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丙烯酸聚合物作用下植物单宁处理胶原蛋白稳定性研究丙烯酸聚合物作用下植物单宁处理胶原蛋白稳定性研究32卷第23期2010年12月西部皮革WESrLEATHERV0l_32No.23DeC.2010丙烯酸聚合物作用下植物单宁处理胶原蛋白稳定性研究B.Madhan,c.Muralidharan*,R.Jayakumar着晏红编译摘要:胶原蛋白是一种具有独特结缔组织的蛋白质,具有生物相容性的生物材料,广泛用于伤口愈合,药物载体以及化妆保养品等方面.在丙烯酸聚合物存在的条件下,用植物多酚(黑荆树皮栲胶)处理尖尾肌腱,使其中的I型胶原蛋白稳定的研究结果表明:用丙烯酸聚合物对胶原纤维预处理后再用黑荆树皮栲胶处理,收缩温度(Ts)提高了25?.经红外光谱分析,显示出天然胶原蛋白和处理过的胶原蛋白在光谱特性上的变化.电子显微镜透射和圆二色谱的分析更加深入地阐释了胶原蛋白在丙烯酸聚合物和植物多酚作用下稳定性的提高.这项研究有望提高胶原蛋白在作为组织生物材料方面的应用.关键词:植物单宁;多酚;丙烯酸树脂;胶原;稳定性;生物材料1前言胶原蛋白是组成结缔组织的主要结构.它是重要的生物材料,应用于假肢,人造组织,药物载体和化妆品.植物单宁是一种存在于植物栲胶中的多酚类化合物,相对分子质量在500,3000 Da之间.色谱分析研究表明植物单宁提取物是多组分的多酚物质.在皮革制造过程中,植物单宁可用于提高胶原蛋白耐湿热稳定性.胶原蛋白有19种,其中 I型胶原是皮肤,肌腱,骨头以及其他组织的主要成分.这种蛋白质是由三条紧密的螺旋链缠绕而成,构成强度和稳定性很高的纤维.胶原蛋白稳定的结构归功作者简介:晏红,女,2008级本科生. 于这些螺旋链间分子间形成的氢键.一些铬的低聚物与胶原蛋白相互作用导致基质不可逆变性和变得远程有序,因此赋予胶原更高的湿热稳定性.多酚以植物单宁提取物的形式用于提高皮的稳定性可以追溯到出现人类的时候.众所周知,绿茶中的多酚具有抗癌功能.绿茶提取物里通常含有儿茶酚的派衍生物,从已经报道过的单宁的药理学作用可知有抗癌效果.植物单宁提取物中的多酚通过形成氢键与胶原形成交联. 在早期的研究中,已经证明在丙烯酸聚合物存在下,植物单宁会使胶原耐湿热稳定性更高.因此研究植物单宁在丙烯酸聚合物存在下对胶原蛋白耐热稳定性的贡献尤为必要.本实验中用胶原蛋白中I型胶原的主要结果鼠尾胶原作为研究对象,以金合欢树或者含羞草作为研究的植物单宁的主要原料.含羞草属于浓缩单宁一类,它基本上包含了类黄酮的分子结构.2材料和方法2.1材料以坦桑尼亚含羞草里提取的单宁作为多酚的原始材料.商用的丙烯酸聚合物平均相对分子质量为8000,与多元酚协同处理胶原蛋白.2.2丙烯酸聚合物的结构阐述选用的商用丙烯酸聚合物是具有红外光谱,C13核磁共振和 H】核磁共振光谱分析特质的. 2.3鼠尾胶原纤维的处理用于研究的胶原纤维是从6 周大的老鼠尾巴里提取的.用 45西部皮革第32卷4lcC的0.9%的NaC1彻底清洗提取胶原纤维,去除可溶性的纤维.将提取出来的纤维进行三个不同实验,实验一使胶原纤维用 1%的丙烯酸聚合物处理12h;实验二使胶原纤维用5%的植物单宁处理12h;实验三使胶原纤维先用1%的丙烯酸聚合物处理l h,再用5%的植物单宁处理12 h.本实验使用的丙烯酸聚合物和植物单宁都是弱酸性的. 2.4收缩温度测定将丙烯酸和植物单宁处理过的鼠尾胶原纤维用收缩温度仪测定其耐湿热稳定性.切一小段的纤维放在显微镜载物片上,将显微镜安装在加热台上,使载物片轮流被加热.加热的频率保持在每分钟增加21?.纤维收缩至最初三分之一长度时的温度就是其收缩温度.2.5胶原膜相互作用的研究从RTI'提取的胶原溶液投射在玻璃上,在层流净化罩里风干.用2.3中提及的方法,丙烯酸聚合物,植物单宁处理胶原膜. 已经处理好的胶原膜经水清洗, 气体干燥,再用红外测试其结构.2.6圆二色谱分析从鼠尾胶原萃取的胶原溶液参照资料进行圆二色谱分析.溶液的胶原含量通过标准程序得到.用5mol/L乙酸做参比液,用 Jaseo715CD在紫外区域测定天然胶原构型.0.3mg/mL的胶原溶液分别用3mg/mL丙烯酸和植物单宁处理,混合物的构型变化用圆二色谱进行分析.2.7电子显微镜研究天然和经处理的RTT样品用透视式电子显微镜(JEOL一1200EX) 研究,通过分析天然胶原的联合模式,鉴定植物单宁的局部分配.3结果3.1丙烯酸聚合物的特性描述丙烯酸聚合物的光谱数据显示如图1a.羧基的存在可能使羰基在1708em产生伸缩振动.紧接着在1635em处产生更宽的一个信号峰,这可能是因为羧酸盐阴离子的存在.在1479,1178em一一系列的峰信号都证明了甲基丙烯酸的存在.甲基丙烯酸的构型通过用6o120?4oO图1(a)丙烯酸聚合物的Fr—IR光谱,(b)丙烯酸聚合物中Hl核磁共振光谱,(c)丙烯酸聚合物中C13核磁共振光谱第23期晏红编译:丙烯酸聚合物作用下植物单宁处理胶原蛋白稳定性研究攥表1天然纤维和处理过的RTI'纤维收缩温度1640-1660cm出现的峰R1vr胶原纤维收缩温度/? 原胶原纤维58丙烯酸聚合物中68 植物单宁中76丙烯酸和植物单宁86H1和C13共振谱得到确认,如图1b和c.在1.07,2.07mg/kg范围有4个信号峰证明了O/.一甲基和亚甲基上的氢.在183,185 mg/l(g的C13信号峰表明羧基及其羧基盐阴离子的村子. 在55,57,47,48和19,29 mg/kg范围内观测的信号都进一步证明了上述结论.l9,20mg/kg内出现的信号很清晰的表明了一甲基附近形成了聚甲基丙烯酸的结构,在光谱中观测到的其他信号可能是商用聚合物中使用的添加剂,它们对胶原纤维结构影响不大,因此没有做相关实验来解释这些信号.3.2胶原纤维的湿热稳定性天然纤维的收缩温度高达 58?.用丙烯酸聚合物和植物单宁处理的R1Tr纤维提取液呈现出的收缩温度分别为68?和 76?.经聚合物处理后再用植物单宁处理的R1Tr纤维的缩收缩温度达到86?.3.3丙烯酸聚合物,植物单宁与胶原的相互作用图2a—d为红外光谱,分别为未经处理的胶原膜和用丙烯酸聚合物,植物单宁处理的胶原膜以及两者都用的情况.在主要是氨基化合物蛋白中的氨基酸I型化合物中的羰基的伸缩振动产生的.在1500,1550cm强烈的吸收峰是因为氨基酸II型化合物的存在,在图2a中1550cm的伸缩振动是因为胶原中氨基酸的N—H和C—N的耦合振动产生的.胶原中有较高含 Wavenumber(Cm-) 图2胶原膜的傅里叶红外光谱(a)天然胶原膜,(b)丙烯酸聚合物处理的胶原膜,(c)植物单宁处理的胶原膜,(d)两者同时处理后的胶原膜.量的甘氨酸和羟脯氨酸,这就是使胶原与其他类型的蛋白截然不同,这两种氨基酸的存在也就产生了1200,1400cm的特征峰.1200,1400cm一的特征峰应归因于第三种氨基酸化合物中 C—N和N—H键在形成的氨基交联上的振动.1238cm处的吸收峰即是这种氨基化合物的伸缩振动.而且甘氨酸主链和羟脯氨酸侧链CH 的吸收峰也在此区域得到体现.1340cm处的吸收峰即是羟脯氨酸的侧链CH2振动.用被处理的胶原膜进行光谱扫描,都能观察到这些特征峰 (图2b—d).用丙烯酸处理后的胶原膜在1708cm处的吸收峰,则是丙烯酸中的羰基吸收 (图2b),但是由于与I型氨峰基酸化合物作用后,该特征峰并不是尖峰,而且用丙烯酸和植物单宁一起处理胶原膜后, 该吸收峰消失了(图2d).这就证明氨基酸的羧基由于植物单宁的加入而受到了影响.用植物单宁处理后的胶原膜(图 2c和d)出现了1350cm的特征吸收,这是因为植物单宁中没有被植物单芳香基的存在.宁处理的胶原膜,在3324cm 出现的特征峰时氨基酸的 N—H伸缩振动,当用植物单宁处理后,该峰则移向更高的波数3350cm处,并且峰也加宽了.该峰不会是羟基的伸缩振动,因为其振动只会出现在 47^一.笛霸釜昌置四J工西部皮革第32卷fb1图3RTT胶原纤维的转动电子显微照片:(a)用植物单宁处理的胶原纤维;(b)用丙烯酸聚合物处理胶原纤维;(c)用丙烯酸聚合物在用植物单宁处理的胶原纤维.;'oE"CIN.暑一毫-2t面o暑WatvelenlOthcnm' 图4胶原液的元二色谱:(——)原胶原液(0.3m咖L);(一一)用丙烯酸处理的胶原液;(…)用植物单宁处理的胶原液;(…)用丙烯酸处理在用植物单宁处理的胶原液.3550cm处.因此,这些特征都表明,植物单宁与胶原有氢键结合.同时在丙烯酸的共同作用下,所有的峰都变宽了,也就表明作用加强了.仅用植物单宁处理,和仅用丙烯酸处理,以及用丙烯酸处理再用植物单宁处理的RTT胶原的电子显微照片如图3所示.图3a为用植物单宁处理的R1Tr胶原的电子显微照片,并没有显示明晰联合的图案,这很可能是因为单宁与纤维形成包裹层.仅用丙烯酸处理的情况如图3b.在丙烯酸中使用植物单宁酸的情况如图3c,可见清晰的包裹图像.用丙烯酸聚合物处理RTT得到的和早期报道电子显微图像,的一样,我们观察到纤维层更有次序了.把植物单宁添加到用丙烯酸聚合物处理的R,IfI'胶原液中,得到有一定次序的纤维层.在继丙烯酸后用植物单宁处理的RTT具有更高的收缩温度,从单用丙烯酸处理的68?增加到86 ?,也证明了这一点.收缩温度的增加可以通过长程有序和纤维交联来解释,纤维是被丙烯酸和植物单宁处理过的.天然胶原和被处理的胶原的圆二色谱如图4.原胶原的圆二色谱图由196.5nm 处出现的竹一1T酰胺键及220nm处的 n一1r键共同决定.处理胶原的圆二色谱显示了在196.5nm处增加的克分子椭圆率,预示着胶原在引进丙烯酸后有适度的展开当植物单宁添加到用丙烯环境.酸处理的胶原液中,根据观察, 吸收光谱图发生变化,朝着原胶原的光谱图变化.4讨论植物单宁由于其化学特性, 可以进入胶原的活性区域进行 48第23期晏红编译:丙烯酸聚合物作用下植物单宁处理胶原蛋白稳定性研究锋蠢囊誉i{lN-HN-HIlH一R-?2+I{+HH—I几n0=f1~-1-1N-H }}l(a)fb1R_晰+\l十R州H.一一N}bI H{(d)+oc.0{tt-(2M一一Hr-1-10产N-H反应,比如与赖氨酸和精氨酸反应,使得胶原的耐湿热稳定性得以提高.这些区域含有较多的碱性基团和酸性基团,使可以与植物单宁进行化学反应,从而产生交联,提高耐湿热稳定性.因此这些交联是有序的,可以阻止胶原受热产生变性.聚合物的加入增加了胶原的体积,因此也可以提高其耐湿热稳定性.因此在该研究中,由于丙烯酸聚合物的存在,使得植物单宁处理胶原后其耐热稳定性大大高于植物单宁单独处理胶原的耐热稳定性.通过以前对丙烯酸聚合物存在下 DNA熔点温度得到提高已经证实了这一理论.通过静电引力, 胶原分子被打开,丙烯酸聚合物处理胶原后主要是形成了聚甲基丙烯酸,因此可以与胶原活性点进行反应.这就使植物单宁处理胶原时,胶原结构得以打开, 有利于植物单宁与胶原的进一步反应,从而提高胶原耐湿热稳定性.这一点通过丙烯酸存在下用植物单宁处理鼠尾胶原的结果可以得到证明(图5).图5中提到的反应式也证明其在胶原纤维内部发生了反应.在反应条件中,丙烯酸带负电,因此可以与胶原中带正电的基团进行反应,胶原模块即在如此的反应中被打开,由此也使得植物单宁与胶原反应的紧密性增强.用于该研究中的植物单宁含有多酚比如儿茶,没食子酸等主要成分, 这些成份中的羟基是单宁的主要反应官能团,反应时与胶原中是氨基酸诸如赖氨酸,精氨酸和天冬氨酸形成氢键结合.别的氨基酸像丝氨酸和色氨酸可以与丙烯酸形成氢键结合.所有的这些氨基酸残基既能作为形成氢键的受体也能作为形成氢键的给予体.既然这些聚多酚都含有氢键和羧基,那么则能与胶原纤维形成多点结合,从而提高胶原耐湿热稳定性.图5胶原与丙烯酸以及植物单宁相互反应的图解:(a)主要代表了氨基酸残基的胶原多肽链; (b)弱酸环境中带电氨基残基的侧链;(c)丙烯酸聚合物——因为羧基存在带负电;(d)胶原多肽链与丙烯酸聚合物复合体的带电反应;(e)典型的植物多酚分子; (f)胶原一丙烯酸一多酚复合体, 表明了多点静电相互作用力,在多酚羟基与极性氨基酸残基,与纤维相邻胶原多肽链之间,显示了植物单宁多酚与丙烯酸之间相似的偶极反应.鸣谢作者感谢Ramasami博士,印度中央皮革研究所的主管,感谢他的鼓励和兴趣,感谢Narasimhaswamy博士和 Rajaram博士协同工作,感谢CLRI化学试验室的全体成员的支持. 49至-N.R。
白菜中19种农药残留检测能力验证曾华芳（平和县农业农村局检测中心，福建平和 363700）摘 要：目的：参加福建省农业农村厅组织的2022年度农药残留检测能力验证项目，评价实验室白菜中农药残留定量检测能力，提高实验室检验人员检测水平。
方法：根据作业指导书，参照国家标准GB 23200.121—2021中基本操作步骤，采用液相色谱-质谱联用法对考核样进行检测，外标定量法。
结果：样品空白未检出农药残留；样品白菜中吡唑醚菌酯检测值为0.17 mg·kg-1。
一个月后考核结果为合格，通过能力验证。
结论：参加该次能力验证活动，发现并解决了检验人员在实验过程中存在的问题，提升了检验人员的检测能力。
关键词：白菜；农药残留；检测能力验证Verification of Detection Capacity of 19 Pesticide Residues inChinese CabbageZENG Huafang(Testing Center of Pinghe County Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pinghe 363700, China) Abstract: Objective: To participate in the 2022 pesticide residue detection capacity verification project organized by Fujian Provincial Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, to evaluate the laboratory’s ability to quantitatively detect pesticide residues in Chinese cabbage, and to improve the testing level of laboratory inspectors. Method: According to the operation guide, referring to the basic operation steps in the national standard GB 23200.121—2021, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to test the assessment samples with external standard quantitative method. Result: No pesticide residues were detected in the sample blank; the detection value of pyraclostrobin in the sample Chinese cabbage was 0.17 mg·kg-1. The result of the assessment after one month was qualified and passed the proficiency testing. Conclusion: Participating in this detection capacity verification project has identified and solved the problems of the inspectors in the experimental process, and improved the detection capacity of the inspectors.Keywords: Chinese cabbage; pesticide residues; detection capacity verification随着现代农业的高质量发展，农产品生产对农药、抗生素和激素等外源物质依赖日益加深。
第34卷第3期2020年5月湖南大学学报(社会科学版)Journal of Hunan University(Social Sciences)Vol.34#No.3May92020论新时代中国生态文明国际话语权的提升*廖小平】，董成12（1.中南林业科技大学商学院，湖南长沙410004%.湖南城市学院管理学院，湖南益阳413000）［摘要］提升中国生态文明国际话语权不仅有利于彰显中国特色社会主义的国际地位，也是强化中国生态文明建设的需要#党的十八大以来，中国生态文明建设为全球环境治理贡献中国方案和中国智慧，深度参与角色日益显现，国际话语权持续增强，取得世界公认的成就，这是提升新时代中国生态文明国际话语权的现实机遇#增强综合国力，参与全球环境治理，广泛传播生态文明思想，增进国际话语认同，大力推进生态文明建设国际合作，拓宽国际话语平台，是提升新时代中国生态文明国际话语权的基本路径#［关键词］社会主义；生态文明；国际话语权；路径［中图分类号］A851［文献标识码］A［文章编号］1008—1763（2020）03—0009—09On the Promoti o n of the Internati o nal Discourse Powerof China's Ecological Civilization in the New EraLIAO Xiao-ping1,DONG Cheng1,2(1.School of Business,Central South University of Forestry and Technology?Changsha410004,China;2.School of Management,Hunan City University,Yiyang413000,China)Abstract:To enhance the international discourse power of China's ecological civilization is not only beneficial to highlight the international status of socialism with Chinese characteristics,but also necessary to strengthen the construction of China's ecological civilization.Since the18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China,China's ecological civilization construction has contributed to global environmental governance with Chinese programs and Chinese wisdom.Its role of deep participation has become increasinglyevident#thisisarealisticopportunitytoenhancetheinternationaldiscoursepowerofChina's ecological civilization in the new era.We will strengthen comprehensive national power,participate in globalenvironmentalgovernance#widelydisseminateecologicalcivilizationthoughts#enhanceinternational discourseidentification#vigorously promote international cooperation in ecological civilization construc-tion#and broaden international discourse platforms#it is the basic way to enhance the international dis-coursepowerofChina'secologicalcivilizationinthenewera.Key words：socialism；ecological civilization；international discourse power；path当今世界正经历百年未有之大变局，中国正处在实现中华民族伟大复兴的关键时期）党的十八大以来，中国积极参与全球治理体系改革和建设，推动构建更加公正合理的国际治理体系，国际话语权得到很大提升）长期以来，话语权的强弱体现着一个国家的综合实力和国际地位，是世界各国在国际舞台上争夺的重点）在某种意义上，通过话语权获得的资格和权力就是“合法的”资格和权力，它将给相"［收稿日期］2019-11-28［基金项目］国家社会科学基金重点项目：中国价值安全与社会主义核心价值体系建设研究（14AZX019）［作者简介］廖小平（1962-）,男，湖南邵阳人，中南林业科技大学商学院教授，博士生导师，中国特色社会主义道德文化协调创新中心首席专家，研究方向：生态哲学。
63国内外毛豆农药残留限量标准比对分析张利真1 汪 滨1 张 明1* 周坤超2 于立梅1 李 菁1（1.中国标准化研究院；2.衢州华友钴新材料有限公司）摘 要：以毛豆、蚕豆为主的豆类蔬菜是我国出口速冻蔬菜的主要品种，在国际贸易中占有主导地位[1]，而农药最高残留限量是农产品国际贸易中最被关注的问题。
因此，选取毛豆作为研究对象，对比分析我国与国际食品法典委员会（CAC ）、欧盟、日本、韩国、美国等5个国家地区或组织的毛豆农药残留限量标准，并分析了我国毛豆农残限量标准存在的问题，提出修订我国毛豆农残限量标准的建议。
关键词：毛豆，标准，农药残留，比对DOI编码：10.3969/j.issn.1674-5698.2021.06.012Comparative Analysis of Pesticide Residue LimitStandards in Green Soybean at Home and Abroad ZHANG Li-zhen 1 WANG Bin 1 ZHANG Ming 1* ZHOU Kun-chao 2 YU Li-mei 1 LI Jing 1（1.China National Institute of Standardization; 2. Quzhou Huayou Cobalt New Material Co., Ltd.）Abstract: Legume vegetables, mainly green soybeans and broad beans, are the main varieties of quick-frozen vegetables exported from China, occupying a leading position in the international trade. Therefore, this paper selects green soybean as the research object, makes a comparative analysis on the pesticide residue limit standards of Chinese and other five countries, regions or organizations including Codex Alimentarius Commission, the European Union, Japan, South Korea, the United States, and analyzes the problems existing in China's green soybean pesticide residue limit standard, and puts forward the suggestion of revising the pesticide residue limit standard in China.Keywords: green soybean, standard, pesticide residue, comparison基金项目：本文是国家重点研发计划“中国标准适用性技术研究（二期）”（项目编号：2017YFF0209500）的研究成果。
As a high school student with a keen interest in environmental science, Ive always been fascinated by the rich tapestry of life that thrives within Chinas vast and diverse ecosystems. The countrys biological diversity, or biodiversity, is a treasure trove of unique species and ecosystems that play a crucial role in maintaining the balance of our planet. In this essay, I will delve into the importance of Chinas biodiversity, the challenges it faces, and the steps being taken to protect it.China is home to a myriad of ecosystems, ranging from the lush tropical rainforests of Xishuangbanna to the arid deserts of Xinjiang, and from the frozen tundra of the Tibetan Plateau to the bustling wetlands along the Yangtze River. This diversity of habitats supports an astonishing array of life forms, including over 30,000 species of higher plants and more than 6,000 species of vertebrates. Among these are many endemic species, such as the Giant Panda and the Chinese Alligator, which are found nowhere else in the world.The importance of biodiversity extends beyond the aesthetic beauty of these species. Biodiversity is the foundation of ecosystem services, which are the benefits that humans derive from nature. These services include pollination of crops, water purification, climate regulation, and the provision of food, medicine, and materials. For example, the forests of China absorb large amounts of carbon dioxide, helping to mitigate the effects of climate change. Moreover, traditional Chinese medicine relies heavily on the countrys rich biodiversity, with many plant and animal species used in the treatment of various ailments.However, Chinas biodiversity is under threat. Habitat loss, pollution, overexploitation, and climate change are some of the major factors contributing to the decline of species and ecosystems. The expansion of agriculture, urbanization, and infrastructure development has led to the destruction of natural habitats, forcing many species into smaller and more fragmented areas. The construction of largescale hydroelectric dams, such as the Three Gorges Dam, has also had significant impacts on river ecosystems and the species that depend on them.Poaching and illegal wildlife trade are further exacerbating the decline of certain species. The demand for luxury items, traditional medicines, and exotic pets drives the illegal hunting and trafficking of animals, pushing some species to the brink of extinction. The Chinese Pangolin, for instance, is critically endangered due to its high demand for its scales and meat in traditional medicine and as a delicacy.Despite these challenges, there are efforts being made to protect and conserve Chinas biodiversity. The Chinese government has established a network of nature reserves, which now cover over 15% of the countrys land area. These protected areas provide a safe haven for many endangered species and help to preserve critical habitats. The establishment of the Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park, for example, is a significant step towards the conservation of the islands unique ecosystems and species.In addition to government initiatives, there is a growing awareness among the public about the importance of biodiversity. Educational programs andcampaigns are being carried out to raise awareness about the value of biodiversity and the need for its conservation. The success of the Giant Panda conservation program, which has seen the species status improve from endangered to vulnerable, is a testament to the power of collective action.Furthermore, China is actively participating in international efforts to combat biodiversity loss. As a signatory to the Convention on Biological Diversity, China is committed to the global goals of conserving biodiversity, sustainable use of its components, and fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from genetic resources. The countrys leadership in the establishment of the Belt and Road Initiative also presents opportunities for promoting green development and sustainable practices along the route.In conclusion, Chinas biodiversity is a precious resource that plays a vital role in the health of our planet and the wellbeing of its inhabitants. While the challenges facing biodiversity are significant, the efforts being made to protect and conserve it offer hope for a sustainable future. As a high school student, I am inspired by the resilience of nature and the dedication of those working to protect it. I believe that through education, awareness, and collective action, we can ensure the continued survival and prosperity of Chinas rich biodiversity for generations to come.。
Good morning/afternoon/evening. It is my great honor to stand before you today to talk about a topic that is not only crucial for our survival but also deeply intertwined with our identity as a nation – the state of our environment and the path to ecological China.As we gather here, it is important to acknowledge that the world we live in is facing unprecedented challenges. Climate change, pollution, deforestation, and the loss of biodiversity are just a few of the issues that threaten the delicate balance of our planet. In the context of these challenges, China, with its vast land and diverse ecosystems, has a significant role to play in leading the global effort towards ecological sustainability.First and foremost, let us recognize the beauty and diversity of China's natural landscapes. From the towering peaks of the Himalayas to the lush greenery of the Yangtze River basin, from the desolate yet majestic Gobi Desert to the serene beauty of the Potala Palace, our country is a treasure trove of natural wonders. These landscapes are not just a source of inspiration and wonder; they are the foundation of our ecological system and the source of life for millions of people.However, despite the splendor of our natural heritage, we must face the harsh reality that China is facing a severe ecological crisis. Air pollution in cities like Beijing and Shanghai has reached alarming levels, leading to health issues and a degradation of our environment. The relentless pursuit of economic growth has often come at the expense of our natural resources, leading to deforestation, soil erosion, and the loss of vital habitats for countless species.To address these challenges, the Chinese government has takensignificant steps towards ecological conservation and sustainable development. The concept of "ecological civilization" has been enshrined in our national strategy, aiming to balance economic progress with environmental protection. Here are some key initiatives that China has undertaken:1. The Green Development Initiative: This comprehensive plan focuses on reducing energy consumption, improving energy efficiency, and promotingrenewable energy sources. By investing in clean technologies and green infrastructure, China aims to reduce its carbon footprint and combat climate change.2. The National Parks System: Recognizing the importance of preserving our natural heritage, China has established a network of national parks to protect critical ecosystems and biodiversity. These parks not only serve as a haven for wildlife but also provide opportunities for sustainable tourism and education.3. The Sponge City Project: This innovative initiative aims to manage urban water resources more effectively by utilizing natural processes such as infiltration, storage, and purification. By implementing green infrastructure, such as permeable pavements and rain gardens, China seeks to reduce urban flooding and improve water quality.4. The Zero Waste Campaign: Recognizing the need to reduce waste and promote recycling, China has launched a national campaign to tackle the issue of waste management. By encouraging the reuse and recycling of materials, China aims to minimize its environmental impact and promote a circular economy.5. The South-to-North Water Transfer Project: This ambitious project aims to alleviate water scarcity in northern China by transferring water from the Yangtze River to the Yellow River basin. By optimizing water resources allocation, China seeks to ensure sustainable water supply for its population and ecosystems.These initiatives are just a few examples of China's commitment to ecological conservation. However, the journey towards ecological China is far from over. We must continue to strive for a sustainable balance between economic development and environmental protection.To achieve this, we need to empower our citizens to become stewards of the environment. Education plays a crucial role in fostering environmental awareness and promoting sustainable behaviors. Byinstilling a sense of responsibility and respect for nature in ouryounger generations, we can build a solid foundation for ecological sustainability.Furthermore, international cooperation is essential in addressing global ecological challenges. China has actively participated in international environmental agreements and initiatives, such as the Paris Agreement and the Convention on Biological Diversity. By working together with other nations, we can share knowledge, resources, and best practices to tackle the ecological crisis.In conclusion, the path to ecological China is a challenging yet essential journey. It requires a collective effort from our government, businesses, and citizens. By embracing sustainable practices, investing in renewable energy, protecting our natural landscapes, and fostering environmental education, we can create a harmonious balance between economic growth and ecological preservation.Let us remember that the health of our planet is interconnected with the health of our society. By working towards ecological China, we are not only protecting our environment but also securing a sustainable future for generations to come.Thank you.。
中国生态发展英文作文Here is an English essay on the topic of China's ecological development, with a word count exceeding 1,000 words.China's Ecological Development: A Journey Towards SustainabilityChina, the world's most populous nation, has long been recognized for its rapid economic growth and technological advancements. However, in recent years, the country has also emerged as a global leader in the realm of environmental protection and sustainable development. As the world grapples with the pressing challenges of climate change, resource depletion, and ecological degradation, China's commitment to eco-friendly practices and green initiatives has become increasingly prominent.At the heart of China's ecological development lies a deep-rooted understanding of the intricate relationship between human activity and the natural environment. The country has witnessed the consequences of unchecked industrialization and urbanization, from air pollution to water scarcity. Recognizing the urgent need to address these issues, the Chinese government has implemented a comprehensive set of policies and strategies aimed at promotingsustainable growth and preserving the country's rich natural heritage.One of the key pillars of China's ecological development is its commitment to renewable energy. The country has emerged as a global leader in the production and utilization of renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, and hydropower. China's investment in renewable energy infrastructure has been unprecedented, with the country accounting for a significant portion of the world's total renewable energy capacity. This strategic focus on clean energy has not only reduced the country's reliance on fossil fuels but has also created numerous green jobs and fostered the growth of a thriving renewable energy industry.Alongside its renewable energy initiatives, China has also placed a strong emphasis on improving energy efficiency across various sectors. The government has implemented stringent energy-saving standards for buildings, appliances, and industrial processes, encouraging the adoption of energy-efficient technologies and practices. This commitment to energy efficiency has led to significant reductions in energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to China's overall environmental sustainability.Another crucial aspect of China's ecological development is its efforts to protect and restore its natural ecosystems. The country has established an extensive network of national parks and naturereserves, covering a vast area of land and water resources. These protected areas serve as sanctuaries for diverse flora and fauna, safeguarding the delicate balance of the country's rich biodiversity. Furthermore, China has undertaken ambitious reforestation and afforestation projects, with the goal of increasing its forest cover and mitigating the effects of deforestation and land degradation.Recognizing the importance of public engagement and education in environmental stewardship, China has also made significant strides in promoting environmental awareness and sustainable practices among its citizens. The government has invested in environmental education programs, raising awareness about the importance of environmental protection and encouraging individuals and communities to adopt eco-friendly behaviors. This grassroots approach has empowered citizens to become active participants in the country's ecological development, fostering a sense of collective responsibility towards the environment.Furthermore, China has actively collaborated with the international community in addressing global environmental challenges. The country has played a leading role in the implementation of the Paris Agreement on climate change, setting ambitious targets for emissions reduction and renewable energy deployment. China has also provided financial and technological support to developing nations, helping them to build their own sustainable infrastructureand adapt to the impacts of climate change.Despite the remarkable progress made in China's ecological development, the country still faces significant challenges. The sheer scale of China's population and the rapid pace of its urbanization and industrialization have created immense pressures on the environment. Air pollution, water scarcity, and soil degradation remain persistent issues that require ongoing attention and concerted efforts.To address these challenges, China has embraced a holistic approach to ecological development, integrating environmental protection into its overall development strategy. The country has implemented a series of stringent environmental regulations, enforcement mechanisms, and incentive programs to drive sustainable practices across various sectors. This comprehensive approach has yielded tangible results, with improvements in air and water quality, increased renewable energy generation, and the restoration of degraded ecosystems.As China continues its journey towards ecological sustainability, it serves as a model for other nations grappling with similar environmental challenges. The country's unwavering commitment to green development, its innovative solutions, and its global leadership in addressing environmental issues have the potential to inspire andinfluence the global community. By sharing its experiences, collaborating with international partners, and continuing to push the boundaries of sustainable practices, China can play a pivotal role in shaping a more resilient and environmentally-conscious future for the planet.In conclusion, China's ecological development represents a remarkable transformation in the country's approach to environmental stewardship. From its ambitious renewable energy targets to its comprehensive ecosystem protection efforts, China has demonstrated its unwavering dedication to sustainable growth and the preservation of its natural resources. As the world grapples with the pressing challenges of climate change and environmental degradation, China's leadership in this domain serves as a beacon of hope, inspiring other nations to follow suit and collaborate towards a more sustainable future for all.。
China's Environmental Improvement: A Journey towards SustainabilityChina, the world's most populous country, has seen remarkable transformations in its environmental landscapein recent decades. Driven by a combination of government policies, technological advancements, and societal awareness, the country has embarked on a journey towards environmental sustainability. This essay delves into thekey factors that have contributed to China's environmental improvement and the challenges it still faces.At the forefront of China's environmental efforts isthe government's commitment to green policies. The implementation of strict environmental regulations and laws has played a pivotal role in curbing pollution andpromoting sustainable practices. For instance, the country has implemented stringent emission standards for industries, phased out coal-fired power plants, and invested heavily in renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power. These measures have significantly reduced air and water pollution, improving the overall quality of life for citizens.Moreover, China has been proactive in its approach to environmental protection, embracing technology as a key enabler of environmental improvement. The country has made significant investments in clean technology, such as electric vehicles and smart grid systems, which have reduced greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption. Additionally, China has been at the forefront of green building technology, promoting the construction of energy-efficient and eco-friendly buildings that reduce carbon emissions and resource waste.Besides government policies and technological advancements, societal awareness has also played a crucial role in China's environmental improvement. The country has witnessed a growing movement towards green living, with citizens increasingly adopting eco-friendly practices in their daily lives. This includes recycling, reducing waste, and conserving resources such as water and electricity. The rise of environmental organizations and campaigns has also raised awareness about the importance of protecting the environment,鼓励更多人参与到环保行动中来。
有关绿色环保英语外刊英文回答：Green and Sustainable Living: A Comprehensive Guide.In the tapestry of life, the natural world holds a sacred thread, nurturing our existence and inspiring us to embrace sustainable practices. As responsible stewards of this precious planet, we must prioritize the well-being of our environment for present and future generations. This comprehensive guide will delve into the multifaceted aspects of green and sustainable living, offering practical steps and insights to guide you on this transformative journey.Embracing the Principles of Sustainability.Sustainability embodies the harmonious balance between human needs and the preservation of natural resources. It encompasses three interconnected pillars: environmentalprotection, social equity, and economic viability. To achieve sustainability, we must consider the impact of our actions on the planet, ensure social justice for all, and foster a thriving economy that supports both human and environmental well-being.Reducing Our Carbon Footprint.Greenhouse gases, primarily emitted through human activities, trap heat within the Earth's atmosphere, leading to global warming and climate change. To minimize our carbon footprint, we can embrace renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power, opt for energy-efficient appliances, and reduce our reliance on fossil fuels.Conserving Water and Natural Resources.Water scarcity is a growing concern, and sustainable practices are essential to safeguard this vital resource. Installing water-saving fixtures, conserving water during daily activities, and using drought-tolerant plants in ourgardens can all contribute to water conservation. Additionally, we should minimize our consumption of non-renewable natural resources such as minerals and forests to ensure their availability for future generations.Promoting Biodiversity.Biodiversity, the rich variety of life on Earth, is crucial for maintaining ecological balance. Protecting and restoring natural habitats, supporting sustainable agriculture, and reducing our use of pesticides and herbicides can help preserve biodiversity and ensure the health of our ecosystems.Waste Reduction and Recycling.Waste management plays a pivotal role in sustainable living. By reducing, reusing, and recycling our waste, we can minimize the amount of trash that ends up in landfills. Composting organic waste, using reusable shopping bags, and avoiding single-use plastics are effective ways to reduce our waste footprint.Sustainable Transportation.Transportation is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. To promote sustainable transportation, we can opt for walking, cycling, or using public transportation whenever possible. Additionally, investing in electric or hybrid vehicles can significantly reduce our carbon footprint.Ethical and Sustainable Consumption.Our consumption choices have a profound impact on the environment. By choosing products that are ethically sourced, sustainable, and made from recycled materials, we can support businesses that prioritize environmental stewardship. Reducing our overall consumption and repairing or reusing items instead of discarding them can also contribute to a more sustainable lifestyle.Education and Awareness.Education and awareness are paramount in fostering a green and sustainable mindset. By sharing knowledge, inspiring others, and engaging in environmental advocacy, we can create a ripple effect that transforms our society. Educational programs, community workshops, and media campaigns can raise awareness and motivate individuals to adopt sustainable practices.The Power of Collective Action.Addressing environmental challenges requires collective action at all levels. Governments, businesses, and organizations play a crucial role in implementing policies, regulations, and initiatives that promote sustainability. Community involvement, grassroots movements, and international cooperation are also essential for driving systemic change and fostering a culture of environmental responsibility.中文回答：绿色环保生活，全面指南。
EDITORIALBioenergy Sustainability in China:Potential and ImpactsJie Zhuang •Randall W.Gentry •Gui-Rui Yu •Gary S.Sayler •John W.BickhamReceived:14January 2010/Accepted:19August 2010/Published online:14September 2010ÓSpringer Science+Business Media,LLC 2010Abstract The sustainability implications of bioenergy development strategies are large and complex.Unlike conventional agriculture,bioenergy production provides an opportunity to design systems for improving eco-environ-mental services.Different places have different goals and solutions for bioenergy development,but they all should adhere to the sustainability requirements of the environ-ment,economy,and society.This article serves as a brief overview of China’s bioenergy development and as an introduction to this special issue on the impacts of bioen-ergy development in China.The eleven articles in this special issue present a range of perspectives and scenarioanalyses on bioenergy production and its impacts as well as potential barriers to its development.Five general themes are covered:status and goals,biomass resources,energy plants,environmental impacts,and economic and social impacts.The potential for bioenergy production in China is huge,particularly in the central north and northwest.China plans to develop a bioenergy capacity of 30GW by 2020.However,realization of this goal will require break-throughs in bioenergy landscape design,energy plant bio-technology,legislation,incentive policy,and conversion facilities.Our analyses suggest that (1)the linkage between bioenergy,environment,and economy are often circular rather than linear in nature;(2)sustainability is a core concept in bioenergy design and the ultimate goal of bio-energy development;and (3)each bioenergy development scheme must be region-specific and designed to solve local environmental and agricultural problems.Keywords Bioenergy sustainability ÁEmissions ÁEnergy plants ÁMarginal landIntroductionChina has an immense need for new energy resources to feed economic growth and security.Already the largest importer of oil and the second largest consumer of energy in the world,China’s annual energy demand is projected to grow by about 4–5%per year through 2015(NDRC 2007;Yu 2007).China is thus making efforts that are targeted to increasing the share of renewable energy in its total energy mix to 15%by 2020(NDRC 2007;Shen and others 2010).Bioenergy will play a prominent role in the energy port-folio and has the potential for large-scale development that should benefit the economies of remote rural areas.J.Zhuang (&)Biosystems Engineering and Soil Science,Institute for a Secure and Sustainable Environment,Center for EnvironmentalTechnology,The University of Tennessee,Knoxville,TN 37996,USAe-mail:jzhuang@R.W.GentryDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering,Institute for a Secure and Sustainable Environment,The University of Tennessee,Knoxville,TN,USA G.-R.YuInstitute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing,China G.S.SaylerCenter for Environmental Biotechnology,UT-ORNL Joint Institute of Biological Science,The University of Tennessee,Knoxville,TN,USAJ.W.BickhamCenter for the Environment,Department of Forestry and Natural Resources,Purdue University,West Lafayette,IN,USAEnvironmental Management (2010)46:525–530DOI 10.1007/s00267-010-9555-6However,bioenergy production systems are complicated by many factors,such as those reflected in the principles for sustainability(capacity to endure):natural resource availability,social-economic benefits,technology effi-ciency,eco-environmental services(including biodiver-sity),and policy.The challenge is to design a system that can address these factors while being practical,replicable, and appropriate for various scenarios.An important chal-lenge,in addition to energy supply,is to invigorate rural economies while reducing environmental pollution, increasing carbon sequestration,and protecting food security.In this sense,bioenergy sustainability is even more important in China than in many other areas of the world because,while China possesses only7%of the world’s fresh water and cropland,3%of its forests,and2% of its oil,it is home to21%of the world’s population. Development of non-grain bioenergy crops and the pro-ductive use of marginal lands are therefore crucial for food and feed security in China.Drought-resistant perennial energy plants that can live on nutrient poor soils,such as switchgrass(Panicum virgatum),Yang grass(Leymus chinensis),poplar(Populus spp.),and Jatropha curcas,are likely to provide a valuable economic stimulus for agri-culturally poor rural areas while at the same time helping to achieve a more sustainable energy plan.Given the current interest in bioenergy development in China,the guest editor decided to organize this special issue of Environmental Management to illustrate the advances in bioenergy production,biomass assessment, energy plants,and environmental impacts in China to a wider renewable energy research and industry audience. The papers here were selected from talks and posters pre-sented at the China-US workshop on Bioenergy Conse-quences for Global Environmental Change.The workshop was organized by the China-US Joint Research Center for Ecosystem and Environmental Change(http://jrceec.utk. edu)and held on11–15October2008,in Beijing,China, with the sponsorship of the U.S.National Science Foun-dation(NSF)and the Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC).More than eighty representatives from academia, government,and industry in China and the United States gathered to present and discuss their latest scientificfind-ings and current challenges to bioenergy development.All of the submitted papers for this special issue were subjected to a rigorous peer review in accordance with the policies of this journal.The articles accepted for publica-tion cover a wide range of topics relating to the potential and impacts of bioenergy production.To facilitate under-standing of the complexity of bioenergy development,the guest editor has grouped the papers intofive common themes:status and goals,energy potential of biomass resources,energy plants,environmental impacts,and eco-nomic and social impacts.Status and Goals of China’s Bioenergy Development ProgramBioenergy development is one of the priorities of China’s renewable energy strategy and has been written into the Long-term National Economic and Social Development Strategy(NDRC2007).According to the Bureau of Energy created under China’s National Development and Reform Commission(NDRC),the development goal for renewable energy by2020amounts to15%of the total energy capacity,while the goal for biomass-based energy is30GW (15%of the renewable energy consumption).This30GW goal does not include biomass currently used in1,600 industry boilers(Seligsohn and Bradley2009).Achieve-ment of these goals will result in annual emission reduc-tions of33million metric tons of carbon dioxide and2.4 million metric tons of sulfur dioxide(Yu2007).Key areas for bioenergy development include(1)biogas production from biowaste,such as methane generation in rural areas, (2)biomass gasification and solidification from agricultural residues,(3)biomass-to-liquid fuel,such as biodiesel and ethanol,and(4)straw-fired heat and power generation.In2000,China granted licenses tofive plants owned by four companies to produce starch-based fuel ethanol in the provinces.Annual bioethanol production capacity was about 0.92million metric tons in2005,1.50million metric tons in 2007,and1.94million metric tons in2008(Li and Chan-Halbrendt2009),of which80%was produced from corn. Rapid progress caused increases in the price of corn and a grain shortage in some regions.To avoid such impacts,the Chinese government decided in2006to shut down these ethanol production facilities and encourage only non-grain based ethanol production.This regulation turned the direc-tion of bioenergy development to corn stover-based ethanol production.The annual consumption of gasoline of China in 2008was60million metric tons.This gasoline might be provided by constructing a cellulosic ethanol industry net-work consisting of1,000plants,each with60,000metric tons production of ethanol a year,or600plants,each pro-ducing100,000metric tons per year(Bao2008).The com-mercialization of a cellulosic ethanol plant with the production capacity of50,000–100,000metric tons per year will be the target of the12th Five-year National Develop-ment Plan of China(2011–2015).The Energy Potential of China’s Biomass Resources Shen and others(2010)analyzed the availability and spatial distribution of biomass resources in China.The total exploitable annual capacity for biomass is one billion tons (500million tons of coal equivalents[TCE]).Of the esti-mated700million tons of biomass from agriculturalresidues,half can be used to generate energy,representing a coal savings of160million TCE.Livestock and poultry manure,theoretically,could yield enough biogas to generate the equivalent of57million TCE.Firewood and wood bio-mass energy could generate200million TCE,and municipal solid waste and wastewater could generate nearly93million TCE.China plans to convert30%of total municipal waste to energy by2030(Seligsohn and Bradley2009).As for crop residues,nearly40%comes from corn,followed by rice (27%),wheat(15%),oil crops(10%),beans(5%),and others (1%).Their average acquirable rate is38.9%.However,the distribution of biomass resource reserves varies consider-ably among the provinces and autonomous regions.At present,biomass energy resources in China are mainly used in conventional combustion technologies.However, newer technologies,such as gasification,liquefaction,and power generation,are being developed rapidly.The major technologies for liquid biofuels are ethanol fuel technology and bio-oil technology.Mu and others(2010)made a life-cycle assessment of ethanol produced from four different wood feedstocks using two different conversion routes(bio-chemical and thermochemical)that also included various indirect impacts.Their analysis probed the effects of tech-nological advances and process modifications.The impacts they considered were greenhouse gases(GHG),water con-sumption,and fossil energy use.The analyses suggest that although these two routes are comparable in technical per-formance in terms of ethanol yield and energy efficiency at the plant level,their environmental performance varies.Similarly,Wu and others(2010)applied life-cycle assessment to analyzing a food-processing wastewater treatment plant.They included a thorough investigation of the economic and environmental impacts of the plant that was based on energy and materialflows.The assessment model established through the study is useful for evaluating the environmental impacts associated with wastewater produced from a bioenergy system.To analyze the embodied energy of biomass production,Hu and others (2010)presented an integrated approach(VIP model), which combines the ecosystem model with emergy analy-sis to optimize the amount of irrigation required for sus-tainable development of cropping systems.The model’s application to a wheat–maize rotation cropping system demonstrates that the new approach is moreflexible than conventional emergy analysis and has potential to optimize resource allocation,resource-savings,and agricultural sustainability when bioenergy is developed.Energy PlantsThere are more than4,000species of plants in China with potential for bioenergy production(Lin and others2006).They include forest species such as poplar and willow; grassland species such as bamboo and Yang grass(Leymus chinensis);farmland species such as corn,sugarcane,sweet potatoes,and transgenetic plants;wetland species such as the common reed and narrow-leaf cattail;and aquatic species such as algae.Among them,154species contain oil in seeds greater than40%,and30species of shrubs or arbor plants are rich in organic chemicals that can be used to produce biofuels(Fu and Huang2006;Ma and others 2007).In Li and others(2010b),64species that are being developed as potential energy plants in China are intro-duced.It is obvious that energy plant growth depends on their biological and environmental suitability to each region.The species used for lignocellulosic biomass, mostly drought-resistant perennial energy plants,are mainly distributed in northern China,while oilseed crops for biodiesel are dominant in the tropical and subtropical zones of China.By analyzing natural distribution and growth conditions,Li and others found15energy plants that have strong environmental adaptability and could be fully utilized and cultivated at a large spatial scale.In the study,energy plant species suitable for cultivation in dif-ferent regions in China are suggested according to climate conditions.Further,Li and others(2010b)briefly describe recent advances in biotechnology being used to improve energy plants in China,such as molecular markers,genetic trans-formation,and gene discovery.Biotechnology remains the key for reducing the cost and time for bioenergy conversion. Important genes related to production and stress tolerance may be discovered.For instance,over-expressing(or sup-pressing)some key genes to regulate energy conversion, enrichment,and distribution in the energy plants is prom-ising.With China’s wide range of complicated climate conditions,breakthroughs in biotechnology are critical for the large-scale development of lignocellulosic bioenergy.Switchgrass(Panicum virgatum L.)is a deep-rooted, stress-tolerant,warm-season perennial grass that can be grown on marginal lands or rotated with other crops.Its fossil fuel energy ratio(i.e.,the ratio of energy delivered to fossil energy used during production)is5.3,in contrast to 1.4for corn.It is thus a potentially major bioenergy plant for the United States.Plantation experiments of switch-grass on the Loess plateau in the northwestern China were initiated in2001.Field experiments demonstrated the successful establishment of switchgrass in this semi-arid environment(400–500mm annual precipitation).This is of major significance when introducing grass species for forage or bioenergy use because switchgrass is the only species successfully established on the Loess plateau after testing of several thousand non-native forage grass species since the1990s.Shui and others(2010)investigated allelopathy and its chemical basis in nine switchgrass accessions as compared to perennial ryegrass(Lolium perenne L.)and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.).They found that the allelopathic effect was related to switchgrass ecotype,but not related to ploidy level.Their work indicates that switchgrass has the potential to reduce the growth of native forages and disturb the ecological balance in the region through allelopathy.In addition,Xu and others(2010)studied seedling biomass and allocation,transpiration water use efficiency,and species competition between switchgrass(Panicum virga-tum L.)and milkvetch(Astragalus adsurgens Pall.).Water stress significantly reduced seedling biomass production but increased the ratio of root to shoot.Switchgrass is the dominant species and much more aggressive than milk-vetch under dry soil conditions,whereas milkvetch is the dominant species under wet conditions.The total biomass data for both species indicated some degree of resource compensation when the two species are planted in the same plot.An increase in water-use efficiency is the main driv-ing mechanism,particularly under dry soil conditions.As for switchgrass feedstock for ethanol production, Moon and others(2010)pointed out that switchgrass is not agronomically mature and there is a need to domesticate and solve the recalcitrance problem.Regulatory sustain-ability will necessitate biocontainment of transgenic switchgrass since geneflow is of paramount importance to regulators.To be deregulated,any transgenic switchgrass will likely have an extraordinarily high biosafety factor, which must be considered as an integral part of the research and development plan in a regulated environment.They recommend that mechanisms that ensure biocontainment of transgenes be instituted,especially for perennial grasses. Environmental ImpactsChina’s11th Five Year Plan for Renewable Energy Development(2006–2010)calls for increasing biomass sources(NDRC2007).This goal is,however,constrained by natural resource conditions.China is a nation with a large area of highlands and uplands with mountainous and hilly areas occupying43%of the national land total.The per capita food cropland area is less than0.1hectare and arable lands are mostly distributed in the east.It is prac-tically impossible to switch cropland to biofuel production. Therefore,the Chinese central government issued a regu-lation in2006to ban any further increases in production of starch-based ethanol,whether from wheat or corn.Future biofuel production should be non-grain based only.This new direction may improve the health and services of eco-environmental systems.Li and others(2010a)assessed the potential for CO2emission reduction by developing non-grain based ethanol in China based on the land occupation and types of feedstocks.The results show that non-grain based bio-ethanol production can potentially reduce CO2 emissions from the2007levels by11million tons and49 million tons in2015and2030,respectively(5.5and25 times the reduction capacity in2007).Further,growing bioenergy crops on marginal lands may also affect methane emissions.Fu and Yu(2010)and Zheng and others(2010) estimated the temporal and spatial patterns of methane emissions from croplands and carbon dioxide emissions from forestlands,respectively.The results by Fu and Yu (2010)indicate that methane emissions in China rose at an annual rate of2%from1990to2006due to increases in rice cultivation,livestock populations,andfield burning of crop residues.Overall,the studies by these two groups suggest that development of bioenergy crops may change China’s greenhouse gas emissions due to land use changes and an increase in animal food supply requirements(e.g., grasses for both forage and biofuel).In addition to improving environmental sustainability and security while reducing concerns for food,economic gains can also be made when bioenergy development is integrated with ecological restoration.For example,many non-food bioenergy plants are perennials with deep root systems. Ecological restoration using these plants can thus lead to an increase in land productivity for food(as compared to the tilled farming system)in terms of improvements in soil and water conservation.Bioenergy-driven restoration of degra-ded ecosystems can also increase terrestrial carbon seques-tration due to large biomass production and root residues as well as slowing decomposition of soil organic materials under no-till conditions.Overall,China has large areas of marginal land for growing bioenergy plants.There are approximately260million hectares of marginal lands in China(China Statistical Yearbook2007;Li and others 2010a).Among them,35million hectares are suitable for food crops,55million hectares are suitable for growth of trees and/or shrubs,and35million hectares are saline-alkali lands that might be used for cultivating salt-resistant bio-energy plants.Assuming that drought-resistant bioenergy crops can be cultivated on part of this land,China plans to grow more herbaceous and woody plants in the northwestern desert areas.By2020,13million hectares(32million acres) of bioenergy forest will be planted to provide biomass for the production of six million tons of biodiesel oil and15million kW of annual power generation(Yu2007).As discussed in Shui and others(2010)and Xu and others(2010),Chinese scientists are testing the adaptability and bioenergy potential of switchgrass in northwestern China.Switchgrass provides an excellent nesting habitat for many species of native wildlife.Its root mass can reach deeper than two meters,acting as belowground carbon and nutrient sinks.Switchgrass also requires fewer fertilizerapplications than annual crops such as corn,and it allows greater infiltrations and less erosion from surfaceflow and wind.In addition,unfertilized switchgrass can be used as vegetativefilter strips and riparian buffers in agricultural watersheds to protect local water resources.Results from a number of watershed studies of switchgrassfind export reductions of sediment,nitrogen,and phosphorus by 50–95%,25–90%,and20–85%,respectively(Dale2008). The percentage of retention is positively related to the width of the buffer along riparian corridors.Therefore, when a perennial grass like switchgrass is planted on ero-ded lands that were previously used for agriculture(e.g., the Loess plateau of China),there are many more envi-ronmental benefits than there are for unmanaged lands. Economic and Social ImpactsBioenergy sustainability depends upon farmers making the correct decisions about land use patterns and the adoption of energy plants.In general,China has a bioenergy market of billions of dollars per year.However,given a competi-tive economic environment,it is unclear whether biomass energy can be economically sustainable.Currently,more than60%of the cost for bioenergy is in feedstock costs (Liu and Gu2008).This provides an opportunity for farmers to increase their income.A potential risk of high feedstock cost is that it may cause an increase in land conversion from food to fuel production,eventually caus-ing a food–energy conflict.To avoid this problem,a basic premise is that cultivating bioenergy crops must not infringe on grain supply and marketing.This requires not only breakthroughs in biotechnology for biomass produc-tivity but also effective coordination between farmers and industry through bioenergy certification.Utilization of marginal lands for bioenergy can also increase the eco-nomic contribution of bioenergy because the costs for ecological restoration can be reduced.Co-firing of coal and biomass(e.g.,10–20%biomass)in power plants(referred to as biocoal)is another approach to benefiting farmers economically while producing clean energy.This is because the addition of biomass to coal can create an effective mechanism that allows farmers to share the profits of the coal energy industry.This biocoal approach is likely to be particularly important for China because it can lessen the rural socio-economic conflicts between rich owners of coal mines and poor local farmers.As for the societal impacts of bioenergy development,English(2008)main-tains that an understanding of bioenergy economics is important but it is not sufficient.Psychological,cognitive, and cultural factors,which shape a farmer’s values and beliefs,are just as important as economics.All these eco-nomic and social factors must be dealt with at the policy level.Shen and others(2010)reviews three common policy options in China’s biomass development,including the feed-in law,renewable portfolio standards,and tendering. They suggest that the Chinese government should take integrated measures—including legislation,strategic plan-ning,and economic incentives—to guarantee the sustain-able development of bioenergy in different regions. Summary and OutlookBioenergy represents an opportunity for not only clean energy but also the improvement of environmental condi-tions and rural economies.However,it requires some scrutiny as to its sustainability.Plantations of drought-resistant perennial energy plants on nutrient poor lands have unparalleled potential for serving as a win–win situa-tion for emission reductions,renewable energy use,revi-talized rural economy,and food security.However,China, like the rest of the world,will need to explore options in the choice of energy plants,legislative changes,strategic planning options,and economic incentives to fully realize the potential of biomass as an important source of renew-able energy.Eventually a certification scheme to ensure sustainable use of the land will be necessary.Current technical barriers in China include incomplete biomass assessment,inefficient conversion technologies,poor linkages from R&D to commercialization,and a lack of coherent and clear environmental policy incentives,stan-dards,and regulatory systems for converting wastes to biofuel,as well as domestic facility suppliers testing.In general,the papers presented in this special issue make the following suggestions on China’s bioenergy develop-ment.First,China’s bioenergy approach must be integrative and diverse,but adherence to economic and environmental sustainability is critical.Second,a huge potential for bio-energy exists in the west of China(contingent upon break-throughs in plant biotechnology),while production in eastern China should be mainly based on agricultural and forest wastes to promote regional food security.Third,pri-ority in bioenergy development should be given to the regions with coal mines or other environmentally degraded areas to promote a comprehensive,clean development st,a white paper providing guidance on bioen-ergy development,including policy options,marketing regulations,and equipment standards,should be issued at the national level and be integrated into the current eco-logical restoration policy and investment strategy. 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