GRE笔记 2010

GRE阅读：课堂笔记第1篇：GRE阅读：课堂笔记第一阶段.整理讲过的全部内容，把讲过的全部文章都复习一遍。

1文章结构;②整理题型;③起承转折关系第二阶段.把90-94没讲过的文章都做一遍，第一遍卡时间。

做完后对文章结构、题目题型以及起成转折关系进行处理：①找出focus;②文中有几种观点，作者分别持什么评价，分出是presentation 还是argumentation;③文章二段是否有转折;④各段首句说完后是否有转折，如果无转折，这一段的意思依赖于首句;⑤文章有哪些快速阅读现象;⑥后面题目的典型题型。

阅读强调少而精!第三阶段.把no.8和no.9没做的题做一下，如果有时间也分类如上处理。

第四阶段.把95-99.4的题目做模考。

第五阶段.进入模考阶段或把no题重看一下。

目前为止，模考的题目都不理想，pp2较简单，容易产生盲目乐观的看法，不要指望模考能提高多高水平，能适应屏幕即可。

不要从世界各地搜刮新题未完，继续阅读 >第2篇：GRE阅读部分的课堂笔记【题干】：thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith___?theprimarypurposeofth epassageisto__?whichofthefollowingstatementbestsummarizesthemainidea ofthepassage?...mainidea,primarypurpose涉及态度maincontent涉及对象【解法】：1.直选法,直接找ts改写结构--正评价,新观点,结论,解决方案..特殊语言现象--设问句;大段举例之前的理论说明或举例后的归纳;大段叙述后的转折作者正评价所在句一般为ts2.排除法,正确选项具有以下特点：①无细节②有对象③态度一致3.题干问focus的处理直接找ts,找前不找后,在1～2段的首句之间找4.驳论文argumentation主题题型的动词*：correct,criticize,refute,challenge,evaluate=critique见到这些词就可以选选项驳论文--对别人观点持负评价5.presentation型文章标志：present,descible,explain,illustrate,pointout2细节事实定位未完，继续阅读 >第3篇：GRE阅读的听课笔记快速阅读：1.意群阅读法,阅读速度一定要快,勇敢的省略,记住：看题时间要比看文时间长2.重点看文章的结构和态度,不关心内容,大胆取舍,该跳过的就跳过理论内容无用，观点涉及人物,谁在说，方法评价最重要。

GRE阅读方法——老师笔记第一部分基本知识阅读习惯一、先读题目还是先读文章？一定要先读文章！二、切忌读文章时查词典三、不要逐字读阅读黄金法则：文章中读到什么就是什么，不需要结合其他进行推理。

笔试专用六先六后：1、先词汇，后阅读（一般剩余13分钟阅读，5分钟小文章，长文章保证简单题一定做对）。

2、先短文章，后长文章。

3、先读较熟悉的内容的文章，后读陌生的。

4、先读较易的，后读难的。

较易题包括：主题题，态度题，结构题（一般总分式较多），简单的细节题（题干、答案均较短，且好定位）。

较难题包括：难细节题（特别是罗马数字题），逻辑题，类比题。

5、先框架，后细节。

6、先排除再猜选（不得已而猜之时）。

解题六大原则：1、有无之辩：文中没提到的不选。

2、正反之辩：一般是顺序错误。

或是发生时间先后顺序错误，或是逻辑顺序错误。

3、主次之辩4、全偏之辩：不要以偏盖全。

5、宽窄之辩：不要拿范围小的答案去对应较大的概念。

6、强弱之辩：态度题中特别需要注意。

如：intense（强，表过度紧张）。

GRE文章阅读的三大语言关系：1、moreover——顺接关系furthermore, further, thus, in addition等2、转折关系however, but, yet, nevertheless, nonetheless, indeed, in fact, practically, actually, virtually等however表示：①转折②让步：与形容词和副词作插入语时表让步语气③递进：在句末时，看似是转折，其实是将话不说的绝对化，并进而将自己观点进行拓展。

but/yet:①若在首段第二句或二段首句出现，则是在语气、态度上的大转折。

②若在理论或现象刚刚说完之后，则对其的解释是持负评价。

3、让步关系：（although, though不考）关键词：do/may/have做助动词，表强调；或表强调的词，如：no doubt, no problem, absolutely等；而一般文章在强调后均会有一个让步。

VerbalVerbal：30题30 分钟类反：16题 4 分钟填空：6×1min/题 6 分钟阅读：8题18分钟阅读时间控制参考：一般情况下1个verbal包括1长×4＋2短×2也有可能是2长×4 或者 3 中长× 3长文章：9 分钟5分钟读文章，题目1分钟1道短文章：4～5 分钟2～3分钟读文章，题目1分钟1道※GRE复习：把握重点，宁精勿滥熟悉题型，掌握技巧，减小阅读量，提高速度。

阅读笔记总结引言：关于机考1、每篇文章的题目减少了，所以更不需要去读懂文中的每一个细节，否则太亏了！2、4种题型混着出，平时要练习频繁转换思维的能力。

3、前5道题要力争全对。

4、做每一道题都应该尽量发挥自己的最高水平，不要轻易放弃。

因为你认为很难的题，有可能实际的难度系数很小，放弃努力带来的后果是十分严重的。

第一部分概论一、文章的套路结构：1、结论说明型A、判断标志：首句为“判断句”，第二句和第二段首句无转折。

B、TS（topical sentence）即为首句；每一段之主题句基本上就是该段首句。

C、什么是“判断句”？a.系表结构：be、remainb.含有作者的态度和评价2、新老观点型A、判断标志：首句出现了老观点，例如：it was traditionally assumed…it was once / usually believed…Many ××believed that…Many ××have argued…It was frequently assumed that…It was universally accepted that…过去、传统、大家一致公认的观点，都是老观点。

B、TS：陈述新观点的句子。

C、新观点特征：对同一focus给出不同的解释。

即：对老观点取非，加NOT——注意，取非后可能有多种结果，新观点必为其中之一。

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recalcitrant頑強的submissive(服從的)rebuff悍然拒絕redundant多餘的verdant翠綠的vernal 春天的、春天生長的類比aviary(鳥籠)：bird =sty：piginchoate 未發達的、未形成的fully、developed、organized、formedinveterate根深蒂固的habitualornate華麗的adorn裝飾precipitate性急的、加溫的laggard、cautiousprofligate 浪費的、生活放縱的prodigal、squander、profusefrugal、provident、thriftyroseate透紅的avid渴望的loathlong in for=avid foravidity渴望loathsomebland無刺激性的piquant、pungentflaccid軟弱的flagging、flabby(肌肉無力的)vigorousfrigid嚴寒的chilly、coolsere酷熱的、枯萎的frost霜defrost除霜haggard憔悴的vigorousplump圓胖的haphazard偶然的、憑運氣的deliberateinsipid無味的sapid(極有味的)sip小飲quaff牛飲intrepid勇猛的trepidation恐懼fearjocund快樂的melancholylanguid沮喪的、疲倦無力的vigorous languid life與世無爭的生活laggard遲緩的、落後的ahead limpid清澈的turbid(混濁的) lymph淋巴液turbulence亂流、動亂pallid蒼白的rubicund紅潤的sapid風味佳妙的savorysqualid髒污的nattystolid遲鈍的excitable、animative(有生氣的)torpid遲鈍的、冬眠的hibernal冬天的tumid腫漲的bombastic、pompousturgid漲的、拖泥帶水的vapid無味的viscid黏的slippery、slick(滑溜的)slither滑行(蛇)docile溫順的untamed、stubborn、recalcitranttactile觸覺的audible聽覺的visible視覺的olfactory嗅覺的volatile善變的unaltered、unchanged、stable germane恰當的irrelevanthumane 親切的、富人道思想的truculentmundane世俗的、世界的urbane文雅的、都市的ruderural田園的rustic鄉下的、鄉下人bucolic牧羊的clandestine暗中的covert overtpristine純樸的saline含鹽份salinity鹽度desalinize除鹽saturnine沈默寡言的cheerfulprone有…的傾向have no tendency immune免疫的opportune適當的germaneaustere嚴格的、極樸素的demure端莊的、裝的嚴肅的flippant輕率的frivolous輕佻的dire(未知的)可怕的redoubtable、eerie 、dreadful、grisly 、ghastly、formidableobese肥胖的corpulent slender、thin、leanobesity肥胖症edible可食用的potable可飲用的jocose詼諧的morose愁眉苦臉的verbose冗言的tautological、redundant、superfluity(額外)abstruse深奧的obtuse愚鈍的shrewd(精明的) effete無能的(指artist)obsolete廢棄的、過時的apposite適當的、人如其名的obsolescent逐漸過時不用的erudite博學的unletteredpedant賣弄學問的人recondite深奧的abstrusetrite 平凡無奇的、老舊的banaldissolute(道德)放蕩的sybarite愛奢侈享樂之人libertine放蕩的人hirsute多毛的hairless、bald ample充裕的enoughfickle(感情)善變的whimsicallithe柔軟的stiff、rigidblithe心情愉快的eerie 怪異的、毛骨悚然的類比heart：circulatory=stomach：alimentaryADJECTIVE aviary(鳥籠)：bird=sty：pigflavor：insipidfanatical狂熱的garbled編造的garment成衣obscured模糊不清的hackneyed平凡的banal、mediocre 、trite、 common placetrite 平庸的hallowed神聖的holy、sacreddivination 占卜、預測、寓言inflated充氣的、誇張的inflation通貨膨脹inured習慣的inexperiencedjaundiced嫉妒的、偏見的yellowed、envious、jealous impartial、disinterestedjaded厭倦的、無胃口的tired stimulatedrarefied稀薄的condensed serrated鋸齒的notch V字型的striated有條紋的tainted污染的、弄髒的vaunted吹噓的exaggerated、boastfulwizened枯槁的wilt、wither rejuvenated、juvenile astringent收歛性的emollient(放鬆的) mollify安撫mollusk軟體動物contract收縮pucker皺縮cogent使人信服的unconvincing contingent視…而定的dependent absolute ebullient精力充沛的embellish美化placidevanescent逐漸消失的perpetual、external、everlasting、persistent、permanent、incessant、unending、unceasing、non-stop、forever、for goodincipient初期的(疾病)terminal inclement(天氣)險惡的merciful indigent窮困的prodigal、wealthy、opulent indulgent放縱溺愛的asceticdote 非常溺愛indulge in放縱自已於…insolent傲慢無禮的flippant venerableflip輕彈、擲、輕拋insurgent叛變的、叛兵loyalsurge大浪、突然增加latent潛伏的dormant、torpid patent、irresponsible、obviouslambent輕搖的shining softly shining brightly、glaringmunificent慷慨的bountiful、generous、lavish、liberal、beneficentstingy、parsimonious、miserlynutrient滋養的malnutrition營養不良patent明顯的、專利權latentpatentee專利權之擁有者pertinent貼切的、中肯的germane、decorous、relevantpenitent悔悟的repent後悔impenitent不知悔改的pungent刺激性的acupuncture針炙provident 有遠見的、節約的redolent 令人想起…的、味道很濃的refulgent光輝燦爛的dim暗淡無光的stygian非常黑暗的resplendent眩眼的splendid眩麗的salient顯著的patentsapient聰明的strident高昂的、刺耳的raspy、grating、cacophonousmellifluous mellifluent：柔和的stringent迫切的、嚴謹的succulent有味的sapid insipid、vapid、juicelesstruculent殘酷的、兇惡的tame、docile、tractable、benevolentvehement 熱切的、熱青的、衝動的phlegmatic：冷淡的、多痰的virulent劇毒的toxicbaleful災害的baneful有害的deleterious salutary、salubriousbane剋星、災害blessingbountiful慷慨的lavish、generous、munificent、beneficent、liberalstingy、parsimonious、miserlydoleful哀慟的condole致哀fanciful空想的chimerical、whimsical、fancied、fictitiousrueful 悲傷的、不滿意的satisfactory、content、impenitentbombastic誇大的ascetic苦行者、禁慾的indulgent、dissolute、voluptuousphilander玩弄感情的人libertine放蕩者sybarite奢侈享樂的人aromatic芳香的fragrant fetid、putrid acetic酸的saline catholic全盤的、廣泛的narrowcaustic挖苦的cauterize燒灼chaotic混亂的obstreperous、tumultuouspandemonium大吵雜cryptic隱密的、秘密的clandestine、covert candid(露骨的)、self-explanatory、overt(公然的)dogmatic獨斷的dogmatism教條主義compliant順從的obstinate頑固的、固執的encomiastic讚頌的encomium頌詞esoteric秘傳的commonly known esoterica秘傳的知識fantastic空想的chimerical、whimsical、fancied、fictitious、fancifulrealisticfrantic狂暴的frenzied frenetic發狂的laconic(說)簡潔的terse(作)、aphoristic(作)tautological(作)、voluble(說)、verbose(作)、redundant(作)lethargic睏倦的vigorous nomadic遊蕩的settlednomad遊牧民族phlegmatic冷淡的politic圓滑的wise、sapientprolific多產的prosaic平凡的、散文的interesting、unusual、romanticprose散文quixotic唐吉柯德的spasmodic斷續的、抽筋的continuoussplenetic脾臟的、易怒的bilious、choleric 、irascible、petulantspleen脾臟sporadic偶發的concentrated sycophantic說奉承話的critictitanic巨大的colossal、mammothtoxic有毒的virulentvitriolic刻薄的causticvitreous玻璃的bantering開玩笑的serious carping吹毛求疵的acquiescent discerning有識別力的fawning奉承的subservience、flattersnub(怠慢、輕視) flagging虛弱的flag(n)國旗(v)虛弱、減少fledging無經驗的fledge鳥長毛molt鳥掉毛grueling激烈的effortless raveling貪婪的ravel解開、糾結類比laconic：speech =terse：aphorismfrenzied：movement=fanatical：beliefinflate：burst=pull：tearaviary(鳥籠)：bird =sty：pigstarve：nutrient=suffocate：oxygen patent：inventor=copyright：writercondole：bereft =congratulate：victorypungent：odor=caustic：comment comely：eye=euphonious：earquixotic：idealisticsycophant：fawn detoxify：poison =intoxicant：drunkensurly 粗暴的irascible 、petulantpolite 、civil wily 狡滑的artless worldly世間的mundanespiritual 、extraordinary 、offbeat 、corporeal 、somatic abstemious飲食方面自制的gluttonous 、dissipated glutton 好吃的人glut 大量dearth partake享用arduous艱辛的easy 、facileardent 熱情的arson 綜火arsenal軍火庫assiduous 勤勉的diligent 、industrious 、sedulousdesultory 、indolent 、idle 、sedentary久坐的、不動的auspicious吉兆的ominousaugur占卜inaugurate 就職inaugural 就職的aviation 飛行aviary鳥籠autonomous 獨立的blasphemous褻瀆的irreverent profane 褻瀆blasphemy詛咒curse 、malediction blessingboisterous 喧鬧的blatant 、obstreperous callous堅硬的、長繭的、無感覺的callow未成熟的capricious善變的steadfast 、stable 、steadycapriccio隨想曲、惡作劇spacious 寬闊的spacious 、capacious 、commodious cramped contentious 爭吵的amicablecontiguous鄰近的、接壤的contumacious頑固抗命的obedient、docile 、tractable、tamecopious豐富的ample、abundant covetous貪婪的decorous合宜的germane、opportune、felicitous、appositeimpish、ribald、scurrilous(下流的)deleterious有害的baneful、baleful、pernicious、noxiousharmless、salutarydexterous靈敏的deft、skillfuladroit靈巧的maladroitambidextrous雙手靈巧的disputatious好議論的disputable、refutable indisputable、irrefutablecontentious好吵架的dubious可疑的immutable、indubitable、unquestionableexiguous稀少的copiousfacetious好開玩笑的waggish、jocular、jocose、jocund lugubrious、doleful、morose 、saturninefactious好派系的cooperative factitious做作的artificial、man-madereal、genuinefastidious難以取稅的tidy、chatty、carping、finicky fiduciary、slovenly、slipshodfatuous愚笨的wittyfelicitous適當的decorous、germane、opportune、apposite、appropriateinappropriate、inaptfictitious假想的chimerical、fancied、fanciful、whimsicalauthenticfractious 未馴服的untamed 、disobedient 、contumacious tamed 、docile 、malleable 、tractable gluttonous 好吃的abstemioushazardous危險的hazard危險heinous極惡的odiousdelightful 、creditable odium可恨的人或事、憎恨affectionigneous火成的aqueous水成的impetuous 猛烈的、衝動難以控制的vehement(辨論猛烈)deliberate 、controlled infamous 不名譽的flagrant 、notorious 、wickednoted invidious 易招怒的benevolent judicious 賢明的sapient 、politic 、wittyunwiselibelous中傷性的rebel (n)毀誹(v)攻擊slander(n)毀誹lugubrious 悲哀的rueful 、doleful facetious 、gay 、cheerful salubrious有益健康的luscious甘美的deliciousperniciousmeticulous太過小心的punctilious 、scrupulous 、chary 、discreet 、careful 、deliberate heedless 、remiss meretricious 俗麗的flashy 、gaudy 、tawdrymendacious 好說謊的veracious 、truthfulmomentous 極重要的unimportantmutinous叛逆的insurgentsurge大浪nebulous模糊的、星雲的distinct(有區別的)nebula雲noxiouspernicious 、baleful 、baneful 、deleteriousinnocent 、innocuous 、salubrious 、salutary有益的notorious惡名昭彰的infamousobsequious逢迎的fawning supercilious obnoxious令人不稅的heinousodious可憎的heinous、 ill-omened、distasteful、obnoxiousominous惡兆的portentous、 ill-omenedauspicious officious多管閒事的meddlesomeopprobrious可恥的、無恥的decorous、commendatoryopprobrium可恥的行為ostentatious賣弄做作的modestparsimonious吝嗇的stingy、miserly、penuriouspenurious吝嗇的stingy、miserly、penuriousperfidious不忠的perjury偽證perpetrator犯罪者pernicious有害的noxious、baleful 、baneful、deleteriousportentous惡兆的ominous、 ill-omenedprecarious不安定的、危險的precipitous陡硝的arduous艱辛的level pretentious做作的unassuming preposterous矛盾的inconsistentprodigious驚人的、大量的minute類比insipid：flavoraviary(鳥籠)：bird =sty：pigambidextrous：surgeon=agile：acrobat(空中飛人)obsequious：fawnsedulous勤勉的assiduous、industrious slovenly、indolent 、idlesententious簡潔精練的terse、laconic、curt、aphoristic tautological、redundant、verbosesolicitous焦慮的relieved、nonchalance(冷靜)solicitude焦慮、擔心spurious偽造specious、forged、faked、invalid genuine、authenticcounterfeit偽鈔fake冒牌貨bogus膺品forge偽造文書sumptuous奢侈的prodigal、profligate、lavish frugal、thrifty、providentsurreptitious秘密的clandestine、crypticstraight forwardtenuous纖細的weak robust、stout(長得強壯)、sturdyattenuate減弱tremulous畏縮的intrepid、dauntless ubiquitous無所不在的unlimited areaventurous大膽的intrepid、dauntless、gallant、valoroustremulous、pusillanimousvacuous空虛的、無知的vainglorious自負的、虛榮的vicarious代理的surrogate、proxy viscous有黏性的viscid slick voracious貪婪的ravening、covetousravenous餓極了的gluttonous貪吃的carnivore肉食動物herbivore草食動物frolicsome嬉戲的playful、skittish morose、lugubrious、doleful、rueful、melancholyflippant輕率無禮的frivolous輕佻的frolic歡樂的、嬉戲(v) frolickingdemure端莊的fulsome 過度而令人生厭的jadedgruesome可怕的ghastly、grisly、eerie、dire、dreadful、formidable、macabre、redoubtablemeddlesome愛管閒事的officiousnoisome惡臭的fetid、putrid、rancid、rank aromatic、fragrant、redolentwinsome迷人的ghastly、grisly aghast驚駭的ghastlyadept熟練的skillful、dexterous、deft awkward、clumsy 、maladroit、gaucheadroit機巧的bereft被剝奪的decrepit衰老的youthful、juveniledefunct 無功能的、死亡的deadderelict被棄的、無人照料的abandoned elite精英devout虔誠的pious impious、irreligious、irreverent(不敬拜神的)occult神秘的supernatural、clandestine、cryptic、surreptitious、runic、arcane(神秘不可思議的)polyglot用多種語言的robust強壯的stout、sturdy tenuoussuccinct簡明的laconic、terse、sententious、pithy、curttacit無言的unspoken、reticent、taciturn、implicitexplicit、volubleabortive 流產的、不成功的successfulfurtive偷偷的clandestine、cryptic、surreptitious、covertcandid(坦率的)pensive沈思的thoughtfulplaintive憂愁的rueful、doleful、melancholy、morose、saturnine、lugubrious、elegiacpunitive懲罰的rewardingimpunity不受懲罰restive亂鬧的restless content、serene tentative臨時的、暫時的provisional permanent vindictive報復的dictate決定vituperative謾罵的speakingabusively(辱罵地)balmy溫和的inclement(天氣險惡的)irritant刺激的balm(安慰)canny精明的shrewd(精明的)torpid、stolid、phlegmaticuncanny不可思議的chary謹慎的meticulous、scrupulous、punctilious、discreet、carefulearthy土氣的、粗俗的finicky吹毛求疵的carping、fastidiousslipshod(懶散的) prudish過分拘謹的propriety正當、得體prude假裝正經的人prudent審慎小心的glossy光滑的gustatory有味的sapid、succulentgusto津津有味gusty暴風的clement、calmhazy煙霧迷漫的nebulous、indistinctdistincthoary白髮的pithy簡潔有力的laconic、terse、sententious、succinct、curtpaltry沒有價值的considerable、significantruddy紅潤的roseate、rubicundpallid、wansanguine樂觀的privy秘密的clandestine、cryptic、surreptitious、covert、occult、furtive(偷偷的)shoddy 低級的、質料差的inferior superiorsleazy質地薄的shoddy firmly texture sundry各種的specificsunder(v)分割asunder(adv)化整為零地sultry悶熱的sere(乾焦的)chilly、frigid、gelidwary機警的vigilant警戒的ambushed(n)埋伏aloof冷淡stolid、phlegmaticbleak寒冷的frigid、gelid、chillybogus 假的forged、faked、specious、spurious(偽造的)、factitious、apocryphal(偽的)genuine、authenticbrazen大膽而無禮的brassy、bold diffident(怯懦的) clarion響亮清澈的craven懦弱的pusillanimous、tremulous intrepid、gallant 、dauntless、valorouscrestfallen沮喪的morose、depressed、dispirited、saturnine、melancholy、rueful、doleful、lugubriousdank陰濕的damp dry、desiccate使乾燥dehydrate脫水anhydrous無水的dour 陰鬱的、人生不得意gloomy、stern(嚴峻的)cheerful、gaydroll 可笑的、引人發笑的funny、bizarrefallow休耕的obsolete(過期不用的)glib能言善道的profound(由衷的) glider滑翔機gossamer如鵝毛般輕的ponderous、unwieldy(使用不便的)wield揮動halcyon平靜的、和平的agitated(激動的)、inclementhumdrum單調的monotonous varied、variegated(多色的)versatile多用途的loath厭惡的repugnantloathsome令人厭惡的mammoth龐大的colossalmaudlin傷感的plumb垂直的horizontal prim正經的informalprolix囉嗦的、冗言的tautological、verbose、redundantconciseremiss疏忽的derelict、heedless(不留心的)attentive、meticulous、punctilious、scrupulous、chary、warysinister邪惡的、惡兆的sinuous(邪門歪道的)、ominous、portentous、 ill-omenedtaciturn沉默寡言的reticent、tacit voluble、garrulous uncouth奇怪的、粗野的polished、refinedwanton放縱的、調皮的indulgent、dissolute、impishasceticwan蒼白的ruddy類比raucous：sound =coarse：textile sage(賢人)：wisetremulous：quillaviary(鳥籠)：bird =sty：pig meddlesome：attentivedefunct：life=chaotic：ordervindictive：vengeance(報復)字根意義a/an not,withoutac/acr sharp,sour acro topmost,high alg painambi/amphi both,around ann/enn yearante before anthrop humananti againstaqua waterarch chief,ruler arch ancient,first aster/astr staraudi to hearauto selfard陡急的山坡au/av/avi birdbel warbene good ,wellbi twobili bookbio lifecap to takecapit headcede/ceed/cess to gocent hundred chorn timechrom colorcid/cis to kill,to cut circum aroundclud/clus/claus/close to close,to shut com/con/col/cor together,with contra/counter againstcorp bodycosm juniverse,order cred to believe crypt hiddenculp blamecur carecur to runcycl circledem peoplederm skindia through,between dict to speakdis/di/dif not,awayduc to leaddur hard,listingdyn/dynam powerepi on,opunequ equaleq well,gooderg/urg workex/es/e outfac/fic to make,to do fer to carry,to bear fid to trust,faithfin end,boundfop dandyfore beforefort strongfrag/fract to breakgen race,birthgeo earthgnos to know graph/gram to writegreg flock,herd hetero differient homo humanhomo samehydr waterhyper overhypo underin/im/il/ir in,intoin/im/il/ir notinter between,among intro/intra withiniso equallav/lulv washloot/boot戰利品nugat negative wa wise字例atypical：非典型的、anemia：貧血arduous：艱辛的aviary：鳥籠corporeal：肉體的foppishforeordination：宿命lavish：慷慨的、ablution：沐浴、lavatory：洗手間、deluge：大洪水、dilute：稀釋bootish：無用的、boot：馬靴、loot：搶奪、looter：掠奪者nugatory：無價值的waggish：詼諧的。

GRE阅读方法之老师笔记今日我给大家整理了GRE阅读方法之老师笔记,我们一起来看看吧，下面我就和大家共享，来观赏一下吧。

GRE阅读方法——老师笔记第一部分基本学问阅读习惯一、先读题目还是先读文章?肯定要先读文章!二、切忌读文章时查词典三、不要逐字读阅读黄金法则：文章中读到什么就是什么，不需要结合其他进行推理。

笔试专用六先六后：1、先词汇，后阅读(一般剩余13分钟阅读，5分钟小文章，长文章保证简洁题肯定做对)。

2、先短文章，后长文章。

3、先读较熟识的内容的文章，后读生疏的。

4、先读较易的，后读难的。

较易题包括：主题题，态度题，结构题(一般总分式较多)，简洁的细节题(题干、答案均较短，且好定位)。

较难题包括：难细节题(特殊是罗马数字题)，规律题，类比题。

5、先框架，后细节。

6、先排解再猜选(不得已而猜之时)。

GRE阅读方法——老师笔记其次部分文章分类及各类文章易出题型分析文章一般出处：《大百科全书》等长文章是缩写，短文章是节选。

一、按题材分类：人文科学：包括文学评论，美术，音乐，雕塑，哲学，语言学，宗教学出题思路：94年以后以短文章为主，以人文艺术和综合为主，特殊是以一人一文(一个的一本书，或者一个的一篇文章)为主。

注：在文学题材的文章中，出题者反对从意识形态的角度讨论文学。

他们认为文学问题就应当从文学角度讨论。

如：P120长文章。

社会科学：包括历史学，社会学，心理学，人类学，政治学，经济学(GRE中涉及还不是许多，GMAT中则每4篇中有2篇)出题角度：一般涉及民族(爱斯基摩热门考过两次)，女权。

但均为虚假关怀，使得出题思路较为中庸。

出题思路：纯学术讨论的文章大大削减，民族、女权的实际社会问题大大增加。

注：①北美独立战斗也常常考，但一般不会涉及两个国家之间的战斗。

明确反对：左派激进主见，革命思想，社会大变革，趋同进化论，达尔文的进化论。

①社会科学题材中，从来不把一个一般的社会现象给予重大意义，倾向于就事论事。

前言：词汇是基础。

入门教程：红宝书进阶教程：BARRON，可专门用于攻克填空蓝宝书系列，攻克类反工具书：韦氏大词典大学版单词记忆方法：1、词根词缀助记法2、典故法3、拆分法4、形近意近法5、联想归类法6、文化背景法一些生词：Fallow 土地休耕的Farrow 母猪生育Boar 公猪saw 母猪piglet 小猪Sedentary 久坐的Sedulous 勤勉的Audacious 1、勇敢的2、鲁莽的Sparta 斯巴达Spartan 坚忍刻苦的Coquette, sultry, flirtatious 都表示风骚的。

Adjutant 副官Liaison 暧昧的关系，私通，联络Cougar 美洲豹，谐音：酷哥Ogle 女性色迷迷地看男性Leer 男性色迷迷地看女性Fragrant 芳香的Flagrant 臭名昭著的D aunt 使畏缩G aunt 瘦长的，憔悴的J aunt 短途旅游H aunt 常去的地方，萦绕F launt 炫耀V aunt 自吹自擂T aunt 嘲笑Bow船头Stern船尾Oar桨手Deck甲板Mast桅杆Hull船体Hulk废船Hold船舱Hatch舱盖Galley（船，飞机）厨房Ballast压舱物Rudder舵Helm舵盘Helmsman舵手，引申为领导人Gorgon1、【希腊神话】戈耳工：斯忒诺、欧律阿勒和可怕的美杜萨三姐妹中的任何一个，Iris 彩虹，虹膜Erotic 色情的，性爱的Cupidity 贪婪Tantalize 使干着急Procrustean 强求一致的Stentorian 声音洪亮的类比：X︰Y1、2、二重对应例子：教材P25-1，P53-7，P23-3，P51-5 SCHOOL︰FISH::A、posse︰crowdB、arrow︰feathersC、union︰laborD、flock︰birdsE、stock︰cattle第二类：同义词例子：P49-6，P67-9GUSH︰EFFUSIVE：：A、exult︰honestB、d eliberate︰secretiveC、g iggle︰innocentD、rage︰irateE、whisper︰confidential第三类：程度变化A、同义词的基础上有程度的分化B、罕见的单词程度深，常见的单词程度浅例子：P49-9，P23-2，讲义P13-1规律：光对声GLARING：BRIGHT：：A、iridescent：colorfulB、p erceptible：visibleC、d iscordant：harmoniousD、peppery：saltyE、deafening：loud第四类：褒贬程度A、在程度类比上有了褒贬的分化B、中性词归在褒义词中，纵向找贬例子：P23-7，P33-7，P55-6 ATTENTIVE：OFFICIOUS：：A、doubtful：ambiguousB、a bsorbed：engrossedC、r efined：snobbishD、magisterial：authoritativeE、impromptu：spontaneous第五类：adj︰nA、重点在形容词，纵向找感觉一致的形容词B、褒贬一致例子：P31-7，P49-8，P61-2REDOLENT：SMELL：：A、curious：knowledgeB、l ucid：sightC、t orpid：motionD、ephemeral：touchE、piquant：taste第六类：种属例子：讲义P13-2，P31-2，P27-6，P33-4第七类：特殊和正常A、这是一种种属关系，个体有特点B、纵向找特殊，找完再验证例子：讲义P13-3，P43-4，P33-9，P39-8第八类：正面特征A、人与正面特征，纵向找人B、职业无特征，注意POLITICAN，一旦出现，即刻排除例子：P33-6，P29-4，P37-4，讲义P13-4第九类：反面特征例子：P21-3，P21-8，P23-5第十类：动作表达内心例子：P21-4，P35-5，P21-2，P23-9，P39-5第十一类：X：完整A、X=开头，结尾，单独，碎片B、纵向找X例子：P27-5，P47-7P53-2, P27-4, 讲义5第十四类：因果关系P29-8，P37-5，P75-6第十五类：动作及其结果讲义6，P29-7，P43-6第十六类：消除关系A、必然有两个主体B、常见的信号词：ABA TE，ALLEVIATE，ASSUAGE，ATTENUATE，DAMPEN，EXTENUATE，MITIGATE，MODERA TE讲义7，P51-1，P33-2，P55-7第十七类：对立关系（用不能或不能被造句）P39-6，P45-5第十八类：缺乏关系P41-3，P45-8，P49-7第十九类：阻止防止关系P25-7，P31-9，P43-3第二十类：违背关系P25-5，P57-9，P63-8第二十一类：目的关系P29-5，P61-8，讲义8第二十二类：人与物品关系A、物品有：工具，加工对象，成品B、纵向找人讲义9，P47-2第二十三类：动宾关系P43-9，P51-2，P21-1各种各样的笑：嘲笑：deride gibe jeer mock scoff sneer taunt ridicule jibe轻笑：chuckle开心大笑：chortle哄堂大笑：guffaw傻笑：simper, giggle假笑：smirk, simper窃笑：snicker, snigger笑：snort露齿而笑：grin各种各样的哭：呜咽：weep, whimper哀号：wail, whine表示神秘的单词：Runic, mysterious, arcane, cryptic, enigmatic, esoteric, inscrutable, mystic表示罗嗦的单词：Prolix, verbose, garrulous, loquacious, periphrastic, pleonastic, tautological表示偷偷摸摸的单词：Sneaky, clandestine, furtive, surreptitious表示辣的单词：Peppery, piquant, pungent表示芳香的单词：Aromatic, fragrant, balmy, perfumed, redolent,表示短暂的单词：Ephemeral, fleeting, evanescent, momentary, meteoric, passing, temporary, transitory, transient, 表示反复无常的词：Capricious, fickle, labile, mercurial, protean, versatile, volatile, whimsical,表示粗鲁的词：Insolently, impudent, impertinent, indecorous, brazen, loutish表示冷漠的，冷淡的词：ApatheticImpassiveIndifferentNonchalantStolid粘液质：phlegm → phlegmatic黑胆汁质：black bile → melancholy黄胆汁质：yellow bile → bilious 坏脾气的表示郁闷的单词：Morose, saturnine, crestfallen, downcast, dispirited, melancholy, gloomy, doleful表示大吃的词：Gobble, gollop, gorge, gormandize, gulp, guttle表示大喝的词：Guzzle, quaff, swill, potation(名词)表示放纵的词：Coddle, dote, spoil, pamper, humor, indulge, < mollycoddle表示抱怨的词：Complain, grouse, gripe, grumble, moan, repine, grudge, croak易怒的单词记法：一…就…：touchy, pettish, petulant, snappish, fractious,器官：spleenish, splenetic, liverish, bilious, choleric-able：irascible, irritable, inflammable,杂：cantankerous, churlish, crabbed, peevish, peppery, prickly, grumpy, surly, waspish,→表示胆怯的单词：形容词Chinless, gutless, nerveless, spinelessCraven, recreant, pusillanimous, timid, timorous, tremulous,→表示懦夫的词：名词Coward, recreant, poltroon, dastard,→表示畏缩，颤抖的单词：动词Cower, cringe, recoil, quail, wince, flinch, boggle表示傲慢专横的单词：Arrogant, domineering, haughty, overbearing, imperious, peremptory, pontifical, presumptuous, supercilious, surly, bumptious表示即兴的，当场的单词：Extemporaneous, extemporary, improvised, impromptu, unrehearsed, offhand, adlib表示对手、敌手的单词：Antagonist, rival, opponent, foe表示诽谤的词;Asperse, calumniate, defame, libel, slander, traduce, vilify, stigmatize, besmirch，malign表示吵闹的词：Blatant, clamorous, obstreperous, rambunctious, rowdy, vociferous,表示粘的单词：Viscous, viscid, tacky, sticky, glutinous,表示陈腐的单词：Antiquated, banal, corny, mildewed, hackneyed, platitudinous, stale, threadbare, trite, stereotype, bromide > original, arresting表示极端厌恶的动词：Abhor ，Abominate，Detest，Execrate，Loathe表示格言的词：Adage, proverb, aphorism, precept, apothegm, gnome, maxim表示接界，毗连的词：Abut, adjacent, contiguous, coterminous表示刻薄的词：Acerbic, acrid, acrimonious, caustic, sarcastic, mordant, vinegared, tart,表示谄媚，奉承的词：Adulate, flatter, cringe(cringing), fawn, ingratiate(ingratiating), obsequious, propitiate, toady, sycophant, palaver, slaver,表示减轻，缓和的词：Allay, abate, relieve, alleviate, appease, assuage, palliate, mitigate, mollify, abate, salve, soothe, subdue,表示幽灵的词：Apparition, ghost, phantom, specter, wraith表示做作，不自然的词：Affected, artificial, mannered, contrived, stagy表示粘的Tacky, sticky, glutinous, viscid表示敬畏的Redoubtable, awesome, formidable表示显著的，明显的Illustrious, eminent, redoubtable表示盛衰变迁的Wax and wane, flow and ebb, vicissitudes表示令人讨厌的：Abhorrent, abominable, detestable, execrate, loathsome, rebarbative, repellent, repulsive, repugnant, revolting, obnoxious, objectionable, exceptionable,表示根除，灭绝的单词：Annihilate, deracinate, eliminate, exterminate, extirpate, eradicate, uproot表示有偏见的单词:Biased, factional, jaundiced, partial, prepossessed, prejudiced, tendentious, warped教堂里的一些英语：Steeple 尖塔，spire大塔尖，pinnacle小塔尖，buttress扶墙，porch门廊，nave教堂中殿（信众席），aisle过道，chapel小礼拜堂，私人礼拜堂，altar祭坛，lectern大讲经台，pulpit小讲经台，vestment 法衣，Eulogize 赞颂，赞美四大牧师：Preacher, pastor, chaplain, clergy(man)，acolyte 侍僧几大建筑风格：Gothic哥特式, 特征尖顶Byzantine 拜占庭式，特征圆顶（DOME）Baroque 巴洛克式→baroque 华丽的→austere简朴的Mosque 清真寺，顶叫minaretGladiator：Arena讽刺滑稽的：SATIREDoggerel打油诗，讽刺滑稽的诗Burlesque ~戏Caricature ~画Lampoon ~文章Skit ~剧Limerick 五行打油诗几种罪犯：Accomplice 同案犯Confederate同案犯Abettor教唆犯Principal主犯Felon重罪犯Accessory 从犯几种宝石GEM：Ruby红宝石Sapphire 蓝宝石Jade翡翠Turquoise绿松石Amethyst紫水晶Rhinestone 莱因石Emerald绿宝石几种风：Cyclone: includes tornado, hurricane, monsoon, typhoon,Blizzard 暴风雪Breeze 微风，Gust, gale, 强风Mistral: the explanation from Merriam-Webster-- a strong cold dry northerly wind of southernFrance.理解为一般的风就可以了。

最新最全GRE阅读笔记整理只有你想不到GRE阅读，不仅需要大量做题来熟练技巧和熟悉出题思路，还需要时时总结归纳经验心得，提高备考效率，下面就和大家分享一下最新最全的GRE阅读心得笔记整理，希望大家也能从中学到一些经验。

GRE阅读笔记整理：阅读整体原则1. 先读文章后做题，阅读速度一定要快，勇敢的省略。

记住：看题时间要比看文时间长;2. 两遍法，第一遍通读，重点看文章的结构、focus、作者态度,第二遍在解题时定位阅读;3. 解任何题目时都要回到原文中定位，严格把握文字对应法，每个正确答案都必须找到依据，绝对不可凭记忆或知识背景做题;4. 不要精读，不必了解文章的意思，速度一定要快，一定要作笔记，时间不够看首段和各段首句;5. 每天都练《杨鹏100难句》。

GRE阅读笔记整理：阅读文章重点1. 重在结构,关注focus,关注作者对focus的态度、评价,缺陷及需要改进的地方;2. 重点读首段和各段首句,注意起承转合,看不懂的继续往下看,只关心是顺接还是转折关系;GRE阅读笔记整理：哪些地方需要作标记做阅读的时候要有随手做标记的习惯，尤其是对于一些比较明显会成为出题点的细节内容，比如新观点、TS、判断句、虚拟语气、强对比、强转折、最高级、唯一性、比较级、列举,大写名词、时间,地点,人名等,看到就可以标记一下，记住位置即可，之后如果在题目中碰到可以迅速的回来找到原文进行解答。

GRE阅读笔记整理：阅读提速技巧由于GRE阅读文章内容较多，所以阅读提速非常重要，关键就是个“快”字。

能不读则不读，能少读则少读，对于长文章一定要只看框架，大胆的略读粗读，做笔记,读题,精确定位。

GRE阅读笔记整理：需要特别注意的内容1. 强对比、强转折、双重否定2. 比较级、最高级、唯一性、“所有”, only, in particular3. 大写名词、斜体字做好标记4. 有关时间的句子,弄清楚前后关系5. 反复出现的关键词,弄清其含义6. 虚拟、让步语气7. 转折、比较弄清比较双方是谁8. 文章脉络,作者的观点和倾向,评价最重要以上就是关于GRE阅读笔记整理的一些心得和经验分享，希望大家也能通过这些内容总结出自己的阅读笔记，祝大家都能在GRE考试中取得优异成绩。

GRE 词汇课堂笔记1, fuse:fusible circumfuse confusediffuse effuse infuseperfuse refuse transfuse2, anchor attach fasten fixsecure anchorite recluse hermit helmet solitarydislodge lodge cabin shack shackle shantly hut hovel thatch dome igloo lodger ledger3, vehicle conveyance buggy convertible sprinkler caisson van tractor limousine trailer locomotive flatcar barrow cart sedan sedulous sedate sedative sedentary sediment4, emerald jade sapphire ruby granite gravel boulder pebble peddle slate5, arduously diligently sedulously industrious assiduous6, pied piebald mottled dappled brindled motley variegated multicolored magenta sapphire emerald sable drab azure safforn sallow livid leaden pallid violet chromatic7, vert/vers:subvert reverse irreversibleadverse adversity adversarydivert perverse8, pro/prob:approbation disprove reprobatereprove probity9, tort:torture tortuous tortoisetorch contort distortextort retort10, inveigke decoy deceive hoodwink gull hoax double-cross SECTION 21, path: apathy sympathy empathy2, desirable desirous propensitytendency disposition predispositioninclination proclivity acclivitydeclivity bent liabilityreliability predilection penchanttrenchant incisive3, morose saturnine downcast crestfallen dejected dispirited despondent gllomy melancholy doleful dreary dolorous doldrums4, revere venerate esteem adore honor defer to deride mock jabe jeer speer jibe gibe ridicule tease taunt scorn persiflage slight5, flaunt daunt taunt vaunt haunt jaunt saunter gaunt flaunt sport swank fanfare splurge ostentation6, ephemeral transitory transient momentary temporary passing fleeting evanescent fugitive fugacious meteoric deciduous7, turb: disturb perturb turbulent turbid torpid torrid8, soothe placate pacify appease conciliate mollify assuage alleviate allay alley mitigate unmitigated9, spic/spec: conspicuous introspection perspicacious auspicious auspices inauspicious10, protean capricious whimsical fickle changeable mercurial grratic inconstant volatile labile versatile steadfast stalwart firm resolute unswerving unwaveringSection 31, log/locu/loqu: circumlocution dialogue elocution eulogize eulogy loquacious monologue prologue catalogue soliloquy epilogue2, rebus charade conundrum riddle sphinx3, stigma earmark(ownership) brand4, hide shin epidermis cuticle pelt fell integument tegument rind peel husk hull bark5, meramorphose maggot caterpillar tadpole morph: geomorphology homorphic heteromorphic pseudomorph6, din clamor uproar racket fracas hurly-burly hubbub pandemonium commotion ferment tempest turbulence turmoil 7, soph: sophism sophist sophisticated sophomore philosophy8, mumble murmur whisper mutter jabber gabble babble bluster belabor pontificate croon drawl prate prattle9, gloat giggle simper smirk chukle guffaw chortle snigger titter grin10, tract: protract detract retract intractable contractSection 41, repulsion repulsive rebarbative exceptionable undersirable execrable pesky(pesk) abominable disagreeable odious(odium) repugnant(pugnacious) irksome objectionable offensive obnoxious detestable loathsome repellent revolting abhorrent 2, gaucheness awkward clumsy sumbersome tactless ungainly bungling uncouth lumpish crude craggy coarse lowbred churl boor lout polished refined cultivated debonair courtly urbane civilized cultured civil3, timorous timid tremulous cowardly craven recreant pusillanimous gutless spineless nerveless chineless(n.) poltroon dastard milksop coward recreant craven quail quake quiver shiver tremble4, fulminate denounce condemn reprehend rail inveighcensure upbraid chastise belabor lambaste vituperate castigate revile excoriate impugn flay flak pan objurgate rebuke reprove chide reprimand reproach admonishcommend extol exalt acclaim laud aulogize accolade applaud glorify rave tout5, mon: monument monitor monition admonish6, spir: inspire expire suspire perspire respire7, hypercritical captious carping cavil (v.) censorious dainty exacting fussy picky pernickety finicky fastidious8, her/hes: adherent inherent coherent incoherent conhesion hesitate9, volu/volv: evolve convolute revolution volume voluble10, cower cringe recoil flinch quail shrink wince timorous rimid diffident shy bashful abashed coy demure self-effacing modest humle effeminate feminine masculine macho virile Section 51, blood phlegm choler melancholysanguinary sanguine sangfroid phlegmatic bilious cholesterol cholecyst melan: melanin melanian2, phil: philosophy philology philatelist3, anthrop: anthropology anthropoid misanthropist4, ingenuous artless guileless naïve innocent candid frankingenious briliant sparkling scintilating intelligent clever smart 5, produce product production6, ep/epi: epidermis epilogue epitome epithet ephemeral epitaph 7, ped: expedite expeditious impede pedometer quadruped centipede pod: tripod podium podiatrist pediatrician peddle pedestral pedestrian8, hamper tamper tamp tramp(trudge trek ) trample vamp decamp9, vestment uniform tuxedo poncho tarpaulin waterproof mollinery bonnet helmet scarf shawl tassel10, judgment verdict sentenceSection 61, abrogate repeal revoke annul nullify invalidate abolish rescind scrao desuetude2, gno/gni: agnostic recognize diagnosis prognosticate3, aver assert affirm asseverate proclaim predicate avowdeny gainsay reject repudiate disclaim negate disavow4, ject/jac: project projectile inject reject deject abject conjecture adjacent ejaculate5, flexible supple yielding pliant pliable plastic elastic limber malleable ductile6, dilemma quandary plight predicament jam fix uncertaintyperplexity7, fug: centrifuge fugitive refuge refugee subterfuge fugue8, duc: induce deduce reduce seduce duke9, plic: complicate implicate replicate implicit explicit10, opaque obfuscate murky opacity vague turbid mutter mumble drone equivocate nubilous sibylline tenebrous inexplicit unintelligible puzzling abstruse enigmatic esoteric mysterious slur ambiguous dusky obscure dim dazeSection 71, ply pliers pincers forceps tongs nippers clamp cramp scissors shears clippers snips secateurs wrench chisel awl auger scythe sickle cleaver scalpel lancet2, fig: fig figment figurative effigy3, defendant respondent plaintiff suitor litigant(litigation)lawyer barrister solicitor counsel attorney judge gavel toupee4, easel brush canvas palette collage quilt crayon pastel fresco mural mosaic rendering limn stipple daub daubster doodle5, incevitable unadvoidable ineluctable inescapable6, fledging duckling gosling cub greenhorn sapling stripling brat princeling fledgling neophyte novice tyro apprenticerookie recruit amateur dabbler dilettante7, callow jejune green inexperienced immatureinchoate nascent incipient rudimentary elementary embryonic 8, aspersion asperse slander calumniate defame abuse vilify traduce scandal libel stigmatize denigrate malign9, curb curd curl curt cur curfew curmudgeon10, stubborn obstinate beadstrong intransigent perverse (perversity) refractory recalcitrant contumatious unmanageable inflexible unyielding unbending pertinat ious tenatious intractable persistent obdurate wrongheaded hidebound adamant willfull dogged mulish ossifiedSection 81, arthritis nephritis mumps gastritis laryngitis bronchitis pneumonia hepatitis encephalitis ophthalmia anemia haemophilia ulcer scurvy diabetes hypertension neurosis (schizophrenia) hypochondria parabia asthma tuberculosis amnesia aphasia dyslexia insomnia rabies (rabid) measles leprosy typhoid2, aseptic antiseptic antibiotic antibody antigen germ bacterium pasteurize fumigate airborne epidemic contagious quarantine pathology3, chron: chronicles chronic synchronize chronometer4, strident harsh grating discordant dissonant sharp cacophonous raucous hoarse husky throaty barbarous jarring 5, pagan infidel heathen heretic pligrim proselyte convert puritan ascetic martyr bigot idolater6, profuse extravagant lavish wasterful profligate liberal prodigal wastrel squander indulgent libertine7, relinquish anguish languish vanquish distinguish extinguish 8, sadness sorrow grief grievous bemoan bewail deploring lament affliction9, sanguine exhilarate hilarty lighthearted cheerful gaiety glad happiness joyful ecstasy rejoice jocund blithe chirpy chirrupy carefree vivacious glee jocund jolly mirth10, enchant (enchanter) penchant trenchantSection 91, facetious funny humorous lugubrious lucubration lubricious 2, banal trite commonplace hackneyed stereotyped stale threadbare mildewed corny jejune platitude clithe bromide fusty musty timeworn3, ept apt opt4, indiferent impassive nonchalant apathetic insouciant phlegmatic5, retard check hinder hamper impede obstruct stymie stemstunt cumber clog incommode (commodious) foil thwart frustrate deter inhibit prohibit bar filibuster6, foment foster prod agitate catalyze vitalize promote rouse impel abet spur encourage goad instigate provoke stir roil incite7, captious caption captation8, dearth modicum pittance paucity pinch speck whit want scanty sparse deficient insufficient exiguous (exigent)9, list incline slant tilt cant leaning declivity skew (aligned/askew) oblique (oblique/direct)10, persiflage flagrant camouflage flagellate。