广东海洋大学2014年研究生入学考试试卷812《经济学基础课》

广东海洋大学2014年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试《海洋生态学》（808）试卷（请将答案写在答题纸上，写在试卷上不给分。

本科目满分150分）一、多项选择题（10分，每小题2分）1. 外来生物入侵会可能对原有生物群落和生态系统带来极大威胁，主要包括（）。

A．生物多样性降低 B.生境退化 C.病害频发 D.原有生态系统崩溃2. 海洋中主要分解者生物的类别有（）。

A．细菌 B.微型食植者 C.有机凝聚体 D.后生动物3.种群调节因素可分为密度制约和非密度制约,属密度制约的有( )。

A.捕食B.竞争C.共生D.传染病E.温度4.种群具有个体所不具备的特征,主要有( )。

A.年龄结构B.性比C.出生率、死亡率D.多样性指数5.海水中溶解有机物DOM的来源主要有( )。

A.径流输入B.植物细胞释出C.动物代谢排泄D.POM分解二、判断题（10分，每小题1分）1．大洋中海洋的盐度是可变的，但其主要组分的比值是恒定的。

…………（）2．分解作用的生物化学过程正好与光合作用相反的过程。

…………………（）3.一个种群其种群密度越大,对其自身的生存越有利。

………………………（）4.一个群落,各个种占的相对比例越均匀,则该群落的异质性程度越大。

……（）5.生态系统中的能量流动和物质循环是相互独立的,二者基本无联系。

……（）6.一个物种的适应能力与其遗传多样性高低有直接必然的联系。

……………（）7.一个物种多样性水平高的群落其系统必然比物种多样性水平低的系统有更强的抗干扰能力。

……………………………………………………………………（）8.POC是指颗粒有机碳，POM是指溶解的颗粒有机物。

……………………（）9.新生产力反映真光层营养物质循环的效率，取决真光层之外所提供的N。

（）10.大洋区表层和次表层的POC数量高于下层，而在深洋水中一直保持着相对恒定的低含量状态。

…………………………………………………………………（）三、名词解释（40分，每小题4分）1.生态因子2.关键种3.临界深度4.温室效应5.持续产量6.耐受性定律7.光周期现象8.有效积温9.异株克生现象10.同化效率四、简答题（56分，每小题8分）1.为什么说食物链本质上是生态系统地能流途径？能流有何特点？2.试述海流有哪些生态作用？3.什么叫海洋微型生物食物环？4.什么是赤潮？赤潮有什么危害？5.试述温度因子的生态作用？6.K—对策和r—对策各有哪些特点?7.试述植物群落的基本特征？五、分析题（34分）1.何为浮游生物，简述浮游生物在海洋生态系统中的作用。

广东海洋大学2012年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试
《经济学基础课》(812)试卷
（请将答案写在答题纸上,写在试卷上不给分.本科目满分150分）
第一部分微观经济学（75分）
一、单项选择题（每小题2分，共20分）
1．微观经济学的基本假设前提是（）。

A．完全信息的假设B．完全竞争的假设
C．合乎理性的人的假设D．边际效用递减的假设
2．供给规律说明（ ）。

A．生产技术提高会使商品的供给量增加
B．政策鼓励某商品的生产，因而该商品供给量增加
C．消费者更喜欢消费某商品，使该商品的价格上升
D．某商品价格上升将导致对该商品的供给量增加
3．下列商品中，需求价格弹性最大的是（）。

A．服装B．化妆品C．金银首饰D．食盐
4．短期平均成本曲线呈Ｕ型，是因为（ ）。

A．外部经济问题B．内部经济问题
C．规模收益问题D．边际收益（报酬）问题
5. 当某消费者的收入上升20%，其对某商品的需求量上升5%，则商品的需求收入弹性（）。

A．大于1 B．小于1 C．等于1 D．等于0
6．假定两人一天可生产60单位产品，三人一天可以生产100单位产品，那么（ ）。

A．平均可变成本是下降的B．平均可变成本是上升的
C．劳动的边际产量大于平均产量D．劳动的边际产量小于平均产量7．某日内，X商品的替代品价格上升和互补品价格上升，分别引起X商品的需求变动量为50单位和80单位，则在它们共同作用下，该日X商品的需求数812《经济学基础课》第1 页共4 页。

广东海洋大学2013年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试《经济学基础课》（812）试卷真题及答案（请将答案写在答题纸上，写在试卷上不给分，本科目满分150分）第一部分微观经济学（75分）一、单项选择题（每小题2分，共20分）1．消费者偏好不变，对某商品的消费量随着消费者收入的增加而减少，则该商品是（D）。

A．替代品B．互补品C．正常品D．低档品2．供给规律说明（D）。

A．生产技术提高会使商品的供给量增加B．政策鼓励某商品的生产，因而该商品供给量增加C．消费者更喜欢消费某商品，使该商品的价格上升D．某商品价格上升将导致对该商品的供给量增加3．在下列情况中，何种情形将会使预算约束在保持斜率不变的条件下作远离原点的运动？（C）。

A．x的价格上涨10%而y的价格下降10%B．x和y的价格都上涨10%而货币收入下降5%C．x和y的价格都下降15%而货币收入下降10%D．x和y的价格都上涨10%而货币收入上涨5%4．短期平均成本曲线呈Ｕ型，是因为（D）。

A．外部经济问题B．内部经济问题C．规模收益问题D．边际收益（报酬）问题5．关于长期平均成本和短期平均成本的关系（A）。

A．长期平均成本线上的每一点都与短期平均成本线上的某一点相对应B．短期平均成本线上的每一点都在长期平均成本线上C．长期平均成本线上的每一点都对应着某一条短期平均成本线上的最低点D．每一条短期平均成本的最低点都在长期平均成本曲线上6．假定两人一天可生产60单位产品，三人一天可以生产100单位产品，那么（A）。

A．平均可变成本是下降的B．平均可变成本是上升的C．劳动的边际产量大于平均产量D．劳动的边际产量小于平均产量7．完全竞争和不完全竞争的区别包括：（D）。

A．如果在某一行业中存在许多厂商，则这一市场是完全竞争的B．如果厂商所面临的需求曲线是向下倾斜的，则这一市场是不完全竞争的C．如果行业中所有厂商生产相同的产品，且厂商的数目大于１，则这个市场是不完全竞争的D．如果某一行业中有不止一家厂商，他们都生产相同的产品，都有相同的价格，则这个市场是完全竞争的8.商获取最大利润的条件是：（B）。

广东海洋大学2007年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试《经济学基础课》(410)试卷（请将答案写在答题纸上,写在试卷上不给分.本科目满分150分）第一部分微观经济学（75分）一、单项选择题（每小题1分，共10分）1、一种商品价格下降对其互补品最直接的影响是（）。

A.互补品的需求曲线向右移动B. 互补品的需求曲线向左移动C.互补品的供给曲线向右移动D. 互补品的价格上升2、某消费者收入下降但他对某商品的需求却增加，说明该商品是（）。

A.低档品B. 替代品C.互补品D.一般商品3、市场需求曲线是（）。

A.对个人需求曲线在垂直方向上的加总B.对个人需求曲线在水平方向上的加总C.在给定的时点上，市场交易的均衡价格和均衡数量D.个人需求曲线相对缺乏弹性的部分4、恩格尔曲线从（）中导出。

A.价格——消费曲线B. 收入——消费曲线C.需求曲线D.无差异曲线5、等产量线上某一点的切线的斜率等于（）。

A.边际替代率B.等成本线的斜率C.边际技术替代率D.预算线的斜率6、边际成本低于平均成本时，（）。

A.平均成本上升B.平均可变成本可能上升也可能下降C.总成本下降D.平均可变成本上升7、完全竞争厂商的“停止营业点”发生在下列哪一个产出水平上（）。

A.ＭＣ＝ＡＣB.ＡＶＣ＝ＡＦＣC.ＭＣ＝ＡＶＣD.ＡＣ＝ＡＶＣ8、在垄断竞争中，厂商实现利润最大化的途径是（）。

A.调整价格从而确定相应的产量B. 品质竞争C.广告竞争D.以上途径都有可能9、假定在完全竞争市场条件下，一厂商生产一种产品所需要素的价格为２０元，该要素的边际产量为５，如果厂商此时实现了利润最大化，那么，出售该产品的边际收益应为（）。

A. ２０元B. １０元C. ８元D. ４元10、下列哪一项不能从帕累托效率得出：（）。

A.交换的效率B. 生产的效率C.产品组合的效率D. 所有人平等地分配收入二、名词解释（每小题4分，共16分）1、需求的收入弹性；2、无差异曲线；3、生产者剩余；4、引致需求；三、简答题（共14分）1、完全竞争市场结构的特征有哪些，并简要说明。

广东海洋大学研究生入学考试真题812《经济学基础课》广东海洋大学2014年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试《经济学基础课》（812）试卷（请将答案写在答题纸上，写在试卷上不给分，本科目满分150分）第一部分微观经济学（75分）一、单项选择题（每小题2分，共20分）1. 商品X和Y两产品交叉弹性是-1，则（）。

A. X和Y是替代品 B .X和Y都是正常商品C. X和Y都是劣质品D. X和Y是互补商品2. 根据消费者选择理论，边际替代率递减意味着（）。

A. 无差异曲线的斜率为正B . 无差异曲线的斜率为负C. 预算线斜率小于零D.无差异曲线凸向原点3．消费者偏好不变，对某商品的消费量随着消费者收入的增加而减少，则该商品是（）。

A．替代品 B．互补品 C．正常品 D．低档品4．短期平均成本曲线呈Ｕ型，是因为（）。

A．外部经济问题 B．内部经济问题C．规模收益问题 D．边际收益（报酬）问题5．一般情况下，厂商得到的价格若低于以下哪种成本就停业：（）。

A．平均成本 B．平均可变成本C．边际成本 D．平均固定成本6. 当某消费者的收入上升20%，其对某商品的需求量上升5%，则商品的需求收入弹性（）。

A．大于1 B．小于1 C．等于1 D．等于07. 正常商品的价格上升,则( )。

A．替代效应使需求量增加,收入效应使需求量减少B．替代效应使需求量减少,收入效应使需求量减少C．替代效应使需求量减少,收入效应使需求量增加D．替代效应使需求量增加,收入效应使需求量增加8. 如果规模报酬不变,单位时间里增加了20%的劳动使用量,但保持资本量不变,则产出将( )。

A．增加20% B．减少20% C．增加大于20% D．增加小于20% 9．在垄断市场中，厂商将在（）情况下扩大其产量。

A．价格低于边际成本 B. 价格等于边际成本C. 边际收益低于边际成本D. 边际收益高于边际成本10. 假定某商品的需求价格为P=100-4Q，供给价格为P=40+2Q，则均衡价格和均衡产量分别为（）。

2007年广东海洋大学经济管理学院605管理学考研真题广东海洋大学2007年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试《管理学》（605）试卷一、名词解释（每题4分，共20分）1．创新2．经济方法3．领导4．决策5．组织文化二、简答（每题10分，共50分）1．简述现代管理理论的主要特点2．什么是管理幅度？影响管理幅度的主要因素有哪些？3．简述亚当斯的公平理论。

4．简述霍桑实验产生的主要结果，并评价其对管理学发展的影响。

5．比较前馈控制、同期控制和反馈控制的主要特点。

三、论述（每题25分，共50分）1．联系实际谈你对组织设计原则的理解？2．试述法约尔管理理论的基本观点及对我们做好管理工作的启示？四、案例分析（30分）被称为“纺织女王”、“汽车皇后”的台湾裕隆汽车集团董事长吴舜文，将东西方管理学说的优点熔于一炉，结合美国的以工作为中心的泰勒学说和以人为中心的行为学派而创造出了吴氏“目标管理”方法，其具体内容是：每年的年度计划，由员工自己提出，经可行性论证后，再分解为每月的目标。

这样一来，员工的达标就不是自上而下的硬性规定，因此工作积极性就会被最大限度地调动起来，上级的督促检查也就会有的放矢，赏罚得当。

这种管理机制既有西方人的科学求实精神，又有东方人的人和气氛；既体现了美国公司的管理原则，又融会了日本企业的以感情为核心的特点，因而实施起来深得人心，也卓有成效。

为了使企业能在激烈的竞争中永远立于不败之地，为了使每一个员工能够“心悦诚服自动自发地把潜力与智慧、劳力奉献出来。

”吴舜文在推行目标管理时，特别强化管理中的民主，以人人参与的合作意识，代替强制妥协，具体说来就是利用人的上进心和尊荣感，激发员工的工作积极性。

与此同时，她还特别关心员工的生活，改善员工的福利待遇。

“集团激励”就是她在分配问题上的一个大胆的创新。

“集团激励”是把企业的收入公开，定期结算利润，年终再加总计算。

计算时请员工本人参与，让每个人都了解企业投下多少成本，应收回多少利润，哪些应归企业，哪些应按“目标管理”的达标情况分给员工。

English Test Paper for Doctorate Entrance ExaminationNote: Please write your Answer on the Answer Sheet.Part IDirections: In this section, there are 6 passages. Each passage is followed by 5 questions. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter with a single line through the centre.（30%）Passage 1Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.Parents are often upset when their children praise the homes of their friends and regard it as a slur on their own cooking, or cleaning, or furniture, and often are foolish enough to let the adolescents see that they are annoyed. They may even accuse them of disloyalty, or make some spiteful remark about the friends' parents. Such a loss of dignity and descent into childish behavior on the part of the adults deeply shocks the adolescents, and makes them resolve that in future they will not talk to their parents about the place or people they visit. Before very long the parents will be complaining that the child is so secretive and never tells them anything, but they seldom realize that they have brought this on themselves.Disillusionment with the parents, however good and adequate they may be both as parents and as individuals, is to some degree inevitable. Most children have such a high ideal of their parents, unless the parents themselves have been unsatisfactory, that it can, hardly hope to stand up to a realistic evaluation. Parents would be greatly surprised and deeply touched if they realized how much belief their children usually have in their character and infallibility, and how much this faith means to a child. If parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction, and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgment they would not be so hurt, and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by resenting and resisting it.The adolescent, with his passion for sincerity, always respects a parent who admits that he is wrong, or ignorant, or even that he has been unfair or unjust. What the child cannot forgive is the parent's refusal to admit these charges if the child knows them to be true.Victorian parents believed that they kept their dignity by retreating behind an unreasoning authoritarian attitude; in fact they did nothing of the kind, but children were then too cowed to let them know how they really felt. Today we tend to go to the other extreme, but on the whole this is a healthier attitude both for the child and the parent. It is always wiser and safer to face up to reality, however painful it may be at the moment.1. According to the passage, children would arouse parents' disappointment forA. admiring their friends' homes.B. talking back to their parents.C. complaining home-made dishes.D. making some spiteful remark.2. When adolescents feel disillusion with their parents, it means that theyA. feel disappointed with their parents.B. are developing into maturity.C. just want to hurt their parents.D. are expressing their discontentment.3. Adolescents in Victorian timesA. had shown more respect for parents than today.B. always answered back to deal with the problem.C. admired the authoritarian attitude of their parents.D. were too afraid to tell what they really thought.4. What is the tone of the passage?A. Critical.B. Humorous.C. Serious.D. Ambiguous.5. What does this passage mainly discuss?A. Children will become more and more mature when growing up.B. Parents have to change their ways in educating their children.C. The conflicts between parents and their children are inevitable.D. Parents have made mistakes in communication with childrenPassage 2Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.California is a land of variety and contrast. Almost every type of physical land feature, sort of arctic ice fields and tropical jungles can be found within its borders. Sharply contrasting types of land often lie very close to one another. People living in Bakersfield, for instance, can visit the Pacific Ocean and the coastal plain, the fertile San Joaquin Valley, the arid Mojave Desert, and the high Sierra Nevada, all within a radius of about 100 miles.In other areas it is possible to go snow skiing in the morning and surfing in the evening of the same day, without having to travel long distance.Contrast abounds in California. The highest point in the United States (outside Alaska) is in California, and so is the lowest point (including Alaska).Mount Whitney, 14,494 feet above sea level, is separated from Death Valley, 282 feet below sea level, by a distance of only 100 miles.The two areas have a difference in altitude of almost three miles. California has deep, clear mountain lakes like Lake Tahoe, the deepest in the country, but it also has shallow, salty desert lakes. It has Lake Tulainyo, 12,020 feet above sea level, and the lowest lake in the country, the Salton Sea, 236 feet below sea level. Some of its lakes, like Owens Lake in Death Valley, are not lakes at all: they are dried-up lake beds. In addition to mountains, lakes, valleys, deserts, and plateaus, California has its Pacific coastline, stretching longer than the coastlines of Oregon and Washington combined.6. Which of the following is the lowest point in the United States?A. Lake Tulainyo.B. Mojave desert.C. Death Valley.D. The Salton Sea.7. Where is the highest point in the United States located?A. Lake Tahoe.B. Sierra Nevada.C. Mount Whitney.D. Alaska.8. How far away is Death Valley from Mount Whitney?A. About 3 miles.B. Only 100 miles.C. 282 feet.D. 14,494 feet.9. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as being within a radius of about 100 milesof Bakersfield?A. The Pacific Ocean.B. San Joaquin Valley.C. Mojave Desert.D. Oregon and Washington.10. Which statement best demonstrates that California is a land of variety and contrast?A. The highest lake in California is Lake Tulainyo.B. It is possible to go surfing and snow skiing in some parts of California without having to travellong distance.C. Sierra Nevada, San Joaquin Valley, Mojave Desert and the Pacific Ocean all lie within a radiusof about 100 miles.D. Owens Lake, in Death Valley, is not really a lake at all.Passage 3Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.Cultural rules determine every aspect of food consumption. Who eats together defi nes social units. For example, in some societies, the nuclear family is the unit that regularly eats together.The anthropologist Mary Douglas has pointed out that, for the English, the kind of meal and the kind of food that is served relate to the kinds of social links between people who are eating together. She distinguishes between regular meals, Sunday meals when relatives may come, and cocktail parties for acquaintances. The food served symbolizes the occasion and reflects who is present. For example, only snacks are served at a cocktail party. It would be inappropriate to serve a steak or hamburgers. The distinctions among cocktails, regular meals, and special dinners mark the social boundaries between those guests who are invited for drinks, those who are invited to dinner, and those who come to a family meal. In this example, the type of food symbolizes the category of guest and with whom it is eaten.In some New Guinea societies, the nuclear family is not the unit that eats together. The men take their meals in a men’s house, separa tely from their wives and children. Women prepare and eat their food in their own houses and take the husband’s portion to the men’s house. The women eat with their children in their own houses. This pattern is also widespread among Near Eastern societies.Eating is a metaphor that is sometimes used to signify marriage. In many New Guinea societies, like that of the Lesu on the island of New Ireland in the Pacific and that of the Trobriand Islanders, marriage is symbolized by the couple’s eating together fo r the first time.Eating symbolizes their new status as a married couple. In U.S. society, it is just the reverse. A couple may go out to dinner on a first date.Other cultural rules have to do with taboos against eating certain things. In some societies, members of a clan, a type of kin (family) group, are not allowed to eat the animal or bird that is their totemic ancestor. Since they believe themselves to be descended from that ancestor, it would be like eating that ancestor or eating themselves.There is also an association between food prohibitions and rank, which is found in its most extreme form in the caste system of India. A caste system consists of ranked groups, each with a different economic specialization. In India, there is an association between caste and the idea of pollution. Members of highly ranked groups can be polluted by coming into contact with the bodily secretions, particularly saliva, of individuals of lower-ranked castes. Because of the fear of pollution, Brahmans and other high-ranked individuals will not share food with, not eat from the same plate as, not even accept food from an individual from a low-ranking caste.11. According to the passage, the English make clear distinctions between ______.A. people who eat together.B. the kinds of food served.C. snacks and hamburgers.D. family members and guests.12. According to the passage, who will NOT eat together?A. The English.B. Americans on their first date.C. Men and women in Near Eastern societies.D. Newly-weds on the island of New Ireland.13. According to the passage, eating together indicates all the following EXCEPT ______.A. the type of food.B. social relations.C. marital status.D. family ties.14. The last paragraph suggests that in India ______ decides how people eat.A. pollutionB. foodC. cultureD. social status15. Which of the following can best serve as the topic of the passage?A. Different kinds of food in the world.B. Relations between food and social units.C. Symbolic meanings of food consumption.D. Culture and manners of eating.Passage 4Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage.What comes to mind when you hear the word--diversity? Issues of race or gender may spring to mind．Equal rights? Or minority issues?I encourage people to look at a much wider definition of the word．1 would tend to say diversity is “differentness” in any form．A good example of this kind of diversity has been experienced by every person who ever left behind the comforts of home and moved into uncharted territory．Issues of diversity are informed not only by your cultural background and context，but also by your religion，age，field of work，family situation，personality，and countless other factors that make us unique．Diversity affects everyone．It’s for this reason that diversity has become such a buzz word．The buzz happens because it’s all about how you handle it．It’s very much like the job a composer has when creating a great musical composition．If the composer understands what each unique note and dynamic mark is capable of in combination with the other parts，the result achieved is extraordinary．If, however，none of the parts is communicating with the others，we’re left with a cacophony(刺耳的声音)．On a personal level．it’s this understanding and acceptance of “the other” which rests at the core of diversity．Whether we’re talking about navigating through a multicultural urban environment or uprooting and moving to a new foreign social context，it is necessary to set aside rigid assumptions about “the other” and put oneself in the other's shoes. So how do we make this leap? It's often as simple as asking questions and being careful not to assume that what you see is necessarily what the other side sees.Often in my workshops I give a magic lesson to the audience to illustrate this principle. I first present the magic and accomplish the "impossible". The participants receive the same props but simply can't manage. We look more carefully at the situation and realize that the assumptions they made about it actually blocked them from achieving this feat; a feat they suddenly are empowered to do which, moments ago, was impossible.The goal in being sensitive to diversity is to cultivate a culture of respect for people's differences and understand that such an environment is beneficial to everyone involved.Diversity awareness is an evolution. We can't get there by snapping our fingers, and it isn't a matter of training people to have textbook politically correct attitudes. Instead it's a case of looking at the big picture of how we see the world, understanding why we see it that way, and then making surewe do our part to genuinely value difference and benefit from it.16. According to the author, diversity isA. confusing.B. extraordinary.C. quite common.D. universal.17. "It" in Paragraph Three refers toA. diversity.B. the buzz.C. how to handle diversity.D. the formation of diversity.18. The author believes thatA. to handle diversity one should put himself in others' shoes.B. when you are in a foreign environment, do as the Romans do.C. diversity can hardly be defined.D. diversity derives from cultural difference.19. The example of a magic lesson is to showA. everyone can do magic.B. magic is nothing but a feat.C. what blocks people from handling diversity.D. it is possible to achieve anything.20. How to raise diversity awareness according to the author?A. By living in an unfamiliar environment.B. By having politically correct attitudes.C. By being sensitive to everything one experiences.D. By understanding people's differences.Passage 5Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.The Internet, E-commerce and globalization are making a new economic era possible. In the future, capitalist markets will largely be replaced by a new kind of economic system based on networked relationships, contractual arrangements and access rights.Has the quality of our lives at work, at home and in our communities increased in direct proportion to all the new Internet and business-to-business Internet services being introduced into our lives? I have asked this question of hundreds of CEOS and corporate executives in Europe and the United States. Surprisingly, virtually everyone has said,"No, quite contrary." The very people responsible for ushering in what some have called a "technological renaissance" say they are working longer hours, feel more stressed, are more impatient, and are even less civil in their dealings with colleagues and friends--not to mention strangers. And what's more revealing, they place much of the blame on the very same technologies they are so aggressively championing.The techno gurus (领袖) promised us that access would make life more convenient and give us more time. Instead, the very technological wonders that were supposed to liberate us have begun to enslave us in a web of connections from which there seems to be no easy escape.If an earlier generation was preoccupied with the quest to enclose a vast geographic frontier, the .com generation, it seems, is more caught up in the colonization of time. Every spare moment of ourtime is being filled with some form of commercial connection, making time itself the most scarce of all resources. Our e-mail, voice mail and cell phones, our 24-hour Interact news and entertainment all seize for our attentionAnd while we have created every kind of labor-and time-saving device to service our needs, we are beginning to feel like we have less time available to us than any other humans in history. That is because the great proliferation of labor-and-time-saving services only increases the diversity, pace and flow of commodified activity around us. For example, e-mail is a great convenience. However, we now find ourselves spending much of our day frantically responding to each other's electronic messages. The cell phone is a great time-saver,Except now we are always potentially in reach of someone else who wants our attention.Social conservatives talk about the decline in civility and blame it on the loss of a moral compass and religious values. Has anyone bothered to ask whether the hyper speed culture is making all of us less patient and less willing to listen and defer, consider and reflect?Maybe we need to ask what kinds of connections really count and what types of access really matter in the e-economy era. ff this new technology revolution is only about hyper efficiency, then we risk losing something even precious than time--our sense of what it means to be a caring human being.21. According to the passage, corporate executives think thatA. technology renaissance should be pushed forward.B. technology has a profound impact on their lives.C. technology actually results in a decline in their life quality.D. technology should be aggressively championed.22. Which of the following is NOT true?A. Technology was supposed to free people.B. The .corn generation became slaves of technology.C. New technologies occupy much of our time.D. It is difficult to avoid the influence of technology wonders.23. What is the most valuable resource for the .com generation?A. Technological wonders.B. Access to information.C. Time.D. Time saving devices.24. In the sixth paragraph, the author implied thatA. social conservatives blamed the loss of morality on technology.B. the .com generation was less civil than the earlier generations.C. the hyper speed culture led to the decline in civility.D. technology might make people less impatient.25. An appropriate title for the passage might beA. The New Internet Life.B. The Drawbacks of too Much Access.C. The Failure of Technological Renaissance.D. The Declining Quality of Life.Passage 6Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.A simple piece of rope hangs between some environmentally friendly Americans and theirneighbors. On one side stand those who have begun to see clothes dryers as wasteful consumers of energy (up to 6% of total electricity) and powerful emitters of carbon dioxide (up to a ton of CO2 per household every year). As an alternative, they are turning to clotheslines as part of what Alexander Lee, an environmentalist, calls "what-I-can- do environmentalism."But on the other side are people who oppose air-drying laundry outside on aesthetic grounds. Increasingly, they have persuaded community and homeowners associations(HOAs) across the U.S. to ban outdoor clotheslines, which they say not only look unsightly but also lower surrounding property values. Those actions, in turn, have sparked a right-to-dry movement that is pressing for legislation to protect the choice to use clotheslines. Only three states--Florida, Hawaii and Utah--have laws written broadly enough to protect clotheslines. Right-to-dry advocates argue that there should be more.Matt Reck is the kind of eco-conscious guy who feeds his trees with bathwater and recycles condensation drops from his air conditioners to water plants. His family also uses a clothesline. But Otto Hagen, president of Reck's HOA in Wake Forest, N.C., notified him that a neighbor h, ad complained about his line. The Recks ignored the warning and still dry their clothes on a rope in the yard. "Many people claim to be environmentally friendly but don't take matters into their own hands," says Reck. HOAs Hagen has decided to hold off taking action. "I'm not going to go crazy," he says. "But if Matt keeps his line and more neighbors complain, I'll have to address it again."North Carolina lawmakers tried and failed earlier this year to insert language into an energy bill that would expressly prevent HOAs from regulating clotheslines. But the issue remains a touchy one with HOAs and real estate agents. "Most aesthetic restrictions are rooted, to a degree, in the belief that homogenous exteriors are supportive of property value," says Sara Stubbins, executive director of the Community Association Institute's North Carolina chapter. In other words, associations worry that housing prices will fall if prospective buyers think their would-be neighbors are too poor to afford dryers.Alexander Lee dismisses the notion that clotheslines devalue property assets, advocating that the idea "needs to change in light of global warming." "We all have to do at least something to decrease our carbon footprint," Alexander Lee says.26. What is NOT mentioned as a disadvantage of using clothes dryers?A. Electricity consumption.B. Air pollution.C. Waste of energy.D. Ugly looking.27. Which of the following is INCORRECT?A. Opposers think air-drying laundry would devalue surrounding assets.B. Opposers consider the outdoor clothesline as an eyesore to the scenery.C. Right-to-dry movements led to the pass of written laws to protect clotheslines.D. Most of states in the US have no written laws to protect clotheslines.28. What is the HOAs' attitude towards the regulation of outdoor clotheslines?A. Concerned.B. Impartial.C. Supportive.D. Unclear.29. In the last paragraph Alexander Lee recommends thatA. clotheslines should be banned in the community.B. clotheslines wouldn't lessen the property values.C. the globe would become warmer and warmer.D. we should protect the environment in the community.30. An appropriate title for the passage might beA. Opinions on Environmental Protection.B. Opinions on Air-drying Laundry.C. What-I-Can-Do Environmentalism.D. Restrictions on Clotheslines.Part II Multiple Choice:Directions: For each of the following blanks, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the most appropriate one. Then mark the corresponding letter with a single line through the centre. (10%)31. Many people like white color as it is a ______ of purity.A. symptomB. symbolC. signD. signal32. The manager needs an assistant that he can _____ to take care of problems in his absence.A.count onB. count inC. count upD. count out33. It took him several months to ____ the wild horse.A. tendB. tameC. breedD. cultivate34. It is popular among some young men to _____ beard and long hair.A. growB. plantC. keepD. prefer35.With the price of oil ______, the economy of oil-producing countries is expanding at a high rate.A. to go upB. goes upC. gone upD. going up36. To our _____, Geoffrey’s illness proved not to be as serious as we had feared.A. reliefB. viewC. anxietyD. judgment37. The best students are ______ special scholarships.A. acceptedB. rewardedC. awardedD. appointed38. Evidence came up_____ specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as five monthsold.A. whatB. whichC. whoseD. that39. Estimates of the cost of a human mission to Mars _____ from about $20 billion to $55 billion.A. alterB. separateC. rangeD. differ40. The poor fellow is ______ by too much work, which is why I asked him to take a rest.A. run offB. run downC. run awayD. run in41. William Wordsworth would wave goodbye to his sister before _____ to study the flowers.A. setting forthB. setting byC. setting forwardD. setting off42. A great deal of communication is performed on a person-to-person ______ by the simple means ofspeech.A. basisB. baseC. foundationD. ground43. In some countries, _____ is called "equality" does not really mean equal rights for all people.A. whichB. whatC. thatD. one44. Nothing seems to be sure for certain about the prediction of earthquakes __________.A. for a long timeB. for the first timeC. for the time beingD. from time to time45. The manager ____ the letter to his secretary, who wrote it down in short hand.A. passedB. copiedC. declaredD. dictated46. Many students are _______ of various kinds of hobbies in their spare time.A. interestedB. accustomedC. fondD. keen47. I always get information from the library. You ____there to see whether there is the information Part IIIchoices Keep drop their the first names results Subwayneed to do more to __56__He recogniz ed efforts made by McDonald’s, __57_ placing litter bins and increasing litter patrols, but its litter remained “all too prevalent”. All fast food chains should reduce __58__ packaging, he added. Companies could also reduce prices __59__ those who stayed to eat food on their premises, offer money-off vouchers or other __60__ for those who returned packaging and put more bins at __61__ points in local streets, not just outside their premises. A __62__ for McDonald’s said: “We do our best. Obviously we ask all our customers to dispose of litter responsibly.” Trials of more e xtensive, all-day litter patrols were __63__ in Manchester and Birmingham.KFC said it took its __64__ on litter management “very seriously”, and would introduce aprogramme to reduce packaging __65__ many products. Subway said that it worked hard to __66__ the impact of litter on communities，__67__ it was “still down to the __68__ customer to dispose of their litter responsibly”. Greggs said it recognised the “continuing challenge for us all”, __69__ having already taken measures to help __70__ the issue.51. A. elevating B. convening C. launching D. projecting52. A. signals B. signs C. commercials D. brands53. A. condemn B. refute C. uncover D. disregard54. A. around B. toward C. in D. off55. A. industry B. career C. profession D. vocation56. A. exclude B. discourage C. suppress D. retreat57. A. incorporating B. including C. comprising D. containing58. A. unreliable B. unrelated C. unimportant D. unnecessary59. A. for B. about C. with D. to60. A. accessories B. merits C. incentives D. dividends61. A. curious B. mysterious C. strange D. strategic62. A. narrator B. spokesman C. mediator D. broker63. A. in season B. at risk C. off hand D. under way64. A. responsibility B. liability C. commission D. administration65. A. around B. by C. on D. above66. A. divert B. minimize C. degrade D. suspend67. A. if B. whether C. so D. but68. A. individual B. concrete C. unique D. respective69. A. except B. without C. despite D. via70. A deal B. tackle C. cope D. disposePart IV TranslationDirections: T ranslate the following English paragraph into Chinese.(15%)Decades of overfishing, pollution, and habitat destruction have left marine and coastal ecosystems in decline. Ecosystem health is compromised when waterways are dredged carelessly or excessively, or when coastal development is carried out with little concern for the environment.Part of the decline of marine and coastal ecosystems is due to negligence or a lack of awareness. Often people do not realize their actions are causing harm because many of these ecosystems are out of sight, out of mind. Other times they may have alternate imperatives,such as food security, and feel they have no options but to use marine and coastal resources unsustainably.Part V TranslationDirections: T ranslate the following Chinese paragraph into English. (15%)来自利物浦大学的科学家、心理学家和英文教授发现，阅读莎士比亚及其他古典作家的作品对心智发展大有裨益。

广东海洋大学研究生入学考试真题812《经济学基础课》广东海洋大学2015年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试《经济学基础课》（812）试卷（请将答案写在答题纸上，写在试卷上不给分，本科目满分150分）第一部分微观经济学（75分）一、单项选择题（每小题2分，共20分）1.在反需求函数式P=a-β.Q中，下面说法正确的是（）。

A.a和β是内生变量B.P和Q是外生变量C.四个都是内生变量 D.P和Q是内生变量，a和β是外生变量2.若消费预算线与无差异曲线相交，这表明要得到无差异曲线所表示的效用水平（）。

A.应该再增加支出B.不能再减少支出C.还可以减少支出D.上述都不正确3.假如某厂商的平均收益曲线从水平线变为向右下方倾斜，这说明（）。

A．既有厂商进入出也有厂商退出该行业B.新的厂商进入了该行业 C．原有厂商退出了该行业 D.完全竞争被不完全竞争所取代4.政府为扶持农业而对农产品实施支持价格，为维持该价格，政府应该采取（）措施。

A.对农产品生产者予以补贴B.实行农产品配给制C.收购过剩农产品D.增加对农产品的税收5.在完全垄断市场上，如果厂商将市场分为A和B，且已知A市场需求弹性大于B市场需求弹性。

若厂商欲采取价格歧视，则在A市场商品定价( )B市场商品定价。

A.大于B.小于C.等于D.三种定价均可能6.在完全竞争市场条件下，市场上商品的价格P与厂商的边际收益MR的关系是（）。

A.P>MRB.P=MRC.P<mr< p="">D.不能确定7.已知产量为8单位，总成本为160元。

当产量增加到9单位时，平均成本为22元，则边际成本为（）。

A.38元B.20元C.18元D.22元8.如果需求曲线为直线，当价格从低到高不断上升时，卖者总收益（）。

A.不断增加B.开始时趋于增加，达到最大后趋于减少C.不断减少D.在开始时趋于减少，达到最小后趋于增加9.下面哪一种情况下不属于短期情况( )。

中国海洋大学出版的经济学基础答案一、单项选择题(共20题，每题1分，四个选项中只有一个正确答案)1、从经济科学的角度说，人们进行的物质资料生产活动，是个连续不断的过程，包括的四个环节，依次为( )A：生产分配互换消费 B：分配生产互换消费 C：互换消费分配生产 D：消费分配生产互换2、对社会主义经济起主导作用的是：( )A：个体经济 B集体经济 C：国有经济 D：外资经济3、货币的本质是：( )A：商品 B金银等 C：当好中介 D：通常等价物4、假如一家德国企业来江西租赁土地，独立投资，独自管理，自负盈亏，属于哪种资本形式：( )A：中外合资 B：外商独资 C：中外合作 D：国有独资5、经济学理论中，商品价值量与劳动生产率成之间的关系：( )A：成正比 B：没关系 C：成反比 D：很难确认6、商品的价值量是由什么时间决定的：( )A：个别劳动时间 B：社会必要劳动时间 C：剩余时间 D：实际花费时间7、以自己为尺度来衡量其他一切商品的价值大小，指的是货币的哪项职能：( )A：价值尺度 B：流通手段 C：缴付手段 D：世界货币8、把布匹各自摆在自己的柜台，形成大型布匹市场，一般是指：( )A：有形市场 B：无形市场 C：技术市场 D：信息市场9、非国有改造的股份公司制企业，法律规定的股东人数最低限额为：( )A：严禁大于五人 B：二至五人 C：二人以上五十人以下 D：二人以上10、企业中把人员增多，增设机器设备，原材料投入，来增加企业效益，属于哪种扩大再生产类型：( )A：集约式 B：内涵式 C：外延式 D：现代式11、把剩余价值资本化一般称之为：( )A：资本蓄积 B：资本集中 C：分拆资本 D：资本运用12、在现实经济生活中，市场机制的核心是：( )A：风险机制 B：供需机制 C：竞争机制 D：价格机制13、税收的基本特征叙述有误的是：( )A：强制性 B：无偿性 C：固定性 D：有偿性14、适度的消费水平，要求人们的消费既要与社会经济发展相适应，又要与什么相适应：( )A：家庭个人收入 B：平均值社会待遇 C：同行业收入水平 D：总体开支状况15、食物支出金额与总收入金额之比，称为恩格尔系数，其系数越低生活水平就：( )A：越高 B：越差 C：越高 D：贫困16、什么是世界市场形成和发展的前提和基础：( )A：科技水平 B：国际分工 C：劳动生产率 D：各国政府17、世界贸易组织成立于多少年：( )A：年 B：年 C：年 D：年18、国际货币基金组织和世界银行是二战后建立的全球性的重要经济组织，我国于哪一年恢复了在这两个国际金融组织的合法席位：( )A：年 B：年 C：年 D：年19、以下属于生产要素市场的是：( )A：鞋子市场 B：玩具市场 C：信息市场 D：钢铁市场20、以下叙述我国国有独资的商业银行，有误的是：( )A：中国工商银行 B：中国农业发展银行 C：中国银行 D：中国建设银行二、多项选择题(共10题，每题2分，计20分，答案中有两个或两个以上正确，多选、漏选、错选均不得分)1、关于市场体系特点描述恰当的就是： ( )A：多维立体结构的集合体 B：统一的有机整体 C：充满竞争的 D：有序的2、竞争总是充斥着风险，风险的大小主要依赖于：( )A：市场竞争的规模 B：市场竞争的激烈程度 C：市场竞争的方式 D：市场经济发育状况3、同意国民收入快速增长的因素主要存有：( )A：提高劳动生产率 B：增加投入劳动量 C：政府制定相应法规 D：节约生产资料4、以下属社会保障的特征存有：( )A：保障性 B：救济性 C：储蓄性 D：无偿性5、我国储蓄存有的基本形式就是： ( )A：活期储蓄 B：低利息率 C：高利息率 D：定期储蓄6、债券和股票较之，除了所优劣，主要整体表现在：( )A：性质相同 B：受益权不同 C：偿还方式不同 D：性质不同7、按满足用户人们须要的相同层次分类，可以把消费资料分成：( )A：享受资料 B：医护资料 C：发展资料 D：生存资料8、当今世界市场，区域集团化发展中、很大的三个就是指：( )A：俄罗斯联邦 B：北美自由贸易区 C：欧洲联盟 D：亚大经济合作组织9、我国对外开放格局的构成和发展中，首先对外开放的四个城市以下恰当的就是：( )A：青岛 B：深圳 C：广州 D：厦门10、企业资本运动的三个阶段适当的实行着三种职能形式：( )A：生产资本 B：货币资本 C：经营资本 D：商品资本三、判断题(共20题，每题1分后，计20分后，恰当标“√”，错标“ ×”)1、财政政策手段主要有国家预算，国家税收，国家信用，财政补贴。

广东海洋大学2016年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试《经济学基础课》（812）试卷（请将答案写在答题纸上，写在试卷上不给分，本科目满分150分）第一部分微观经济学（75分）一、单项选择题（每小题2分，共20分）1．保持所有其他因素不变，某种商品的价格下降，将导致（）。

A．需求量增加B．需求量减少C．需求增加D．需求减少2．商品X和商品Y是相互替代的，则X的价格下降将导致（）。

A．X的需求曲线向右移动B．X的需求曲线向左移动C．Y的需求曲线向右移动D．Y的需求曲线向左移动3．需求量和价格之所以呈反向变化，是因为（）。

A．收入效应的作用B．替代效应的作用C．收入效应和替代效应同时发生作用D．以上均不正确4.假定某商品的价格从10美元下降到9美元，需求量从70增加到75，则需求为（）。

A．缺乏弹性B．富有弹性C．单一弹性D．难以确定5．假定商品x和商品y的需求交叉弹性是-2，则（）。

A．x和y是互补品B．x和y是替代品C．x和y是正常商品D．x和y是劣质品6．效用达到最大时（）。

A．边际效用为最大B．边际效用为零C．边际效用为正D．边际效用为负7．预算线的位置和斜率取决于（）。

A．消费者的收入B．商品的价格C．消费者的收入和商品价格D．消费者的偏好、收入和商品的价格8．生产要素（投入）和产出水平的关系称为（）。

A．生产函数B．生产可能性曲线C．总成本曲线D．平均成本曲线9．在某一产量水平上，某一厂商的平均成本达到了最小值，这意味着（）。

A．边际成本等于平均成本B．厂商获得了最大利润C．厂商获得了最小利润D．厂商的经济利润为零10．其他条件相同，最愿意购买保险的人是那些最可能需要它的人，这是什么样的一个例子（）。

A．逆向选择B．搭便车问题C．自然选择D．道德陷阱二、名词解释（每小题3分，共15分）1．需求量2．无差异曲线3．恩格尔曲线4．规模报酬递增5．帕累托改进三、简答题（每小题10分，共30分）1．运用供求理论分析说明石油输出国组织为什么要限制石油产量？2．什么是边际替代率？边际替代率为什么呈递减趋势？3.生变化？四、计算与分析（10分）已知某产品的市场需求函数为Q=a-ｂp, a，b为正常数。