Dynamic Response of Lazy Wave Riser

Lazy-S risers offer advantages in the ultra deepInstallation uses proven TLP tendon technologyKeith Shotbolt, ConsultantIn ultra deepwater -- beyond 1,500 m (5,000 ft) deep -- riser plus umbilical weight off a floating production vessel (FPV) can total many thousands of tons. Weathervaning FPSOs have turret swivel bearings with limited load capacity. Riser system weight applied to a disconnectable FPSO should be kept low because after disconnect, the turret buoy has limited self-buoyancy.Riser configurations with integral buoyancy include:•Lazy-wave, with a series of small buoyancy collars around the overbend•Free-standing multi- or single-line tower, with a large buoy at the top of the steel column•Lazy-S, with a tethered buoy between the lower J-catenaries and the upper U-catenaries. Lazy-wave risersLazy-wave flexpipe risers are in place with many FPSOs around the world. The lazy-wave overbend with multiple small buoys usually is set fairly deep to minimize riser movement from current and wave action. As depth increases beyond 1,000 m (3,280 ft), setting lazy-wave riser buoyancy at >50% of total depth leaves significant weight applied to the turret.The disconnectable Stybarrow FPSO is operating in 825 m (2,707 ft) water depth off Australia using lazy-wave flexpipe risers. A major FPSO turret designer has estimated that the maximum practical depth for lazy-wave flexible risers to a disconnectable turret is around 1,500 m, depending on the numbers of lines and lateral current velocity.Shell plans to install the first S-shaped steel catenary risers (SSCR) or steel lazy-wave risers to aweathervaning FPSO on its BC-10 field in 1,780 m (5,840 ft) water depth off Brazil. The SCR and the SSCR are unlikely to be used with a conventional disconnectable FPSO because they apply too much weight to the turret buoy, and they probably need a flexjoint at the turret connection, which is difficult to access. SBM-Atlantia has recently proposed the MoorSpar concept, which would have sufficient buoyancy to support SCRs, and a swiveling arm for mooring an FPSO.Tower risersThe ‘vertical steel tower + flexpipe catenary jumper’ type riser, described in US patent 4,182,584 (granted in 1980), has a large buoyancy tank at the top of the tower. The Girassol FPSO off Angola came on stream in 2001 through circular bundle tower risers, and the Plutonio FPSO also has a 1,260 m (4,134 ft) long bundle tower riser containing multiple lines. All bundled tower riser lines must usually be incorporated on ‘day one’ because it is difficult to add extra lines. It may be necessary to incorporate expansion relief for individual lines in this type of construction if they operate at different temperatures.2H Offshore introduced the single line offset riser (SLOR) at the Kizomba field, which started producing in 2005. The concentric offset riser (COR) version has an outer pipe around the riser pipe, and the annular space between them can be used for transporting lift gas.Lateral current may cause a large ‘leaning’ deflection, and/or vortex-induced oscillations of the buoyancy can and tower. Anti-VIV strakes will increase current drag and overall deflection from vertical. 2H and Subsea7 introduced the Grouped SLOR concept to overcome problems of widespread seabed connections, and buoyancy can and mooring line spacing with a plurality of SLOR risers. It may be possible to control lateral deflections of Grouped SLORs in current by installing guy lines to the upper riser guide frame.A flowline to a single or multi-line tower base requires a connecting spoolpiece, which needs:•Seabed space for installation•Two mechanical connections with reliable seals•Ability to cater for any flowline expansion.<.ul>Tower risers do not usually include umbilicals, which have been arranged separately in either lazy-S or lazy-wave configurations.Petrobras plans to install five single-line free-standing hybrid risers (FSHRs) to its disconnectable Cascade-Chinook FPSO slated for the US Gulf of Mexico in around 2,500 m (8,202 ft) water depth. These risers are similar to the SLOR-type described above.Lazy-S risersCoflexip installed the first single lazy-S flexpipe riser in the North Sea in 1984. The upper U-shaped catenary absorbs vessel and wave motions, and the tethered mid-water buoy maintains the lowerJ-catenary and touch-down point almost static. Multiple lazy-S riser systems were installed to North Sea semi-FPVs at Ivanhoe/Rob Roy (on stream 1989) and Buchan fields (operating via lazy-S since 1999).Many FPSOs operating worldwide have multi-line lazy-S risers arranged over tethered buoyantmid-water supports. A 2001 survey of 277 flexpipe risers operating in the North Sea and West ofShetlands offshore area showed that approximately 50% were arranged in the lazy-S configuration. In water depths to 300 m (984 ft), the buoys are often constructed as large horizontal tubes or cylinders, which can be de-ballasted by displacing a water-fill with air or nitrogen. Arches may be positioned over the tubes to support riser pipe overbends at larger radius. The associated tethers are made from synthetic fiber rope or steel chain.Deepwater riser supportIn March 1999, Foster Wheeler presented its deepwater riser support (DRS) concept at the Deepwater Pipeline Conference in New Orleans. The DRS for DLSRs comprises a 20-50 m (66-164 ft) longbeam-type support for lower catenary hangers and overbend arches, supported by buoyancy tanks that are rigidly attached above each end. The assembly is held at setting depth by just two main tethers in a single plane.In a DLSR system, the J-catenaries can be flexpipes, umbilicals, integrated production bundles (IPBs), SCRs, or towed bundles. SCRs and steel bundles can only be used where the J-catenary is sufficiently long to allow the steel pipe to behave in a substantially flexible manner. Spare slots along the DRS will allow extra risers to be added when required.In deepwater, with the DRS submerged 100-300 m (328-984 ft), the total J-catenary tension can be more than 10 times the upper U-catenary tension. The DRS minimizes the tendency for hanging riser weight to rotate the beam assembly by:•Small offset of the lower catenary hangers•Stabilizing high set buoyancy cans.The range of applications of the DRS can be from 500 m (1,640 ft) to more than 3,000 m (9,842 ft) water depth, with J-catenary weight varying from <500 to >2,000 metric tons (<551 to >2,205 tons).Tether materialsTether material options, to cater for increasing water depth and riser weight, include fiber ropes,casing-type tubulars, and tension leg platform (TLP)-type tendons. In ultra deepwater, TLP-type tendons can provide sufficient axial stiffness (E x A) to minimize length change under variable riser load, e.g. adding extra risers, or between hydrotesting and drying a gas export riser. TLP tendons have proved to be very reliable in service.Riser load in 3,000 m water depth with four production risers for two pigging loops, two umbilicals and two water/gas disposal/export lines could reach up to 4,000 metric tons (4,409 tons), needing buoyancy tanks of about 12 m (39 ft) diameter x 26 m (85 ft) height. Each tether will carry approximately 500-metric ton tension, which remains practically constant in all weather conditions because the buoyant structure is fully submerged below the wave zone. TLP tendons have been designed for around 1,000 metric tons (1,102 tons) tension in calm conditions, with variation in the maximum storm wave from 32 up to 2,500 metric tons (35-2,756 tons).The DRS, with only two tethers, keeps tether and related anchor costs to a minimum.DRS installationTLPs are usually constructed by pre-installing the tendons with temporary buoyancy tanks before lowering the hull structure down onto them.DRS construction is likely to begin by installing the two tethers with top buoyancy tanks, pre-tensioning the tethers by de-ballasting the tanks, and then lowering and attaching the riser/umbilical support beam to extension members under the buoyancy tanks. In the DRS case, the buoyancy tanks are permanent to maintain tether tension and to support the risers.The large cylindrical buoyancy tanks may require strakes to overcome problems with vortex shedding in high current conditions. If possible, the tanks should be set below the high current zone.Horizontal buoyancy tanksAnother design option, which may be less susceptible to vortex-shedding problems and may ease tendon top alignment, would be to mount the tanks horizontally. If necessary, a temporary spacing frame with two inverted V or U-shaped saddles could be lowered over the tanks to ensure correct spacing and orientation prior to lowering and fixing the riser support beam.Click here to enlarge imageReducing the overall height of the structure by mounting the tanks horizontally may be advantageous if the beam is set at relatively shallow depth. The horizontal tanks should have internal bulkheads to divide the length of each tank into partitioned compartments. This will allow controlled distribution of air/nitrogen when the tanks are partially de-ballasted. More or less gas content fore or aft will allow ‘trimming’ of the structure to design orientation under varying load as riser catenaries are added.Guy linesLateral forces, due to ocean current drag and/or catenary riser top angle, will tend to move the tethered buoyant structure away from its design position. After the structure has been attached to the main tethers, it may be necessary to attach up to eight guy lines in a 4 x 2 pattern to maintain the riser support structure in its design position, vertically above the tether anchors. The guy lines are best constructed from low submerged weight synthetic fiber rope, each having approximately 100-metric ton (110 ton) load capacity. They can be attached to the structure by upper light chain portions pulled through chain stoppers.Flow assuranceRiser-base-gas-lift (RBGL) has been fitted to at least five multi-billion dollar oil developments in depths from 1,000-1,350 m (4,429 ft) off West Africa, and at least two developments in depths from 1,300-1,850m (4,265-6,070 ft) in the US Gulf of Mexico.Water temperature below 1,500 m (4,921 ft) depth at all latitudes is less than 5° C (41° F), which mak es trace heating attractive to avoid or clear line blockage (wax/hydrates) if flow stops. Shell/Intec installed pipe-in-pipe SCRs and flowlines at Serrano-Oregano, Habanero (750 m or 2,461 ft), and Na Kika (1,850 m or 6,070 ft) developments, where a support vessel with power source and cable can provide electric heating when required. RBGL to SCRs has needed a separate lift gas supply line to a seabed sled and spools to injection tees.Click here to enlarge imageTotal installed Technip’s IPBs with integral electric heating, temperature monitoring, and RBGL for eight 12-in. (30-cm) risers at Dalia (1,350 m) development, and re-ordered IPBs for Pazflor. An alternative to an IPB may be a flexible riser pipe with a piggy-back 3-in. (7.6-cm) gas lift line, but would not benefit from lift gas heat transfer to produced fluids. IPBs and flexpipes do not require anti-VIV strakes.Subsea pumps are being installed at satellite manifolds to boost the pressure of produced fluids. These pumps need high voltage cables for power supply, which add to the overall riser/umbilical system weight.Lower J-catenaries that include any of these flow assurance methods can be suspended from a DRS, which can also support a gas lift manifold and electrical distribution boxes to simplify U-catenary connections to an FPSO turret.About the authorKeith Shotbolt gained 32 years experience in oil and gas projects and is now anindependent consultant. After SPE papers on riser design and flow assurance whilewith Brown & Root (1983) and Bechtel (1986), Foster Wheeler encouraged him topresent a paper on Deepwater Riser Options in New Orleans and Aberdeen in 1999.Questions/comments on this article can be addressed to keith.shotbolt@Advantages of a deepwater lazy-S riser (DLSR) system in ultra deepwater include:•Neat arrangement of a relatively large number of risers and umbilicals•Minimum riser and umbilical weight applied to the FPV•Installation uses proven TLP tendon technology and method•No concern about riser base connections and flowline expansion•Adaptable to suit the latest methods for RBGL and trace heating•The overbend location of all risers and umbilicals is controlled by the tethered buoyant support, which can be set well below the wave and high current zone, and guyed to restrict lateraldeflection from any remaining current.Click here to enlarge image。

谭宏渊，凌玉钊，黄丽琪，等. 不同预处理对热风干燥山药片品质特性及微观结构的影响[J]. 食品工业科技，2023，44（20）：43−52.doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2022110328TAN Hongyuan, LING Yuzhao, HUANG Liqi, et al. Effects of Different Pretreatment on the Quality Characteristics and Microstructure of Hot Air Dried Yam Slices[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2023, 44(20): 43−52. (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2022110328· 研究与探讨 ·不同预处理对热风干燥山药片品质特性及微观结构的影响谭宏渊1,2，凌玉钊1,2，黄丽琪1,2，熊光权2，乔　宇2, *，魏凌云1, *（1.武汉工程大学环境生态与生物工程学院，湖北武汉 430205；2.湖北省农业科学院农产品加工与核农技术研究所，湖北武汉 430064）摘　要：为比较不同干燥预处理对山药品质及微观结构的影响，以新鲜山药为原料，采用高压静电场、超高压和冷冻3种方式对切片后的山药进行预处理，利用低场核磁共振技术及干燥特性揭示干燥前后山药片内部的水分状态、分布及含量情况，分析山药片的微观结构、色泽、复水比、纤维素含量等特性的变化。

结果表明，冷冻处理对山药微观结构的破坏虽最为严重，但干燥时间最短，160 min 时水分比即可降为0.1以下；高压静电场预处理对山药片微观结构破坏程度低于其它处理方式，山药中原果胶及纤维素等细胞壁成分含量显著（P <0.05）更高，分别为11.91%和14.65%，且干燥后山药收缩较小，复水比也高于其它方式，为3.53；超高压预处理能够较好地保留山药的风味物质，且使干燥的山药白度值显著（P <0.05）提升，较干燥前提高35.10%。

《低信噪比与非平稳噪声下的语音增强研究》篇一一、引言随着信息技术的飞速发展，语音信号处理在通信、语音识别、智能监控等领域得到了广泛应用。

然而，在实际应用中，由于环境噪声的干扰，导致语音信号的信噪比（SNR）降低，从而影响了语音质量及后续处理的准确性。

特别是在低信噪比与非平稳噪声环境下，语音增强的研究显得尤为重要。

本文旨在探讨低信噪比与非平稳噪声下的语音增强技术，以提高语音信号的质量和可辨识度。

二、低信噪比下的语音增强在低信噪比环境下，语音信号的能量相对较弱，而背景噪声的干扰较为严重。

为了增强语音信号，通常采用的方法包括基于谱减法的噪声抑制技术、基于Wiener滤波器的噪声消除技术等。

1. 谱减法噪声抑制技术谱减法是一种常用的噪声抑制方法，其基本思想是利用噪声环境下获得的带噪语音信号的功率谱与无噪声情况下的纯净语音信号的功率谱之间的差异，来估计噪声的功率谱并从带噪语音中减去噪声部分。

这种方法在低信噪比环境下具有一定的有效性，但容易产生音乐噪声。

2. Wiener滤波器噪声消除技术Wiener滤波器是一种基于最小均方误差准则的线性滤波器，其通过估计纯净语音信号和噪声信号的功率谱比值来消除噪声。

该方法在低信噪比环境下能够较好地保留语音信号的细节信息，同时降低噪声的影响。

三、非平稳噪声下的语音增强非平稳噪声是指随时间变化的噪声，其特性难以用固定的数学模型描述。

在非平稳噪声环境下，传统的基于统计模型的语音增强方法往往效果不佳。

因此，需要采用更为复杂的算法来应对非平稳噪声的挑战。

1. 基于短时傅里叶变换的时频分析方法短时傅里叶变换是一种有效的时频分析方法，可以将语音信号从时域转换到频域进行分析处理。

通过在非平稳噪声环境下对带噪语音信号进行时频分析，可以更好地估计噪声的特性和分布，从而实现对语音信号的增强。

2. 基于深度学习的语音增强算法随着深度学习技术的发展，基于深度学习的语音增强算法在非平稳噪声环境下取得了较好的效果。

《基于麦克风阵列的语音增强研究》篇一一、引言随着人工智能技术的快速发展，语音识别和语音交互技术已成为人们日常生活和工作中不可或缺的一部分。

然而，在复杂多变的实际环境中，语音信号常常受到各种噪声的干扰，导致语音质量下降，进而影响语音识别的准确性和语音交互的体验。

因此，如何有效地进行语音增强，提高语音信号的信噪比（SNR），成为了一个重要的研究课题。

麦克风阵列技术因其能够通过多个麦克风的协同作用，实现空间滤波和声源定位，为语音增强提供了新的解决方案。

本文将就基于麦克风阵列的语音增强研究进行深入探讨。

二、麦克风阵列技术概述麦克风阵列是由多个麦克风按照一定几何结构排列组成，通过采集声波到达各个麦克风的相位差和幅度差，实现声源定位和语音信号处理。

麦克风阵列技术具有空间分辨率高、抗干扰能力强、适用于复杂环境等优点，在语音识别、语音交互、机器人听觉等领域有着广泛的应用。

三、基于麦克风阵列的语音增强方法基于麦克风阵列的语音增强方法主要包括波束形成、噪声抑制和语音分离等技术。

1. 波束形成波束形成是麦克风阵列技术中常用的一种方法，它通过加权求和各个麦克风的信号，形成指向性波束，从而提高目标语音的信噪比。

常见的波束形成方法包括延迟求和波束形成、相位变换波束形成等。

2. 噪声抑制噪声抑制是针对麦克风阵列接收到的语音信号中的噪声进行处理，以降低噪声对语音质量的影响。

常见的噪声抑制方法包括谱减法、非负矩阵分解等。

在麦克风阵列中，可以通过空间滤波和声源定位，更准确地识别并抑制噪声。

3. 语音分离语音分离是通过分析多个声源的信号特征，将不同声源的语音信号分离出来。

在麦克风阵列中，可以利用声源定位技术，确定各个声源的位置，然后通过信号处理技术将不同声源的语音信号分离出来。

四、实验与分析为了验证基于麦克风阵列的语音增强方法的有效性，我们进行了相关实验。

实验结果表明，通过波束形成、噪声抑制和语音分离等技术，可以有效提高语音信号的信噪比，改善语音质量。

LOW-FREQUENCY ACTIVE TOWED SONAR (LFATS)LFATS is a full-feature, long-range,low-frequency variable depth sonarDeveloped for active sonar operation against modern dieselelectric submarines, LFATS has demonstrated consistent detection performance in shallow and deep water. LFATS also provides a passive mode and includes a full set of passive tools and features.COMPACT SIZELFATS is a small, lightweight, air-transportable, ruggedized system designed specifically for easy installation on small vessels. CONFIGURABLELFATS can operate in a stand-alone configuration or be easily integrated into the ship’s combat system.TACTICAL BISTATIC AND MULTISTATIC CAPABILITYA robust infrastructure permits interoperability with the HELRAS helicopter dipping sonar and all key sonobuoys.HIGHLY MANEUVERABLEOwn-ship noise reduction processing algorithms, coupled with compact twin line receivers, enable short-scope towing for efficient maneuvering, fast deployment and unencumbered operation in shallow water.COMPACT WINCH AND HANDLING SYSTEMAn ultrastable structure assures safe, reliable operation in heavy seas and permits manual or console-controlled deployment, retrieval and depth-keeping. FULL 360° COVERAGEA dual parallel array configuration and advanced signal processing achieve instantaneous, unambiguous left/right target discrimination.SPACE-SAVING TRANSMITTERTOW-BODY CONFIGURATIONInnovative technology achievesomnidirectional, large aperture acousticperformance in a compact, sleek tow-body assembly.REVERBERATION SUPRESSIONThe unique transmitter design enablesforward, aft, port and starboarddirectional transmission. This capabilitydiverts energy concentration away fromshorelines and landmasses, minimizingreverb and optimizing target detection.SONAR PERFORMANCE PREDICTIONA key ingredient to mission planning,LFATS computes and displays systemdetection capability based on modeled ormeasured environmental data.Key Features>Wide-area search>Target detection, localization andclassification>T racking and attack>Embedded trainingSonar Processing>Active processing: State-of-the-art signal processing offers acomprehensive range of single- andmulti-pulse, FM and CW processingfor detection and tracking. Targetdetection, localization andclassification>P assive processing: LFATS featuresfull 100-to-2,000 Hz continuouswideband coverage. Broadband,DEMON and narrowband analyzers,torpedo alert and extendedtracking functions constitute asuite of passive tools to track andanalyze targets.>Playback mode: Playback isseamlessly integrated intopassive and active operation,enabling postanalysis of pre-recorded mission data and is a keycomponent to operator training.>Built-in test: Power-up, continuousbackground and operator-initiatedtest modes combine to boostsystem availability and accelerateoperational readiness.UNIQUE EXTENSION/RETRACTIONMECHANISM TRANSFORMS COMPACTTOW-BODY CONFIGURATION TO ALARGE-APERTURE MULTIDIRECTIONALTRANSMITTERDISPLAYS AND OPERATOR INTERFACES>State-of-the-art workstation-based operator machineinterface: Trackball, point-and-click control, pull-down menu function and parameter selection allows easy access to key information. >Displays: A strategic balance of multifunction displays,built on a modern OpenGL framework, offer flexible search, classification and geographic formats. Ground-stabilized, high-resolution color monitors capture details in the real-time processed sonar data. > B uilt-in operator aids: To simplify operation, LFATS provides recommended mode/parameter settings, automated range-of-day estimation and data history recall. >COTS hardware: LFATS incorporates a modular, expandable open architecture to accommodate future technology.L3Harrissellsht_LFATS© 2022 L3Harris Technologies, Inc. | 09/2022NON-EXPORT CONTROLLED - These item(s)/data have been reviewed in accordance with the InternationalTraffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR), 22 CFR part 120.33, and the Export Administration Regulations (EAR), 15 CFR 734(3)(b)(3), and may be released without export restrictions.L3Harris Technologies is an agile global aerospace and defense technology innovator, delivering end-to-endsolutions that meet customers’ mission-critical needs. The company provides advanced defense and commercial technologies across air, land, sea, space and cyber domains.t 818 367 0111 | f 818 364 2491 *******************WINCH AND HANDLINGSYSTEMSHIP ELECTRONICSTOWED SUBSYSTEMSONAR OPERATORCONSOLETRANSMIT POWERAMPLIFIER 1025 W. NASA Boulevard Melbourne, FL 32919SPECIFICATIONSOperating Modes Active, passive, test, playback, multi-staticSource Level 219 dB Omnidirectional, 222 dB Sector Steered Projector Elements 16 in 4 stavesTransmission Omnidirectional or by sector Operating Depth 15-to-300 m Survival Speed 30 knotsSize Winch & Handling Subsystem:180 in. x 138 in. x 84 in.(4.5 m x 3.5 m x 2.2 m)Sonar Operator Console:60 in. x 26 in. x 68 in.(1.52 m x 0.66 m x 1.73 m)Transmit Power Amplifier:42 in. x 28 in. x 68 in.(1.07 m x 0.71 m x 1.73 m)Weight Winch & Handling: 3,954 kg (8,717 lb.)Towed Subsystem: 678 kg (1,495 lb.)Ship Electronics: 928 kg (2,045 lb.)Platforms Frigates, corvettes, small patrol boats Receive ArrayConfiguration: Twin-lineNumber of channels: 48 per lineLength: 26.5 m (86.9 ft.)Array directivity: >18 dB @ 1,380 HzLFATS PROCESSINGActiveActive Band 1,200-to-1,00 HzProcessing CW, FM, wavetrain, multi-pulse matched filtering Pulse Lengths Range-dependent, .039 to 10 sec. max.FM Bandwidth 50, 100 and 300 HzTracking 20 auto and operator-initiated Displays PPI, bearing range, Doppler range, FM A-scan, geographic overlayRange Scale5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 kyd PassivePassive Band Continuous 100-to-2,000 HzProcessing Broadband, narrowband, ALI, DEMON and tracking Displays BTR, BFI, NALI, DEMON and LOFAR Tracking 20 auto and operator-initiatedCommonOwn-ship noise reduction, doppler nullification, directional audio。

《低信噪比与非平稳噪声下的语音增强研究》篇一一、引言随着通信技术和信息技术的不断发展，语音通信和语音信号处理的应用领域不断扩大。

然而，在实际的语音信号处理过程中，低信噪比与非平稳噪声的干扰常常导致语音质量下降，影响语音通信的可靠性和可理解性。

因此，研究低信噪比与非平稳噪声下的语音增强技术显得尤为重要。

本文将深入探讨该领域的现状及未来发展方向。

二、背景及意义语音增强技术旨在改善语音信号在信噪比较低或受到非平稳噪声干扰时的质量。

在许多应用中，如电话通信、语音识别、听障辅助等，都需要对语音信号进行增强处理以提高语音的可懂度和清晰度。

特别是在嘈杂环境下，如何有效地抑制噪声并保留原始语音信息，已成为语音信号处理领域的重要研究方向。

三、相关研究综述近年来，针对低信噪比与非平稳噪声下的语音增强技术，国内外学者进行了大量研究。

传统的语音增强方法主要包括基于频域的滤波方法、基于时域的降噪算法以及基于子空间的分解算法等。

然而，这些方法在处理低信噪比和非平稳噪声时仍存在局限性。

近年来，随着深度学习技术的发展，基于神经网络的语音增强算法成为研究热点。

这些算法能够通过学习大量数据中的特征和规律，实现更有效的噪声抑制和语音质量提升。

四、方法与技术研究本文首先分析了低信噪比和非平稳噪声的特点及其对语音信号的影响。

针对这些问题，本文提出了一种基于深度学习的语音增强算法。

该算法利用循环神经网络（RNN）和卷积神经网络（CNN）构建了多层次、多尺度的特征提取网络，以实现对噪声的有效抑制和语音质量的提升。

具体而言，该算法通过训练大量含噪声的语音数据和对应的干净语音数据，学习到噪声与语音之间的关联和差异，从而在处理过程中对噪声进行预测和消除。

五、实验结果与分析为了验证本文提出的算法的有效性，我们进行了大量的实验。

实验结果表明，在低信噪比和非平稳噪声环境下，本文提出的算法能够有效地抑制噪声并提高语音质量。

与传统的语音增强算法相比，本文提出的算法在客观评价指标（如信噪比、频谱失真度等）和主观听觉评价上均取得了更好的效果。

71MXL LARGE DIAPHRAGM CONDENSER STUDIO MICS Studio condenser microphones with both FET and tube circuitry available. FET models require 48V phantom power, while tube models include power supply.ITEM DESCRIPTIO N PRICE MXL-770...............Cardioid, 6-micron 20mm gold-sputtered diaphragm FET w/shockmount and case,30Hz-20kHz, -10dB pad and bass roll off .................................................................................................89.95 MXL-2003.............Cardioid transformerless condenser w/bass cut and -10dB pad switches, 20Hz-20kHz ........................169.95 PRO-PAC-PLUS+..MXL2003 & MXL603S (transformerless cardioid instrument mic),w/shockmounts, cables, windscreens in padded case ............................................................................279.95 MXL-2006.............Cardioid, true Class 'A' FET preamp w/balanced transformerlessoutput, high-isolation shockmount and case, 30Hz-20kHz .......................................................................99.95 MXL-2010.............3-pattern (cardioid/Figure-8/omni) capsule, FET preamp w/bassroll-off switch, shockmount & windscreen, 30Hz-20kHz .........................................................................169.95 MXL-CUBE............Drum condenser cardioid mic, FET balanced output w/mic clip, 20Hz-20khz ...........................................99.95 MXL-GOLD-35.......Gold-plated cardioid condenser w/shockmount, leather case, windscreen, 20Hz-20kHz ........................695.00 MXL-M3................Cardioid condenser, transformer balanced output, FET preamp, 20Hz-23kHz ........................................249.00 MXL-R77 ..............Classic body Figure-8-patterned ribbon condenser w/wood case,desktop stand, & 25ft XLR cable, 20Hz-18kHz .......................................................................................399.99 MXL-R77-L...........Same as above, but w/custom Swedish Lundahl transformer ................................................................549.95 MXL-R144 ............Figure-8 patterned ribbon condenser, purple & chrome finishw/shockmount, case, cleaning cloth, 20Hz-17kHz ....................................................................................99.99 MXL-TROPHY........Cardioid condenser w/side-tapped capsule & removable nameplate, 20Hz-20kHz ................................199.95 MXL-V6.................Cardioid mic w/balanced FET output stage, case, & clip, 20Hz-20kHz ...................................................299.00 MXL-V67G ............Transformer-balanced cardioid mic w/solid-state preamp & gold grill, 30Hz-20kHz .............................119.95 MXL-V67I .............Same as above but w/2 selectable 1" cardioid capsules (one bright, one warm) & -10dB pad switch ..169.95 MXL-V67Q ............X/Y stereo pattern condenser mic, w/gold-plated grill, 2 externally biased 22mm pressuregradient capsules, 10ft custom XLR cable, 20Hz-20kHz ........................................................................199.95 MXL-V69-MOGAMI-EDITNTransformerless tube cardioid condenser w/shockmount, power supply, 15ft 7-pin cable,15ft XLR cable, cleaning cloth, & case, 20Hz-18kHz ..............................................................................299.95 MXL-V69XM..........Same as above, but w/transformer balanced output, 20Hz-18kHz .........................................................399.00 MXL-V87...............Low-noise transformer-balanced cardioid condenser withFET preamp, w/pop filter & shockmount, 20Hz-20kHz ............................................................................299.95 MXL-V88...............Low-noise cardioid condenser w/balanced transformerless output, FET preamp,high-isolation shockmount & flight case, 20Hz-20kHz ...........................................................................199.00 MXL-V177.............Low noise classic body cardioid condenser w/6-micron thick gold-sputtered diaphragm, 20Hz-20kHz .299.95 REVELATION.........Variable pattern tube condenser mic w/EF86 pentode tube ..................................................................1295.00 GENESIS...............Tube condenser cardioid mic w/-10 dB pad, dedicated power supply ....................................................595.00R144V1772010GOLD-35GENESIS REVELATIONCUBEVIP50DC-196DC-96B72ID The RØDE NT5 is a true condenser microphone specifically two stand mounts and two windscreens. Requires 48V phantom power. Frequency dynamic range >128dB. Available in pairs, or as single RØDE NT2A MULTI-PATTERN LARGE DIAPHRAGM CO NDENSER MIC The successor to the very popular NT-2 studio condenser mic, the NT2A now has the internally shock mounted H F1 dual 1" capsule, the same as is used in the K2 microphone, and new electronics with extremely low 7dBA self-noise. It has a 3-position variable polar pattern for omni, cardioid, and figure-8 patterns, three positions of selectable attenuation (0dB, -5dB, or -10dB) and low freq. roll-off (flat, 80Hz or 40Hz). The NT-2A comes with a soft pouch and mounting clip.ITEM DESCRIPTI O N PRICE NT2A ...................Multi-pattern condenser ................399.00ID phone with an incredible 5dBA self noise figure. 48V phantom power, transformerless output, 137dB max. SPL, fixed cardioid pattern.SCHO EPS CO LETTE MODULAR MIC SETSMicrophones consist of a mic cap-sule and amplifier. The CMC 6 microphone amplifier converts extremely high-imped-ance signals from the attached capsule toa very low-impedance signal suitable for transmission via mic cable. It also featuresa symmetrical Class “A” output stage, free of coupling condensers or an output transformer. They are light-weight, have extremely low distortion, and their very low output impedance helps make them insensitive to electrical interference. The CMC 6 works with both 12V and 48V phantom powering. Matte gray options listed below but also available in nickel. All sets include SG20 stand clamps and B5 popscreens.ITEM DESCRIPTI O N PRICE CMC621G-SET ....Includes CMC 6 amplifier & MK21wide cardioid capsule ..................1632.00 CMC622G-SET ....Includes CMC 6 amplifier, & MK22 open cardioid capsule ........1632.00 CMC64G-SET ......Includes CMC 6 amplifier & MK4 cardioid capsule ..........................1542.00 CMC641G-SET ....Includes CMC 6 amplifier &MK41 supercardioid capsule ........1743.00CMC641CG-SET ..Includes CMC 6 amplifier & MK41 super-cardioid capsule, CUT 1 filter ......2320.00CMC65G-SET ......Includes CMC 6 amplifier &MK5 omni/cardioid capsule..........2059.00CMC68G-SET ......Includes CMC 6 amplifier &MK8 figure-8 capsule...................1938.00NEAR-FIELD-OMNI-STIncludes 2 CMC 6s, matched pairof MK2 omnis ...............................3150.00UNIVERSAL-OMNI-H-STIncludes 2 CMC 6s, matched pairof MK2 H omnis ............................3214.00UNIVERSAL-OMNI-S-ST ........................................................Includes 2 CMC 6s, matched pairof MK2 S omnis ............................3150.00WIDE-CARDIOID-STIncludes 2 CMC 6s, matched pairof MK21 wide cardioids ................3199.00OPEN-CARDIOID-STIncludes 2 CMC 6s, matched pairof MK22 open cardioids ...............3199.00CARDIOID-ST ......Includes 2 CMC 6s, matched pairof MK4 cardioids ..........................2999.00SUPERCARDIOID-STIncludes 2 CMC 6s, matched pairof MK41 supercardioids ...............3439.00SWITCHABLE-PATTRN-STIncludes 2 CMC 6s, matched pairof MK5 omni/cardioids ......................CALL MK21MK5MK41MK8MK22MK4NEUMANN KM180 SERIES The KM180series condensers offer the same trans-formerless circuitry as the KM100s without the 10dB pad. Frequency response is 20Hz-20kHz. The KM183, KM184 and KM185 have SPL han-dling of 140dB, 138dB and 142dB respec-tively. 48V phantom power is required.ITEM DESCRIPTI O N PRICE KM183 ................Omni condenser mic ......................899.95KM184 ................Cardioid condenser mic .................849.95KM185-SILVER ...Hypercardioid condenser mic .........899.95EA2124A .............Optional suspension mount ...........279.01WNS100 .............Replacement windscreen .................26.07WS100................Optional 90mm windscreen .............28.03SKM183-MT ........Stereo mic pair-omni,w/case, black ...............................1699.95SKM183-SILVER .Stereo mic pair-omni, w/case ......1699.95SKM184-MT ........Stereo mic pair-cardioid,w/case, black ...............................1599.95SKM184-NI .........Stereo mic pair-cardioid,w/case, nickel ..............................1599.95NEUMANN U87AI 3-PATTERNA legendary FET large diaphragmtransformer coupled studio mic withomni, cardioid and figure-8 patterns,N PRICEMXL SMALL DIAPHRAGM CONDENSER MICS These small diaphragmcondenser mics are quiet, sensitive, rugged enough for the road and inexpen-sive. They are an excellent choice for drum overheads and for close recordingof acoustic instruments. 48V phantom power required.ITEM DESCRIPTI O N PRICE MXL-603PAIR .....Stereo pair of transformerless cardioid instrument mics, 30Hz-20kHz,w/ MXL-41-603 shockmounts & case ................................................................................199.00MXL-604.............Small diaphragm cardioid condenser, 30Hz-20kHz, w/ wooden case,mounting clip and omnidirectional capsule.........................................................................83.93MXL-V67N ..........Small diaphragm instrument condenser, omni/cardioid capsules, 20Hz-20kHz ................119.95MXL-41-603 .......Replacement shockmount for MXL-603PAIR ........................................................................38.95603PAIR ID This mic sure level of 144dB, which is good forrecording amps, drums, and other loudinstruments. Acoustic instruments willbenefit from the TLM102’s fast transientresponse. The TLM102 also features a slight boostNEUMANN TLM103/TLM103D These are large diaphragm cardioid mics with a transformerless output stage. Designed primarily for vocals, the TLM03 also excels on piano, percussion, and stringed instru-ments. The TLM103D is a digital version of the mic, designed for home recording and project studios. Its A/D converter receives the output signal directly from the capsule, ensuring that the signal has no coloration and superb transparency. Both mics require 48V phantom power and come with We service many of the major brands that we carry.Call our Authorized Repair Department at ext. 1172Honesty and Valuesince 197173Thisrugged system has separate capsules and powering modulesthat can be combined to produce a wide variety of microphones.A single module and a few capsules can provide the user withflexibility that would otherwise require investing in a numberof individual microphones. It converts quickly from one type ofmicrophone to another by simply threading together varioussystem components. All capsules use back-electret technologyfor uncompromised quality. Output of all powering modules isbalanced, low impedance (200ohms) and terminates in a stan-“Universal” powering module for the sys-tem. Powered by a single 1.5V “AA” battery with a life of 150 hours, or phantom power SHURE KSM42 & KSM44A LARGE Premium side-address mics offering a dual-diaphragm design with an active front, ultra thin (2.5 micron) 24-karat gold, low mass, 1" Mylar® diaphragm. The KSM42 is ideal for vocal applications with a tailored frequency nal pop filtering. The single-pattern design exhibits smooth proximity control & ultra-wide dynamic range. An internal shock KSM42KSM44A SSED SINGLE-DIAPHRAGM For studio recording and live sound production. The KSM32 offers an extended frequency response of 20Hz-20kHz for an open, natural sound. The Class “A” transformerless preamp circuitry eliminates cross-over distortion for improved linearity across the full frequency range. mass diaphragm provides extended low frequency response and excellent transient microphones feature 20Hz-20kHz frequency response, a 3-position pad switch, a 3-position LF filter, and include a windscreen and carrying case. The KSM137 is a single pattern cardioid mic, while the KSM141 is a dual ...............................665.00 ...............................870.00 PRICE NDENSER The e614 has a super-cardioid pattern, with a neutral response and moderate sensitivity, which insures optimum isolation from other instruments on stage. Unobtrusive for precise place-ment and powered by external phantom power (P48), the e614 tolerates extremely high SPLs, precisely capturing cymbals and hi-hats better than other mics in its price range. 10-year warranty. Frequency response is 40Hz-20KHz.PRICE A large diaphragm side-address microphone with a car-dioid pickup pattern and a nickel colored finish. It has a large 1" diaphragm precisely sputtered with 24-carat gold. It has a sturdy metal housing and the elastically mounted capsule suppresses handling noise. It has a max SPL level of 140dB and a low self-noise level of 10dB(A). It has a frequency response of 20Hz-20kHz, a sensitivity rating of 25mV/Pa and a dynamic range ING SOON!99.9574at home in sound reinforcement systems or in sound studios and motion picture/ TV scoring stages. When used with the optional windscreen, the SM94 can be used by vocalists and speechmakers who desire a wide, flat z and a uniform SHURE PG27LC & PG42LC SIDE ADDRESSThese mics feature acardioid pickup pattern, large diaphragm capsules withswitchable attenuators. The PG27LC is designed for usewith instruments. It has a flat, neutral frequency responsefeatures a voice-tailored frequency response of 20Hz-20kHz as well as an SPL rating PG42LC PG27LC NDENSER ect choice for y demo tapes, les om pow-STC2OMEGA ORPHEUS STC1HELIOS STC10STC2X STC20SATURN studio environments. Features interchangeable capsules for superior versatility. The small diaphragm design provides superior audio with con-sistent, textbook polar responses and is small enough to use in the tightest conditions. The compact side-address design features an innovative lock-ing ring to provide secure connection between capsule and preamplifier. The 20Hz-20kHz frequency response is tailored for wide dynamic range applications for use in high SPL environments. Ships with stand adapter, LET DESIGN BLACK KNIGHT ID PRICE VISIT OR CALL 800-356-5844 FOR MORE INFO We have the largest selection of hard to find items. Call us!Honesty and Valuesince 197176VIOLET DESIGN PEARL SERIES CARDIOID CONDENSER These mics have a rear-ported spherical head and nar-row tapered form reflector to reduce internal resonances and optimize the cardioid polar pattern. The Pearl Standard uses a medium single-diaphragm to provide a modern,airy and detailed sound while the Grand Pearl uses a largedual-diaphragm, providing the warm, classic sound usuallyassociated with vintage studio microphones. Pearl Vocal is ahandheld stage vocal mic, and has special shockmounting forreduced handling noise, a special mid-sized capsule designedfor high gain before feedback with extended flat LF responseand outstanding dynamic range. All models include wood box and stand clip.NES These are side-addressed, cardioid, large dual diaphragm vacuum-tube studio microphones in 3 variations, with acous-tically-transparent head construction and internal shock-mounts. The 6267 vacuum tube preamplifier is a Class “A” fully-discrete circuit with massive heatsink, very high output, flat audio-response and ultra-low noise and distortion. The large custom-wound Permalloy humbucking audio trans-former adds even more “analog warmth” to the sound with wide frequency response and minimum saturation. ComesVIOLET DESIGN AMETHYST CONDENSER STUDIO MICSThe Amethyst cardioid studio microphones use fully-discrete,phantom-powered Class “A” transformerless amplifiers. TheAmethyst Standard uses a single diaphragm center-terminatedcapsule which provides modern, detailed sound with airy highs,medium vocal presence and accentuated low-end response.The Amethyst Vintage uses a dual-diaphragm, dual-backplatecapsule which provides a classic, wide-spectrum, vintage micro-phone sound. Both models have a uni-directional cardioid polarpattern with minimal proximity effect and are linear over the wide frontal incidence NDENSER MICS The Flamingo Junior series are side-addressed studio microphones that use a single-diaphragm, cardioid electrostatic transducer which provides vintage tone with transparent highs, optimized vocal presence and fundamental low-frequency register with minimal proximity effect. An integrated capsule shockmount within the head and an included external compact studio shock-mount reduce stand rumble and mechanical shocks. The custom-wound large humbucking audio transformer adds “analog warmth” to the sound. Comes - Globe features transformerless Class “A” discreet electronics, internal shockmounts for both electronics and capsule, and a spherical and acoustically transparent head design. The Globe Standard has a classic wide-spectrum sound ideal for orchestral applications. The Globe Vintage uses a different dual-diaphragm capsule providing a sweet and warm, vin-tage vocal microphone sound. Comes in a wooden box with shockmount.GLOBE-STANDARD An electrostatic multi-pattern studio mic with a vintage sound, warmed by vacuum tube circuitry and an output transformer. Features specially designed large dual-diaphragm transducer, and 9 different polar patterns. Its Class “A” fully-discrete internal vacuum tube preamp provides high output, low impedance and low distortion. A large humbucker, custom-wound audio transformer balances the microphone’s output, providing additional analog warmth to the sound. Soft starting, smart power supply and external elastic This large dual-diaphragm cardioid con-denser studio microphone has a warmer smooth tone with very high output and low noise. The fast transient response, crystal clear highs and loud SPL handling make it excellent for recording drums. The multi-layered wedge shaped brass mesh head design effectively reduces plosive sounds and breath, pop or wind noises. The internal solid state preamplifier is a Class“A” fully discrete transformerless circuit, and runs on 48V phantom power.PRICE 679.0099.00ID rating an integrated, tapered reflector which reduces resonances, removes reflections and tern. Integrated damping of the transducer reduces stand rumble, outside infrasonic FRR A compact electrostatic mic preamp body for use with vintage German-made M-series inter-changeable capsule heads, as well as B-series and VIN-seriesinterchangeable capsule heads made by JZ in Latvia. The elec-tronics are phantom powered, with a linear Class “A” discretesolid state transformerless design to provide extremely low self-noise and distortion. The Global Pre provides a low-impedance,balanced output on a gold-plated 3-pin XLR. It comes in a woodenVIN47GLOBAL-PREM COMPATIBLE。