also provide plenty of water to explain Earth's observed water content.6、Other work favors an alternative explanation. This work found that the hydrogen isotope ratio(the proportion of different forms of hydrogen) of ice in comets may be different from that of water on Earth. It instead emphasizes that the chemical composition of water on Earth resembles that of the small percentage of water contained within rocky meteorites, and thus in asteroids, which are essentially very large meteorites. Thus, a theory was developed that the asteroids planetesimals. and protoplanets that clumped together to form Earth had carried enough water in their rock minerals to explain our oceans. It would have escaped from the planet's interior as steam, which in turn would have condensed into water at the surface and in the early atmosphere. Calculations indicate that this mechanism can also provide plenty of water to explain Earth's observed water content.7、We have a more complete understanding of the origin of salt in our oceans. It represents an accumulation of dissolved minerals over tens of millions to hundreds of millions of years. These minerals were broken up and dissolved during chemical weathering We are all familiar with this process from limestone buildings that become pitted or smoothed by the action of water, wind, and weather; this is where the term weathering comes from. The key process at work is one of chemical reactions between the rock and the water, with an important role for gases that are dissolved in water, such as carbon dioxide or sulfur dioxide, since these make the water more corrosive. The chemical weathering reactions break up rock minerals into charged atoms or molecules, called ions, which are removed in solution by river water and groundwater. This is exactly what happens when you dissolve table salt in water: the mineral salt breaks down into sodium and chloride ions that are held in a solution.8、The early atmosphere contained high levels of carbon dioxide, or CO2. This gas is easily dissolved in water, forming a mildly acid solution. In the Co2-rich early atmosphere, this resulted in a corrosive acid rain that was highly effective at chemically weathering rocks, and fresh volcanic rocks are especially easily weathered.The intense weathering released dissolved minerals in the form of ions into river water and groundwater. From early times onward, river and groundwater flow has transported the dissolved minerals to their final collection point, the ocean basins. Given the extremely slow input and removal of salts, it becomes clear that the oceans' vast store of salt has accumulated because the oceans have for ages been the end station for salt transport. Meanwhile water itself continually evaporates from the oceans-concentrating- its salts-and- the evaporated fresh water continues the weathering cycle.9、Other work favors an alternative explanation. This work found that the hydrogen isotope ratio(the proportion of different forms of hydrogen) of ice in comets may be different from that of water on Earth. It instead emphasizes that the chemical composition of water on Earth resembles that of the small percentage of water contained within rocky meteorites, and thus in asteroids, which are essentially very large meteorites.⬛Thus, a theory was developed that the asteroids planetesimals. and protoplanets that clumped together to form Earth had carried enough water in their rock minerals to explain our oceans.⬛It would have escaped from the planet's interior as steam, which in turn would have condensed into water at the surface and in the early atmosphere.⬛Calculations indicate that this mechanism can also provide plenty of water to explain Earth's observed water content.⬛10、1、C2、AD3、B4、D5、A6、C7、D8、A9、D10、ABC。

气相色谱法分析天然气的组成张秋萍【摘要】使用一种新型气相色谱仪准确分析天然气的组成.以天然气标准物质为样品,对色谱柱、阀切换时间、柱箱温度控制等方面进行优化,建立了良好的色谱分析条件,利用外标法确定了天然气中各组分的保留时间.在同一最佳色谱分析条件下,标准物质中各组分连续检测两次测定结果的差值不大于0.11％,满足国家标准GB/T 13610–2014的要求,且与标准值相对误差的绝对值小于5％.测定结果组分含量应与所用标准物质浓度的单位保持一致.所建立分析方法准确可靠,适用于天然气的常规分析.%A new type gas chromatograph was employed to accurately analyze the compositions of natural gas. The standard material of natural gas was applied as the sample. The best chromatographic conditions were established by optimizing chromatographic column, valves changing-over time and the temperature of column oven. The external standard method was utilized to verify the remain time of the compositions of natural gas. The difference between the two testing results met the requirements of GB/T 13610–2014 under the same optimum gas chromatographic analysis conditions.The relative error between the testing results and the standard value of the standard material was less than 5％, which confirmed the accuracy and repeatability of this analyzing process. The testing result was consistent with that of the applied standard material. The established method is accurate, reliable and suitable for the conventional analysis of natural gas.【期刊名称】《化学分析计量》【年(卷),期】2018(027)001【总页数】6页(P77-82)【关键词】天然气组成;气相色谱法;气路流程;保留时间【作者】张秋萍【作者单位】武汉市度量衡管理所,武汉 430000【正文语种】中文【中图分类】O657.7天然气是一种以甲烷为主要组分的多组分烃类混合物。

高效液相色谱法分析留兰香油中主要成分彭丽娟，张瑞伦（烟台大学化学与化工学院，山东烟台264000）摘要：考查留兰香油的理化性质，用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）测定其主要成分香芹酮和柠檬烯含量。

方法采用ODS C18（250mm×4.6mm,5µm）色谱柱；以甲醇:水（75:25）为流动相梯度洗脱；流速为1ml·min-1；柱温为20℃；检测波长为200nm。

结果香芹酮和柠檬烯线性范围均在0~1.4mg·ml-1和1.4~4.0mg·ml-1内，线性关系良好（R2≥0.997），精密度、重复性和稳定性很好，为留兰香油质量综合评价提供了简单、准确、可行的分析方法。

关键词：高校液相色谱; 留兰香油; 流动相Determination of basic compositions purityin spearmint oil with HPLCPENG Lijuan，ZHANG Ruilun(School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering，Yantai University，Yantai 264000，Shangdong，China) Abstract：HPLC is an analysis method which has been widely used. Carvone and limonene are the two basic compositions in spearmint oil .Checking the properties of spearmint oil ,and establish the method to determine the basic compositions—carvone and limonene in it with HPLC ,and choose the best measuring wavelength and mobile phase. Adopt ODS C18（250mm×4.6mm,5µm）chromatographic column with column temperature 20℃,when the wavelength is 200nm and mobile phase is methanol to H2O with a ratio 75:25, peak area of carvone and limonene has good linearity with their concentration（R2≥0.997）. Both of them are between zero to 1.4mg·ml-1 and 1.4~4.0mg·ml-1.The method is simple and easy, has great sensitive、precision and stabilization. It can be a way to determine the basic compositions—carvone and limonene in spearmint oil and evaluate the quality of it.Key words: HPLC; spearmint oil; mobile phase引言留兰香油作为一种植物香料，在“崇尚自然、回归自然”为口号的今天，日益显现出巨大的魅力。

气相色谱法测定奶茶中的反式脂肪酸曹 君1，李 静1，覃 雯2，揭平权2，刘 珍2，邓泽元1,*(1.食品科学与技术国家重点实验室，南昌大学高等研究院，江西 南昌 330047；2.南昌大学生命科学与食品工程学院，江西 南昌 330031)摘 要：选取我国市场上常见的品牌奶茶，采用气相色谱法测定8种奶茶产品、7种奶精及20种果粉中的反式脂肪酸组成。

结果表明：一杯300mL 的奶茶，其反式脂肪酸量在0.5～3.0g 之间，奶精中反式脂肪酸含量最高可达8.6g/100g ，果粉含量则在1.0～2.2g/100g 之间；奶茶中反式脂肪酸主要来自奶精与果粉，以反式C 18脂肪酸为主，其中一烯含量最多、二烯含量较少、反式C 16脂肪酸甚微。

奶茶、奶精及果粉中的反式脂肪酸含量普遍偏高，不同类型、不同品牌的奶茶间和不同口味的果粉间反式脂肪酸含量存在显著性差异。

关键词：反式脂肪酸；奶茶；氢化植物油；气相色谱Determination of Trans Fatty Acids in Milk Tea by Gas ChromatographyCAO Jun 1，LI Jing 1，QIN Wen 2，JIE Ping-quan 2，LIU Zhen 2，DENG Ze-yuan 1,*(1. State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Institute for Advanced Study, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047,China ；2. School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China)Abstract ：Gas chromatography was used to determine the trans fatty acid composition of common commercially available milk tea, cream and fruit powder. The results showed that trans fatty acid content was 0.5－3 g per 300 mL of milk tea, 8.6 g per 100g of cream, and 1－2.2 g per 100 g of fruit powder, respectively. Most trans fatty acids in milk tea arose from cream and fruit powder and the major trans fatty acids were trans C 18, among which, trans C 18:1 exhibited the largest content, followed by trans C 18:2. In addition, small amounts of trans C 16 fatty acids were identified in milk tea. The results also indicated that trans fatty acid contents of milk tea, cream and fruit powder were high and varied significantly in products and brands.Key words ：trans fatty acids ；milk tea ；hydrogenated vegetable oils ；gas chromatography (GC)中图分类号：R155.59 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1002-6630(2011)18-0159-05收稿日期：2011-06-15基金项目：国家自然科学基金面上基金项目(30972482)；江西省学术带头人计划项目(2008DD00900)； 教育部博士点基金项目(20070403002)；江西省自然科学基金项目(2008GQY0023)作者简介：曹君(1986—)，女，硕士研究生，研究方向为营养保健与功能食品。

材料专业常用炉子的英文Common Furnaces Used in Materials Science.In the field of materials science, furnaces play a crucial role in various processes such as sintering, annealing, melting, and crystallization. These furnaces are specifically designed to handle the unique requirements of materials processing, often involving high temperatures, controlled atmospheres, and precision temperature control. Let's explore some of the commonly used furnaces in materials science.1. Tube Furnaces.Tube furnaces are among the most widely used furnacesin materials science. They are characterized by a long, tubular shape with a heating element wrapped around the exterior. These furnaces are ideal for processing small samples or for performing experiments that require a uniform temperature environment. They are commonly used forsintering ceramics, annealing metals, and performing thermal treatments on powders or thin films.2. Box Furnaces.Box furnaces, also known as chamber furnaces, offer a larger workspace compared to tube furnaces. They are box-shaped enclosures with heating elements on the sides or bottom. These furnaces are suitable for processing larger samples or multiple samples simultaneously. Box furnaces are commonly used for sintering, annealing, and melting applications, especially in the ceramics and metallurgy industries.3. Atmosphere Furnaces.Atmosphere furnaces are designed to control the atmosphere inside the chamber, allowing for specific gas compositions or vacuum conditions. This is crucial for materials processing where the reaction with the surrounding atmosphere needs to be tightly controlled. For example, some metals require a reducing atmosphere toprevent oxidation during sintering or annealing. Atmosphere furnaces are also used for carburizing, nitriding, and other surface treatment processes.4. Vacuum Furnaces.Vacuum furnaces are specifically designed to operate in a high vacuum environment. They are equipped with vacuum pumps to evacuate the chamber and maintain a low pressure during processing. Vacuum furnaces are used for materials processing that requires minimal contamination or for reactions that are sensitive to oxygen or other gases. Applications include sintering metals, growing single crystals, and performing vacuum brazing or welding.5. Induction Furnaces.Induction furnaces use electromagnetic induction to generate heat within the material itself. This method allows for rapid heating and precise temperature control. Induction furnaces are commonly used for melting metals, alloys, and other materials that require high temperaturesand fast heating rates. They are also used in research and development settings for exploring new materials and processes.6. Resistance Furnaces.Resistance furnaces rely on the resistive heating of elements to generate heat. These furnaces typically use resistive heating elements made of materials like molybdenum, tungsten, or graphite. Resistance furnaces are suitable for high-temperature processing, such as sintering ceramics, crystallizing glasses, and melting refractory materials.7. Microwave Furnaces.Microwave furnaces utilize microwave radiation to heat materials directly, resulting in rapid and uniform heating. These furnaces are ideal for processing materials that are difficult to heat conventionally, such as porous materials or materials with high thermal inertia. Microwave furnaces are used in applications like sintering ceramics, pyrolysisof organic materials, and synthesizing nanomaterials.In conclusion, the choice of furnace for materials processing depends on the specific requirements of the experiment or application. From tube furnaces for small-scale processing to box furnaces for larger samples, atmosphere and vacuum furnaces for controlled environments, to induction, resistance, and microwave furnaces for specialized applications, the range of available furnaces ensures that materials scientists can achieve their processing goals with precision and efficiency.。

Designation:D 3167–03a (Reapproved 2004)Standard Test Method forFloating Roller Peel Resistance of Adhesives 1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3167;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon (e )indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThe purpose of this test method is to provide for the determination of the metal-to-metal peel strength of adhesives by a method that will provide good reproducibility at low-,as well as at highstrength levels and yet allow for a simple method of test specimen preparation and testing.The accuracy of the results of strength tests of adhesive bonds will depend on the conditions under which the bonding process is carried out.Unless otherwise agreed upon between the manufacturer and the purchaser,the bonding conditions shall be prescribed by the manufacturer of the adhesive.In order to ensure that complete information is available to the individual conducting the tests,the manufacturer of the adhesive shall furnish numerical values and other specific information for each of the following variables:(1)Procedure for preparation of the surfaces prior to application of the adhesive,the cleaning and drying of metal surfaces,and special surface treatments such as sanding,which are not specifically limited by the pertinent test method.(2)Complete mixing directions for the adhesive.(3)Conditions for application of the adhesive,including the rate of spread or thickness of film,number of coats to be applied whether to be applied to one or both surfaces,and the conditions of drying where more than one coat is required.(4)Assembly conditions before application of pressure,including the room temperature and length of time.(5)Curing conditions,including the amount of pressure to be applied,the length of time under pressure,and the temperature of the assembly when under pressure.It should be stated whether this temperature is that of the glue line,or of the atmosphere at which the assembly is to be maintained.(6)Conditioning procedure before testing,unless a standard procedure is specified,including the length of time,temperature,and relative humidity.A range may be prescribed for any variable by the manufacturer of the adhesive,if it can be assumed by the test operator that any arbitrarily chosen value within such a range or any combination of such values for several variables will be acceptable to both the manufacturer and the purchaser of the adhesive.1.Scope1.1This test method covers the determination of the relative peel resistance of adhesive bonds between one rigid adherend and one flexible adherend when tested under specified condi-tions of preparation and testing.1.2A variation in thickness of the adherends will generally influence the test values.For this reason,the thickness of the sheets used to make the test specimens shall be specified in the material specification.When no thickness is specified,the flexible adherend shall be 0.63mm (0.025in.)thick and the rigid adherend shall be 1.63mm (0.064in.)thick.1.3The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.The values given in parentheses are for information only.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D14on Adhesives and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D14.80on Metal Bonding Adhesives.Current edition approved April 1,2004.Published April 2004.Originally approved in st previous edition approved in 2003as D 3167–03a.1Copyright ©ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959,United States.标准分享网 免费下载The standard is downloaded from 1.4This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.Referenced Documents 2.1ASTM Standards:2B 209Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Sheet and PlateD 907Terminology of AdhesivesD 1781Test Method for Climbing Drum Peel for AdhesivesE 4Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines 3.Terminology3.1Definitions —Many of the terms used in this test method are defined in Terminology D 907.4.Summary of Test Method4.1This test method consists of testing laminated or bonded adherends,where one adherend is made to be rigid and the other adherend is made to be flexible,by peeling of the flexible adherend from the rigid adherend at a controlled angle of peel using the test fixture shown in Fig.1.5.Significance and Use5.1Use this test method for acceptance and process control testing.This test method may be used as an alternative to Test Method D 1781when that facility is not available.This test method is considered more severe since the angle of peel is greater.6.Apparatus6.1Testing Machine ,conforming to the requirements of Practices E 4.Select a testing machine that is autographic with chart capability,that reads and records in millimetres (inches)of separation as one coordinate and applied load as the other coordinate,the applied load accurate to within 61%.Addi-tional capabilities of the machine are a crosshead rate of 152mm/min (6in./min),with self-aligning grips to hold the specimen,and where the breaking load of the specimens falls between 15and 85%of the full-scale machine capacity.The grips need to engage the outer 25.4mm (1in.)of the flexible adherend firmly and when the load is applied,the direction of the applied pull needs to be through the center line of the grip assembly.6.2Attach a fixture as shown in Fig.1to one of the testing machine cross arms and ensure that the 1-in.diameter rollers of the test fixture roll freely.7.Sample Preparation7.1Laminated test panels (see Fig.2)consist of two adherends properly prepared and bonded together in accor-dance with the adhesive manufacturer’s recommendations.2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,,or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information,refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTMwebsite.FIG.1Roller Drum Peel TestFixture7.2Unless otherwise specified,use clad aluminum alloy conforming to the specification for aluminum-alloy sheet and plate (Specification B 209)Alloy 2024-T3.7.3Cut the bonded panels into 12.7-mm (0.5-in.)wide test specimens (see Fig.2)by a means that is not deleterious to the bond.The use of edge members depends upon the desire to measure peel strengths in this area.The method of cutting test specimens is controlled by adherend and adhesive composi-tions and the accuracy desired.Shearing,milling,and band-saws can all be used successfully.Bend the unbonded end of the flexible adherend,perpendicular to the rigid adherend,for clamping in the grip of the testing machine.Select two specimens for each temperature tested from each of three bonded panels.N OTE 1—Direct comparison of different adhesives may be made only when specimen construction and test conditions are identical.N OTE 2—Within the limitations imposed by 7.3,other specimen widths may be used,provided the test machine grip and peel test fixtures are of ample width to apply the load uniformly across the width of the adherends.N OTE 3—Direct comparison of different adhesives may be made only when the angle of peel is identical.The operator must ascertain that the flexible adherend is bending over the mandrel and not at some irregular angle.8.Test Method8.1Insert the test specimen into the peel test fixture as shown in Fig.1,with the unbonded end of the flexible adherend gripped in the test machine jaw.Peel the specimen at 152-mm/min (6-in./min)bond separation rate by applying the load at a constant head speed of 152mm/min.If the backup plate bends or is distorted during the test,it is recommended that the specimen be redesigned with a backup member stiff enough to ensure even peel.8.2During the peel test,make an autographic recording of load versus head movement (load versus distance peeled).8.3Record the load over at least a 7.6-mm (3-in.)length of the bond line,disregarding the first 2.54mm (1in.)of peel.9.Calculation9.1Determine from the autographic curve,or at least 76.2mm (3in.)of peeling (disregarding the first 25.4mm (1in.)),the average peeling load in pounds-force per inch (or kilone-wtons per metre)of the specimen width required to separate the adherends.It is preferred that the average load be determined from the curve by means of a planimeter.N OTE 4—In case a planimeter is not used,the average may be calculated as the average of load readings taken at fixed increments of crosshead motion.For example,the load may be recorded at each 12.7-mm (1⁄2-in.)interval of crosshead motion (discarding the first 25.4mm (1in.))until at least six readings have been attained.10.Report10.1Report the following information:10.1.1Complete identification of the adhesive tested includ-ing type,source,manufacturer’s code number,batch or lot number,form,etc.10.1.2Complete identification of adherends used,including material thickness,surface preparation,and orientation.10.1.3Description of bonding process,including method of application of adhesive,glueline thickness,drying or precuring conditions (where applicable),curing time,temperature,and pressure.10.1.4The average thickness of adhesive layer after forma-tion of the joint shall be reported within 0.0127mm (0.0005in.).The method of obtaining the thickness of adhesive layer shall be described including procedure,location of measure-ments,and range of measurements.10.1.5Complete description of the test specimen,including dimensions and construction of the test specimen,conditions used for cutting individual test specimens,number of test panels represented,and number of individual test specimens.10.1.6Conditioning procedure prior to testing.10.1.7Testing temperature.10.1.8Type of test machine and crosshead separation rateused.N OTE 1—A 38.1to 74.2-mm (1.5to 3.0-in.)shim can be used to facilitate the start of peel.FIG.2Test Panel and TestSpecimen10.1.9Method of recording load and determining average load.10.1.10Average,maximum,and minimum peeling load values for each individual specimen.10.1.11Average peel strength in pounds-force per inch(or kilonewtons per metre)of width for each combination of materials and constructions under test.10.1.12Type of failure,that is,cohesive failure within the adhesive or adherend or adhesion to the adherend,or combi-nation thereof,for each individual specimen.11.Precision and Bias11.1A precision and bias for this test is being determined and will be available by September2007.12.Keywords12.1adhesives;assemblies;bonds;laminates;metal;peel; rollerASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this ers of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights,and the risk of infringement of such rights,are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed everyfive years and if not revised,either reapproved or withdrawn.Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,which you may attend.If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards,at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA19428-2959, United States.Individual reprints(single or multiple copies)of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above address or at610-832-9585(phone),610-832-9555(fax),or service@(e-mail);or through the ASTM website().。