移动通信开关电源的新技术及其应用电气工程及其自动化毕业论文中英文翻译

Section 1 Introduction 第一节介绍The modern society depends on the electricity supply more heavily than ever before.现代社会比以往任何时候对电力供应的依赖更多。

It can not be imagined what the world should be if the electricity supply were interrupted all over the world. 如果中断了世界各地的电力供应，无法想像世界会变成什么样子Electric power systems (or electric energy systems), providing electricity to the modern society, have become indispensable components of the industrial world. 电力系统（或电力能源系统），提供电力到现代社会，已成为产业界的不可缺少的组成部分。

The first complete electric power system (comprising a generator, cable, fuse, meter, and loads) was built by Thomas Edison –the historic Pearl Street Station in New York City which began operation in September 1882. 托马斯爱迪生建立了世界上第一个完整的电力系统（包括发电机，电缆，熔断器，计量，并加载）它就是位于纽约市具有历史意义的珍珠街的发电厂始于1882年9月运作。

This was a DC system consisting of a steam-engine-driven DC generator supplying power to 59 customers within an area roughly 1.5 km in radius. The load, which consisted entirely of incandescent lamps, was supplied at 110 V through an underground cable system. 这是一个直流系统，由一个蒸汽发动机驱动的直流发电机其供电面积约1.5公里至59范围内的客户。

Switching Power Supply DesignSwitching power supply work in high frequency, high pulse state, are analog circuits in a rather special kind. Cloth boards to follow the principle of high-frequency circuit wiring.1, layout:Pulse voltage connection as short as possible, including input switch connected to the transformer, output transformer to the rectifier tube cable. Pulse current loop as small as possible such as the input filter capacitor is returned to the transformer to the switch capacitor negative. Some out-ended output transformers are the output rectifier to the output capacitor back to transformer circuit X capacitor as close as possible to the input switching power supply, input lines should be avoided in parallel with other circuits, should be avoided. Y capacitor should be placed in the chassis ground terminal or FG connectors. A total of touch induction and transformer to maintain a certain distance in order to avoid magnetic coupling. Such as poor handling of feeling in between inductor and transformer plus a shield, over a number of EMC performance for power supply to the greater impact.General the output capacitor can be used the other two a close rectifier output terminal should be close to, can affect the power supply output ripple index, two small capacitor in parallel results should be better than using a large capacitor. Heating devices to maintain a certain distance, and electrolytic capacitors to extend machine life, electrolytic capacitors is the switching power supply bottleneck life, such as transformers, power control, high power resistors and electrolytic to maintain the distance required between the electrolyte leaving space for heat dissipation , conditions permitting, may be placed in the inlet.Control part to pay attention to: Weak signal high impedance circuit connected to sample the feedback loop as short as in the processing as far as possible avoid interference, the current sampling signal circuits, in particular the current control circuit, easy to deal with some unexpected bad The accident, which had some skill, now to 3843 the circuit example shown in Figure (1) Figure 1 better than Yu Figure 2, Figure 2 Zai full time by observing the current waveform oscilloscope Mingxian superimposed spikes, Youyuganrao limited flow ratio design Zhi Dian low, Figure 1 there is no such phenomenon, there are switch drive signal circuit, switch resistance should be close to the switch driver can switch the work to improve the reliability of this and the high DC impedance voltage power MOSFET driver characteristics.Second, routingAlignment of current density: now the majority of electronic circuit board using insulated copper constitute tied. Common PCB copper thickness of 35μm, the alignment valuecan be obtained in accordance with 1A/mm experience the value of current density, the specific calculations can be found in textbooks. To ensure the alignment principles of mechanical strength should be greater than or equal to the width of 0.3mm (other non-power supply circuit board may be smaller minimum line width). PCB copper thickness of 70μm is also common in switching power supply, then the current density can be higher.Add that, now Changyong circuit board design tool design software generally items such as line width, line spacing, hole size and so dry plate Guo Jin Xing parameters can be set. In the design of circuit boards, design software automatically in accordance with the specifications, can save time, reduce some of the workload and reduce the error rate.Generally higher on the reliability of lines or line density wiring can be used double panel. Characterized by moderate cost, high reliability, to meet most applications.The ranks of some of the power module products are also used plywood, mainly to facilitate integration of power devices such as transformer inductance to optimize wiring, cooling and other power tube. Good consistency with the craft beautiful, transformer cooling good advantage, but its disadvantage is high cost, poor flexibility, only suitable for industrial mass production.Single-sided, the market circulation of almost universal switching power supply using single-sided circuit board, which has the advantage of lower costs in the design and production technology are also taken some measures to ensure its performance.Single PCB design today to talk about some experience, as a single panel with low cost, easy-to-manufacture features, the switching power supply circuit has been widely used, because of its side tied only copper, the device's electrical connections, mechanical fixation should rely on the copper layer, the processing must be careful.To ensure good performance of the mechanical structure welding, single-sided pad should be slightly larger to ensure that the copper and substrate tied good focus, and thus will not be shocked when the copper strip, broken off. General welding ring width should be greater than 0.3mm. Pad diameter should be slightly larger than the diameter of the device pins, but not too large, to ensure pin and pad by the solder connection between the shortest distance, plate hole size should not hinder the normal conditions for the degree of investigation, the pad diameter is generally greater than pin diameter 0.1-0.2mm. Multi-pin device to ensure a smooth investigation documents can also be larger.Electrical connection should be as wide as possible, in principle, should be larger than the width of pad diameter, special circumstances should be connected in line with the need to widen the intersection pad (commonly known as Generation tears), to avoid breaking certain conditions, line and pad. Principle of minimum line width should be greater than 0.5mm.Single-board components to be close to the circuit board. Need overhead cooling device to device and circuit board between the pins plus casing, can play a supporting deviceand increase the dual role of insulation to minimize or avoid external shocks on the pad and the pin junction impact and enhance the firmness of welding. Circuit board supporting the weight of large parts can increase the connection point, can enhance joint strength between the circuit board, such as transformers, power device heat sink.Single-sided welding pins without affecting the surface and the shell spacing of the prior conditions, it can be to stay longer, the advantage of increased strength of welded parts, increase weld area and immediately found a Weld phenomenon. Shear pin long legs, the welding force smaller parts. In T aiwan, the Japanese often use the device pins in the welding area and the circuit board was bent 45 degrees, and then welding process, its reasoning Ibid. Double panel today to talk about the design of some of the issues, in relatively high number of requests, or take the line density of the larger application environments using double-sided PCB, its performance and various indicators of a lot better than a single panel.Two-panel pad as holes have been high intensity metal processing, welding ring smaller than a single panel, the pad hole diameter slightly larger in diameter than pins, as in the welding process solder solution conducive to penetrate through the top hole solder pad to increase the welding reliability. But there is a disadvantage if the hole is too large, wave soldering tin when the jet impact in the lower part of the device may go up, have some flaws.High current handling of alignment, line width in accordance with pre-quote processing, such as the width is not enough to go online in general can be used to increase the thickness of tin plating solution, the method has a good variety of1. Will take the line set to pad property, so that when the circuit board manufacturing solder alignment will not be covered, the whole hot air normally be tin plated.2. In the wiring by placing pads, the pad is set to take in line shape, pay attention to the pad holes set to zero.3. In the solder layer placed on line, this method is the most flexible, but not all PCB manufacturers will understand your intentions, needed captions. Place the line in the solder layer of the site will not coated solder tinning line several methods as above, to note that, if the alignment of a very wide all plated with tin in solder after the solder will bond a lot and distribution is very uneven, affecting appearance. Article tin can be used generally slender width in the 1 ~ 1.5mm, length can be determined according to lines, tin part of the interval 0.5 ~ 1mmDouble-sided circuit board for the layout, the alignment provides a very selective, make wiring more reasonable. On the ground, the power ground and signal ground must be separated, the two to converge in filter capacitors, in order to avoid a large pulsed current through the signal ground connection instability caused by unexpected factors, the signal control circuit grounding point as far as possible, a skill, as far as possible the alignment of the non-grounded wiring layer in the same place, the last shop in another layer of earth.Output line through the filter capacitors, the general first, and then to the load, input line must also pass capacitor, to the transformer, the theoretical basis is to ripple through trip filter capacitor.Voltage feedback sampling, in order to avoid high current through the alignment of the feedback voltage on the sampling point must be the most peripheral power output to increase the load effect of target machine.Alignment change from a wiring layer to another wiring layer generally used hole connected, not through the pin pad device to achieve, because the plug in the device may be damaged when the relationship between this connection, there is current in every passage of 1A, at least two through-hole, through hole diameter is greater than the principle of 0.5mm, 0.8mm generally processed ensure reliability.Cooling devices, in some small power supply, the circuit board traces can be and cooling, characterized by the alignment as generous as possible to increase the cooling area is not coated solder, conditions can even be placed over holes, enhanced thermal conductivity .Today to talk about the aluminum plate in the switching power supply application and multilayer printed circuit in the switching power supply applications.Aluminum plate by its own structure, has the following characteristics: very good thermal conductivity, single Mianfu copper, the device can only be placed in tied copper surface, can not open electrical connection hole so as not to place jumper in accordance with a single panel.Aluminum plate is generally placed patch device, switch, the output rectifier heat conduction through the substrate to go out, very low thermal resistance, high reliability can be achieved. Transformer with planar chip structure, but also through substrate cooling, the temperature is lower than the conventional, the same size transformer with a large aluminum plate structure available output power. Aluminum plate jumper bridge approach can be used. Aluminum plate power are generally composed by the two PCB, another one to place the control circuit board, through the physical connection between the two boards is integrated.As the excellent thermal conductivity of aluminum plate, in a small amount of manual welding more difficult, solder cooling too fast and prone to problems of a simple and practical way of existing, an ironing ordinary iron (preferably temperature regulation function), over and iron for the last, fixed, and temperature to 150 ℃ and above the aluminum plate on the iron, heating time, and then affix the components according to conventional methods and welding, soldering iron temperature is appropriate to the device easy to , is too high when the device may be damaged, or even copper strip aluminum plate, the temperature is too low welding effect is not good, to be flexible.Recent years, with the multi-layer circuit board applications in switching powersupply circuit, printed circuit transformer makes it possible, due to multilayer, smaller spacing also can take advantage of Bianya Qi window section, the main circuit board can be re- Add 1-2 formed by the multilayer printed coil to use the window, the purpose of reducing circuit current density, due to adopt printed coil, reducing manual intervention, transformers consistency, surface structure, low leakage inductance, coupling good . Open-type magnetic core, good heat dissipation. Because of its many advantages, is conducive to mass production, it is widely used. But the research and development of large initial investment, not suitable for small-scale health.Switching power supply is divided into, two forms of isolation and non-isolated, isolated here mainly to talk about switching power supply topologies form below,non-specified, are to isolate the power. Isolated power supply in accordance with the structure of different forms, can be divided into two categories: a forward and flyback. Flyback transformer primary side means that when the Vice-edge conduction cut-off, transformer storage. Close of the primary, secondary side conduction, the energy released to the load of work status, general conventional flyback power multiplex, twin-tube is not common. Forward refers to the primary conduction in transformer secondary side while the corresponding output voltage is induced into the load, the direct transfer of energy through the transformer. According to specifications can be divided into conventional forward, including the single-transistor forward, Double Forward. Half-bridge, bridge circuits are all forward circuit.Forward and flyback circuits have their own characteristics in the process of circuit design to achieve optimal cost-effective, can be applied flexibly. Usually in the low-power flyback can be adopted. Slightly larger forward circuit can use a single tube, medium-power can use Double Forward circuit or half-bridge circuit, low-voltage push-pull circuit, and the half-bridge work in the same state. High power output, generally used bridge circuit, low voltage can be applied push-pull circuit.Flyback power supply because of its simple structure, and to cut the size of a similar size and transformer inductance, the power supply in the medium has been widely applied. Presentation referred to in some flyback power supply can do dozens of watts, output power exceeding 100 watts would be no advantage to them difficult. Under normal circumstances, I think so, but it can not be generalized, PI's TOP chips can do 300 watts, an article describes the flyback power supply can be on the KW, but not seen in kind. Power output and the output voltage level.Flyback power transformer leakage inductance is a critical parameter, because the power needs of the flyback transformer stored energy, to make full use of transformer core, the general must be open in the magnetic circuit air gap, the aim is to change the core hysteresis back line of the slope, so that transformers can withstand the impact of a largepulse current, which is not core into saturation non-linear state, the magnetic circuit in the high reluctance air gap in the state, generated in the magnetic flux leakage is much larger than completely closed magnetic circuit .Transformer coupling between the first pole is the key factor determining the leakage inductance, the coil to be very close as far as possible the first time, the sandwich can be used around the law, but this would increase the distributed capacitance transformer. Use core as core with a long window, can reduce the leakage inductance, such as the use of EE, EF, EER, PQ-based EI type magnetic core effective than good.The duty cycle of flyback power supplies, in principle, the maximum duty cycle of flyback power supply should be less than 0.5, otherwise not easy loop compensation may be unstable, but there are some exceptions, such as the U.S. PI has introduced the TOP series chip can work under the conditions of duty cycle is greater than 0.5.Duty cycle by the transformer turns ratio to determine former deputy side, I am an anti-shock view is, first determine the reflected voltage (output voltage reflected through the transformer coupling the primary voltage value), reflecting a certain voltage range of voltage increase is duty cycle increases, lower power loss. Reduce the reflected voltage duty cycle decreases, increases power loss. Of course, this is a prerequisite, when the duty cycle increases, it means that the output diode conduction time, in order to maintain output stability, more time will be to ensure that the output capacitor discharge current, the output capacitor will be under even greater high-frequency ripple current erosion, while increasing its heat, which in many circumstances is not allowed.Duty cycle increases, change the transformer turns ratio, transformer leakage inductance will increase, its overall performance change, when the leakage inductance energy large enough, can switch to fully offset the large account space to bring low-loss, no further increase when the meaning of duty, because the leakage inductance may even be too high against the peak voltage breakdown switch. Leakage inductance as large, may make the output ripple, and other electromagnetic indicators deteriorated. When the duty hours, the high RMS current through the switch, transformer primary current rms and lowered the converter efficiency, but can improve the working conditions of the output capacitor to reduce fever. How to determine the transformer reflected voltage (duty cycle)Some netizens said switching power supply feedback loop parameter settings, work status analysis. Since high school mathematics is rather poor, "Automatic Control Theory," almost on the make-up, and for the door is still feeling fear, and now can not write a complete closed-loop system transfer function, zero for the system, the concept of feeling pole vague, see Bode plot is only about to see is a divergence or convergence, so the feedback compensation can not nonsense, but there are a number of recommendations. If you have some mathematical skills, and then have some time to learn then the University of textbooks,"Principles of Automatic Control" digest look carefully to find out, combined with practical switching power supply circuit, according to the work of state for analysis. Will be harvested, the Forum has a message, "coach feedback loop to study the design, debugging," in which CMG good answer, I think we can reference.Then today, on the duty cycle of flyback power supply (I am concerned about the reflected voltage, consistent with the duty cycle), the duty cycle with the voltage selection switch is related to some early flyback switching power supply using a low pressure tube, such as 600V or 650V AC 220V input power as a switch, perhaps when the production process, high pressure tubes, easy to manufacture, or low-pressure pipes are more reasonable conduction losses and switching characteristics, as this line reflected voltage can not be too high, otherwise the work order to switch the security context of loss of power absorbing circuit is quite impressive.Reflected voltage 600V tube proved not more than 100V, 650V tube reflected voltage not greater than 120V, the leakage inductance voltage spike when the tubes are clamped at 50V 50V working margin. Now that the MOS raise the level of manufacturing process control, flyback power supplies are generally used 700V or 750V or 800-900V the switch. Like this circuit, overvoltage capability against a number of switching transformer reflected voltage can be done a bit higher, the maximum reflected voltage in the 150V is appropriate, to obtain better overall performance.TOP PI's recommendation for the 135V chipset with transient voltage suppression diode clamp. But his evaluation board generally reflected voltage to be lower than the value at around 110V. Both types have their advantages and disadvantages:Category: shortcomings against over-voltage, low duty cycle is small, a large pulse current transformer primary. Advantages: small transformer leakage inductance, electromagnetic radiation and low ripple index higher switch loss, the conversion efficiency is not necessarily lower than the second.The second category: a large number of shortcomings of power loss, a large number of transformer leakage inductance, the ripple worse. Advantages: Some strong against over-voltage, large duty cycle, lower transformer losses and efficiency higher.Reflected voltage flyback power supply and a determining factorReflected voltage flyback power supply with a parameter related to that is the output voltage, output voltage, the lower the larger the transformer turns ratio, the greater the transformer leakage inductance, switch to withstand higher voltage breakdown switch is possible to absorb power consumption is higher, has the potential to permanently absorb the circuit power device failure (particularly with transient voltage suppression diode circuits). In the design of low-voltage low-power flyback power output optimization process must be handled with care, its approach has several:1, using a large core of a power level lower leakage inductance, which can improve the low-voltage flyback power conversion efficiency, reduce losses, reduce output ripple and improve multi-output power of the cross regulation in general is common in household appliances with a switch power, such as CD-ROM drive, DVB set-top boxes.2, if the conditions were not increased core, can reduce the reflected voltage, reducing the duty cycle. Reduce the reflected voltage can reduce the leakage inductance but may reduce the power conversion efficiency, which is a contradiction between the two, must have an alternative process to find a suitable point, replace the transformer during the experiment can detect the transformer original side of the anti-peak voltage, peak voltage to minimize the anti-pulse width, and magnitude of the work safety margin increase converter. Generally reflected voltage 110V when appropriate.3, enhance the coupling, reducing losses, the introduction of new technologies, and the routing process, transformers to meet the security specifications will between the primary and secondary side to insulation measures, such as pad tape, plus side air insulation tape. These will affect the performance of transformer leakage inductance, the reality can be used in production around the primary winding secondary wrapping method. Or sub-system with a triple insulated wire wound to remove the insulation between the initial level, can enhance the coupling, even use wide copper winding.The article refers to low voltage output is less than or equal to 5V output, as this type of small power supply, my experience is that the power output of more than 20W output can use a forward, get the best value for money, of course, this is not the right decision , and personal habits, relationship between the application environment, the next time to talk about the flyback power supply with a magnetic core, magnetic circuit air gap opening some understanding, I hope you receive adequate guidance.Flyback power transformer core magnetization state at work in one way, it needs to open the air gap magnetic circuit, similar to the pulsating direct current sensor. Part of the magnetic coupling through the air gap. Why I understand the principle of open air gap as follows: As the power ferrite also has a similar rectangle of the operating characteristics (hysteresis loop), operating characteristics curve in the Y-axis magnetic induction (B), now the general production process saturation point in 400mT above, the general value in the design of this value should be more appropriate in the 200-300mT, X-axis magnetic field strength (H) the value of current intensity is proportional to the magnetization. Open magnetic circuit air gap equal to the magnetic hysteresis loop to the X axis tilt, in the same magnetic induction intensity, can withstand a greater magnetizing current, equivalent to core store more energy, this energy cut-off switch When spilled into the load through the transformer secondary circuit, flyback power core to open the air gap is twofold. One is to transfer more energy, and the second to prevent the core into saturation.Flyback Power Transformer magnetization state in one way, not only to pass through the magnetic coupling energy, is also responsible for input and output isolation voltage transform multiple roles. Therefore, the treatment gap need to be very careful, the air gap leakage inductance can become too large, increase the hysteresis loss, iron loss, copper loss increases, affecting the power of the whole performance. Air gap is too small has the potential to transformer core saturation, resulting in damage to powerThe so-called flyback power supply is continuous and discontinuous mode transformer working conditions, working in full load condition in the power transformer complete transfer, or incomplete transmission mode. General design of the working environment, conventional flyback power supply should work in continuous mode, this switch, circuit loss are relatively small, and can reduce the stress of work input and output capacitors, but that there are some exceptions.Requires in particular that: As the characteristics of the flyback power supply is also more suitable for design into a high-voltage power supply, and high-voltage power transformers generally work in discontinuous mode, I understand the need for as high voltage power supply output voltage of the rectifier diodes. Because of the manufacturing process characteristics, high-tension diode, reverse recovery time is long, low speed, the current continuous state, the diode has a positive bias in the recovery, reverse recovery energy loss is very large, is not conducive to converter performance increase, ranging from reduced conversion efficiency, rectifiers, severe fever, weight is even burnt rectifier. As in the intermittent mode, the diode is reverse biased under zero bias, loss can be reduced to a relatively low level. Therefore, high voltage power supply work in discontinuous mode, and the frequency can not be too high.Another type of flyback power supply work in the critical state, the general type of power supply work in FM, or FM-width-modulated dual-mode, a number of low-costself-excitation power (RCC) is often used this form in order to ensure stable output transformer As the operating frequency, output current or input voltage change, close to the fully loaded transformer is always maintained at between continuous and intermittent, this power is only suitable for small power output, otherwise the handling characteristics of electromagnetic compatibility will be a headacheFlyback switching power supply transformer should work in continuous mode, it required relatively large winding inductance, of course, is to some extent continuous, excessive pursuit of absolute continuity is not realistic, may need a great core, very much coil turns, accompanied by a large leakage inductance and distributed capacitance, worth the trouble. So how does this parameter to determine, through repeated practice, and analysis of peer design, I think, in the nominal voltage input, the output reached 50% and 60% transformer from intermittent, continuous state of transition to more appropriate. Or at thehighest input voltage state, the full output, the transformer can transition to the continuous state on it.开关电源状态，电源工作在高频率，高脉冲的模拟电路的一个比较特殊的一种。

Semiconductor switches are very important and crucial components in power electronic systems.these switches are meant to be the substitutions of the mechanical switches,but they are severely limited by the properties of the semiconductor materials and process of manufacturing. 在电力电子系统，中半导体开关是非常重要和关键部件。

半导体开关将要替换机械开关,但半导体材料的性质和生产过程严重限制了他们。

Switching losses开关损耗Power losses in the power eletronic converters are comprised of the Switching losses and parasitic losses. 电力电子转换器的功率损耗分为开关损耗和寄生损耗the parasitic losses account for the losses due to the winding resistances of the inductors and transformers,the dielectric losses of capacitors,the eddy and the hysteresis losses. 寄生损失的绕组电感器、变压器的阻力、介电损耗的电容器,涡流和磁滞损耗the switching losses are significant and can be managed. 这个开关损耗是非常重要的,可以被处理。

they can be further divided into three components:(a)the on-state losses,(b)the off-state losses and the losses in the transition states. 他们可以分为三个部分: 通态损耗，断态损耗和转换过程中产生的损耗。

第一章第一篇sectiongTwo variables u(t) and i(t) are the most basic concepts in an electric circuit, they characterize the various relationships in an electric circuitu(t)和i(t)这两个变量是电路中最基本的两个变量，它们刻划了电路的各种关系。

the charge e on an electron is negative and equal in magnitude to 1.60210×10 19C, while a proton carries a positive charge of the same magnitude as the electron. The presence of equal numbers of protons and electrons leaves an atom neutrally charged. 我们从基础物理得知一切物质是由被称为原子的基本构造部分组成的，并且每个原子是由电子，质子和中子组成的。

我们还知道电子的电量是负的并且在数值上等于 1.602100×10-12C，而质子所带的正电量在数值上与电子相等。

质子和电子数量相同使得原子呈现电中性。

We consider the flow of electric charges. A unique feature offlow of negative charges, as Fig.l-1 illustrates. This convention was introduced by Benjamin Franklin (l706～l790), the American scientist and inventor. Although we now know that current in metallic conductors is due to negatively charged electrons, we will follow the universally accepted conventionthat current is the net flow of positive charges. Thus, Electriccurrent is the time rate of charge, measured in amperes (A).Mathematically, the relationship among current i , charge q , andtime t is 当我们把一根导线连接到某一电池上时(一种电动势源)，电荷被外力驱使移动；正电荷朝一个方向移动而负电荷朝相反的方向time in several ways that may be represented by different kindsof mathematical functions 我们通过方程（1－1）定义电流的方式表明电流不必是一个恒值函数，电荷可以不同的方式随时间而变化，这些不同的方式可用各种数学函数表达出来。

机电工程词汇中日英对照2001-11-7 日文中文pinin 英文 1 10炭素钢10炭素钢tan shu gan 2 1F 1 层yi chen 3 2直2个班er ge ban 4 AF移载装置总装移载装置zhong zhuan yi zai zhuan ji 5 OHC 空中线输送机kong zhong xian shu song ji OHC 6 PBS 入口待装车体储存区入口dai zhuang che ti cun chun qu ru kou 7 PBS 待装车体储存线dai zhuang che ti cun chun xian 8 PVC涂布涂PVC tu PVC 9 T 定规T形尺xing chi T SQUARE10 溶接电弧焊dian hu han ARC WELDING11 叉臂cha bi ARM/LIMP12 主意zhu yi IDEA13 光洁度guan jie du14 促进剂cu jin jiALTAX15 扇形键shan xin jian ALFA KEY16 铝lu ALUMINIUM17 （齿轮）根切qi lungen que UNDER CUT18 止退器zhi tui qi19 锑ti anti20 内侧nei ceINSIDE21 智能的灵活的zhi neng deling huo de INTELLIGENT22 渐开线jian kai xiang INVOLUTE23 蜗轮wo lun WORM GEAR24 蜗轮wo lun WORM WHEEL25 尿烷轮、摩擦轮niao wan lun .mo cha lun URETHANE-WHEEL26 充气器chong qi qi AERATOR27 能源neng yuan ENERGY28 接油盘jie you pan OIL-PAN29 选择、任选项xuan ze ren xuan xiang OPTION30 碳刷tang shua CARBON31 管煤气管mei qi guan GAS PIPE32 溶接气焊qi hang GAS WELDING33 盖、罩gai zhao COVER34 键jian KEY35 、车轮底轮、小脚轮di lun xiao jiao lun CASTOR36 齿轮马达qi lun ma da GEAR MOTOR37 吊具diao ju CARRIER38 きりもみ捻钻nian zuan39 银银镍yin nie NI SILVER40 离合器li he qi CLUTCH41 离合器、制动装置li he qi zhi dong zhuan zhi CLUTCH BRAKE42 润滑脂run hua zhi GREASE43 入带润滑脂轴承dai run hua zhi zhou cheng44 蠕变、爬行ru bian pa xing CREEP45 起重机qi zhong ji CRANE46 闭式连接链bi shi lian jie lian CLOSED JOINT CHAIN47 公用、环球gong yong huan qiu GLOBAL48 沟、槽gou .cao GROOVE49 铬ge50 钢铬钢ge gang51 素硅gui52 表规biaogui gauge53 箱、盒、壳xiang.he .ke CASING54 合金铅青铜轴承合金qian qing tong zhou cheng he jin KELMET ALLOY55 减速器减速器jia su qi REDUCER56 项圈链xian quan lian COIL CHAIN57 绕线弹簧rao xian tan huan58 、栓栓COCK59 销shuan .xiao COTTER60 开口销kai kou xiao COTTER PIN 61 継ぎ手销接头xiao jie tou 62 钴gu 63 橡胶密封xiang jiao mi feng GOM-SEAL 64 注解、注释说明zhu jie zhu shi shuo ming COMMENT 65 、小型小型xiao xing COMPACT 66 圆规yuan gui COMPASS 67 传送机、输送线chuan shong ji shu shong xian CONVEYOR 68 压力波、浪涌ya li be .lang yong SURGING 69 维修部件wei ciu bu jian SERVICE-PARTS 70 周期、循环、中程zhou qi .xun huanzhong cheng CYCLE 71 循环xun huan CYCLO 72 歯形摆线齿形bai xian chi xing CYCLOID 73 侧顶机ce ding ji SIDE LIFT 74 侧辊ce gun SIDE ROLLER 75 无声链wu sheng lian SILENT CHAIN 76 穴锪钻huo zuan 77 鞍形键an xing jian SADDLE KEY 78 维持、保持wei chi bao chi SUPPORT 79 总数zhong shu SUM 80 打磨da mo SANDING 81 密封胶mi feng jiao SEALLER 82 密封mi feng SEAL 83 系统、体系xi tong ti xi SYSTEM 84 塞尺cai chi thickness gauge 85 轴颈zhou jing JOURNAL 86 串联chuan lian SERIES 87 简单、容易jian dan rong yi SIMPLE 88 符号、记号fu hao ji hao SYMBOL 89 整流转换zheng liu zhuan huan SWITCHING 90 螺旋泵luo xuan beng SCREW PUMP 91 简图、草图jian tu qao tu SKETCH 92 锡锡xi TIN 93 机架ji jia STAND 94 步骤/托脚、踏板/台阶bu zhou/tuo jiao ta ban/tai jie STEP 95 停止器ting zhi qi STOPPER 96 存储器、储存线chun cu qi cu chun xian STORAGE 97 蛇行she xing SNAKE 98 蛇形泵she xing beng SNAKEPUMP 99 扳手ban shou SPANNERS100 花键轴hua jian zhou SPLINE101 链轮lian lun SPROCKET102 、空间空间kong jian SPACE103 すべり滑动键hua dong jian104 溶接点焊dian han SPOT WELDING105 止推轴颈zhi tui zhou jing THRUST JORUNAL106 正常正常zheng chang107 断面图、型钢、型材duan mian tu xing gangxing cai108 锯齿形ju chi xing SERRATION109 选择器xuan ze qi SELECTOR110 、选択选择xuna ze SELECT111 せん断剪断jian duan112 区域qu yu ZONE113 插口、插座/孔、锭座cha kou.cha zuo/kong .ding zou SOCKET114 实心轴shi shin zhou SOLID SHAFT115 回转滚柱/倒置滚柱hui zhuan gun zhu /dao zhi gun zhuTURN-ROLLER116 拉模铸造la mo zhu zao DIE CASTING117 型、式xing.shi TYPE118 超时chao shi TIME-OVER119 径节jing jie DIAMETRAL PITCH120 、直接笔直、直接bi zhi zhi jie DIRECT121 、尘受け防尘罩/粉尘罩fang chen zhao /fen chen zhao DUST COVER122 负担、压力fu danya li TAX123 钨wu TUNGSTEN124 钽tan TANTALUM125 链条lian tiao CHAIN126 、検査检测jian ce CHECK127 钛tai TITANIUM128 、管管guan TUBE129 分规fen gui DIVIDER130 磁带、绝缘带ci dai jue yuan dai TAPE131 贴C/V 贴黑窗框tie hei chuang kuang132 溶接铝热焊、热剂焊lv re han re ji hang THERMIT WELDING133 扭力杆niu li gan TORSION BAR SPRING134 移行机yi xing ji TRAVERSER135滴水盘、接油盘di shui pan.jie you pan DRIPPAN136 螺帽luo mao NUT137 需要、必要、要求xu yao .bi yao .yao qiu NEEDS138 镍nie NICKEL139 钢镍铬钢nie ge gang NICKEL-CHROMIUM140 合金镍合金nie he jin141 青铜镍青铜nie qing tong NI BRONZE142 螺丝、螺钉、螺栓、螺旋luo shi .luo ding .luo xuan .luo xuan SCREW143 游标卡尺you biao ka chi VERNIER MICROMETER144 歯车145 、垂直垂直chui zhi VERTICAL146 垂直弯轨chui zhi wan guiVERTICAL-CURVE147 、部品部分、要素、零件、部件bu fen yao su ling jian bu jian PARTS148 双曲面shuang qu mian HYPOID149 下刻痕、下缺口xia ke henxia que kou HYPO-NIEK150 汇流条/工艺电缆hui liu tiao /gong yi dian lang BUS BAR151 ?Ｐ停 Ｊ?me xing me shi PATTERN152 齿隙间隙回差chi xijian xihui cha BACKLASH153 钒fan VANADIUM154 仕上げ磨光加工mo guang jia gong155弹簧tan huang SPRING156 材料弹簧材料tan huang cai liao SPRING157 仕上げ抛光加工pao guang jia gong158 配合pei he159 棘爪、掣子/锤垫/货架ji zhua zhi zi /chui dian /huo jia PALLET160 托架、滑撬tuo jiahua qiao PALLET161 电动吊车dian dong diao che POWER-TROLLEY162 钩子、吊钩、部件gou zi .diao gou bu jian HANGER163 手柄shuo bing HANDLE164 线弦线xian xian PIANO WIRE165 大圆规da yuan gui BEAM COMPASS166 铋bi BISMUTH167 节距jie ju PITCH168 间隙规jian xi gui pitch gage169 坑、糟、穴、地窖kengcaoxue di jiao PIT170 内藏式nei cang shi BUILD-IN171 销xiao PEEN172 销xiao PIN173 、最终最终zui zhong FINAL174 翼子板、防护板、防冲板yi zi ban fang hu ban fan chong ban FENDER175 叉车cha che FORK-LIFT176 钩、扣、夹子gou kou jia zi HOOK177 推进器、推杆tui jing qi tui gan PUSHER178 推进链条tui jin lian tiao POOTH CHAIN179 仕上げ180 削り铣刀加工xi dao jia gong181 塞子、销子/插头、芯棒sai zi xiao zi /cha tou xin bang PLUG182 刷子shua zi BRUSH183 元电刷yuan dian shua BRUSHLESS184 法兰盘、带凸缘fa lan pandai tu yuan FLANGE185 柱塞泵zhu sai beng PLUNGER PUMP186 空闲线kong xian xiang FREE LINE187 自由导轨、自由滚轮/吊轨zi you dao gui zi you gun lun FREE-RAIL188 地点、位置di dian wei zhi PLACE189 冲床chong chuang PRESS190 拉刀la dao BROACH191 削り192 可编程序的ke bian cheng xu de PROGRAMMABLE193 表示器可编程序显示器ke bian cheng xu xian shi qi PROGRAMMABLE DISPLAY194 工程gong cheng PROJECT195 工艺规程、工艺方法gong yi gui cheng gong yi fang fa PROCESS196 车链che lian BLOCK CHAIN197 鼓风机、增压器gu feng ji zheng ya qi BLOWER198 覆盖层、轴承fu gai ceng zhou cheng BEARING199 轴承滚柱zhou cheng gun zhu BEARING-ROLLER200 基础、底座/灯头ji chu di zuo/deng to.。

电气工程及其自动化专业英语课程论文Document serial number【NL89WT-NY98YT-NC8CB-NNUUT-NUT108】重庆邮电大学移通学院《电气工程及其自动化专业英语》课程论文年级 2012专业电气工程与自动化姓名孙猜胜学号Three-phase asynchronous motorAbstract:The three-phase asynchronous motor is motor's one with single phase asynchronous motor, three-phase asynchronous motor operating performance is good, and can save various the structure to be simple, the manufacture is easy, firm durable, the service is convenient,cost inexpensive ,drag the ability is good,and so on a series of merits. thus becomes in each kind of electrical machinery the outputto be biggest utilizes the broadest one kind of electric motor.Key words:Moror Motor starting Star delta StartingThree-phase asynchronous motor principle:When the stator winding through into the three-phase ac three-phase symmetric arises when a synchronous speed n1 along the stator and rotor round for space in a clockwise rotation magnetic field. Because of a rotating magnetic field rotating speed to n1, rotor conductor of the static beginning, so the rotor conductor will cutthe stator and produce a rotating magnetic field induction emf (induction emf direction DingZe judge with the right hand). Because the child is short circuit loop ends conductor short meet, in therole of the induced emf, will produce the rotor conductor with induction emf direction basic consistent induced current. The rotor current-carrying conductor at stator magnetic field is the role ofthe electromagnetic force (the direction of the force with the left hand DingZe judge). The electromagnetic force of the rotor axis electromagnetic torque, drive along the rotor rotating magnetic field rotation direction.[1]Through the above analysis can be summed up the motor principle: when the three-phase motor stator winding (eachdiffer 120 KWH Angle), ventilation with three-phase ac, will producea rotating magnetic field, the rotating magnetic field cutting rotor winding, and thus to the rotor winding induced current (rotor windingis closed access), load flow of rotor stator conductor under the action of a rotating magnetic field will produce the electromagnetic force, thus in the motor shaft formed on the electromagnetic torque, driving motor rotation, and motor rotation direction and the rotating magnetic field in the same direction.Thestructureofthree-phaseasynchronousmotor:Types of three-phase asynchronous motor, but all kinds of three-phase asynchronous motor is the same basic structure, they are the stator and rotor of these two basic components, the stator and rotor has a certain air gap between. In addition, end caps, bearings, cable boxes, rings and other accessories,1).StatorpartStator is used to generate the rotating magnetic Three-phase motors generally shell, stator core, stator windings and other parts.a.Shell?Three-phase motor casing including base,end caps,bearingcaps,rings,such as junction boxes and comp onentsb. Stator CoreInduction motor stator core is part of the motor circuit from ~ thick coated with a thin insulating paint from silicon,c.ThestatorwindingsThree-phase motor stator windings are part of the circuit,there are three-phase three-phase motor windings,summetrical three-phase current access,it will have a rotating magnetic winding consists of three separate components of the winding, and each has a number of coil windings a phase of each winding, each winding in the space angle difference between the 120 ° electrical[2].2). Rotor parta. Rotor CoreWith mm thick steel from, set in the shaft, the role and the same stator core, on the one hand, as part of the motor magnetic circuit, on the one hand to place the rotor windings.b. Rotor windingsThe rotor winding induction motor winding is divided into two kinds of cage-shaped and which is divided into winding rotor asynchronous motor with cage induction motor.3). Other parts ofOther parts including the cover, fans, etc.Induction motor starting methods:There are several general methods of starting induction motors: full voltage, reduced voltage,wyes-delta,and part winding reduced voltage type can include solid state starters, adjustable frequency drives, and following is the most common method.1).Full voltageThe full voltage starting method, also known as across the line starting, is the easiest method to employ, has the lowest equipment costs, and is the most reliable. This method utilizes a control to close a contactor and apply full line voltage to the motor terminals. This method will allow the motor to generate its highest starting torque and provide the shortest acceleration method also puts the highest strain on the power system due to the high starting currents that can be typically six to seven times the normal full load current of the motor.2).AutotransformerThe motor leads are connected to the lower voltage side of the transformer. The most common taps that are used are 80%, 65%, and 50%. At 50% voltage the current on the primary is 25% of the full voltage locked rotor amps. The motor is started with this reduced voltage,and then after a pre-set condition is reached the connection is switched to line voltage. This condition could be a preset time, current level, bus volts, or motor speed. The change over can be done in either a closed circuit transition, or an open circuit transition method. In the open circuit method the connection to the voltage is severed as it is changed from the reduced voltage to the line level. Care should be used to make sure that there will not be problems from transients due to the switching. This potential problem can be eliminated by using the closed circuit transition. With the closed circuit method there is a continuous Voltage applied to the motor. Another benefit with the autotransformer starting is in possiblelower vibration and noise levels during starting.3).Star delta StartingThis approach started with the induction motor,the structure of each phase of the terminal are placed in the motor teminal box ,This allows the motor star connection in the initial start up,and then re-connected into a triangle run..The initial start time when the voltage is reduced to the original star connection,the startingcurrent and starting torque by 2/3. Depending on the applicationon,the motor switch to the triangle in the rotational speed of between 50% and the maximum be noted that the sameproblems,including the previously mentioned switch method ,if theopen circuit method,the transition may be a transient method isoften used in lesst than 600V motor,the rated voltage and higher are not suitable for star delta motor start method.[3]4).Series Resistor or Reactor StartingThis method is to use a series resistance or place in the motor loop the motor is started, a resistor to limit current and make the motor at the input voltage drop. Therefore plays a role of limitingcurrent at the small motor series resistor startup mode used more frequentlyConclusion:There are many ways asynchronous motor starting, each method hasits own benefits, according to the constraints of powersystems,equipment costs, load the boot device to select the best method.References:[1] Tang Tianhao Fundamentals of Electrical Machines and Drives [M] BeijingChina Machine Press 118-137[2] Wang Liming English for Electrical Engineering and Automation [M] BeijingTsinghua University Press 61-64[3] Stephen Electromechanics [M] America Electronic IndustryPress 340-370。

外文出处：Farhadi, A. (2008). Modeling, simulation, and reduction of conducted electromagnetic interference due to a pwm buck type switching power supply. Harmonics and Quality of Power, 2008. ICHQP 2008. 13th International Conference on, 1 - 6.Modeling, Simulation, and Reduction of Conducted Electromagnetic Interference Due to a PWM Buck Type Switching Power Supply IA. FarhadiAbstract:Undesired generation of radiated or conducted energy in electrical systems is called Electromagnetic Interference (EMI). High speed switching frequency in power electronics converters especially in switching power supplies improves efficiency but leads to EMI. Different kind of conducted interference, EMI regulations and conducted EMI measurement are introduced in this paper. Compliancy with national or international regulation is called Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC). Power electronic systems producers must regard EMC. Modeling and simulation is the first step of EMC evaluation. EMI simulation results due to a PWM Buck type switching power supply are presented in this paper. To improve EMC, some techniques are introduced and their effectiveness proved by simulation.Index Terms:Conducted, EMC, EMI, LISN, Switching SupplyI. INTRODUCTIONFAST semiconductors make it possible to have high speed and high frequency switching in power electronics []1. High speed switching causes weight and volume reduction of equipment, but some unwanted effects such as radio frequency interference appeared []2. Compliance with electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) regulations is necessary for producers to present their products to the markets. It is important to take EMC aspects already in design phase []3. Modeling and simulation is the most effective tool to analyze EMC consideration before developing the products. A lot of the previous studies concerned the low frequency analysis of power electronics components []4[]5. Different types of power electronics converters are capable to be considered as source of EMI. They could propagate the EMI in both radiated and conducted forms. Line Impedance Stabilization Network (LISN) is required for measurement and calculation of conducted interference level []6. Interference spectrum at the output of LISN is introduced as the EMC evaluation criterion []7[]8. National or international regulations are the references forthe evaluation of equipment in point of view of EMC []7[]8.II. SOURCE, PATH AND VICTIM OF EMIUndesired voltage or current is called interference and their cause is called interference source. In this paper a high-speed switching power supply is the source of interference.Interference propagated by radiation in area around of an interference source or by conduction through common cabling or wiring connections. In this study conducted emission is considered only. Equipment such as computers, receivers, amplifiers, industrial controllers, etc that are exposed to interference corruption are called victims. The common connections of elements, source lines and cabling provide paths for conducted noise or interference. Electromagnetic conducted interference has two components as differential mode and common mode []9.A. Differential mode conducted interferenceThis mode is related to the noise that is imposed between different lines of a test circuit by a noise source. Related current path is shown in Fig. 1 []9. The interference source, path impedances, differential mode current and load impedance are also shown in Fig. 1.B. Common mode conducted interferenceCommon mode noise or interference could appear and impose between the lines, cables or connections and common ground. Any leakage current between load and common ground couldbe modeled by interference voltage source.Fig. 2 demonstrates the common mode interference source, common mode currents Iandcm1 and the related current paths[]9.The power electronics converters perform as noise source Icm2between lines of the supply network. In this study differential mode of conducted interference is particularly important and discussion will be continued considering this mode only.III. ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY REGULATIONS Application of electrical equipment especially static power electronic converters in different equipment is increasing more and more. As mentioned before, power electronics converters are considered as an important source of electromagnetic interference and have corrupting effects on the electric networks []2. High level of pollution resulting from various disturbances reduces the quality of power in electric networks. On the other side some residential, commercial and especially medical consumers are so sensitive to power system disturbances including voltage and frequency variations. The best solution to reduce corruption and improve power quality is complying national or international EMC regulations. CISPR, IEC, FCC and VDE are among the most famous organizations from Europe, USA and Germany who are responsible for determining and publishing the most important EMC regulations. IEC and VDE requirement and limitations on conducted emission are shown in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 []7[]9.For different groups of consumers different classes of regulations could be complied. Class Afor common consumers and class B with more hard limitations for special consumers are separated in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4. Frequency range of limitation is different for IEC and VDE that are 150 kHz up to 30 MHz and 10 kHz up to 30 MHz respectively. Compliance of regulations is evaluated by comparison of measured or calculated conducted interference level in the mentioned frequency range with the stated requirements in regulations. In united European community compliance of regulation is mandatory and products must have certified label to show covering of requirements []8.IV. ELECTROMAGNETIC CONDUCTED INTERFERENCE MEASUREMENTA. Line Impedance Stabilization Network (LISN)1-Providing a low impedance path to transfer power from source to power electronics converter and load.2-Providing a low impedance path from interference source, here power electronics converter, to measurement port.Variation of LISN impedance versus frequency with the mentioned topology is presented inFig. 7. LISN has stabilized impedance in the range of conducted EMI measurement []7.Variation of level of signal at the output of LISN versus frequency is the spectrum of interference. The electromagnetic compatibility of a system can be evaluated by comparison of its interference spectrum with the standard limitations. The level of signal at the output of LISN in frequency range 10 kHz up to 30 MHz or 150 kHz up to 30 MHz is criterion of compatibility and should be under the standard limitations. In practical situations, the LISN output is connected to a spectrum analyzer and interference measurement is carried out. But for modeling and simulation purposes, the LISN output spectrum is calculated using appropriate software.基于压降型PWM开关电源的建模、仿真和减少传导性电磁干扰摘要：电子设备之中杂乱的辐射或者能量叫做电磁干扰(EMI)。

(完整word版)电气工程及其自动化专业外语作文A s a student, you will learn to apply related subjects such as computer technology，industrial electronics, instrumentation，electrical machines, robotics，power electronics，and automated control systems.作为一名学生，你将学会运用相关学科,如计算机技术，工业电子，仪器仪表，电器机械，机器人技术，电力电子和自动化控制系统。

Y ou will be able to understand written and oral instructions，as well as design, install, test，modify, troubleshoot，and repair electrical systems.您将能够理解书面和口头说明，以及设计,安装，测试，修改，故障排除和修复电力系统.U pon graduation，students of the Electrical Engineering Technology –Process Automation program can approach industrial electrical and electronic systems from the viewpoint of analysis，technical evaluation, design, and development。

The six—semester program concentrates on the in-depth study of electrical and electronic principles as they apply to automated systems using programmable logic controllers。

一、英文原文Modern mobile communication technologyIn now highly the information society, the information and the correspondence have become the modern society “the life”. The information exchange mainly relies on the computer correspondence, but corresponds takes the transmission method, with the sensing technology, the computer technology fuses mutually, has become in the 21st century the international society and the world economic development powerful engine. In order to of adapt the time request, the new generation of mobile communication technology seasonable and lives, the new generation of mobile communication technology is the people said that third generation's core characteristic is the wide band addressing turns on non-gap roaming between the rigid network and numerous different communications system's, gains the multimedia communication services.Along with the time progress, the technical innovation, people's life request's enhancement, the mobile communication technology renewal speed is quite astonishing, almost every other ten year mobile communication technology has a transformation update, from the 1980s “the mobile phone” to present's 3G handset, during has had two mobile communication technology transformation, transits from 1G AMPS to 2G GSM, from GSM to IMT-2000 (i.e. 3G technology). Knows modern on me the mobile communication technology to have the following several aspect important technology:1. wideband modulation and multiple access techniqueThe wireless high speed data transmission cannot only depend on the frequency spectrum constantly the expansion, should be higher than the present number magnitude at least in the frequency spectrum efficiency, may use three technologies in the physical level, namely OFDM, UWB and free time modulation code. OFDM with other encoding method's union, nimbly OFDM and TDMA, FDMA, CDMA, SDMA combines the multiple access technique.In the 1960s the OFDM multi-channel data transmission has succeeded uses in complex and the Kathryn high frequency military channels. OFDM has used in 1.6 M bit/s high bit rate digital subscriber line (HDSL), 6 M bit/s asymmetrical digital subscriber line (ADSL), 100 M bit/s really high speed figure subscriber's line (VDSL), digital audio frequency broadcast and digital video broadcast and so on. OFDM applies on 5 GHz provides 54 M bit/s wireless local network IEEE 802.11 a and IEEE 802.11g, high performance this region network Hi per LAN/2 and ETSI-BRAN, but also takes metropolitan area network IEEE 802.16 and the integrated service digit broadcast (ISDB-T) the standard. Compares with the single load frequency modulation system service pattern, the OFDM modulation service pattern needs to solve the relatively big peak even power ratio (PAPR, Peak to Average Power Ratio) and to the frequency shifting and the phase noise sensitive question.High speed mobile communication's another request is under the wide noise bandwidth, must demodulate the signal-to-noise ratio to reduce as far as possible, thus increases the cover area. May adopt the anti-fading the full start power control and the pilot frequency auxiliary fast track demodulation technology, like the frequency range anti-fading's Rake receive and the track technology, the OFDMA technology which declines from the time domain and the frequencyrange resistance time and the frequency selectivity, the link auto-adapted technology, the union coding technique.2. frequency spectrum use factor lift techniqueThe fundamental research pointed out: In the independent Rayleigh scattering channel, the data rate and the antenna several tenth linear relationships, the capacity may reach Shannon 90%. Is launching and the receiving end may obtain the capacity and the frequency spectrum efficiency gain by the multi-antenna development channel space. The MIMO technology mainly includes the spatial multiplying and the space diversity technology, concurrent or the salvo same information enhances the transmission reliability on the independent channel.Receives and dispatches the bilateral space diversity is the high-capacity wireless communication system uses one of technical. Bell Lab free time's opposite angle BLAST (D-BLAST) capacity increase to receive and dispatch the bilateral smallest antenna number in administrative levels the function. The cross time domain which and the air zone expansion signal constitutes using MIMO may also resist the multi-diameter disturbance. V-BLAST system when indoor 24~34 dB, the frequency spectrum use factor is 20~40 bit/s/Hz. But launches and the receiving end uses 16 antennas, when 30 dB, the frequency spectrum use factor increases to 60~70 bit/s/Hz.The smart antenna automatic tracking needs the signal and the auto-adapted free time processing algorithm, produces the dimensional orientation wave beam using the antenna array, causes the main wave beam alignment subscriber signal direction of arrival through the digital signal processing technology, the side lobe or zero falls the alignment unwanted signal direction of arrival. The auto-adapted array antennas (AAA, Adaptive Array Antennas) disturbs the counter-balance balancer (ICE, Interference Canceling Equalizer) to be possible to reduce disturbs and cuts the emissive power.3. software radio technologyThe software radio technology is in the hardware platform through the software edition by a terminal implementation different system in many kinds of communication services. It uses the digital signal processing language description telecommunication part, downloads the digital signal processing hardware by the software routine (DSPH, Digital Signal Processing Hardware). By has the general opening wireless structure (OWA, Open Wireless Architecture), compatible many kinds of patterns between many kinds of technical standards seamless cut.UWB is also called the pulse to be radio, the modulation uses the pulse width in the nanosecond level fast rise and the drop pulse, the pulse cover frequency spectrum from the current to the lucky hertz, does not need in the radio frequency which the convention narrow band frequency modulation needs to transform, after pulse formation, may deliver directly to the antenna launch.4. software radio technologyThe software radio technology is in the hardware platform through the software edition by a terminal implementation different system in many kinds of communication services. It uses the digital signal processing language description telecommunication part, downloads the digital signal processing hardware by the software routine (DSPH, Digital Signal Processing Hardware). By has the general opening wireless structure (OWA, Open Wireless Architecture), compatible many kinds of patterns between many kinds of technical standards seamless cut.5. network security and QoSQoS divides into wireless and the wired side two parts, wireless side's QoS involves theradio resource management and the dispatch, the admission control and the mobility management and so on, the mobility management mainly includes the terminal mobility, individual mobility and service mobility. Wired side's QoS involves based on the IP differ discrimination service and the RSVP end-to-end resources reservation mechanism. Mechanism maps the wireless side IP differ IP the QoS. Network security including network turning on security, core network security, application security, safety mechanism visibility and configurable.In the above modern mobile communication key technologies' foundation, has had the land honeycomb mobile communication, the satellite communication as well as the wireless Internet communication, these mailing address caused the correspondence appearance to have the huge change, used the digital technique the modern wireless communication already to permeate the national economy each domain and people's daily life, for this reason, we needed to care that its trend of development, hoped it developed toward more and more convenient people's life's direction, will let now us have a look at the modern mobile communication the future trend of development.modern mobile communication technological development seven new tendencies :First, mobility management already from terminal management to individual management and intelligent management developmentSecond, network already from synchronized digital circuit to asynchronous digital grouping and asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) development;the three, software's developments actuated from the algorithm to the procedure-oriented and face the goal tendency development;the four, information processing have developed from the voice to the data and the image;five, wireless frequency spectrum processing already from narrow band simulation to the narrow band CDMA development;the six, computers have developed from central processing to the distributional server and intellectualized processing;the seven, semiconductor devices have developed from each chip 16,000,000,000,000 /150MHz speed VLSI to 0.5 /350MHz speed VLSI and 2,000,000,000,000,000 /550MHz speed VLSI.Under this tendency's guidance, the mobile service rapid development, it satisfied the people in any time, any place to carry on the correspondence with any individual the desire. The mobile communication realizes in the future the ideal person-to-person communication service way that must be taken. In the information support technology, the market competition and under the demand combined action, the mobile communication technology's development is progresses by leaps and bounds, presents the following several general trends: work service digitization, grouping; 2. networking wide band; working intellectualization; 4.higher frequency band; 5. more effective use frequency; 6.each kind of network tends the fusion. The understanding, grasps these tendencies has the vital practical significance to the mobile communication operator and the equipment manufacturer.二、英文翻译现代移动通信在当今高度信息化的社会，信息和通信已成为现代社会的“命脉”。

1、 外文原文（复印件）A: Fundamentals of Single-chip MicrocomputerT h e sin gle -ch ip mi c ro co m p u t e r is t h e cu lm in at io n of b ot h t h e d e ve lo p me nt of t h e d ig ita l co m p u t e r a n d t h e i nte g rated c ircu it a rgu ab l y t h e to w mo st s ign if i cant i nve nt i o n s of t h e 20t h c e nt u ry [1].T h ese to w t yp e s of arch ite ct u re are fo u n d in s in gle -ch ip m i cro co m p u te r. S o m e e mp l oy t h e sp l it p ro gra m /d at a m e m o r y of t h e H a r va rd arch ite ct u re , s h o wn in -5A , ot h e rs fo l lo w t h e p h i lo so p hy, wid e l y ad a p ted fo r ge n e ral -p u rp o se co m p u te rs an d m i cro p ro ce ss o rs , of m a kin g n o l o g i ca l d i st in ct i o n b et we e n p ro gra m an d d ata m e m o r y as in t h e P rin c eto n a rch ite ct u re , sh o wn in -5A.In ge n e ra l te r m s a s in g le -ch ip m ic ro co m p u t e r is ch a ra cte r ized b y t h e in co r p o rat io n of all t h e u n its of a co mp u te r into a s in gle d e vi ce , as s h o w n in F i g3-5A-3.-5A-1A Harvard type-5A. A conventional Princeton computerProgrammemory Datamemory CPU Input& Output unitmemoryCPU Input& Output unitResetInterruptsPowerFig3-5A-3. Principal features of a microcomputerRead only memory (ROM).RO M is u su a l l y fo r t h e p e r m an e nt , n o n -vo lat i le sto rage of an ap p l i cat io n s p ro g ram .M a ny m i c ro co m p u te rs a n d m i cro co nt ro l le rs are inte n d ed fo r h i gh -vo lu m e ap p l i cat io n s a n d h e n ce t h e e co n o m i cal man u fa c t u re of t h e d e vi ces re q u ires t h at t h e co nt e nts of t h e p ro gra m me mo r y b e co mm i ed p e r m a n e nt l y d u r in g t h e m a n u fa ct u re of c h ip s . C lea rl y, t h i s imp l ies a r i go ro u s ap p ro a ch to ROM co d e d e ve lo p m e nt s in ce ch an ges can n o t b e mad e af te r m an u fa ct u re .T h i s d e ve l o p m e nt p ro ces s m ay i nvo l ve e mu l at i o n u sin g a so p h ist icated d e ve lo p m e nt syste m wit h a h ard wa re e mu l at i o n capab i l it y as we ll as t h e u s e of p o we rf u l sof t war e to o l s.So m e m an u fa ct u re rs p ro vi d e ad d it i o n a l ROM o p t io n s b y in clu d in g in t h e i r ran ge d e v ic es w it h (o r inte n d ed fo r u s e wit h ) u se r p ro g ram m a b le m e mo r y. T h e s im p lest of t h e se i s u su a l l y d e v i ce wh i ch can o p e rat e in a m i cro p ro ce s so r mo d e b y u s in g s o m e of t h e in p u t /o u t p u t l in es as an ad d res s a n d d ata b u s fo r a cc es sin g exte rn a l m e m o r y. T h is t yp e o f d e vi ce can b e h ave f u n ct i o n al l y as t h e s in gle ch ip m i cro co m p u t e r f ro m wh i ch it i s d e ri ved a lb e it wit h re st r icted I/O an d a m o d if ied exte rn a l c ircu it. T h e u s e of t h e se RO M le ss d e vi ces i s co mmo n e ve n in p ro d u ct io n circu i ts wh e re t h e vo lu m e d o e s n ot ju st if y t h e d e ve lo p m e nt co sts of cu sto m o n -ch ip ROM [2];t h e re ca n st i ll b e a si gn if i cant sav in g in I/O an d o t h e r ch ip s co m pared to a External Timing components System clock Timer/ Counter Serial I/O Prarallel I/O RAM ROMCPUco nve nt io n al m i c ro p ro ces so r b ased circ u it. M o re exa ct re p l a ce m e nt fo rRO M d e v ice s can b e o b tain ed in t h e fo rm of va ria nts w it h 'p i g g y-b a c k'E P ROM(E rasab le p ro gramm ab le ROM )s o cket s o r d e v ice s w it h E P ROMin stead of ROM 。