江西财经大学1001英语(公共课)2009--2020年考博真题博士试卷

江西财经大学现代经济管理学院第一学期期末考试试卷试卷代码：34052 授课课时：36课程名称：大学英语I（非涉外）适用对象：非涉外本科班试卷命题人：试卷审核人：___________Part I Vocabulary (1’×10=10’)Directions: Match the words with their definitions.____ 1. isolated ____ 2. misguided ____ 3. determine ____ 4. intimidate ____ 5. intact ____ 6. audible____ 7. sustenance ____ 8. absorbing ____ 9. cosmetics ____ 10. inspireA) a. complete and not damagedB) a. interesting and enjoyable and holding your attentionC) a. far away from other places, buildings, or people; remoteD) a. based on an incorrect ideaE) v. to give sb. the desire, confidence or enthusiasm to do something wellF) v. to decide firmly that something will be doneG) a. that can be heard clearlyH) n. the food and drink that people, animals and plants need to live and stay healthyI) n. substances that you put on your face or body in order to look more attractive J) v. to frighten or threaten somebody so that they will do what you wantPart II Reading Comprehension (40’)Section A (1’×10=10’)Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.What determines the kind of person you are? What factors make you more or less bold, intelligent, or able to read a map? All of these are influenced by the interaction of your genes and the environment in which you were 11 . The study of how genes and environment interact to influence 12 activity is known asbehavioral genetics. Behavioral genetics has made important 13 to the biological revolution, providing information about the extent to which biology influences mind, brain and behavior.Any research that suggests that 14 to perform certain behaviors are based in biology is controversial. Who wants to be told that there are limitations to what you can 15 based on something that is beyond your control, such as your genes? It is easy to accept that genes control physical characteristics such as sex, race and eye color. But can genes also determine whether people will get divorced, how 16 they are, or what career they are likely to choose? A concern of psychological scientists is the 17 to which all of these characteristics are influenced by nature and nurture(养育), by genetic makeup and the environment. Increasingly, science 18 that genes lay the groundwork for many human traits. From this perspective, people are born 19 like undeveloped photographs: The image is already captured, but the way it 20 appears can vary based on the development process. However, the basic picture is there from the beginning.Section B (1’×10=10’)Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet.The Art of FriendshipA)One evening a few years ago I found myself in an anxiety. Nothing was really wrong -- my family and I were healthy, my career was busy and successful -- I was just feeling vaguely down and in need of a friend who could raise my spirits, someone who would meet me for coffee and let me rant until the clouds lifted. I dialed my best friend, who now lives across the country in California, and got her voicemail. That's when it started to dawn on me -- lonesomeness was at the root of my dreariness. My social life had dwindled to almost nothing, but somehow until that moment I'd been too busy to notice. Now it hit me hard. My old friends, buddies since college or even childhood, know everything about me; when they left, they had taken my context with them.B) Research has shown the long-range negative consequences of social isolation on one's health. But my concerns were more short-term. I needed to feel understood right then in the way that only a girlfriend can understand you. I knew it would be wrong to expect my husband to replace my friends: He couldn't, and even if he could, to whom would I then complain about my husband? So I resolved to acquire new friends -- women like me who had kids and enjoyed rolling their eyes at the world a little bit just as I did. Since I'd be making friends with more intention than I'd ever given the process, I realized I could be selective, that I could in effect design my ownsocial life. The down side, of course, was that I felt pretty frightened.C) After all, it's a whole lot harder to make friends in midlife that it is when you're younger -- a fact woman I've spoken with point out again and again. As Leslie Danzig, 41, a Chicago theater director and mother, sees it, when you're in your teens and 20s, you're more or less friends with everyone unless there's a reason not to be. Your college roommate becomes your best pal at least partly due to proximity. Now there needs to be a reason to be friends. "There are many people I'm comfortable around, but I wouldn't go so far as to call them friends. Comfort isn't enough to sustain a real friendship," Danzig says.D) At first, finding new companions felt awkward. At 40 I couldn't run up to people the way my 4-year-old daughters do in the playground and ask, "Will you be my friend? Every time you start anew relationship, you're vulnerable again," agrees Kathleen Hall, D Min, founder and CEO of the Stress Institute, in Atlanta. "You're asking, 'Would you like to come into my life?' It makes us self-conscious."E) Fortunately, my discomfort soon passed. I realized that as a mature friend seeker my vulnerability risk was actually pretty low. If someone didn't take me up on my offer, so what: I wasn't in junior high, when I might have been rejected for having the wrong clothes or hair. At my age I have amassed enough self-esteem to realize that I have plenty to offer.F) We're all so busy, in fact, that mutual interests -- say, in a project, class, or cause that we already make time for -- become the perfect catalysts for bringing us in contact with candidates for camaraderie. Michelle Mertes, 35, a teacher and mother of two in Wausau, Wisconsin, says anew friend she made at church came as a pleasant surprise. "In high school I chose friends based on their popularity and how being part of their circle might reflect on me. Now's it's our shared values and activities that count." Mertes says her pal, with whom she organized the church's youth programs, is nothing like her but their drive and organizational skills make them ideal friends.G) Happily, as awkward as making new friends can be, self-esteem issues do not factor in -- or if they do, you can easily put them into perspective. Danzig tells of the mother of a child in her son's pre-school, a tall, beautiful woman who is married to a big-deal rock musician. "I said to my husband, she's too cool for me,'" she jokes. "I get intimidated by people. But once I got to know her, she turned out to be pretty laid-back and friendly." In the end there was no chemistry between them, so they didn't become good pals. "I realized that we weren't each other's type, but it wasn't about hierarchy." What midlife friendship is about, it seems, is reflecting the person you've become (or are still becoming) back at yourself, thus reinforcing the progress you've made in your life.H) Harlene Katzman, 41, a lawyer in New York City, notes that her oldest friends knew her back when she was less sure of herself. As much as she loves them, she believes they sometimes respond to issues in light of who she once was. An old chum has the goods on you. With recently made friends, you can turn over a new leaf.I) A new friend, chosen right, can also help you point your boat in the direction you want to go. Hanna Dershowitz, 39, an attorney and mother in Los Angeles, found that a new acquaintance from work was exactly what she needed in a friend. In addition to liking and respecting Julia, Dershowitz had a feeling that the fit and athletic younger woman would help her to get in shape.J) While you're busy making new friends, remember that you still need to nurture your old ones. We asked Marla Paul, author of The Friendship Crisis: Finding, Making, and Keeping Friends When You "re Not a Kid Anymore, for the best ways to maintain these important relationships. Keep in touch. Your friends should be a priority; schedule regular lunch dates or coffee catch-up sessions, no matter how busy you are. Know her business. Keep track of important events in a friend's life and show your support. Call or e-mail to let her know you're thinking of her. Speak your mind. Tell a friend (politely) if something she did really upset you. If you can't be totally honest, then you need to reexamine the relationship. Accept her flaws. No one is perfect, so work around her quirks --she's chronically late, or she's a bit negative -- to cut down on frustration and fights. Boost her ego. Heartfelt compliments make everyone feel great, so tell her how much you love her new sweater or what a great job she did on a work project.21. Leslie Danzig thought making friends at one's middle age needed some reasons.22. A well-chosen new friend can help you go in the direction that you like.23. A few years ago the author felt lonely and depressed when she phoned her best friend in another city who was much wanted then but unavailable.24. According to Kathleen Hall, one might feel sensitive in the first curse of making new friends.25. Midlife friendship can help you realize your direction of life and reinforce the progress you've made in your life.26. In Mafia Paul's book, to be a better friend, you should keep track with your friends, care for your friend's job, express yourself, accept her flaws and compliment your friend for her/his good dressing and job.27. For the author, a girl friend might be the right person to under "stand her and erase her negative feeling.28. According to Michelle Metes, midlife friendship is based on the shared values and activities29. As a mature friend seeker, the author finds herself with enough confidence to offer and take rejection with grace.30. With newly made friends, you can have a chance to take on a new look in your life.Section C (2’×10=20’)Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage 1Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.One of the bitterest and most time-worm debates in student union bars up and down the country is resolved as academic research confirms that in financial terms at least, arts degrees are a complete waste of time. Getting through university boosts students’ earnings by 25%, on a weighted average, or $220，000 over their lifetime, according to Professor Ian Walker of Warwick University--but if they study Shakespeare or the peasants’ revolt instead of anatomy of contract law, those gains are likely to be completely wiped out.The government is about to allow universities to charge students up to $3，000 a year for their degrees, arguing that it’s a small price to pay compared with the financial rewards graduates reap later in life. But Prof. Walker’s research shows there are sharp variations in returns according to which subject a student takes.Law, medicine and economics or business are the most lucrative choices, making their average earnings 25% higher，according to the article, published in the office for national statistics’ monthly journal. Scientists get 10-15% extra. At the bottom of the list are arts subjects, which make only a “small” difference to earnings--a small negative one, in fact. Just ahead are degrees in education, which leave hard pressed teachers an average of 5% better off a year than if they had left school at 18.“It’s hard to resist the conclusion that what students learn does matter a lot; and some subject areas give more modest financial returns than others,” Prof. Walker said. As an economist, he was quick to point out that students might gain non-financial returns from arts degrees. “Studying economics might be very dull, for example, and studying post-modernism might be a lot of fun.”31.What is the best title for the passage?A. Professor Walker’s ResearchB. How to Make Big Money.C. Differences Between Science and Arts Degrees.D. Studying Arts Has Negative Financial Outcome.32. Universities charge students a rather high tuition mainly because_____.A. they provide the students with very prosperous subjects to learnB. they assume that their graduates can earn much more than they had paidC. they don‘t get financial support from the governmentD. they need much revenue to support the educational expenses33. The word “lucrative” (Line 1, Para. 3) most probably means _____.A. sensibleB. creativeC. profitableD. reliable34. Law, medical and business graduates could earn 25% more than ______.A. education graduatesB. arts graduatesC. those who had not studied at the universityD. the average income35. We can safely conclude that the author ______.A. regards arts degrees as meaninglessB. finds this result disappointing and unfairC. wants the students to think twice before they decide what to learn in collegeD. holds that arts degrees are still rewarding despite its scarce financial returnsPassage 2Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.Some radio signals were heard in 1967. They were coming from a point in the sky where there was unknown stars.They were coming very regularly, too: about once a second, if they were controlled by clock.The scientists who heard the signals did not tell anybody else. They were rather afraid to tell in case they frightened people. The signals were coming from a very small body--no bigger, perhaps, than the earth. Was that why no light could be seen from it? Or were the signals coming from a planet that belonged to some other star? There was no end to the questions, but the scientists kept the news secret. “Perhaps there are intelligent beings out there,” they thought. Who are trying to send messages to other planets, or to us? So the news was not given to the newspaper. Instead, the scientists studied the signals and searched for others like them...Well, all that happened in 1967 and 1968. Since then scientists have learnt more about those strange, regular, radio signals. And they have told the story, of course.The signals do not come from a planet; they come from a new kind of star called a “pulsar”. About a hundred other pulsars have now been found, and most of them are very like the first one.Pulsars are strong radio stars. They are the smallest but the heaviest stars we know at present. A handful of pulsar would weigh a few thousand tons. Their light--if they give much light--is too small for us to see. But we can be sure of this, no intelligent beings are living on them.36. The radio signals discussed in this passage____.A. were regularB. were controlled by a clockC. were heard in 1967 onlyD. were secret messages37. The radio signals were sent by____.A. a satelliteB. a planetC. a sky body which was unknown at that timeD. intelligent beings who were unknown at that time38. The scientists did not tell people about the signals because____.A. the signals stood for secret messagesB. people would ask them too many questionsC. they did not want to frighten peopleD. they stood for unimportant messages39. A pulsar is____.A. a small heavy star which sends out strong radio signals and cannot be seenB. a small heavy planet which sends out strong radio signals and cannot be seenC. a small heavy satellite which sends out strong radio signals and cannot beseenD. a small intelligent being who sends out strong radio signals and cannot beseen40. Which of the following is true?A. One of the pulsars found by scientists sends radio signals.B. Pulsar began to send radio signals in 1967.C. Scientists have searched for pulsars for many years but found none.D. Scientists have found many pulsars since 1967.Part III Translation (35’)Section A (5’×5 = 25’َ)Directions: Translate the following sentences into English.41.学生的学习不应局限于课堂。

考博英语（阅读理解）历年真题试卷汇编3(总分：40.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：4，分数：40.00)The United Nations Population Fund has picked October 31 as the day the world will be home to 7 billion people. For better and worse, it's a milestone. And there will be more milestones ahead. Fourteen years from now, there are expected to be 8 billion people on the planet. Most of the growth will occur in the world's poorer countries. Proportionally, Europe's population will decline, while Africa's will increase. At around the same time, India will overtake China as the most populous nation on Earth. The growing global population is just one side of the coin. A recent report from the World Health Organization signaled the seriousness of the human population explosion: more than 3 billion people — about half the world's population — are malnourished. Never before have so many, or such a large proportion, of the world's people been malnourished. And in a growing number of countries there is a seemingly unstoppable march toward sub-replacement fertility, whereby each new generation is less populous than the previous one, and population aging. As a result of declining fertility and increasing longevity, the populations of more and more countries are aging raging rapidly. Between 2005 and 2050, a rise in the population aged 60 years or over will be visible, whereas the number of children(persons under age 15)will decline slightly. Population aging represents, in one sense, a success story for mankind, but it also poses profound challenges to public institutions that must adapt to a changing age structure. The latest national census in China shows the number of elderly people in the country has jumped to more than 13. 3 percent of the population, an increase of nearly 3 percentage points on the percentage from the previous census in 2000. A quarter of the country's population will be over 65 by 2050, according to the National Population and Family Planning Commission. The growing number of elderly is a challenge that the government needs to tackle, we can't rely on the ever-increasing population to support them or maintain the nation's economic growth. Better solutions are needed, such as raising retirement ages to reflect the greater longevity and working capability of today's older adults and making adjustments so pension programs are more accessible. It was heartening to hear the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security spokesperson announced in Beijing on Tuesday that the government will take retirement policy seriously and proactively. Shanghai began testing a flexible retirement system last October. Eligible employees in the private sector are allowed to postpone retirement until the age of 65 for men and 60 for women. Public servants, however, will continue to retire under the present system age 60 for men and 55 for women.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the passage, India will______in 14 years.（分数：2.00）A.be a poorer countryB.be the most populous countryC.decline in populationD.increase investment in Africa(2).What problem will result from the global population explosion?（分数：2.00）A.Population aging.B.Increasing longevity.C.Declining fertility.D.Expanding malnourishment.(3).Population on aging represents the following EXCEPT______.（分数：2.00）A.rapid economic developmentB.challenge to public in institutionsC.success story of mankindD.changing age structure(4).Today's older adults enjoy______.（分数：2.00）A.more working yearsB.more accessible pension programsC.greater longevityD.greater government support(5).What is the author's attitude toward the spokespersons announcement?（分数：2.00）A.Angered.B.Delighted.C.Indifferent.D.Disappointed.The United Nations declared last Friday that Somalia's famine is over. But the official declaration means little to the millions of Somalis who are still hungry and waiting for their crops to grow. Ken Menkhaus, professor of political science at Davidson College, said it was profoundly disappointing to be discussing another Somali famine, after he worked in the country during the 1991 —1992 one. Each famine, he said, has distinct characteristics, and this one unfold in slow motion over the past couple of years. That's at least partly because the Somali diaspora sent money home that delayed the worst effects. Menkhaus was among four experts on Somalia and famine who spoke at the Radcliffe Gym Monday evening. Who gathered for the event, "Sound the Horn: Famine in the Horn of Africa. " Paul Farmer, Kolokotrones University Professor of Global Health and Social Medicine, drew on his experience treating malnourished people in Haiti, where he has worked for decade, and said the human and social context of home, and aid to families should be part of wearing the child, he said. Similarly, broader agricultural interventions and fair trade policies are needed to boost local agricultural economies. Though famine is often thought of as a natural disaster, Monday's speakers said that is a false impression. Though Somalia suffered through a severe drought, with today's instant communications, transport systems can move massive amounts of food. Given today's global food markets, famine is too often a failure of local government and international response. "In today's 21st-century world, just about everything about famine is man-made. We're no longer in a world of man against nature. " said Robert Paarlberg, adjunct professor of public policy at the Harvard Kennedy School. Ethiopia, which was also affected by the recent drought, fared much better this time because of reforms implemented after the 2001 one. Likewise, Paarlberg said, northern and central Somalia, regions that fall outside of the influence of the Al-Shabaab militia, also fared better. There were several man-made features of this famine, which affected more than 10 million people and killed between 50, 000 and 100, 000, half of them children under age 5. The largest man-made feature was the role of the Al-Shabaab militia that rules the region and that kept food aid from reaching those in need. But the international community isn't blameless. As early as November 2010, an international famine early warning system was predicting the failure of rains in the region, but the international community didn't respond fully until an official famine was declared in July 2011. On top of that, U. S. anti-terrorism laws cut off food aid because Al-Shabaab, listed as a terrorist group, was taking some of it. Though the United Nations has declared the famine over, that was based on statistical measures, such as the number of people dying each day and the number of children who are malnourished. Though the official famine may be over, both U. N. officials and Monday's speakers said the crisis continues for the people of Somalia. Almost a third of the population remains dependent on humanitarian assistance, crops growing from recent rains will take months to reach maturity, and herds of cows, goats, and other animals were greatly reduced during the crisis. Michael Delaney, director of humanitarian response for Oxfam America, warned that the world will have another chance to get its response fight, because the warning signs are pointing to animpending famine in Africa's Sahel, the arid, continent-spanning transition zone just below the Sahara Desert.（分数：10.00）(1).The current Somali famine is different from the 1991 -1992 one in that______.（分数：2.00）A.it received less international aidB.worst effects came more slowlyC.it caught more attention from the worldD.it lasted longer despite help from the UN(2).In treating the malnourished patients, attention should be paid to the following EXCEPT______.（分数：2.00）A.making fair trade policiesB.aiding the patients' familiesC.ignoring the indication of povertyD.exercising agricultural interventions(3).What is implied by "We're no longer in a world of man against nature?"（分数：2.00）A.Natural disaster alone cannot explain famine.B.We live in a world of many man-made matters.C.The world is made up of conflicting social forces.D.Human beings fight with one another for better life.(4).Regarding the current famine in Somalia, who's to blame most?（分数：2.00）A.The United States.B.The Al-Shabaab militia.C.The United Nations FAO.D.The international community.(5).What problem still remains from the current Somali famine?（分数：2.00）A.The number of malnourished children remains unknown.B.Half of the population remains dependent on humanitarian assistance.C.Crops growing from recent rains were reaped before reaching maturity.D.Herds of cows, goats and other animals were greatly reduced during the famine.Both versions of the myth — the West as a place of escape from society and the West as a stage on which the moral conflicts confronting society could be played out — figured prominently in the histories and essays of young Theodore Roosevelt, the paintings and sculptures of artist Frederic Remington, and the short stories and novels of writer Owen Wister. These three young members of the eastern establishment spent much time in the West in the 1880s, and each was intensely affected by the adventure. All three bed felt thwarted by the constraints and enervating influence of the genteel urban world in which they had grown up, and each went West to experience the physical challenges and moral simplicities extolled in the dime novels. When Roosevelt arrived in 1884 at the ranch he had purchased in the Dakota Badlands, he at once bought a leather scout's uniform, complete with fringed sleeves and leggings. Each man also found in the West precisely what he was looking for. The frontier that Roosevelt glorified in such books as The Winning of the West(four volumes, 1889-1896), mad that the prolific Remington portrayed in his work, was a stark physical and moral environment that stripped away all social artifice and tested an individual's true ability and character. Drawing on a popular version of English scientist Charles Darwin's evolutionary theory, which characterized life as a straggle in which only the fittest and hast survived, Roosevelt and Remington exalted the disappearing frontier as the last outpost of an honest and tree social order. This version of the frontier myth reached its apogee in Own Wister's enormously popular novels The Virginian(1902), later reincarnated as a 1929 Gary Cooper movie and a 1960s television series. In Wister's tale the elemental physical and social environment of the Great Plains produces individuals like his unnamed cowboy hero, " the Virginian," an honest, strong, and compassionate man, quick to help the weak and fight the wicked. The Virginian is oneof nature's aristocrats-its-ill-educated and unsophisticated but uptight steady, and deeply moral. The Virginian sums up his own moral code in describing his view of God's justice; "He plays a square game with us. " For Wister, as for Roosevelt and Remington, the cowboy was the Christian knight on the Plains, indifferent to material gain as he upheld virtue, pursued justice, and attacked evil. Needless to say, the western myth in all its forms was far removed from the actual reality of the West. Critics delighted in pointing out that no one scene in The Virginian actually showed the hard physical labor of the cattle range. The idealized version of the West also glossed over the darker underside of frontier expansion —the brutalities of Indian warfare, the forced removal of the Indians to reservations, the racist discrimination against Mexican-Americans and blacks, the risks and perils of commercial agriculture and cattle growing, and the boom-and-bust mentality rooted in the selfish exploitation of natural resources.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following is probably the main reason for the author to mention Theodore Roosevelt, Frederic Remington and Owen Wister?（分数：2.00）A.They glorified the frontier life.B.They were constrained by the genteel urban world.C.They spent much time in the West.D.They were famous members of the eastern establishment.(2).Which of the following statements best describes The Virginian?（分数：2.00）A.It is the best Western movie ever made in Hollywood.B.It is a popular novel written by Own Wister and Theodore Roosevelt.C.It gives an accurate depiction of the frontier experience.D.It is one of the most successful books about the West.(3).According to the passage, which of the following statements regarding the myth of the West is NOT true?（分数：2.00）A.In one idealized view, the West was a place one can escape from society and its pressures.B.in one version of the myth, western frontiersman was depicted as a figure deeply immersed in society and its concerto.C.Some writers portrayed the western wilderness as a simple and innocent society.D.The extreme hardship of the frontier life is one powerful theme of the legendary West.(4).The author's primary purpose in writing the passage is______.（分数：2.00）A.to perpetuate the myth about the WestB.to introduce the famous writers and painters of the WestC.to distinguish the myth of the West and the actual realityD.to present the brutalities of Indian warfare(5).What is probably the reason for people to make up a legendary West?（分数：2.00）A.They liked to make up stories.B.They believed what they portrayed were the actual reality.C.They clung to the myth of the West as an uncomplicated, untainted Eden of social simplicity, and moral clarity in an era of unsettling social transformation.D.They wanted to make profit by luring people to the West.The belief that the mind plays an important role in physical illness goes back to the earliest days of medicine. From the time of the ancient Greeks to the beginning of the 20th century, it was generally accepted by both physician and patient that the mind can affect the course of illness, and it seemed natural to apply this concept in medical treatments of disease. After the discovery of antibiotics, a new assumption arose that treatment of infectious or inflammatory disease requires only the elimination of the foreign organism or agent that triggers the illness. In the rush to discover antibiotics and drugs that cure specific infections and diseases, the fact that the body's own responses can influence susceptibility to disease and its course was largely ignored by medical researchers. It is ironic that research into infectious and inflammatory disease firstled 20th-century medicine to reject the idea that the mind influences physical illness, and now research in the same field — including the work of our laboratories and of our collaborators at the National Institutes of Health —is proving the contrary. New molecular and pharmacological tools have made it possible for us to identify the intricate network that exists between the immune system and the brain, a network that allows the two systems to signal each other continuously and rapidly. Chemicals produced by immune cells signal the brain, and the brain in turn sends chemical signals to restrain the immune system. These same chemical signals also affect behavior and the response to stress. Disruption of this communication network in any way, whether inherited or through drugs, toxic substances or surgery, exacerbates the diseases that these systems guard against: infectious, inflammatory, autoimmune, and associated mood disorders. The clinical significance of these findings is likely to prove profound. They hold the promise of extending the range of therapeutic treatments available for various disorders, as drugs previously known to work primarily for nervous system problems are shown to be effective against immune maladies, and vice versa. They also help to substantiate the popularly held impression(still discounted in some medical circles)that our state of mind can influence how well we resist or recover from infectious or inflammatory diseases. The brain's stress response system is activated in threatening situations. The immune system responds automatically to pathogens and foreign molecules. These two response systems are the body's principal means for maintaining an internal steady state called homeostasis. A substantial proportion of human cellular machinery is dedicated to maintaining it. When homeostasis is disturbed or threatened, a repertoire of molecular, cellular and behavioral responses comes into play. These responses attempt to counteract the disturbing forces in order to reestablish a steady state. They can be specific to the foreign invader or a particular stress, or they can be generalized and nonspecific when the threat to homeostasis exceeds a certain threshold. The adaptive response may themselves turn into stressors capable of producing disease. We are just beginning to understand the interdependence of the brain and the immune system, how they help to regulate and counterregulate each other and how they themselves can malfunction and produce disease.（分数：10.00）(1).The passage supplies information to suggest that______.（分数：2.00）A.it has always been the belief of both physician and patient that one's state of mind can affect physical diseaseB.the popular belief that stress exacerbates inflammatory illness has always been discredited by the doctorsC.the discovery of antibiotics sheds light on people's understanding of the mind-body interaction in diseaseD.there is a new understanding of the communication between the brain and immune system(2).Which of the following best states the mind-body interaction in disease?（分数：2.00）A.The brain and immune systems send signals to each other.B.The immune and central nervous systems are organized in very different ways to affect the course of illness.C.Disruption of the communication of the brain and immune system can cure certain disease.D.The immune system and the brain share a lot of hormones to facilitate their communication.(3).Which of the following statements about clinical significance of the new findings can be best supported by the passage?（分数：2.00）A.The responsively to stress is genetically determined.B.The treatment of immune maladies can be consciously controlled.C.Psychoactive drugs may in some cases be used to treat inflammatory diseases.D.Social interactions can lessen psychological stress and alter immune responses.(4).Which of the following statements can be inferred from the passage?（分数：2.00）A.Taking the cure at a mountain sanatorium doesn't work for the treatment for many chronic diseases.B.The relaxing effects of hot-springs spa can help restore the communication between the brain and immune system.C.The disruption of the brain's stress response reduces the body's response.D.Depression is also associated with inflammatory disease.(5).According to the passage, in order to maintain an internal steady state called homeostasis,______.（分数：2.00）A.sometimes the stress response needs to go to the extremeB.the stress response has to bar the foreign pathogens from the bodyC.both the stress and immune responses need to be regulatedD.the immune system promotes physiological and behavioral changes。

江西财经大学大一英语考试考卷江西财经大学07－08学年第二学期期末考试试卷试卷代码： 04586A 授课课时：96课程名称：基础英语IV适用对象：06级英语专业本科班试卷命题人刘有发试卷审核人李莉Part I Reading Comprehension (2’X 20 = 40’)Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre. Passage 1Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.Normally a student must attend a certain number of courses in order to graduate, and each course which he attends gives him a credit which he may count towards a degree. In many American universities the total work for a degree consists of thirty-six courses each lasting for one semester. A typical course consists of three classes per week for fifteen weeks; while attending a university a student will probably attend four or five courses during each semester. Normally a student would expect to take four years attending two semesters each year. It is possible to spreadthe period of work for the degree over a longer period. It is also possible for a student to move between one university and another during his degree course, though this is not in fact done as a regular practice.For every course that he follows a student is given a grade,which is recorded, and the record is available for the student to show to prospective employers.All this imposes a constant pressure and strain of work, but in spite of this some students still find time for great activity in student affairs. Elections to positions in student organizations arouse much enthusiasm. The effective work of maintaining discipline is usually performed by students who advise the academic authorities. Any student who is thought to have broken the rules, for example, by cheating has to appear before a student court. With the enormous numbers of students, the operation of the system does involve a certain amount of activity. A student who has held one of these positions of authority is much respected and it will be of benefit to him later in his career.1. Normally a student would at least attend ____ classes each week.A）36 B) 12 C) 20 D) 152. According to the first paragraph, an American student is allowed ____.A）to live in a different universityB) to take a particular course in a different universityC) to live at home and drive to classesD) to get two degrees from two different universities3. American university students are usually under pressure of work because ____.A）their academic performance will affect their future careersB) they are heavily involved in student affairsC) they have to run for positions of authorityD) they have to attend a lot of classes4. Some students are enthusiastic for positions in studentorganizations probablybecause ____.A）they hate the constant pressure and strain of their studyB) they will then be able to stay longer in the universityC) such positions help them get better jobsD) such positions are usually well paid5. The student organizations seem to be effective in ____.A）dealing with the academic affairs of the universityB) ensuring that the students observe university regulationsC) evaluating students’performance by bringing them before a courtD) keeping up the students’enthusiasm for social activitiesPassage 2Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.Television can help us see the pattern of American life and understand the events that unite or dived us.Consider an example of the deaths of the political leaders, including John F. Kennedy, Martin Luther King, Jr. and Robert Kennedy. These deaths caused a profound unification of the whole nation. Therefore the whole nation shared the experience of grief and shame. Television let us intensely and dramatically participates in these historical events. Though it we are jointed with other people for a few electric moments.But television can also divide us from each other. The dividing has occurred in confrontations between young and old, radicals and conservatives, police and students, blacks and whites, and hawks and doves. These confrontations have dramatized the feeling beneath the surface of society. They have shown Americans in conflicts, which stem from our policy in Southeast Asia and range to the busing of school children. Suchevents have provided an opportunity for bigots(抱偏见的人)，who promote stereotyped thinking. And these confrontations have infected our social and emotional wounds.So television does more than transmit movies, weather, sports and variety shows. It helps shape our feeling toward each other and ourselves, and some time unites us, and sometimes divides us.6. Television can help us take part in ___________A) Electric momentsB) Historical eventsC) Emotional woundsD) Stereotyped thinking7. Television can also make worse ___________A) The social contradictionB) The surface of societyC) Conservative thinkingD) Grief and shame8.The confrontations are only welcomed by those who are __________A) Infected by the social woundsB) Going to shape their feeling toward themselvesC) Obstinately devoted to their own beliefD) Providing the opportunity for thinking9.Which of the following statements is true?A) Some political leaders were once bigots.B) Television sometimes transmit more movies than historical eventsC) Confrontations are the sign of divisionD) Television often provides stereotyped thinking10.A suitable title for this passage would be_________A) Social Unity and DivisionB) Television’s ConflictsC) Unification and ConfrontationsD) Television’s Social InfluencePassage 3Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage:My father’s reaction to the bank bu ilding at 43rd Street and Fifth Avenue in New York city was immediate and definite: “You won’t catch me putting my money in there!” he declared, “Not in that glass box!”Of course, my father is a gentleman of the old school, a member of the generationto whom a good deal of modern architecture is upsetting, but I am convinced that his negative response was not so much to the architecture as to a violation of his concept of the nature of money.In his generation money was thought of as a real commodity （实物） that could be carried, or stolen. Consequently, to attract the custom of a sensible man, a bank had to have heavy walls, barred windows, and bronze doors, to affirm the fact, however untrue, that money would be safe inside. If a building s design made it appear impenetrable, the institution was necessarily reliable, and the meaning of the heavy wall as an architecture symbol dwelt in the prevailing attitude toward money.But the attitude toward money has, of course, changed. Excepting pocket money, cash of any kind is now rarely used; money as a tangible commodity has largely been replaced by credit. A deficit（赤字）economy, accompanied by huge expansion, has led us to think of money as product of the creative imagination. The banker no longer offers us a safe: he offers us aservice in which the most valuable element is the creativity for the invention of large numbers. It is in no way surprising, in view of this change in attitude, that we are witnessing the disappearance of the heavy walled bank.Just as the older bank emphasized its strength, this bank by its architecture boasts of imaginative powers. From this point of view it is hard to say where architecture ends and human assertion（人们的说法） begins.11. The main idea of this passage is that _____.A） money is not as valuable as it was in the pastB） changes have taken place in both the appearance and the concept of banks C） the architectural style of the older bank is superior to that of the modern bankD）prejudice makes the older generation think that the modern bank is unreliable 12. How do the older generation and the younger one think about money?A） The former thinks more of money than the latter.B）The younger generation values money more than the older generation.C）Both generations rely on the imaginative power of bankers to make money. D）To the former money is a real commodity but to the latter the means of producing more money.13. The word “tangible”（Line 2, Para. 4 ）refers to something _____.A） that is preciousB） that is usableC） that can be touchedD） that can be reproduced14. According to this passage, a modern banker should be _____.A） ambitious and friendlyB） reliable and powerfulC） sensible and impenetrableD） imaginative and creative15. It can be inferred from the passage that the author\’s attitude towards the new trend in banking is _____.A） cautious B） regretful C） positive D） hostilePassage 4Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage:According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of “natural leaders”. It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.Research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to in strumental leaders to “get things done”. Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes thecollective well beings of a social group’s members. Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them.Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give others and may discipline group members who inhibit（阻碍）attainment of the group’s goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the difference in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect.16. What does the passage mainly discuss?A） The problems faced by leaders.B） How leadership differs in small and large groups.C） How social groups determine who will lead them.D） The role of leaders in social groups.17. The passage mentions all of the following ways by which people can become leaders EXCEPT ————.A） recruitmentB） formal election processC） specific leadership trainingD） traditional cultural patterns18. Which of the following statements about leadership can be inferred from paragraph 2?A） person who is an effective leader of a particular group may not be an effective leader in another group.B）Few people succeed in sharing a leadership role with another person.C） A person can best learn how to be an effective leader by studying research on leadership.D） Most people desire to be leaders but can produce little evidence of their qualifications.19. In mentioning “natural leaders” in line 7, the author is making the point that _____.A）few people qualify as “natural leaders”B）there is no proof that “natural leaders” existC）“natural leaders” are easily accepted by the members of a groupD）“natural leaders” share a similar set of characteristics20. The passage indicates that instrumental leaders generally focus on _______.A） ensuring harmonious relationshipsB） sharing responsibility with group membersC） identifying new leadersD） achieving a goalPart II Vocabulary and Structure (0.5’X 30 = 15’?)Directions:There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.21．When ______ with a new situation, a resilient person is likely to come up with successful solution.A) confronted B) confronting C) was confronted D)being confronted22. _____ is always the case, the darkest hour comes beforethe dawn.A) That B)It C)As D)What23. Let’s go over the monthly sales figures once again, _____?A)do we B)shall we C)w on’t we D)can we24. The prime Minister walked onto the platform and seated herself in a chair, _____to answer questions.A)had prepared B)being prepared C)prepared D)preparing25. Galileo’s opponents found an excuse to have him_______ from the Universityof Pisa.A)be dismissed B)dismissing C)been dismissed D)dismissed26. The old man strolled to the beach, ______.A)his dog following him B)his dog followed himC)his dog was followed D)following by his dog27. His sudden Blindness _____ him _____ the joy of seeing the beautiful world.A)robbed; of B)deprived; with C)robbed; off D)denied; of28. You shouldn’t sleep ______ when you are still sweating, with every pore ofyour body open _______ the cool air.A)out at the open; in B)out to the open; forC)out in the open; to D)out of the open; to29.It’s no use _______ about it now.A)to complain B)complainingC)to be complaining D)having complained30.Those ______ admission to NATO are______ the final decision this coming fall.A)looking for; waiting for B)seeking for; expectingC)seeking; awaiting D)applying for; awaiting for31.If it ______ Professor Johnson’s recommendation, I wouldn’t have been admittedto graduate school.A)weren’t for B)hadn’t been for C)weren’t D)hadn’t been32.Having been invited to go camping, _______.A)a new sleeping bag was ordered for PaulB) a new sleeping bag was ordered by PaulC)Paul ordered a new sleeping bagD) Paul ordered for a new sleeping bag33. Young people look for variety, challenge and opportunity ______ reward in theirfuture lives.A)also B)in addition C)as well as D)too34.He felt honoured to meet _______ Professor Wang.A)such accomplished a scholar as B)such an accomplished scholar likeC)so accomplished a scholar as D)a so accomplished scholar like35.Growth means change and change involves risks, ______ from the known to theunknown.A)having stepped B)to step C)stepped D)stepping36. You need to rewrite this sentence because it is __________; the readers willhave difficulty in understanding it.A. comprehensiveB. alternativeC. deliberateD. ambiguous37. His parents never intended ___________ together with him though they hoped tosee him often.A. liveB. livingC. to have livedD. to be living38. The poetry of Ezra Pound is sometimes difficult to understand because itcontains so many __________ references.A. obscureB. acuteC. notableD. objective39. It is warm __________ food.A. enough to defrost the freezingB. to defrost enough the freezingC. enough to defrost the frozenD. to enough defrost the frozen40. The moment my mother came home after a day’s work, she lit th e fire and ______making the soup.A. set asideB. set aboutC. set offD. set up41. While I am on holiday, ring me at my hotel only if there are any _________ messages for me.A. urgentB. hastyC. earlyD. confident42. The chairperson was very angry when the executive committee members __________late for the meeting.A. turned inB. turned upC. turned outD. turned over43. These instructions are important, so listen while I __________ them again.A. put throughB. go withC. take onD. run over44. I’m interested in a detailed __________ of your trip.A. explanationB. messageC. descriptionD. statement45. __________ for more than five to seven minutes, the brain will be subjectedto irreversible damage.A. Oxygen once deprived ofB. Once deprived of oxygenC. Deprived of oxygen onceD. Once oxygen deprived of46.The sudden bankruptcy of these financial giants threw the investors ______ andcaused them to ______.A.in panic, stampedeB. in pain, panicC. in confusion, hold their stocksD. in despair, withdraw gradually47.There were resources, such as coal, iron, gold and copper, deep underground,but they remained ______ for much of the country’s early history.A. undiscoveringB. undiscoveredC. to be undiscoveringD. being undiscovered48.The young man _____ a _____ boy yesterday was commended and awarded by the localgovernment.A. saving, drowningB. saving, drownedC. who saved, drowningD. who saved, drowned49. It suddenly ______ her mind that after she _____ the baby they would have tofind a nurse.A. crossed; give birth toB. occurred to; boreC. struck; gave birth ofD. came across; raised50. He adapted himself to the changing ___________ of society.A. phasesB. timeC. peopleD. economyPart Ⅲ Cloze (0.5’X 20 = 10’)Directions:There are twenty blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D beneath the passage. You should choose the ONE answer that best fits into the passage. Then blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.All life is sound. We are constantly 51 by sounds and noises made by nature and everything in 52 . For thousands of years man 53 speaking and singing,and thanks to his wonderfully 54 ear, perceiving sounds and noised, 55 they are but a small part of the inconceivable 56 of sounds filling the universe. Children everywhere and almost without 57are born with musical abilities, with voices, and with hearing. The difference lies merely 58what they do with these gifts. That 59 according to temperament, upbringing, nationality, and time.Nature itself is full of 60 , full of music. Musical sounds existed millions of years 61there was a human ear to hear 62 ; the soft bubbling of the water, the roll of 63 the whispering and rustling of 64 in the wind and 65 knows how many other audible manifestations of nature. Man was 66 into a world of sound. Thunder filled him with fear and became a 67 of supernatural powers. In the roar of the wind he heard the voice of demons. Dwellers at the seashore 68 the temper of the gods by the sound of the waves. Religious and music 69 inseparable 70 the dawn of humanity.A. surroundedB. surrenderedD. bound51.52A. thisB. itC. thereD. here.53A. has beenB. had beenC. wasD. is.54A. constructionB. constructiveC. constructingD. constructed .A. yetB. evenC. soD. although55.A. richesB. sourceC. wealth56.57A. experienceB. knowledgeC. exceptionD. foundation .A. beyondB. atC. onD. in58.59A. variesB. differsC. contradictsD. contrasts .A. noiseB. soundC. musicD. gifts60.61A. whenB. beforeC. agoD. while.62A. soundB. musicC. themD. it.。

江西财经大学考博英语翻译真题及其解析1.1997年英译汉试题及参考译文：Do animals have rights?This is how the question is usually put.It sounds like a useful，ground-clearing way to start.（71）Actually，it isnt，because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights，which is something the world does not have.On one view of rights，to be sure，it necessarily follows that animals have none.72）Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract，as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.Therefore，animals cannot have rights.The idea of Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi punishing a tiger that kills somebody is absurd，for exactly the same reason，so is the idea that tigers have ringhts.However，this is only one account，and by no means an uncontested one.It denies rights not only to animals but also to some people―for instance，to infants，the mentally incapable and future generations.In addition，it is unclear what force a contract can have for people who never consented to it:how do you reply to somebody who saysI dont like this contract?The point is this without agreement on the rights of people，arguing about the rights of animals is fruitless.（73）It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset:it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans，or with no consideration at all.This is a falsechoice.Better to start with another，more fundamental question:is the way we treat animals a moral issue at all?Many deny it.（74）Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect，extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.Any regard for the suffering of animals is seen as a mistake―a sentimental displacement of feeling that should properly be directed to other humans.This view，which holds that torturing a monkey is morally equivalent to chopping wood，may seem bravelylogical.In fact it is simply shallow:the ethical equivalent of learning to crawl―is to weigh others interests against one s own.This in turn requires sympathy and imagination:without which there is no capacity for moral thought.To see an animal in pain is enough，for most，to engage sympathy.（75）When that happens，it is not a mistake:it is mankinds instinct for moral reasoning in action，an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.1997年英译汉试题参考译文:动物有权力吗?问题通常就是这样提出的。

江西财经⼤学⼤⼀英语考试考卷江西财经⼤学07－08学年第⼆学期期末考试试卷试卷代码： 04586A 授课课时：96课程名称：基础英语IV适⽤对象：06级英语专业本科班试卷命题⼈刘有发试卷审核⼈李莉Part I Reading Comprehension (2’X 20 = 40’)Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre. Passage 1Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.Normally a student must attend a certain number of courses in order to graduate, and each course which he attends gives him a credit which he may count towards a degree. In many American universities the total work for a degree consists of thirty-six courses each lasting for one semester. A typical course consists of three classes per week for fifteen weeks; while attending a university a student will probably attend four or five courses during each semester. Normally a student would expect to take four years attending two semesters each year. It is possible to spreadthe period of work for the degree over a longer period. It is also possible for a student to move between one university and another during his degree course, though this is not in fact done as a regular practice.For every course that he follows a student is given a grade, which is recorded, and the record is available for the student to show to prospective employers.All this imposes a constant pressure and strain of work, but in spite of this some students still find time for great activity in student affairs. Elections to positions in student organizations arouse much enthusiasm. The effective work of maintaining discipline is usually performed by students who advise the academic authorities. Any student who is thought to have broken the rules, for example, by cheating has to appear before a student court. With the enormous numbers of students, the operation of the system does involve a certain amount of activity. A student who has held one of these positions of authority is much respected and it will be of benefit to him later in his career.1. Normally a student would at least attend ____ classes each week.A）36 B) 12 C) 20 D) 152. According to the first paragraph, an American student is allowed ____.A）to live in a different universityB) to take a particular course in a different universityC) to live at home and drive to classesD) to get two degrees from two different universities3. American university students are usually under pressure of work because ____.A） their academic performance will affect their future careersB) they are heavily involved in student affairsC) they have to run for positions of authorityD) they have to attend a lot of classes4. Some students are enthusiastic for positions in student organizations probablybecause ____.B) they will then be able to stay longer in the universityC) such positions help them get better jobsD) such positions are usually well paid5. The student organizations seem to be effective in ____.A）dealing with the academic affairs of the universityB) ensuring that the students observe university regulationsC) evaluating students’performance by bringing them before a courtD) keeping up the students’enthusiasm for social activitiesPassage 2Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.Television can help us see the pattern of American life and understand the events that unite or dived us.Consider an example of the deaths of the political leaders, including John F. Kennedy, Martin Luther King, Jr. and Robert Kennedy. These deaths caused a profound unification of the whole nation. Therefore the whole nation shared the experience of grief and shame. Television let us intensely and dramatically participates in these historical events. Though it we are jointed with other people for a few electric moments.But television can also divide us from each other. The dividing has occurred in confrontations between young and old, radicals and conservatives, police and students, blacks and whites, and hawks and doves. These confrontations have dramatized the feeling beneath the surface of society. They have shown Americans in conflicts, which stem from our policy in Southeast Asia and range to the busing of school children. Such events have provided an opportunity for bigots(抱偏见的⼈)， who promote stereotyped thinking. And these confrontations have infected our social and emotional wounds.So television does more than transmit movies, weather, sports and variety shows. It helps shape our feeling toward each other and ourselves, and some time unites us, and sometimes divides us.6. Television can help us take part in ___________A) Electric momentsB) Historical eventsC) Emotional woundsD) Stereotyped thinking7. Television can also make worse ___________A) The social contradictionB) The surface of societyC) Conservative thinkingD) Grief and shame8.The confrontations are only welcomed by those who are __________A) Infected by the social woundsB) Going to shape their feeling toward themselvesC) Obstinately devoted to their own beliefD) Providing the opportunity for thinkingB) Television sometimes transmit more movies than historical eventsC) Confrontations are the sign of divisionD) Television often provides stereotyped thinking10.A suitable title for this passage would be_________A) Social Unity and DivisionB) Television’s ConflictsC) Unification and ConfrontationsD) Television’s Social InfluencePassage 3Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage:My father’s reaction to the bank building at 43rd Street and Fifth Avenue in New York city was immediate and definite: “You won’t catch me putting my money in there!” he declared, “Not in that glass box!”Of course, my father is a gentleman of the old school, a member of the generationto whom a good deal of modern architecture is upsetting, but I am convinced that his negative response was not so much to the architecture as to a violation of his concept of the nature of money.In his generation money was thought of as a real commodity（实物） that could be carried, or stolen. Consequently, to attract the custom of a sensible man, a bank had to have heavy walls, barred windows, and bronze doors, to affirm the fact, however untrue, that money would be safe inside. If a building s design made it appear impenetrable, the institution was necessarily reliable, and the meaning of the heavy wall as an architecture symbol dwelt in the prevailing attitude toward money.But the attitude toward money has, of course, changed. Excepting pocket money, cash of any kind is now rarely used; money as a tangible commodity has largely been replaced by credit. A deficit（⾚字） economy, accompanied by huge expansion, has led us to think of money as product of the creative imagination. The banker no longer offers us a safe: he offers us a service in which the most valuable element is the creativity for the invention of large numbers. It is in no way surprising, in view of this change in attitude, that we are witnessing the disappearance of the heavy walled bank.Just as the older bank emphasized its strength, this bank by its architecture boasts of imaginative powers. From this point of view it is hard to say where architecture ends and human assertion（⼈们的说法） begins.11. The main idea of this passage is that _____.A） money is not as valuable as it was in the pastB） changes have taken place in both the appearance and the concept of banks C） the architectural style of the older bank is superior to that of the modern bankD） prejudice makes the older generation think that the modern bank is unreliable 12. How do the older generation and the younger one think about money?A） The former thinks more of money than the latter.B） The younger generation values money more than the older generation.C） Both generations rely on the imaginative power of bankers to make money. D） To the former money is a real commodity but to the latter the means of producing more money.13. The word “tangible”（Line 2, Para. 4 ） refers to something _____.A） that is preciousB） that is usableC） that can be touched14. According to this passage, a modern banker should be _____.A） ambitious and friendlyB） reliable and powerfulC） sensible and impenetrableD） imaginative and creative15. It can be inferred from the passage that the author\’s attitude towards the new trend in banking is _____.A） cautious B） regretful C） positive D） hostilePassage 4Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage:According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of “natural leaders”. It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.Research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to “get things done”. Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well beings of a social group’s members. Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them. Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give others and may discipline group members who inhibit（阻碍）attainment of the group’s goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the difference in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect.16. What does the passage mainly discuss?A） The problems faced by leaders.B） How leadership differs in small and large groups.C） How social groups determine who will lead them.D） The role of leaders in social groups.17. The passage mentions all of the following ways by which people can become leaders EXCEPT ————.A） recruitmentB） formal election processC） specific leadership trainingD） traditional cultural patterns18. Which of the following statements about leadership can be inferred from paragraph 2?A） person who is an effective leader of a particular group may not be an effective leader in another group.D） Most people desire to be leaders but can produce little evidence of their qualifications.19. In mentioning “natural leaders” in line 7, the author is making the point that _____.A）few people qualify as “natural leaders”B）there is no proof that “natural leaders” existC）“natural leaders” are easily accepted by the members of a groupD）“natural leaders” share a similar set of characteristics20. The passage indicates that instrumental leaders generally focus on _______.A） ensuring harmonious relationshipsB） sharing responsibility with group membersC） identifying new leadersD） achieving a goalPart II Vocabulary and Structure (0.5’X 30 = 15’?)Directions:There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.21．When ______ with a new situation, a resilient person is likely to come up with successful solution.A) confronted B) confronting C) was confronted D)being confronted22. _____ is always the case, the darkest hour comes before the dawn.A) That B)It C)As D)What23. Let’s go over the monthly sales figures once again, _____?A)do we B)shall we C)won’t we D)can we24. The prime Minister walked onto the platform and seated herself in a chair, _____to answer questions.A)had prepared B)being prepared C)prepared D)preparing25. Galileo’s opponents found an excuse to have him_______ from the Universityof Pisa.A)be dismissed B)dismissing C)been dismissed D)dismissed26. The old man strolled to the beach, ______.A)his dog following him B)his dog followed himC)his dog was followed D)following by his dog27. His sudden Blindness _____ him _____ the joy of seeing the beautiful world.A)robbed; of B)deprived; with C)robbed; off D)denied; of28. You shouldn’t sleep ______ when you are still sweating, with every pore ofyour body open _______ the cool air.A)out at the open; in B)out to the open; for29.It’s no use _______ about it now.A)to complain B)complainingC)to be complaining D)having complained30.Those ______ admission to NATO are______ the final decision this coming fall.A)looking for; waiting for B)seeking for; expectingC)seeking; awaiting D)applying for; awaiting for31.If it ______ Professor Johnson’s recommendation, I wouldn’t have been admitted to graduate school.A)weren’t for B)hadn’t been for C)weren’t D)hadn’t been32.Having been invited to go camping, _______.A)a new sleeping bag was ordered for PaulB) a new sleeping bag was ordered by PaulC)Paul ordered a new sleeping bagD) Paul ordered for a new sleeping bag33. Young people look for variety, challenge and opportunity ______ reward in their future lives.A)also B)in addition C)as well as D)too34.He felt honoured to meet _______ Professor Wang.A)such accomplished a scholar as B)such an accomplished scholar likeC)so accomplished a scholar as D)a so accomplished scholar like35.Growth means change and change involves risks, ______ from the known to the unknown.A)having stepped B)to step C)stepped D)stepping36. You need to rewrite this sentence because it is __________; the readers will have difficulty in understanding it.A. comprehensiveB. alternativeC. deliberateD. ambiguous37. His parents never intended ___________ together with him though they hoped to see him often.A. liveB. livingC. to have lived38. The poetry of Ezra Pound is sometimes difficult to understand because itcontains so many __________ references.A. obscureB. acuteC. notableD. objective39. It is warm __________ food.A. enough to defrost the freezingB. to defrost enough the freezingC. enough to defrost the frozenD. to enough defrost the frozen40. The moment my mother came home after a day’s work, she lit th e fire and ______making the soup.A. set asideB. set aboutC. set offD. set up41. While I am on holiday, ring me at my hotel only if there are any _________ messages for me.A. urgentB. hastyC. earlyD. confident42. The chairperson was very angry when the executive committee members __________late for the meeting.A. turned inB. turned upC. turned outD. turned over43. These instructions are important, so listen while I __________ them again.A. put throughB. go withC. take onD. run over44. I’m interested in a detailed __________ of your trip.B. messageC. descriptionD. statement45. __________ for more than five to seven minutes, the brain will be subjectedto irreversible damage.A. Oxygen once deprived ofB. Once deprived of oxygenC. Deprived of oxygen onceD. Once oxygen deprived of46.The sudden bankruptcy of these financial giants threw the investors ______ and caused them to ______.A.in panic, stampedeB. in pain, panicC. in confusion, hold their stocksD. in despair, withdraw gradually47.There were resources, such as coal, iron, gold and copper, deep underground,but they remained ______ for much of the country’s early history.A. undiscoveringB. undiscoveredC. to be undiscoveringD. being undiscovered48.The young man _____ a _____ boy yesterday was commended and awarded by the local government.A. saving, drowningB. saving, drownedC. who saved, drowningD. who saved, drowned49. It suddenly ______ her mind that after she _____ the baby they would have tofind a nurse.A. crossed; give birth toB. occurred to; boreC. struck; gave birth ofD. came across; raised50. He adapted himself to the changing ___________ of society.B. timeC. peopleD. economyPart Ⅲ Cloze (0.5’X 20 = 10’)Directions:There are twenty blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D beneath the passage. You should choose the ONE answer that best fits into the passage. Then blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.All life is sound. We are constantly 51 by sounds and noises made by nature and everything in 52 . For thousands of years man 53 speaking and singing,and thanks to his wonderfully 54 ear, perceiving sounds and noised, 55 they are but a small part of the inconceivable 56 of sounds filling the universe. Children everywhere and almost without 57are born with musical abilities, with voices, and with hearing. The difference lies merely 58what they do with these gifts. That 59 according to temperament, upbringing, nationality, and time.Nature itself is full of 60 , full of music. Musical sounds existed millions of years 61there was a human ear to hear 62 ; the soft bubbling of the water, the roll of 63 the whispering and rustling of 64 in the wind and 65 knows how many other audible manifestations of nature. Man was 66 into a world of sound. Thunder filled him with fear and became a 67 of supernatural powers. In the roar of the wind he heard the voice of demons. Dwellers at the seashore68 the temper of the gods by the sound of the waves. Religious and music 69 inseparable 70 the dawn of humanity.A. surroundedB. surrenderedC. roundedD. bound51.52A. thisB. itC. thereD. here.53A. has beenB. had beenC. wasD. is.54B. constructiveC. constructingD. constructed .A. yetB. evenC. soD. although55.A. richesB. sourceC. wealthD. resource56.57A. experienceB. knowledgeC. exceptionD. foundation .A. beyondB. atC. onD. in58.59A. variesB. differsC. contradictsD. contrasts .A. noiseB. soundC. music60.61A. whenB. beforeC. agoD. while .62A. soundB. musicC. themD. it.。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-江西财经大学考试预测题精选专练VII（附带答案）第1套一.综合题(共25题)1.单选题Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word or phrase for each numbered blank from the four choices marked A, B, C or D and write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Public officials and candidates for public offices routinely use public opinion polls to keep（31）of what the people are thinking. An important question is the degree to which these polls should guide leaders（32）their actions. There are arguments for and against the use of polls as the basis for policy（33）.Polls can contribute to effective government by keeping political leaders from getting too far（34）line with the public’s thinking. In a democratic society, the effectives of a public policy depends on the extent of its public（35）. When a policy is contrary to the public’s desires, people may choose to（36）or undermined it, thus making it counterproductive or inefficient. Furthermore, when government（37）a course of action with which a large proportion of the public disagrees, it（38）a loss of public confidence, which can have a negative effect on its ability to lead. The Reagan administration, flying high from 1981 to 1985, was brought low in 1986 by public reaction to news of its secret sales of weapons to Iran. The administration had not paid（39）attention to polls that had revealed the deep antagonism Americans still felt toward Iran because the Ayatollah Khomeini’s regime had held three American hostages.However, leaders can also do a disservice to the public they represent by using poll results as a（40）for policy judgment. Effective government, as Walter Lippmann wrote, cannot be conducted by legislators and officials who, when a question is presented, ask themselves first and last not what is the truth and which is the right and necessary course.问题1选项A.traceB.tradeC.trackD.trap问题2选项A.withB.toC.forD.in问题3选项A.determinationB.conclusionC.decisionD.choice问题4选项A.fromB.byC.atD.about问题5选项A.admissionB.supportC.disagreementD.reaction问题6选项A.disputeB.disregardC.disrespectD.disrupt问题7选项A.continuesB.carries onC.embarksD.pursues问题8选项A.risksB.costsC.makesD.endangers问题9选项A.efficiencyB.effectiveC.sufficientD.scarce问题10选项A.replacementB.substituteC.changeD.diversity【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:A第4题:A第5题:B第6题:B第7题:D第8题:A第9题:D第10题:B【解析】31、【试题答案】C【试题解析】考查名词与词组辨析。

试卷一五、简答题（每题5分，共10分） 1.简述静态平均数和动态平均数的区别. 2.平均数指数和平均指标有何区别? 六、计算分析题（共45分）试计算该企业第二季度平均每月全员劳动生产率。

(4分)2.试用指数体系法分析销售额的变动。

(８分)要求：(1)确定单位成本对产量的一元线性回归模型，并指出其回归系数的意义；(2)对该模型拟合优度进行评价；(3)计算该回归模型的估计标准误，并以95%的置信度估计产量为10(千件)时单位成本的置信区间。

（)4(025.0t =2.776）(8分)4.某药厂为了检验瓶装药片的数量，从成品库随机抽检100瓶，结果平均每瓶101.5片，标准差为3片。

试以F(t)=99.73%的把握程度推断成品库中该种药片平均每瓶数量的置信区间，如果允许误差减少到原来的一半，其他条件不变，问需要抽取多少瓶？(5分)已知经过计算乙工人生产零件的平均长度为9.96mm,标准差为0.254mm 。

试比较甲、乙两工人谁生产的零件质量较稳定。

(5分)＊6.某车间有200台车床，由于各种原因只有60％的时间在开动，每台车床开动期间耗电量为Ｅ，问至少供给此车间多少电量才能以99.9％的概率保证此车间不因供电不足而影响生产。

（注： (3.09)＝0.999）(5分)＊7.下面用假设资料说明国内生产总值的计算。

设某地区某年的有关资料如下表。

试根据上述资料，用三种方法计算中内生产总值。

(6分)＊8.某公司为生产某种新产品而设计了两种基本建设方案，一个方案是建大厂，另一个方案是建小厂，建大厂方案需投资300万元，建小厂需投资140万元，两者的使用期都是10年，无残值。

估计在寿命期内产品销路好的概率是0.7，产品销路差的概率是0.3，两种方案的试卷二五、简答题（每题5分，共10分）1.简述典型调查与抽样调查的异同?2点估计和区间估计的区别是什么?六、计算分析题（共４5分）1.某厂大批量生产某种产品，为掌握某月该种产品的合格率资料，采取在全月连续生产的720小时中，按每隔24小时抽取1小时的全部产品检查。

江西财经大学考博英语词汇题及其解析1.He is too young to be able to________between right and wrong.[A]discard[B]discern[C]disperse[D]disregard2.It was no________that his car was seen near the bank at the time of the robbery.[A]coincidence[B]contention[C]certainty[D] complication3.One of the responsibilities of the Coast Guard is to make sure that all ships________follow traffic rules in busy harbors.[A]cautiously[B]dutifully[C]faithfully[D]skillfully4.The Eskimo is perhaps one of the most trusting and considerate of all Indians but seems to be________the welfare of his animals.[A]critical about[B]indignant at[C]indifferent to[D] subject to Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi.5.The chairman of the board________on me the unpleasant job of dismissing good workers the firm can no longer afford to employ.[A]compelled[B]posed[C]pressed[D]tempted6.It is na？ve to expect that any society can resolve all the social problems it is faced with________.[A]for long[B]in and out[C]once for all[D]by natureing extremely different decorating schemes in adjoiningrooms may result in________and lack of unity in style.[A]conflict[B]confrontation[C]disturbance[D] disharmony8.The Timber rattlesnake is now on the endangered species list，and is extinct in two eastern states in which it once________.[A]thrived[B]swelled[C]prospered[D]flourished9.However，growth in the fabricated metals industry was able to ________some of the decline in the iron and steel industry.[A]overturn[B]overtake[C]offset[D]oppress10.Because of its intimacy，radio is usually more than just a medium；it is________.[A]firm[B]company[C]corporation[D]enterprise11.When any non-human organ is transplanted into a person，the body immediately recognized toas________.[A]novel[B]remote[C]distant[D]foreign12.My favorite radio song is the one I first heard on a thick1923 Edison disc I________at a garage sale.[A]trifled with[B]scraped through[C]stumbled upon[D] thirsted for13.Sone day software will translate both written and spoken language so well that the need for any common second language could ________.[A]descend[B]decline[C]deteriorate[D]depress14.Equipment not________official safety standards has all beenremoved from the workshop.[A]conforming to[B]consistent with[C]predominant over[D]providing for15.As an industry，biotechnology stands to________electronics in dollar volume and perhaps surpass it in social impact by2020.[A]contend[B]contest[C]rival[D]strive16.The authors of the United States Constitution attempted to establish an effective national government while preserving________ for the states and liberty for individuals.[A]autonomy[B]dignity[C]monopoly[D]stability17.For three quarters of its span on Earth，life evolved almost ________as microorganisms.[A]precisely[B]instantly[C]initially[D]exclusively18.The introduction of gunpowder gradually made the bow and arrow ________，particularly in Western Europe.[A]obscure[B]obsolete[C]optional[D]overlapping19.Whoever formulated the theory of the origin of the universe，it is just________and needs proving.[A]spontaneous[B]hypothetical[C]intuitive[D] empirical20.The future of this company is________：many of its talented employees are flowing into more profitable net-based businesses.[A]at odds[B]in trouble[C]in vain[D]at stake1.本题的答案是（B）本题考查词汇的一般意义。

江西财经大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析Section II Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text.Choose the best word（s）for each numbered blank and mark A，B，C or D on ANSWER SHEET1.（10points）Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi（crimes committed by young people）focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence.Theories（21）____on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior（22）____they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through（23）____with others. Theories focusing on the role of society that children commit crimes in（24）____to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status（25）____as a rejection of middle-class values.Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families，（26）____the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes.The latter may commit crimes（27）____lack of adequate parental control.All theories，however，are tentative and are（28）____to criticism.Changes in the social structure may indirectly（29）____ juvenile crime rates.For example，changes in the economy that（30）____to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment（31）____make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in（32）____lead more youths into criminal behavior.Families have also（33）____changes these years.More families consist of one parent households or two working parents；（34）____，children are likely to have less supervision at home（35）____was common in the traditional family（36）____.This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates.Other（37）____causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school，the increased（38）____of drugs and alcohol，and the growing（39）____of child abuse and child neglect.All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act，（40）____a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.21.[A]acting[B]relying[C]centering[D]cementing22.[A]before[B]unless[C]until[D]because23.[A]interactions[B]assimilation[C]cooperation[D]consultation24.[A]return[B]reply[C]reference[D]response25.[A]or[B]but rather[C]but[D]or else26.[A]considering[B]ignoring[C]highlighting[D]discarding27.[A]on[B]in[C]for[D]with28.[A]immune[B]resistant[C]sensitive[D]subject29.[A]affect[B]reduce[C]chock[D]reflect30.[A]point[B]lead[C]come[D]amount31.[A]in general[B]on average[C]by contrast[D]at length32.[A]case[B]short[C]turn[D]essence33.[A]survived[B]noticed[C]undertaken[D]experienced34.[A]contrarily[B]consequently[C]similarly[D]simultaneously35.[A]than[B]that[C]which[D]as36.[A]system[B]structure[C]concept[D]heritage37.[A]assessable[B]identifiable[C]negligible[D]incredible38.[A]expense[B]restriction[C]allocation[D]availability39.[A]incidence[B]awareness[C]exposure[D]popularity40.[A]provided[B]since[C]although[D]supposing21.C/centering（着重于、突出、强调）。

年全国医学博⼠英语统考真题及参考答案2010年全国医学博⼠外语统⼀考试英语试卷答题须知1.请考⽣⾸先将⾃⼰的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按“考场指令”要求，在标准答题卡上，将准考证号相应的位置涂好。

2.试卷⼀（paper one）和试卷⼆（paper two）答案都做在标准答题卡上，书⾯表达⼀定要⽤⿊⾊签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域，不要做在试卷上。

3.试卷⼀答题答题时必须使⽤2B铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂⿊；如要更正，先⽤橡⽪擦⼲净。

4.标准答题卡不可折叠，同时必须保持平整⼲净，以利评分。

5.听⼒考试只放⼀遍录⾳，每道题后有15秒左右的答题时间。

Paper OnePart I Listening comprehension(30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversions between two speakers. At the end of each conversion, you will hear a question about what is said. The question willbe read only once. After you hear the question, read the four possible answers markedA, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the womanYou will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B DCB. She needs a new purse.C. She’s going to give a birthday party.D. She wants to go shopping with her mom.2. A. She hears noises in her ears day and night.B. She has been overworking for a long time.C. Her right ear, hurt in an accident, is troubling her.D. Her ear rings are giving her trouble day and night.3. A. He’ll go to see Mr. White at 10:30 tomorrow.B. He’d like to make an earlier appointment.C. He’d like to cancel the appointment.D. He’d like to see another dentist.4. A. 8:00 B. 8:15 C. 8:40 D. 8:455. A. In a hotel. B. At a fast food bar.C. In the supermarket.D. In the department store.6. A. To resign right away.B.To work one more day as chairman.C.To think twice before he make the decision.D.To receive further training upon his resignation.7. A. She didn’t do anything in particular.B.She send a wounded person to the ER.C.She had to work in the ER.D.She went skiing.8. A. A customs officer. B. The man’s mother.C. A school headmaster.D. An immigration officer.9. A. It feels as if the room is going around.B.It feels like a kind of unsteadiness.C.It feels as if she is falling down.D.It feels as if she is going around.10. A. John has hidden something in the tree.B.John himself should be blamed.C.John has a dog that barks a lot.D.John is unlucky.11. A. The chemistry homework is difficult.B.The chemistry homework is fun.C.The math homework is difficult.12. A. His backache. B. His broken leg.C. His skin problem.D. His eye condition.13. A. Whooping cough, smallpox and measles.B.Whooping cough, chickenpox and measles.C.Whooping cough, smallpox and German measles.D.Whooping cough, chickenpox and German measles.14. A. Saturday morning. B. Saturday night.C. Saturday afternoon.D. Next weekend.15. A. He’s lost his notebook.B.His handwriting is messy.C.He’ll miss class latter this week.D.He cannot make it for his appointment.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear one conversion and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, read the four possible answers marked A,B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Conversation16. A. He is having a physical checkup.B.He has just undergone an operation.C.He has just recovered from an illness.D.He will be discharged from the hospital this afternoon.17. A. He got an infection in the lungs.B.He had his gallbladder inflamed.C.He was suffering from influenza.D.He had developed a big kidney tone.18. A. A lot better. B. Terribly awful.C. Couldn’t be better.D. Okay, but a bit weak.19. A. To be confined to a wheelchair.B.To stay indoors for a complete recovery.C.To stay in bed and drink a lot of water.D.To move about and enjoy the sunshine.20. A. From 4 pm to 6 pm. B. From 5 pm to 7 pm.C. From 6 pm to 8 pm.Passage One21. A. The link between weight loss and sleep deprivation.B.The link between weight gain and sleep deprivation.C.The link between weight loss and physical exercise.D.The link between weight gain and physical exercise.22. A. More than 68,000. B. More than 60,800.C. More than 60,080.D. More than 60,008.23. A. Sever-hour sleepers gained more weight over time than 5-hour ones.B.Five-hour sleepers gained more weight over time than 7-hour ones.C.Short-sleepers were 15% more likely to become obese.D.Short-sleepers consumed fewer calories than long sleepers.24. A. Overeating among the sleep-deprived.B.Little exercise among the sleep-deprived.C.Lower metabolic rate resulting from less sleep.D.Higher metabolic rate resulting from less sleep.25. A. Exercise every day. B. Take diet pills.C. Go on a diet.D. Sleep more.Passage Two26. A. She is too hard on me.B.She asks too many questions.C.She is always considerate of my feelings.D.She is the meanest mother in the neighborhood.27. A. A university instructor. B. A teaching assistant.C. A phD student.D. A psychiatrist.28. A. They usually say no.B.They usually say yes.C.They usually wait and see.D.They usually refuse to say anything.29. A. They are overconfident.B.Their brains grow too fast.C.They are psychologically dependent.D.Their brains are still immature in some areas.30. A. Be easy on your teen.B.Try to be mean to your teen.D.Don’t care about your teen’s feelings.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirections: In this section all the statements are incomplete, beneath each of which are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that can bestcomplete the statement and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWERSHEET.31. A number of black youths have complained of being by the police.A. harassedB. distractedC. sentencedD. released32. He rapidly became with his own power in the team.A. irrigatedB. irradiatedC. streetlightD. torchlight33. Throughout his political career he has always been in the .A. twilightB. spotlightC. streetlightD. torchlight34. We that diet is related to most types of cancer but we don’t have definite proof.A. suspendB. superveneC. superviseD. suspect35. A patient who is dying of incurable cancer of the throat is in terrible pain, which can nolonger be satisfactorily .A. alleviatedB. abolishedC. demolishedD. diminished36. The television station is supported by from foundations and other sources.A. donationsB. pensionsC. advertisements37. More legislation is needed to protect the property rights of the patent.A. integrativeB. intellectualC. intelligent38. Officials are supposed to themselves to the welfare and health of the generalpublic.A. adaptB. confineC. commitD. assess39. You should stop your condition and do something about it.A. drawing onB. touching onC. leaning onD. dwelling on40. The author of the book has shown his remarkably keen into human nature.A. perspectiveB. dimensionC. insightD. reflectionSection BDirections: In this section each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined, beneath which are four words or phrase. Choose the word or phrase which canbest keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for theunderlined part. Then mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.41.The chemical was found to be detrimental to human health.A. toxicB. immuneC. sensitiveD. allergic42.It will be a devastating blow for the patient, if the clinic closes.A. permanentB. desperateC. destructiveD. sudden43.He kept telling us about his operation in the most graphic detail.A. verifiableC. preciseD. ambiguous44.The difficult case tested the ingenuity of even the most skillful physician.A. credibilityB. commitmentC. honestyD. talent45.He left immediately on the pretext that he had to catch a train.A. claimB. clueC. excuseD. talent46.The nurse was filled with remorse of not believing her .A. anguishB. regretC. apologyD. grief47.The doctor tried to find a tactful way of telling her the truth.A. delicateB. communicativeC. skillfulD. considerate48.Whether a person likes a routine office job or not depends largely on temperament.A. dispositionB. qualificationC. temptationD. endorsement49.The doctor ruled out Friday’s surgery for the patient’s unexpected complications.A. confirmedB. facilitatedC. postponedD. cancelled50.It is not easy to remain tranquil when events suddenly change your life.A. cautiousB. motionlessC. calmD. alertDirections: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choice marked A, B, C and D listed on the right side. Choose the best answer andmark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Experts say about 1% of young women in the United States are almost starving themselves today. They are suffering from a sickness called anorexia.These young women have an abnormal fear of getting fat. They 51 starve themselves so they weigh at 15% less than their normal weight.The National Institute of Mental Health says one 52 ten cases of anorexia leads to serious medical problems. These patients can die from heart failure or the disease can lead young womento 53 themselves. For example, former gymnast Christy Henrich died at age 22. She weighed only61 pounds.A person with anorexia first develops joint and muscle problems. There is a lack of iron inthe blood. 54 the sickness progresses, a young woman’s breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure rates slow down. The important substance calcium is 55 from the bones, something causing bones to break. Sometimes the brain gets smaller, causing changes in 56 a person thinks and acts. Scientists say many patients have further mental and emotional problems. They have 57 opinions about themselves. They feel helpless. Their attempts to become extremely thin may 58 efforts to take control of their lives. They may become dependent on illegal drugs. Some people also feel the need to continually repeat a(n) 59 . For example, they may repeatedly wash their hands although their hands are clean.Anorexia is a serious eating 60 .If it is not treated on time, it can be fatal.51. A. specifically B. purposely C. particularly D. passionately52. A. from B. of C. at D. in53. A. kill B. starve C. abuse D. worsen54. A. When B. While C. As D. Since55. A. lost B. derived C. generated D. synthesized56. A. what B. why C. how D. which57. A. good B. high C. lower D. poor58. A. represent B. make C. present D. exert59. A. medication B. illusion C. motion D. action60. A. habit B. behavior C. disorder D. patternPart IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Direction:In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the bestanswer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneChildren should avoid using mobile phones for all but essential calls because of possible health effects on young brains. This is one of the expected conclusions of an official government report to be published this week. The report is expected to call for the mobile phone industry to refrain from promoting phone use by children, and to start labeling phones with data on the amount of radiation they emit. The Independent Expert Group on Mobile Phones, chaired by former government chief scientist William Stewart, has spent eight months reviewing existing scientific evidence on all aspects of the health effects of using mobile phones. Its report is believed to conclude that because we don’t fully understand the nonthermal effects of radiation on human tissue, the government should adopt a precautionary approach, particularly in relation to children.There is currently no evidence that mobile phones harm users or people living near transmitter masts. But some studies show that cell-phones operating at radiation levels within current safety limits do have some sort of biological effect on the brain.to environmental insults,” he says,“So if phones did prove to be hazardous——which they haven’t yet ——it would be sensible.”In 1998, Tattersall showed that radiation levels similar to those emitted by mobile phones could alter signals from brain cells in slices of rat brain, “What we’ve found is an effect, but we don’t know if it’s hazardous,” he says.Alan Preece of the University of Bristol, who found last year that microwaves increase reaction times in test subjects, agreed that children’s exposure would be greater. “There’s a lot less tissue in the way, and the skill is thinner, so children’s heads are considerably closer,” he says.Stewart’s report is likely to recommend that the current British safety standards on energy emissions from cell-phones should be cut to the level recommended by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, which is one-fifth of the current British limit. “The extra safety factor of five is somewhat arbitrary,”　s ays Michael Clark of the National Radiological Protection Board. “But we accept that it’s difficult for the UK to have different standards from an international body.”61. Just because it has not been confirmed yet whether mobile phone emissions can harm humantissue, according to the government report, does not mean that .A. the government should prohibit children from using cell-phonesB. we should put down the phone for the sake of safetyC. the industry can have a right to promote phone useD. children are safe using cell-phones62. Tattersall argues that it is wise to refrain mobile phone use by children in termsof .A. their neural developmentB. their ill-designed cell-phonesC. the frequency of their irrational useD. their ignorance of its possible health effects63. On the issue in question, Preece .A. does not agree with TattersallB. tries to remove the obstacles in the wayC. asks for further investigationD. would stand by Stewart64. What is worrisome at present is that the UK .A. is going to turn deaf ears to the voice of Stesart’s planB. finds it difficult to cut the current safety standards on phone useC. maintains different standards on safety limit from the international onesD. does not even impose safety limit on the mobile phones’ energy emissions65．Which of the following can bi the best candidate for the title of the passageA . Brain Wave B. For Adults OnlyC. Catch Them YoungD. The Answer in the AirPassage TwoAdvances in cosmetic dentistry and plastic surgery have made it possible to correct facial birth defects, repair damaged teeth and tissue, and prevent or greatly delay the onset of tooth decay and gum disease. As a result, more people smile more often and more openly today than ever in the past, and we can expect more smiles in the future.middle-class family members in formal portraits and domestic scenes appear to have their mouths firmly closed. Soldiers in battle, children at play, beggars, old people, and especially villains may have their mouths open; but their smiles are seldom attractive, and more often suggest strain or violence than joy.Smiles convey a wide range of meanings in different eras and cultures, says art historian Angus Trumble, currently curator(馆长)of Yale University’s Center for British Art, in his book A Brief History of the Smile. Compare, for instance, the varying impressions made by the shy dimples(酒窝)of Leonardo’s Mona Lisa; the rosy-cheeked, mustachioed Laughing Cavalier of Frans Hals; and the”Smiley Face”logo perfected(though not invented)in 1963 by American graphic artist Harvey .In some non-Western cultures, Trumble notes, even a warm, open smile does not necessarily indicate pleasure or agreement. It can simply be a polite mask to cover emotions considered too rude or shocking to bi openly displayed.Subtle differences in muscle movement can convey enormous differences in emotion, from the tranquility of bronze Buddhas, to the erotic bliss of couples entwined in stone on Hindu temples,to the fierce smirk(假笑)of a guardian demon at the entrance to a Chinese tomb.Trumble expects the impact of Western medicine and mass media to further increase the pressure on people to grin broadly and laugh openly in public.”Faint smiles are increasingly thought of in scientific and psychological circles as something that falls short of the true smile ,”and therefore suggest insincerity or lack of enthusiasm, he says.With tattooing, boby piercing, and permanent cosmetics already well established as fashion trends, one can imagine tomorrow’s beauty shops adding plastic surgeons and dentists to their staffs. These comer-store cosmeticians would offer style makeovers to reshape our lips, teeth, and jawlines to mimic the signature smile of one’s favorite celebrity.What can you say to that except” Have a nice day”66. Had it not been for cosmetic advances, as inferred from the passage, .A . people would not have been as happy as they are todayB. the rate of facial birth defect would not have declinedC . there would not have been many more open smilesD. we would not have seen smiling faces in public67. According to the passage, it seems that whether there is a smile or not in the portraits orpictures is decided by .A. one’s internal sense of the external worldB . one’s identity or social positionC . one’s times of existenceD . All of the above68. Trumble’s study on smiles shows that .A. an open smile can serve as a cover-upB . the famous portraits radiate varying smilesC. even the human muscles can arouse varying emotionsD. smiles can represent misinterpretations of different eras and cultures69. What Trumble expects to see is .A. the increasing tendency of broad grins and open smiles in publicB . further impact of Western medicine upon non-Western culturesC. a wider range of meanings to be conveyed by smilesD. more of sincerity and enthusiasm in public70 . At the end of the passage, the author implicates .C . future changes in life styleD . the future of smilesPassage ThreeAdolf Hitler survived an assassination attempt in 1944 with the lamp of penicillin made by the Allies, a microbiologist in the UK claims. If the Nazi leader had died from bacterial infection ofhis many wounds, the Second World War might have been over a year earlier, saving millions of lives, says Milton Wainwright of the University of Sheffield, a noted historian of microbiology.In a paper to be published soon in Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, Wainwright reveals first-hand evidence that Hitler was treated with penicillin by his personal doctor, Theo Morrell, following an assassination attempt in which a bomb in a suitcase exploded next to Hitler’s desk. Hitler was badly hurt, fleeing the scene with his hair and trousers on fire, a badly bleeding arm and countless wooden splinter wounds from the oak table that probably saved his life.Wainwright found confirmation that Morrell gave Hitler antibiotics as a precaution in a recent translation of Morrell’s own diary. “I happened to be reading it for interest when the word penicillin jumped out at me,” he says. He then set about trying to establish where Morrell might have got the drug.At the time, penicillin was available only to the Allies. German and Czechoslovakian teams had tried without much success to make it, Wainwright says, but the small quantities that weresays Wainwright. available were weak and impure. “It’s generally accepted that it was no good,”He reasons that Morrell would only have risked giving Hitler penicillin to prevent infectionsif he were confident that the antibiotic would cure, not kill the German premier. “My research shows that Morrell, in a very dodgy(危险的) position as Hitler’s doctor, would only have used pure stuff.” And the only reliable penicillin was that made by the Allies. So where did Morrell getitWainwright’s investigations revealed that Allied airmen carried penicillin, so the Germans may have confiscated some from prisoners of war. The other more likely source is from neutral countries such Spain, which received penicillin from Allied countries for humanitarian purposes, perhaps for treating sick children.have proof the Allies were sending it to these countries,” says Wainwright. “I’m saying “Ｉthis would have got through in diplomatic bags, reaching Hitler’s doctor and the higher echelons(阶层)of the Nazi party. So this was almost certainly pure, Allied penicillin.”“We can never be certain it saved Hitler’s life,” says Wainwright. But he notes that one of Hitler’s henchmen(死党)，Reinhard Heydrich, died from blood poisoning after surviving acar-bomb assassination attempt. “Hair from his seat went into his wounds and gave him septicemia,” says Wainwright. Morrell may have been anxious to ensure that Hitler avoided the same fate.71. According to Wainwright, Adolf Hitler .A. might have used biological weapons in the warB. could not have committed suicide as confirmedC. could have died of bacterial infectionD. might have survived a bacterial plague72. Following his assassination in 1944, Adolf Hitler .A. began to exercise precautions against his personal attacksB. was anxious to have penicillin developed in his countryC. received an jinjection of penicillin for blood poisoningD. was suspected of being likely to get infecteds personal doctor .73. As Wainwright reasons, H itler’A. cannot have dared to prescribe German-made penicillin to himB. need not have used pure antibiotic for his suspect infectionC. would have had every reason to assassinate himD. must have tried to produce penicillin74. Wainwright implies that the Third Reich .A. met the fate of collapse as expectedB. butchered millions of lives on the earthC. was severely struck by bacterial plaguesD. did have channels to obtain pure penicillin75.Which of the following can be the best title for the passageA.How Hitler Manage to Survive Assassination AttemptsB.Morrell Loyal to His German PrimierC.Hitler Saved by Allied DrugsD.Penicillin Abused in GermanPassage FourGet ready for a new kind of machine at your local gym: one that doesn’t involve huffing and puffing as you burn off calories. Instead, all you have to do is stand still for 30 seconds while the machine measures your body fat. It could then tell you exactly where you could do with losing afew pounds and even advise you on exercises for your problem areas. If the body fat scanner turns out to be accurate enough, its makers hope it could one day help doctors spot disease.The scanner works by simultaneously building up an accurate 3D image of the body, while measuring the body’s effect on an electromagnetic field. Combining the two measurements allows the researchers to work out the distribution of fat and water within. Neither method is new on itsown, says Henri Tapp, at the Institute of Food Research in Norwich in the UK. “The smart thing is that we’ve put them in one machine.”And it’s not just for gym users. The body fat scanner could be used to study fat deposition as children develop, while patients recover from injury, or during pregnancy. And since it uses radio waves rather than X-rays, Tapp’s device is safe to use repeatedly.Body shape is known to be a risk indicator for heart disease and diabetes. So accurately quantifying fat distribution could help doctors suggest preventive measures to patients before problems arise. At the moment, doctors estimate fat content from knowing body volume and water content. To a good approximation, says Tapp, anything that isn’t fat is water. The amount of water in the body is often measured by giving the subject a drink of water that contains a radioactive tracer. The level of tracer in the patient's urine after three hours reveals the total water volume.To find out a body’s volume, subjects are weighed while totally submerged in water, and thisis subtracted from their normal weight to give the weight of water displaced, and hence the subject’s volume. But it is scarcely practical for seriously ill people.There are other ways to directly measure body fat, such as passing a minuscule current between the wrists and feet. The overall fat content can then be estimated from the body’s resistance. But this method doesn’t take body shape into account ——so a subject with particularly skinny legs might register a higher fat content than the true value. That’s because skinny legs—with a lower cross-sectional area——will present higher resistance to current. So the machine thinks the water content of the body is lower——rating the subject as fatter. Also, the system can only give an overall measurement of fat.Tapp’s method uses similar calculations, but is more sophisticated because it tells you where you are piling on the pounds.76. The new machine is designed .A. to picture the body’s hidden fatB. to identify those at risk for obesityC. to help clinically treat specific casesD. to measure accurately risky obesity-related effects77. The beauty of the device, according to Tapp, is that .A. it performs a dual functionB. it is of great accuracy in measurementC. it has significant implications in clinical practiceD. it contributes to the evolution of human anatomy78.Which of the following, according to the passage, does the machine have the potential tospareA. A minuscule current.B. A radioactive tracer.C. A water tank.D. All of the above.79.In comparison with the techniques mentioned in the passage, the body fat scanner .A. quickens the pace of the patient’s rehabilitationB. is highly appreciated for its safetyC. features its measuring precisionD. is easy to operate in the clinic80.For scanning, all the subject has to do is .A. take up a form of workout in the gymB. turn round the body fat scannerC. lie on the electromagnetic fieldD. sand in the systemPassage FiveThere is currently abroad a new wave of appreciation for breadth of knowledge. Curricula at universalities and colleges and programs in federal agencies extol(赞扬) the virtues of a broad education. For scientists who work in specialized jobs, it is a pleasure to escape in our spare timeto read broadly in fields distant from our own. Some of us have made interdisciplinary study our occupation, which is no surprise, because much of the intellectual action in our society today liesat the interfaces between traditional disciplines. Environmental science is a good example, because it frequently requires us to be conversant in several different sciences and even some unscientific fields.Experiencing this breadth of knowledge is stimulating, but so is delving deeply into a subject. Both are wonderful experiences that are complementary practical and aesthetic(美学的)ways. They are like viewing the marvelous sculpture of knowledge in two different ways. Look at the sculpture from one perspective and you see the piece in its entirety, how its components connect to give it form, balance, and symmetry. From another viewpoint you see its detail, depth, and mass. There is no need to choose between these two perspectives in art. To do so would subtract fromthe totality of the figure.So it is with science. Sometimes we gaze through a subject and are reluctant to stop for too much detail. As chemists, we are fascinated by computer sciences or molecular genetics, but not enough to become an expert. Or we may be interested in an analytical technique but not enough to stay at its cutting edge. At other times, we become immersed in the detail of a subject and see its beauty in an entirely different way than when we browse. It is as if we penetrate the surface of the sculpture and pass through the crystal structure to the molecular level where the code for the entire structure is revealed.Unfortunately, in our zeal for breadth or depth, we often feel that it is necessary to diminishthe value of the other. Specialists are sometimes ridiculed with names such as “nerd”or “technocrats”, generalists are often criticized for being too “soft” or knowing too little about any one thing. Both are ludicrous(可笑的) accusations that deny a part of the reality of。