关于plc的外文文献翻译(中英文翻译、外文翻译)介绍

PLC technique discussion and future developmentT.J.byersElectronic Test Equipment-principles and ApplicationsPrinceton University .AmericaAlong with the development of the ages, the technique that is nowadays is also gradually perfect, the competition plays more strong; the operation that list depends the artificial has already can't satisfied with the current manufacturing industry foreground, also can't guarantee the request of the higher quantity and high new the image of the technique business enterprise.The people see in produce practice, automate brought the tremendous convenience and the product quantities for people up of assurance, also eased the personnel's labor strength, reduce the establishment on the personnel. The target control of the hard realization in many complicated production lines, whole and excellent turn, the best decision etc, well-trained operation work, technical personnel or expert, governor but can judge and operate easily, can acquire the satisfied result. The research target of the artificial intelligence makes use of the calculator exactly to carry out, imitate these intelligences behavior, moderating the work through person's brain and calculators, with the mode that person's machine combine, for resolve the very complicated problem to look for the best path.We come in sight of the control that links after the electric appliances in various situation, that is already the that time generation past, now of after use in the mold a perhaps simple equipments of grass-roots control that the electric appliances can do for the low level only; And the PLC emergence also became the epoch-making topic, adding the vivid software control through a very and stable hardware, making the automation head for the new high tide.The PLC biggest characteristics lie in: The electrical engineering teacher already no longer electric hardware up too many calculations of cost, as long as order the importation that the button switch or the importation of the sensors order to link the PLC up can solve problem, pass to output to order the conjunction contact machine or control the start equipments of the big power after the electric appliances, but the exportation equipmentsdirect conjunction of the small power can.PLC internal containment have the CPU of the CPU, and take to have an I/ O for expand of exterior to connect a people's address and saving machine three big pieces to constitute, CPU core is from an or many is tired to add the machine to constitute, mathematics that they have the logic operation ability, and can read the procedure save the contents of the machine to drive the homologous saving machine and I/ Os to connect after pass the calculation; The I/ O add inner part is tired the input and output system of the machine and exterior link, and deposit the related data into the procedure saving machine or data saving machine; The saving machine can deposit the data that the I/ O input in the saving machine, and in work adjusting to become tired to add the machine and I/ Os to connect, saving machine separately saving machine RAM of the procedure saving machine ROM and dates, the ROM can do deposit of the data permanence in the saving machine, but RAM only for the CPU computes the temporary calculation usage of hour of buffer space.The PLC anti- interference is very and excellent, our root need not concern its service life and the work situation bad, these all problems have already no longer become the topic that we fail, but stay to our is a concern to come to internal resources of make use of the PLC to strengthen the control ability of the equipments for us, make our equipments more gentle.PLC language is not we imagine of edit collected materials the language or language of Cs to carry on weaving the distance, but the trapezoid diagram that the adoption is original after the electric appliances to control, make the electrical engineering teacher while weaving to write the procedure very easy comprehended the PLC language, and a lot of non- electricity professional also very quickly know and go deep into to the PLC.Is PLC one of the advantage above and only, this is also one part that the people comprehend more and easily, in a lot of equipments, the people have already no longer hoped to see too many control buttons, they damage not only and easily and produce the artificial error easiest, small is not a main error perhaps you can still accept; But lead even is a fatal error greatly is what we can't is tolerant of. New technique always for bringing more safe and convenient operation for us, make we a lot of problems for face on sweep but light, do you understand the HMI? Says the HMI here you basically not clear what it is, also have no interest understanding, change one inside text explains it into the touch to hold orman-machine interface you knew, it combines with the PLC to our larger space.HMI the control not only is reduced the control press button, increase the vivid of the control, more main of it is can sequence of, and at can the change data input to output the feedback with data, control in the temperature curve of imitate but also can keep the manifestation of view to come out. And can write the function help procedure through a plait to provide the help of various what lies in one's power, the one who make operate reduces the otiose error. Currently the HMI factory is also more and more, the function is also more and more strong, the price is also more and more low, and the noodles of the usage are wide more and more. The HMI foreground can say that think to be good.At a lot of situations, the list is a smooth movement that can't guarantee the equipments by the control of the single machine, but pass the information exchanges of the equipments and equipments to attain the result that we want. For example fore pack and the examination of the empress work preface, we will arrive wrapping information feedback to examine the place, and examine the information of the place to also want the feedback to packing. Pass the information share thus to make both the chain connect, becoming a total body, the match of your that thus make is more close, at each other attain to reflect the result that mutually flick.The PLC correspondence has already come more body now its value, at the PLC and correspondence between Places, can pass the communication of the information and the share of the data’s to guarantee that of the equipments moderates mutually, the result that arrive already to repair with each other. Data conversion the adoption RS232 between PLC connect to come to the transmission data, but the RS232 pick up a people and can guarantee 10 meters only of deliver the distance, if in the distance of 1000 meters we can pass the RS485 to carry on the correspondence, the longer distance can pass the MODEL only to carry on deliver.The PLC data transmission is just to be called a form to it in a piece of and continuous address that the data of the inner part delivers the other party, we, the PLC of the other party passes to read data in the watch to carry on the operation. If the data that data in the watch is a to establish generally, that is just the general data transmission, for example today of oil price rise, I want to deliver the price of the oil price to lose the oil ally on board, that is the share of the data; But take data in the watch for an instruction procedure that controls the PLC, that had the difficulty very much, for example you have to control one pedestal robot to pressthe action work that you imagine, you will draw up for it the form that a procedure combine with the data sends out to pass by.The form that information transport contain single work, the half a work and the difference of a workers .The meaning of the single work also is to say both, a can send out only, but a can receive only, for example a spy he can receive the designation of the superior only, but can't give the superior reply; A work of half is also 2 and can send out similar to accept the data, but can't send out and accept at the same time, for example when you make a phone call is to can't answer the phone, the other party also; But whole pair works is both can send out and accept the data, and can send out and accept at the same time. Be like the Internet is a typical example.The process that information transport also has synchronous and different step cent: The data line and the clock lines are synchronous when synchronous meaning lie in sending out the data, is also the data signal and the clock signals to be carry on by the CPU to send out at the same time, this needs to all want the specialized clock signal each other to carry on the transmission and connect to send, and is constrained, the characteristics of this kind of method lies in its speed very quick, but correspond work time of take up the CPU and also want to be long oppositely, at the same time the technique difficulty also very big. Its request lies in canting have an error margins in a dates deliver, otherwise the whole piece according to compare the occurrence mistake, this on the hardware is a bigger difficulty. Applied more and more extensive in some appropriative equipments, be like the appropriative medical treatment equipments, the numerical signal equipments...etc., in compare the one data deliver, its result is very good.And the different step is an application the most extensive, this receive benefit in it of technique difficulty is opposite and want to be small, at the same time not need to prepare the specialized clock signal, its characteristics to lie in, its data is partition, the long-lost send out and accept, be the CPU is too busy of time can grind to a stop sex to work, also reduced the difficulty on the hardware, the data throw to lose at the same time opposite want to be little, we can pass the examination of the data to observe whether the data that we send out has the mistake or not, be like strange accidentally the method, tired addition and eight efficacies method etc, can use to helps whether the data that we examine to send out have or not themistake occurrence, pass the feedback to carry on the discriminator.A line of transmission of the information contains a string of and combines the cent of: The usual PLC is 8 machines, certainly also having 16 machines. We can be at the time of sending out the data a send out to the other party, also can be 88 send out the data to the other party, and 8 differentiations are also the as that we say to send out the data and combine sends out the data. A speed is more and slowly, but as long as 2 or three lines can solve problem, and can use the telephone line to carry on the long range control. But combine the ocular transmission speed is very quick of, it is a string of ocular of 25600%, occupy the advantage in the short distance, the in view of the fact TTL electricity is even, being limited by the scope of one meter generally, it combine unwell used for the data transmission of the long pull, thus the cost is too expensive.Under a lot of circumstances we are total to like to adopt the string to combine the conversion chip to carry on deliver, under this kind of circumstance not need us to carry on to deposited the machine to establish too and complicatedly, but carry on the data exchanges through the data transmission instruction directly, but is not a very viable way in the correspondence, because the PLC of the other party must has been wait for your data exportation at the time of sending out the data, it can't do other works.When you are reading the book, you hear someone knock on door, you stop to start up of affair, open the door and combine to continue with the one who knock on door a dialogue, the telephone of this time rang, you signal hint to connect a telephone, after connecting the telephone through, return overdo come together knock on door to have a conversation, after dialogue complete, you continue again to see your book, this kind of circumstance we are called the interruption to it, it has the authority, also having sex of have the initiative, the PLC had such function .Its characteristics lie in us and may meet the urgently abrupt affairs in the operation process of the equipments, we want to stop to start immediately up of work, the whereabouts manages the more important affair, this kind of circumstance is we usually meet of, PLC while carry out urgent mission, total will keep the current appearance first, for example the address of the procedure, CPU of tired add the machine data etc., be like to stick down which the book that we see is when we open the door the page or simply make a mark, because we treat and would still need to continue immediately after book of see the behind.The CPU always does the affair that should do according to our will, but your mistake of give it an affair, it also would be same to do, this we must notice.The interruption is not only a, sometimes existing jointly with the hour several inside break, break off to have the preferred Class, they will carry out the interruption of the higher Class according to person's request. This kind of breaks off the medium interruption to also became to break off the set. The Class that certainly breaks off is relevant according to various resources of CPU with internal PLC; also following a heap of capacity size of also relevant fasten.The contents that break off has a lot of kinds, for example the exterior break off, correspondence in of send out and accept the interruption and settle and the clock that count break off, still have the WDT to reset the interruption etc., they enriched the CPU to respond to the category while handle various business. Speak thus perhaps you can't comprehend the internal structure and operation orders of the interruption completely also, we do a very small example to explain.Each equipment always will not forget a button, it also is at we meet the urgent circumstance use of that is nasty to stop the button. When we meet the Human body trouble and surprised circumstances we as long as press it, the machine stops all operations immediately, and wait for processing the over surprised empress recover the operation again. Nasty stop the internal I/ O of the internal CPU of the button conjunction PLC to connect up, be to press button an exterior to trigger signal for CPU, the CPU carries on to the I/ O to examine again, being to confirm to have the exterior to trigger the signal, CPU protection the spot breaks off procedure counts the machine turn the homologous exterior I/ O automatically in the procedure to go to also, be exterior interruption procedure processing complete, the procedure counts the machine to return the main procedure to continue to work. Have 1:00 can what to explain is we generally would nasty stop the button of exterior break off to rise to the tallest Class, thus guarantee the safety.When we are work a work piece, giving the PLC a signal, counting PLC inner part the machine add 1 to compute us for a day of workload, a count the machine and can solve problem in brief, certainly they also can keep the data under the condition of dropping the electricity, urging the data not to throw to lose, this is also what we hope earnestly.The PLC still has the function that the high class counts the machine, being us while accept some dates of high speed, the high speed that here say is the data of the in all aspects tiny second class, for example the bar code scanner is scanning the data continuously, calculating high-speed signal of the data processor DSP etc., we will adopt the high class to count the machine to help we carry on count. It at the PLC carries out the procedure once discover that the high class counts the machine to should of interruption, will let go of the work on the hand immediately. The trapezoid diagram procedure that passes by to weave the distance again explains the high class for us to carry out procedure to count machine would automatic performance to should of work, thus rise the Class that the high class counts the machine to high one Class.You heard too many this phrases perhaps:" crash", the meaning that is mostly is a workload of CPU to lead greatly, the internal resources shortage etc. the circumstance can't result in procedure circulate. The PLC also has the similar circumstance, there is a watchdog WDT in the inner part of PLC, we can establish time that a procedure of WDT circulate, being to appear the procedure to jump to turn the mistake in the procedure movement process or the procedure is busy, movement time of the procedure exceeds WDT constitution time, the CPU turn but the WDT reset the appearance. The procedure restarts the movement, but will not carry on the breakage to the interruption.The PLC development has already entered for network ages of correspondence from the mode of the one, and together other works control the net plank and I/ O card planks to carry on the share easily. A state software can pass all se hardwires link, more animation picture of keep the view to carries on the control, and cans pass the Internet to carry on the control in the foreign land, the blast-off that is like the absolute being boat No.5 is to adopt this kind of way to make airship go up the sky.The development of the higher layer needs our continuous effort to obtain. The PLC emergence has already affected a few persons fully, we also obtained more knowledge and precepts from the top one experience of the generation, coming to the continuous development PLC technique, push it toward higher wave tide.可编程控制器技术讨论与未来发展T.J.拜尔斯（电子测试设备原理及应用普林斯顿大学）随着时代的发展，当今的技术也日趋完善、竞争愈演愈烈；单靠人工的操作已不能满足于目前的制造业前景，也无法保证更高质量的要求和高新技术企业的形象。

外文资料译文PLC technique discussion and future developmentAlong with the development of the ages, the technique that is nowadays is also gradually perfect, the competition plays more strong; the operation that list depends the artificial has already can't satisfied with the current manufacturing industry foreground, also can't guarantee the request of the higher quantity and high new the image of the technique business enterprise.The people see in produce practice, automate brought the tremendous convenience and the product quantities for people up of assurance, also eased the personnel's labor strength, reduce the establishment on the personnel. The target control of the hard realization in many complicated production lines, whole and excellent turn, the best decision etc., well-trained operation work, technical personnel or expert, governor but can judge and operate easily, can acquire the satisfied result. The research target of the artificial intelligence makes use of the calculator exactly to carry out, imitate these intelligences behavior, moderating the work through person's brain and calculators, with the mode that person's machine combine, for resolve the very complicated problem to look for the best pathPLC language is not we imagine of edit collected materials the language or language of Cs to carry on weaving the distance, but the trapezoid diagram that the adoption is original after the electric appliances to control, make the electrical engineering teacher while weaving to write the procedure very easy comprehended the PLC language, and a lot of non- electricity professional also very quickly know and go deep into to the PLC.Is PLC one of the advantage above and only, this is also one part that the people comprehend more and easily, in a lot of equipments, the people havealready no longer hoped to see too many control buttons, they damage not only and easily and produce the artificial error easiest, small is not a main error perhaps you can still accept; But lead even is a fatal error greatly is what we can't is tolerant of. New technique always for bringing more safe and convenient operation for us, make we a lot of problems for face on sweep but light, do you understand the HMI? Says the HMI here you basically not clear what it is, also have no interest understanding, change one inside text explains it into the touch to hold or man-machine interface you knew, and it combines with the PLC to our larger space.When we are work a work piece, giving the PLC a signal, counting PLC inner part the machine add 1 to compute us for a day of workload, a count the machine and can solve problem in brief, certainly they also can keep the data under the condition of dropping the electricity, urging the data not to throw to lose, this is also what we hope earnestly.The PLC still has the function that the high class counts the machine, being us while accept some dates of high speed, the high speed that here say is the data of the in all aspects tiny second class, for example the bar code scanner is scanning the data continuously, calculating high-speed signal of the data processor DSP etc., we will adopt the high class to count the machine to help we carry on count. It at the PLC carries out the procedure once discover that the high class counts the machine to should of interruption, will let go of the work on the hand immediately. The trapezoid diagram procedure that passes by to weave the distance again explains the high class for us to carry out procedure to count machine would automatic performance to should of work, thus rise the Class that the high class counts the machine to high one Class.You heard too many this phrases perhaps:" crash", the meaning that is mostly is a workload of CPU to lead greatly, the internal resources shortage etc. the circumstance can't result in procedure circulate. The PLC also has the similar circumstance, there is a watchdog WDT in the inner part of PLC, wecan establish time that a procedure of WDT circulate, being to appear the procedure to jump to turn the mistake in the procedure movement process or the procedure is busy, movement time of the procedure exceeds WDT constitution time, the CPU turn but the WDT reset the appearance. The procedure restarts the movement, but will not carry on the breakage to the interruption.The PLC development has already entered for network ages of correspondence from the mode of the one, and together other works control the net plank and I/ O card planks to carry on the share easily. A state software can pass all se hardwires link, more animation picture of keep the view to carries on the control, and cans pass the Internet to carry on the control in the foreign land, the blast-off that is like the absolute being boat is to adopt this kind of way to make airship go up the sky.The development of the higher layer needs our continuous effort to obtain. The PLC emergence has already affected a few persons fully, we also obtained more knowledge and precepts from the top one experience of the generation, coming to the continuous development PLC technique, push it toward higher wave tide.Knowing the available PLC network options and their best applications will ensure an efficient and flexible control system design.The programmable logic controller's (PLC's) ability to support a range of communication methods makes it an ideal control and data acquisition device for a wide variety of industrial automation and facility control applications. However, there is some confusion because so many possibilities exist. To help eliminate this confusion, let's list what communications are available and when they would be best applied.To understand the PLC's communications versatility, let's first define the terms used in describing the various systems.ASCII: This stands for "American Standard Code for Information Interchange." As shown in Fig. 1, when the letter "A" is transmitted, forinstance, it's automatically coded as "65" by the sending equipment. The receiving equipment translates the "65" back to the letter "A." Thus, different devices can communicate with each other as long as both use ASCII code.ASCII module: This intelligent PLC module is used for connecting PLCs to other devices also capable of communicating using ASCII code as a vehicle.Bus topology: This is a linear local area network (LAN) arrangement, as shown in Fig. 2A, in which individual nodes are tapped into a main communications cable at a single point and broadcast messages. These messages travel in both directions on the bus from the point of connection until they are dissipated by terminators at each end of the bus.CPU: This stands for "central processing unit," which actually is that part of a computer, PLC, or other intelligent device where arithmetic and logical operations are performed and instructions are decoded and executed.Daisy chain: This is a description of the connection of individual devices in a PLC network, where, as shown in Fig. 3, each device is connected to the next and communications signals pass from one unit to the next in a sequential fashion.Distributed control: This is an automation concept in which portions of an automated system are controlled by separate controllers, which are located in close proximity to their area of direct control (control is decentralized and spread out over the system).Host computer: This is a computer that's used to transfer data to, or receive data from, a PLC in a PLC/computer network.Intelligent device: This term describes any device equipped with its own CPU.I/O: This stands for "inputs and outputs," which are modules that handle data to the PLC (inputs) or signals from the PLC (outputs) to an external device.Kbps: This stands for "thousand bits per second," which is a rate of measure for electronic data transfer.Mbps: This stands for "million bits per second."Node: This term is applied to any one of the positions or stations in a network. Each node incorporates a device that can communicate with all other devices on the network.Protocol: The definition of how data is arranged and coded for transmission on a network.Ring topology. This is a LAN arrangement, as shown in Fig. 2C, in which each node is connected to two other nodes, resulting in a continuous, closed, circular path or loop for messages to circulate, usually in one direction. Some ring topologies have a special "loop back" feature that allows them to continue functioning even if the main cable is severed.RS232. This is an IEEE standard for serial communications that describes specific wiring connections, voltage levels, and other operating parameters for electronic data communications. There also are several other RS standards defined.Serial: This is an electronic data transfer scheme in which information is transmitted one bit at a time.Serial port: This the communications access point on a device that is set up for serial communications.Star topology. This is a LAN arrangement in which, as shown in Fig. 2B, nodes are connected to one another through a central hub, which can be active or passive. An active hub performs network duties such as message routing and maintenance. A passive central hub simply passes the message along to all the nodes connected to it.Topology: This relates to a specific arrangement of nodes in a LAN in relation to one another.Transparent: This term describes automatic events or processes built into a system that require no special programming or prompting from an operator.Now that we're familiar with these terms, let's see how they are used in describing the available PLC network options.PLC network optionsPLC networks provide you with a variety of networking options to meet specific control and communications requirements. Typical options include remote I/O, peer-to-peer, and host computer communications, as well as LANs. These networks can provide reliable and cost-effective communications between as few as two or as many as several hundred PLCs, computers, and other intelligent devices.Many PLC vendors offer proprietary networking systems that are unique and will not communicate with another make of PLC. This is because of the different communications protocols, command sequences, error-checking schemes, and communications media used by each manufacturer.However, it is possible to make different PLCs "talk" to one another; what's required is an ASCII interface for the connection(s), along with considerable work with software.Remote I/0 systemsA remote I/O configuration, as shown in Fig. 4A, has the actual inputs and outputs at some distance from the controller and CPU. This type of system, which can be described as a "master-and-slave" configuration, allows many distant digital and analog points to be controlled by a single PLC. Typically, remote I/Os are connected to the CPU via twisted pair or fiber optic cables.Remote I/O configurations can be extremely cost-effective control solutions where only a few I/O points are needed in widely separated areas. In this situation, it's not always necessary, or practical for that matter, to have a controller at each site. Nor is it practical to individually hard wire each I/O point over long distances back to the CPU. For example, remote I/O systems can be used in acquiring data from remote plant or facility locations. Information such as cycle times, counts, duration or events, etc. then can be sent back to the PLC for maintenance and management reporting.In a remote I/O configuration, the master controller polls the slaved I/O for its current I/O status. The remote I/O system responds, and the master PLCthen signals the remote I/O to change the state of outputs as dictated by the control program in the PLC's memory. This entire cycle occurs hundreds of times per second.Peer-to-peer networksPeer-to-peer networks, as shown in Fig. 4B, enhance reliability by decentralizing the control functions without sacrificing coordinated control. In this type of network, numerous PLCs are connected to one another in a daisy-chain fashion, and a common memory table is duplicated in the memory of each. In this way, when any PLC writes data to this memory area, the information is automatically transferred to all other PLCs in the network. They then can use this information in their own operating programs.With peer-to-peer networks, each PLC in the network is responsible for its own control site and only needs to be programmed for its own area of responsibility. This aspect of the network significantly reduces programming and debugging complexity; because all communications occur transparently to the user, communications programming is reduced to simple read-and-write statements.In a peer-to-peer system, there's no master PLC. However, it's possible to designate one of the PLCs as a master for use as a type of group controller. This PLC then can be used to accept input information from an operator input terminal, for example, sending all the necessary parameters to other PLCs and coordinating the sequencing of various events.Host computer linksPLCs also can be connected with computers or other intelligent devices. In fact, most PLCs, from the small to the very large, can be directly connected to a computer or part of a multi drop host computer network via RS232C or RS422 ports. This combination of computer and controller maximizes the capabilities of the PLC, for control and data acquisition, as well as the computer, for data processing, documentation, and operator interface.In a PLC/computer network, as shown in Fig. 4C, all communications areinitiated by the host computer, which is connected to all the PLCs in a daisy-chain fashion. This computer individually addresses each of its networked PLCs and asks for specific information. The addressed PLC then sends this information to the computer for storage and further analysis. This cycle occurs hundreds of times per second.Host computers also can aid in programming PLCs; powerful programming and documentation software is available for program development. Programs then can be written on the computer in relay ladder logic and downloaded into the PLC. In this way, you can create, modify, debug, and monitor PLC programs via a computer terminal.In addition to host computers, PLCs often must interface with other devices, such as operator interface terminals for large security and building management systems. Although many intelligent devices can communicate directly with PLCs via conventional RS232C ports and serial ASCII code, some don't have the software ability to interface with individual PLC models. Instead, they typically send and receive data in fixed formats. It's the PLC programmer's responsibility to provide the necessary software interface.The easiest way to provide such an interface to fixed-format intelligent devices is to use an ASCII/BASIC module on the PLC. This module is essentially a small computer that plugs into the bus of the PLC. Equipped with RS232 ports and programmed in BASIC, the module easily can handle ASCII communications with peripheral devices, data acquisition functions, programming sequences, "number crunching," report and display generation, and other requirements.Access, protocol, and modulation functions of LANsBy using standard interfaces and protocols, LANs allow a mix of devices (PLCs, PCs, mainframe computers, operator interface terminals, etc.) from many different vendors to communicate with others on the network.Access: A LAN's access method prevents the occurrence of more than one message on the network at a time. There are two common access methods.Collision detection is where the nodes "listen" to the network and transmit only if there are no other messages on the network. If two nodes transmit simultaneously, the collision is detected and both nodes retransmit until their messages get through properly.Token passing allows each node to transmit only if it's in possession of a special electronic message called a token. The token is passed from node to node, allowing each an opportunity to transmit without interference. Tokens usually have a time limit to prevent a single node from tying up the token for a long period of time.Protocol: Network protocols define the way messages are arranged and coded for transmission on the LAN. The following are two common types.Proprietary protocols are unique message arrangements and coding developed by a specific vendor for use with that vendor's product only.Open protocols are based on industry standards such as TCP/IP or ISO/OSI models and are openly published.Modulation: Network modulation refers to the way messages are encoded for transmission over a cable. The two most common types are broadband and baseband.Network transmission interfacesThe vast majority of PLC communications is done via RS232C and twisted pair cables. Most PLCs have an RS232 port and are capable of handling communications with host computers, printers, terminals, and other devices. Maximum transmission speed is Kbps.The distance and data transmission rates are standards for the various interfaces. Their actual performance is a function of the driving devices and varies significantly between manufacturers. As such, you should consult the manufacturer's specifications for actual distance and data transmission rate capabilities.The only real limitation on RS232C is the 50-ft recommended distance between devices. While RS232C installations often can achieve cablingdistances greater than this, the "unbalanced" design of the interface results in a greater susceptibility to surrounding electrical noise and reduced data integrity. This is particularly true where electromagnetic interference (EMI) and radio-frequency interference (RFI) are known to exist.When longer transmission distances are needed, RS422 is a better choice. Unlike the RS232C interface, RS422 is "balanced." Each of its primary signals consists of two wires that are always at opposite logic levels, with respect to signal ground. As a result, the interface can achieve longer transmission distance (4000 ft) and higher data transmission rates (up to 90 Kbps). In shorter runs (less than 50 ft), data transfer can reach 10 Mbps.Fiber optic communications are gaining greater acceptance and are being used in more and more installations. Fiber optic cable is virtually impervious to harsh environmental conditions and electrical noise. Also, these links can span extremely long distances and transmit data at very high speeds. For example, in some LAN systems, these links can transmit at relatively high speeds and span long distances before requiring a repeater. When repeaters are used, virtually unlimited distances can be achieved.可编程操纵器技术讨论与以后进展随着时期的进展,现今的技术也日趋完善、竞争愈演愈烈;单靠人工的操作已不能知足于目前的制造业前景,也无法保证更高质量的要求和高新技术企业的形象.人们在生产实践中看到,自动化给人们带来了极大的便利和产品质量上的保证,同时也减轻了人员的劳动强度,减少了人员上的编制.在许多复杂的生产进程中难以实现的目标操纵、整体优化、最正确决策等,熟练的操作工、技术人员或专家、治理者却能够容易判定和操作,能够取得中意的成效.人工智能的研究目标正是利用运算机来实现、模拟这些智能行为,通过人脑与运算机和谐工作,以人机结合的模式,为解决十分复杂的问题寻觅最正确的途径PLC的语言并非是咱们所想象的汇编语言或C语言来进行编程，而是采纳原有的继电器操纵的梯形图，使得电气工程师在编写程序时很容易就明白得了PLC的语言，而且很多的非电气专业人士也对PLC专门快熟悉并深切。

外文翻译：The monolithic In order to prevent without authorization the visit or the copy monolithic integrated circuit machine in the procedure, the majority of monolithic integrated circuits all has the encryption to lock the localization or the encryption byte, by protects the internal procedure. If in programming time encrypts locks the localization to enable (locking), is unable with the ordinary programming directly reading in the monolithic integrated circuit the procedure, this is the so-called copy protection or says the fixed function. In fact, such protective measures are very frail, is very easily explained. The monolithic integrated circuit aggressor with the aid of the special purpose equipment or the self-made equipment, using the monolithic integrated circuit chip design in loophole or the software flaw, through the many kinds of technical method, may withdraw the essential information from the chip, gains in the monolithic integrated circuit the procedure. Therefore, has the newest technology extremely as electronic products project engineer which the essential understanding current monolithic integrated circuit attacks, achieves knows oneself and the other side, knows fairly well, can effectively prevent oneself spends the product which the massive moneys and the time laboriously designs the matter occurrence which is counterfeited by a others night between.monolithic integrated circuits attacks technology：At present, attacks the monolithic integrated circuit mainly to have four kind of technologies, respectively is:This technical usual use processor correspondence connection and in the use agreement, the encryption algorithm or these algorithm security loophole carries on the attack. The software attack obtains the success a case in point is to early A T M E L A the T 89 C series monolithic integrated circuit attack. The aggressor has used in this series monolithic integrated circuit cleaning operation succession design loophole, uses from arranges the procedure to lock the localization after the cleaning encryption, stops the next step of cleaning internal program memory data the operation, thus makes to add the dense monolithic integrated circuit not to turn the encryption monolithic integrated circuit, then use programming read-out internal procedure.This technology usually monitors the processor by the high time resolution when the normal operation all power sources and the connection connection simulation characteristic, and through monitors its electromagnetic radiation characteristic to implement the attack. Because the monolithic integrated circuit is an active electronic device, when it carries out the different instruction, the corresponding mains input consumption also correspondingly changes. Like this analyzes and examines these changes through the use special electronic surveying instrument and mathematics statistical method, then gains in the monolithic integrated circuit the specific essential information.the mistake has the technology This technical use exceptionally working condition causes the processor to make a mistake, then provides the extra visit to carry on the attack. Uses the most widespread mistake to have the attack method including the voltage impact and the clock impact. The low voltage and the high voltage attack may usefor to forbid the protection circuit work or to fortected the information. The power source and the clock transient state jump may affect the single scroll instruction in certain processors the decoding and the ece the processor to carry out the misoperation. Perhaps the clock transient state jump can reposition the protection circuit but not to be able to destroy is proxecution.This technology is the direct exposed chip interior segment, then the observation, holds controls, disturbs the monolithic integrated circuit by to achieve the attack goal.In order to facilitate in order to, the people divide into above four kind of attacks technology two kinds, a kind is the invasion attack (physical attack), this kind of attack needs to destroy the seal, then with the aid of the semiconductor test facility, the microscope and the micro locator, several hours even several week time can complete on the special laboratory flower. All micro probes technology all belongs to the invasion attack. Moreover three methods belong to the non- invasion attack, the monolithic integrated circuit which attacks cannot by the physical damage. In certain situation non- invasion attacks is specially dangerous, this is because the non- invasion attack needs the equipment usually to be possible the self-restraint and the promotion, therefore is extremely inexpensive.The majority of non- invasions attack needs the aggressor to have the good processor knowledge and the software knowledge. Is opposite with it, the invasion probe attack then does not need too many initial knowledge,moreover usually may use the one whole set similar technology to cope with the width scope the product. Therefore, the attack often starts to the monolithic integrated circuit from the invasion reverse engineering, the accumulation experience is helpful to the development more inexpensive and the fast non- invasion attack technology.Last step will be seeks the protection melt silk the position and protects the melt silk to expose under the ultraviolet ray. With enlargement factor at least 100 time of microscopes, inputs the foot from the programming voltage the segment to track generally, seeks the protection melt silk.This technical use exceptionally working condition causes the processor to make a mistake, then provides the extra visit to carry on the attack. Uses the most widespread mistake to have the attack method including the voltage impact and the clock impact. The low voltage and the high voltage attack may use for to forbid the protection circuit work or to force the processor to carry out the misoperation. Perhaps the clock transient state jump can reposition the protection circuit but not to be able to destroy is protected the information. The power source and the clock transient state jump may affect the single scroll instruction in certain processors the decoding and the execution.(4) probe technologyThis technology is the direct exposed chip interior segment, then the observation, holds controls, disturbs the monolithic integrated circuit by to achieve the attack goal.In order to facilitate in order to, the people divide into above four kindof attacks technology two kinds, a kind is the invasion attack (physical attack), this kind of attack needs to destroy the seal, then with the aid of the semiconductor test facility, the microscope and the micro locator, several hours even several week time can complete on the special laboratory flower. All micro probes technology all belongs to the invasion attack. Moreover three methods belong to the non- invasion attack, the monolithic integrated circuit which attacks cannot by the physical damage. In certain situation non- invasion attacks is specially dangerous, this is because the non- invasion attack needs the equipment usually to be possible the self-restraint and the promotion, therefore is extremely inexpensive.The majority of non- invasions attack needs the aggressor to have the good processor knowledge and the software knowledge. Is opposite with it, the invasion probe attack then does not need too many initial knowledge,moreover usually may use the one whole set similar technology to cope with the width scope the product. Therefore, the attack often starts to the monolithic integrated circuit from the invasion reverse engineering, the accumulation experience is helpful to the development more inexpensive and the fast non- invasion attack technology.3 invasions attacks general process：The invasion attack first step uncovers the chip seal. Some two methods may achieve this goal: The first kind is dissolves the chip seal completely, the exposed metal segment. The second kind is only moves above the silicon nucleus plastic seal. The first method needs the chip to tests on the jig, with the aid of Taiwan to operate. The second method except needs to have the aggressor certain knowledge and Wants outside skill, but also needs individual wisdom and the patience, but operates relatively quite is convenient.Above the chip plastic may use the knife to open, around the chip epoxy resin may use the aqua fortis perish. The hot aqua fortis can dissolve the chip seal but not to be able to affect the chip and the segment. This process carries on generally under the extremely dry condition, because the water existence possibly can corrode already the aluminum wire connection which exposes.Then first uses the acetone in the supersonic pond to clean this chip by except the remaining nitric acid, then cleans with the clear water by and is dry except the salinity. Not the supersonic pond, jumps over generally this step. In this kind of situation, the chip surface can a little dirty, but not too affects the ultraviolet ray to the chip operation effect.Last step will be seeks the protection melt silk the position and protects the melt silk to expose under the ultraviolet ray. With enlargement factor at least 100 time of microscopes, inputs the foot from the programming voltage the segment to track generally, seeks the protection melt silk.If does not have the microscope, then uses the chip different partially exposes to the ultraviolet ray under and the observed result way carries on the simple search. When operation applies not the opaque slip of paper cover chipby to protect the program memory not by the ultraviolet ray cleaning. Will protect the melt silk to expose in the ultraviolet ray next 5 ~ 10 minutes can broken the protection position protective function, afterwards, will use the simple programming to be possible the direct readout program memory content.Regarding used the protective layer to protect E E P R O the M unit the monolithic integrated circuit to say that, the use ultraviolet ray repositioned the protection circuit is not feasible. Regarding this kind of type monolithic integrated circuit, uses the micro probe technology reading the memory content generally. Opens after the chip seal, puts in the chip under the microscope to be able very easy finding中文翻译单片机为了防止未经授权访问或拷贝单片机的机内程序，大部分单片机都带有加密锁定位或者加密字节，以保护片内程序。

INDUSTRIAL AND COLLABORATIVECONTROL SYSTEMS 之迟辟智美创作- A COMPLEMENTARY SYMBIOSIS –-Looking at today’s control system one can find a wide variety of implementations. From pure industrial to collaborative control system (CCS) tool kits to home grown systems and any variation in-between. Decisions on the type of implementation should be driven by technical arguments Reality shows that financial and sociological reasons form the complete picture. Any decision has it’s advantages and it’s drawbacks. Reliability, good documentation and support are arguments for industrial controls. Financial arguments drive decisions towards collaborative tools. Keeping the hands on the source code and being able to solve problems on your own and faster than industry are the argument for home grown solutions or open source solutions. The experience of many years of operations shows that which solution is the primary one does not matter, there are always areas where at least part of the other implementations exist. As a result heterogeneous systems have to be maintained. The support for different protocols is essential. This paper describes our experience with industrial control systems, PLC controlled turn key systems, the CCS tool kit EPICS and the operability between all of them.-INTRODUCTIONProcess controls in general started at DESY in the early 80th with the installation of the cryogenic control system for the accelerator HERA (Hadron-Elektron-Ring-Anlage). A new technology was necessary because the existing hardware was not capable to handle standard process controls signals like 4 to 20mA input and output signals and the software was not designed to run PID control loops at a stable repetition rate of 0.1 seconds. In addition sequence programs were necessary to implement startup and shutdown procedures for the complex cryogenic processes like cold boxes and compete compressor streets.Soon it was necessary to add interfaces to field buses and to add computing power to cryogenic controls. Since the installed D/3 system[1] only provided an documented serialconnection on a multibus board, the decision was made to implement a DMA connection to VME and to emulate the multibus board’s functionality. The necessary computing power for temperature conversions came from a Motorola MVME 167 CPU and the field bus adapter to the in house SEDAC field bus was running on an additional MVME 162.The operating system was VxWorks and the application was the EPICS toolkit.Since this implementation was successful it was also implemented for the utility controls which were looking for a generic solution to supervise their distributed PLC’s.A SELECTION OF PROCESS CONTROL SYSTEMS AT DESYDCS (D/3)As a result of a market survey the D/3 system from GSE was selected for the HERA cryogenic plant. The decision was fortunate because of the DCS character of the D/3. The possibility to expand the system on the display- and on the I/O side helped to solve the increasing control demands for HERA. The limiting factor for the size of the system is not the total number of I/O but the traffic on the communication network. This traffic is determined by the total amount of archived data not by the data configured in the alarm system.The technical background of this limitation is the fact that archived data are polled from the display servers whereas the alarms are pushed to configured destinations like alarm-files, (printer) queues or displays.SCADA Systems with DCS Features (Cube)The fact that the D/3 system mentioned above had some hard coded limitations with respect to the Y2K problem was forcing us to look for an upgrade or a WordStrment of the existing system. As a result of a call for tender the company Orsi with their product Cube came into play [2]. The project included a complete WordStrment of the installed functionality. This included the D/3 as well as the integration of the DESY field bus SEDAC and the temperature conversion in VME. The project started promising. But soon technical and organizational problemswere pushing the schedule to it’s limits wh ich were determined by the HERA shutdown scheduled at that time.The final acceptance test at the vendors site showed dramatic performance problems. Two factors could be identified as the cause of these problems. The first one was related to the under estimated CPU load of the 6th grade polynomial temperature conversion running at 1 Hz. The second one was the additional CPU load caused by the complex functionality of the existing D/3 system. Here it was underestimated that each digital and analog input and output channel had it’s own alarm limits in the D/3 system.In a SCADA like system as Cube the base functionality of a channel is to read the value and make it available to the system. Any additional functionality must be added. Last not least the load on the network for polling all the alarm limits –typically for a SCADA system –was also driving the network to it’s limits.Finally the contract with Orsi was cancelled and an upgrade of the D/3 system was the only possible solution. It was finally carried out in march 2003.In any case it should be mentioned that the Cube approach had the advantage of a homogeneous configuration environment (for the Cube front end controllers) –compared with heterogeneous environments for ‘pure’ SCADA systems.SCADA (PVSS-II)The H1 experiment at the HERA accelerator decided to use PVSS-II for an upgrade of their slow control systems[3].The existing systems were developed by several members of the H1 collaboration and were difficult to maintain. The decision to use PVSS as a WordStrment was driven by the results of an extensive survey carried out at CERN by the Joint Controls Project [4]. PVSS is a ‘pure’ Supervisory And Data Acquisition System (SCADA). It provides a set of drivers for several field buses and generic socket libraries to implement communication over TCP/IP. The core element is the so called event manager. It collects the data (mostly by polling) from the I/O devices and provides an event service to the attached management services like: control manager, database manager, user interface, API manager and the built in HTTP server. The PVSS scripting library allows to implement complex sequences as well as complex graphics.Compared with other SCADA systems PVSS comes with one basic feature: it provides a true object oriented API to the device’s data.One major disadvantage of SCADA systems is the fact that two databases, the one for the PLC and the one for the SCADA system must be maintained. Integrated environments try to overcome this restriction.EPICSEPICS has emerged at DESY from a problem solver to a fully integrated control system. Starting from the data collector and number cruncher for the cryogenic control system, EPICS made it’s way to become the core application for the DESY utility group. In addition it is used wherever data is available through VME boards or by means of Industry Pack (IP) modules. For those cryogenic systems which are not controlled by the D/3 system EPICS is used with it’s complete functionality. In total about 50 Input Output Controller (IOC) are operational processing about 25 thousand records.1 EPICS as a SCADA SystemThe utility group ( water, electrical power, compressed air, heating and air conditioning) is using a variety of PLC’s spread out over the whole DESY site. EPICS is used to collect the data from these PLC’s over Profibus (FMS and DP) and over Ethernet (Siemens H1 and TCP). The IOC’s provide the interfaces to the buses and collect the data. The built in alarm checking of the EPICS records is used to store and forward alarm states to the alarm handler (alh) of the EPICS toolkit. In addition tools like the channel archiver and the graphic display (dm2k) are used. The default name resolution (by UDP broadcast) and the directory server (name server) are used to connectclient and server applications over TCP. All of these are basically SCADA functions.The textual representation of all configuration files ( for the IOC, the graphic tool, the alarm handler and the archiver) provides a flexible configuration scheme. At DESY the utility group has developed a set of tools to create IOC databases and alarm configuration files from Oracle. Thisway the controls group provides the service to maintain the EPICS tools and the IOC’s while the users can concentrate on the equipment being controlled.2 EPICS as a DCS SystemBesides the basic components of a SCADA system EPICS also provides a full flavoured Input Output Controller (IOC).The IOC provides all of the function a DCS system requires, such as: a standard set of properties implemented in each record, built in alarm checking processed during the execution of each record; control records like PID etc.;configuration tools for the processing engine. The flexible naming scheme and the default display and alarm properties for each record ease the connection between the operator tools and the IOC’s. The flexible data acquisition supports the poll mode as well as the publish subscribe mode. The latter reduces the traffic drastically.PLC’sPLC’s provide nowadays the same rich functionality as it was known from stand alone control systems in the past.Besides the basic features like the periodic execution of a defined set of functions they also allow extensive communication over Ethernet including embedded http servers and different sets of communication programs.Besides the communication processors, display processors can be linked to PLC’s to provide local displays which can be comprised as touch panels for operator intervention and value settings.These kind of PLC’s are att ractive for turn key systems which are commissioned at the vendors site and later integrated into the customers control system.Intelligent I/ONew developments in I/O devices allow to ‘cluster’ I/O in even smaller groups and connect theses clustered I/O channels directly to the control system. PLC’s are not any more necessary for distributed I/O. Simple communication processors for any kind of field buses or for Ethernet allow an easy integration into the existing controls infrastructure.Little local engines can run IEC 61131 programs. Thedifferences between PLC’s and intelligent I/O subsystems fade away.FUNCTIONALITYThe ever lasting question why control systems for accelerators and other highly specialized equipment are often home grown or at least developed in a collaboration but only in rare cases commercial shall not be answered here. We try to summarize here basic functionalities of different controls approaches.Front-end ControllerOne of the core elements of a control system is the front-end controller. PLC’s can be used to implement most of the functions to control the equipment. The disadvantage is the complicated access to the controls properties. For instance all of the properties of a control loop like the P, I and D parameter, but also the alarm limits and other additional properties must be addressed individually in order to identify them in the communication protocol and last not least in the display-, alarm- and archive programs. In addition any kind of modifications of these embedded properties is difficult to track because two or more systems are involved. This might be one strong argument why control loops are mainly implemented on the IOC level rather than PLC’s.1 I/O and Control LoopsComplex control algorithms and control loops are the domain of DCS alike control systems. The support for sets of predefined display and controls properties is essential. If not already available (like in DCS systems) such sets of generic properties are typically specified throughout a complete control system (see namespaces).2 Sequence/ State programsSequence programs can run on any processor in a control system. The runtime environment depends on the relevance of the code for the control system. Programs fulfilling watchdog functions have to run on the front-end processor directly. Sequence programs for complicated startup and shutdown procedures could be run on a workstation as well.The basic functionality of a state machine can be even implemented in IEC 61131. Code generators can produce ‘C’ code which can be compiled for the runtime environment.3 Supported HardwareThe support for field buses and Ethernet based I/O is a basic functionality for SCADA type systems it is commercially available from any SCADA system on the market. The integration of specific hardware with specific drivers and data conversion is the hard part in a commercial environment. Open API’s or scripting support sometimes help to integrate custom hardware. If these tools are not provided for the control system it is difficult –if not impossible - to integrate custom hardware.New industrial standards like OPC allow the communication with OPC aware devices and the communication between control systems. One boundary condition for this kind of functionality is the underlying operating system. In the case of OPC it is bound to DCOM which is a Microsoft standard. UNIX based control systems have a hard time to get connected. Only control systems supporting multiple platforms can play a major role in a heterogeneous environments.As a result the limited support for custom- or specialized hardware may give reason for the development of a new control system.Display and OperationBesides the front-end system the operator interfaces play a major role for the acceptance of a control system. SCADA tools come with a homogeneous look and feel throughout their set of tools. Toolkits implemented in a collaboration might vary because the individual tools were developed by different teams.1 GraphicSynoptic displays are the advertising sign for any control system. Commercial synoptic displays come with a rich functionality and lots of special features. Starting to make use of all these features one will find out that all individualproperties of the graphic objects must be specified individually. Since SCADA systems must be generic they cannot foresee that an input channel does not only consist ofa value but also consists of properties like display ranges andalarm values. Defining all of these properties again and again can be a pretty boring job. Some systems allow to generate prototypes of graphic objects. These prototype or template graphics are complex and need a specialist to generate them.DCS or custom synoptic display programs can make use of the common set of properties each I/O point provides. This predefined naming scheme will fill in all standard property values and thus only require to enter the record – or device name into the configuration tool. A clear advantage for control systems with a notion of I/O objects rather than I/O points.2 AlarmingAlarms are good candidates to distinguish between different control system architectures. Those systems which have I/O object implemented also provide alarm checking on the front-end computer. Those systems which only know about I/O points have to add alarm checking into the I/O processing. While the I/O object approach allows to implement alarm checking in the native programming language of the front-end system, I/O point oriented systems typically have to implement this functionality in their nativescripting language. This is typically less efficient and error prone because all properties must be individually configured.This leads to a flood of properties. Not only the error states for each I/O point wind up to be individual I/O points but also the alarm limits and the alarm severity of each limit must be defined as I/O points if it is desired to be able to change their values during runtime.Besides this impact on the configuration side the processing and forwarding of alarms makes the difference between SCADA and DCS systems. Since SCADA systems inherently do not ‘know’ about alarms, each alarm state must be polled either directly from the client application or in advanced cases from an event manager which will forward alarm states to the clients. In any case a lot of overhead for ‘just’ checking alarm limits. DCS system again have the advantage that clients can either register themselves for alarm states und thus get the information forwarded or are configured to send alarmchanges to certain destinations spread around the control system. The latter case is only possible for systems which in total are configured with all the nodes taking part in the controls network.3 Trending and ArchivingTrending has become an important business in control systems architectures. Trends are necessary to trace error conditions or for post mortem and performance analysis of the controlled plant. Besides some custom implementations which are capable to store the data of complete control objects, most of the trending tools archive scalar data.Additional features like conditional trending or correlation plots make up the difference between individual implementations.4 Programming InterfacesWith respect to open programming interfaces PLC’s and DCS systems have a common strategy. They are running reliably because there’s no way to integrate custom code which could interfere with the internal processing. As a consequence the customer has to order ‘specials’ - which are extremely expensive – or forget about it and use the system as a black box.Since SCADA systems by definition must be able to communicate with a variety of I/O subsystems they already have some built in API’s which allow to integrate custom functionality.Specially collaborative systems need a certain openness to fulfill all the requirements from various development groups.Programming interfaces on all levels like font-end I/O, front-end processing, networking etc. are mandatory. A clear advantage for this type of system.5 RedundancyIf redundancy means the seamless switch which takes over all the states and all the values of the I/O and all states of all programs currently running, it is a domain of only a few DCS systems. Custom or CCS implementation do not provide this kind of functionality. Maybe because of the immense effort and the fact that it is only required in rare cases.Besides processor redundancy, redundant networks or I/O subsystems are available for certain commercial DCS systems. Again – a domain which is not covered by SCADA or CCS implementations.Advanced safety requirements may be covered byredundant PLC subsystems. These are for instance installed in (nuclear) power plants. Requirements for Personal Protection Systems (PPS) can sometimes only be fulfilled by redundant PLC’s. In process controls redundant PLC’s are only used in rare cases.6 NamespaceThe flat namespace of SCADA systems has already been described in the alarm section. Some SCADA systems (like PVSS-II) provide the notion of control objects or structured data which is a rare case. In all other cases so called field objects must be specified. These are objects which consist ofa list of properties (implemented as I/O points) and a set ofmethods ( implemented asmacros or function calls). One of these approaches is the UniNified Industrial COntrol System (UNICOS) at CERN [5].DCS systems and most of the custom/ collaborative systems are record –or device oriented. The difference being that typically one record is connected to a single I/O point and provides this way all sub features of a record implementation like individual engineering units, display- and alarm limits. The device oriented approach allows to connect several I/O points. The major difference being the fact that an object oriented device implementation provides methods and states for a device while (EPICS) records only serve a certain set of built in functions.Naming hierarchies are not specific to a type of implementation. They are available for some systems of any kind. For sure hierarchical naming schemes are desirable.IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIESAfter having shown all the possible controls approaches it is time to have a look at the implementation of control systems.Starting from the I/O level one has to decide whether commercial solution are required, feasible or wanted.Special I/O does not always require custom solution for the font-end controller. Signals can be converted into standard signals but this does not apply for all kinds of signals.Resolution, repetition rates and signal levels might require custom developments which must be integrated into the overall control architecture. Even if the signals can not beconnected to standard I/O interfaces it might be possible to develop I/O controllers which implement a field bus interface which allow the integration with commercial control systems. Once this level of integration is not possible custom front-end controllers like VME crates come into play.Besides the decision whether special I/O requires dedicated custom solutions one has to decide who will do which part of the work? Does for instance the necessity of VME crates prohibit the delivery of a ‘turn key’ system built by industry?Or does a PLC based front-end system require a commercial SCADA system for high level controls?Turn Key SystemsIt is a clear trend in industry to deliver turn key systems. It allows a modular design of the whole system. Individual components can be subcontracted to several companies and tested locally. Once delivered to the construction site the primary acceptance tests have already been passed and the second phase, to integrate the subsystem into the global control system begins.While the detailed specification of control loops etc. is now part of the subsystems contract, the customer has to specify clearly how much information of the subsystem must be made available, what the data structures will look like and which connection (field bus/ Ethernet) will be used.Most turn key systems are delivered with PLC’s. The construction of the Swiss Light Source (SLS) has shown that also a VME based I/O system running a CCS – in this case EPICS – can be successfully commissioned [6].PLC Based SystemsPLC based systems are a consequence of the turn key ansatz. The next obvious approach might be to look besides commercial PLC’s also for commercial SCADA systems.The advantage is clearly the same like for the PLC: stable software, no programming – only configuration, support and good documentation. At DESY we have successfully established a relation between the controls group which provides a CCS service based on EPICS and the utility group which uses the EPICS configuration tools to set up their control environment. The big advantage though beingthat the EPICS code can be adjusted to the special requirements from both sides.Industrial SolutionsThe difference between CCS solutions and commercial solutions is fading away as soon as industry starts to deliver and support collaborative control systems. At KEK a company was contracted to supply programmers for the KEK-B upgrade. These programmers were trained in writing drivers and application code for EPICS. As a result the KEK-B control system is a mixture of software developed partly by industry and partly in house. This is another example for an industrial involvement for a CCS implementation.COSTThe question: “Was is the total cost of ownership (TCO) ofa PC?” has kept people busy since PC’s exist. The answersvary to all extremes. The question what is the TCO of a control system might give similar results.If you go commercial you have to pay for the initial licenses the implementation which is typically carried out by the supplier or by a subcontractor, and you pay for the on going software support which might or might not include the update license fee.If you go for a collaborative approach, you might contract a company or implement everything on your own. A question of ‘time and money’ as industry says. You will have more freedom and flexibility for your implementations but also a steeper learning curve. You can rely on the collaboration to provide new features and versions or you can contribute yourself. A major difference calculating the long term costs for a control system.At DESY one can roughly estimate that the (controls application)-support for a commercial approach – here D/3 - and the -support for a collaborative approach – here EPICS - is nearly the same. The software support and upgrade license fee is equivalent to one and a half FTE’s – which is about the manpower necessary to support new hardware and to upgrade EPICS.CONCLUSIONSDepending on the size and the requirements for a controls project the combination of commercial solutions and solutions based on a collaborative approach is possible in any rate between 0 and 100 percent. This applies for all levels from implementation to long term support. Special requirements on safety issues or a lack of manpower might turn the scale commercial. The necessity to interface special hardware, special timing requirements, the ‘having the code in my hands’ argument or the initial costs for commercial solutions will turn the scale collaborative. As long as collaborative approaches like EPICS stay up to date and run as stable and robust as commercial solutions, both will keep their position in the controls world in a complementary symbiosis.外文资料翻译外文翻译译文工业控制系统和协同控制系统现今的控制系统被广泛运用于许多领域.从纯真的工业控制系统到协同控制系统（CCS），控制系统不竭变动，不竭升级，现在则趋向于家庭控制系统，而它则是这两者的变种.被应用的控制系统的种类取决于技术要求.而且，实践标明，经济和社会因素也对此很重要.任何决建都有它的优缺点.工业控制要求可靠性，完整的文献记载和技术支持.经济因素使决定趋向于协同工具.能够亲自接触源码并可以更快速地解决问题是家庭控制系统的要求.多年的把持经验标明哪个解决方法是最主要的不重要，重要的是哪个可行.由于异类系统的存在，针对分歧协议的支持也是至关重要的.本文介绍工业控制系统，PlC controlled turn key系统，和CCS 工具，以及它们之间的把持.引言：80年代早期，随着为HERA(Hadron-Elektron-Ring-Anlage)加速器装置高温控制系统，德国电子同步加速器研究所普遍开始研究过程控制.这项新技术是必需的，因为可是现有的硬件没有能力来处置标准过程控制信号，如4至20毫安的电流输入和输出信号.而且软件无法在秒的稳定重复率下运行PID控制回路.另外，在实现对复杂的高温冷藏系统的开闭过程中，频率项目显得尤为重要.有需要增加接口解决总线问题并增加运算能力，以便于高温控制.因为已装置的D / 3系统[1] 只提供了与多总线板串行连接，以实现DMA与VME的连接并用其模拟多总线板的功能.温度转换器的计算功能来自一个摩托罗拉MVME 167 CPU和总线适配器，以及一个MVME 162 CPU.其把持系统是VxWorks，而应用法式是EPICS.由于对它的应用相当胜利，其还被运用于正在寻找一个通用的解决方案以监督他们的分布式PLC的公共事业管理.德国电子同步加速器研究所对过程管理系统的筛选集散控制系统（D/ 3）：市场调查标明：来自GSE的D / 3系统被HERA高温冷藏工厂选中.因为集散控制系统（D/ 3）的特性，所以这决定很不错.在展示端和I / O端扩展此系统的可能将有助于解决日益增加的HERA试验控制的要求.制约系统的年夜小的因素不是I / O的总数，通信网络的疏通与否.而通信网络的疏通与否取决于不存档的数据总量，不取决于报警系统中配置的数据.拥有DCS特点（Cube）的SCADA系统：相对Y2K问题促使我们寻找一个升级版或者取代版来取代现有的系统而言，以上提到的D / 3系统有一些硬编码的限制.由于急需给Orsi公司提供他们的产物，Cube开始起作用了[2].该项目包括装置功能的完全更换.这包括D / 3，以及德国电子同步加速器研究所的集成总线SEDAC和VME的温度转换器.该项目很有前景.可是因为HERA试验原按时间是有限制的，所以技术问题和组织问题也迫使计划提前.在供应商网站上的最后验收测试又呈现了戏剧性的性能问题.有两个因素引起了这些问题.第一个跟低估在1赫兹运行的6级温度转换器的CPU负荷有关.第二个由现有D / 3系统复杂的功能造成的额外负荷引起的.每个数字和模拟输入和输出通道在D / 3系统里的自身报警限值也被低估了.所有的附加功能都必需添加进去.最后，所有网络负载的报警限值，尤其是SCADA系统，也促使网络生成了限制.最后，与Orsi公司的合同被取消了.升级的D / 3系统是唯一可能的解决法子.在2003年3月，此系统最后被付诸实践.现在，相比“纯洁”SCADA系统的异质环境，Cube有同质配置环境的优势.SCADA（PVSS -Ⅱ）：在HERA加速器上的H1实验中，实验人员为升级他们的低速控制系统，决定使用PVSS -Ⅱ.现有的系统是由H1合作组的几名成员开发的，而现在却难以维持了.在CERN由联合控制项目[4]进行的广泛调查促使他们做出使用PVSS作为取代品的决定.PVSS是一个“纯洁”的监控和数据收集系统（SCADA系统）.其核心元素叫做事件管理器.它收集的数据主要是由I/ O设备提供.它还提供附加的管理服务，如：控制经理，数据库管理，用户界面，API经理以及在建的HTTP服务器.该PVSS脚本库允许执行复杂的序列以及复杂的图形.相比其他SCADA系统PVSS带有一个基本特点：它提供了API给设备的数据.SCADA系统的一个主要缺点是其中的两个数据库，一个为PLC’s服务，另一个为SCADA系统服务，这两个数据库必需维持.集成环境将努力克服这个限制.EPICS：在德国电子同步加速器研究所，EPICS从问题解决系统演化成了全集成控制系统.从成为高温控制系统的数据收集器和数量控制器，EPICS成了德国电子同步加速器研究所公用事业集团使用的核心系统.另外，通过 Industry Pack（IP）模块的手段，它还能运用于通过VME板卡的任何数据.EPICS通过其完整的功能，运用于没有由D / 3系统控制的高温冷藏系统.所有年夜约50个输入输出控制器运作年夜约25000业务处置记录.作为一个SCADA系统的EPICS：该公共事业组（水，电，压缩空气，加热和调温）使用各种散布在整个德国电子同步加速器研究所网站上的PLC.IOC向客户提供接口并收集数据.另外，如通道归档和图形显示（dm2k）会被使用.默认名决议和目录服务器（域名服务器）用于连接在TCP客户端和服务器应用法式.所有这些都是基本的SCADA功能.所有的配置文件（图形工具，报警处置法式和归档）提供了一种灵活的配置方案.德国电子同步加速器研究所公用事业集团已制定了一套工具来创立IOC数据库和配置文件.这样，控制组提供的服务坚持EPICS工具，而用户可以精力集中在被控制的设备上了.作为一个DCS系统的EPICS：作为SCADA系统的基本组成部份，EPICS还提供完整的输入输出控制器（IOC）.IOC提供所有功能DCS系统要求，如：实施每个记录的标准的属性；执行每个记录时的报警检查过程；控制记录，如PID.灵活的命名方案，默认的显示和每个记录的报警属性缓和了运作工具和IOC之间的连接.灵活的数据收集模式，支持调查模式以及发布定阅模式.。

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外文资料The development direction of PLC:One is the development of the PLC operation in the direction of simplification.At present, one of the difficulties of PLC popularization is that the complicated programming makes the user prohibitive, and all programming languages of PLC are not the same in different manufacturers. Users often need to master more programming languages, which are difficult to control. Pid control, network communication, and so on. The programming and application of high speed counter, position control, data recording, formula and text display are also the difficulties in PLC programming. When programming them with common methods, we need to be familiar with the meaning of the special memory. They are assigned values at programming time and are accessed by the runtime to achieve corresponding functions. These programs also tend to have to do with interruptions. The process is cumbersome and error-prone, which hinders the further application of PLC. The development of PLC is bound to simplify the programming of complex tasks. At this point, Siemens acts as the forerunner, and only needs to input some parameters in the dialog box. Automatic generation of user programs, including interrupt programs, greatly facilitate the use of users.Second, PLC to high performance miniaturization direction development.PLC's function is getting richer and richer, and the volume is getting smaller and smaller. For example, Mitsubishi's FX-IS series PLC, the smallest type of machine, is only 60 × 90 × 75mm in volume, equivalent to a relay, but it has the ability to count at high speed, slope, alternate output and 16-bit four-bit operation, etc. It also has the adjustable potentiometer time setting function. PLC is no longer the early product that can only perform the logic operation of the switch quantity, but it has more and more powerful analog processing ability. And other advanced processing capabilities that used to be available only on computers, such as floating-point operations such as pid control, temperature control, precision Positioning, step drive, report statistics and so on. In this sense, the difference between PLC system and DCS (distributed Controlsystem) is becoming smaller and smaller. A process control system can also be constructed by using PLC.Third, the development of PLC network technology.There are two trends: on the one hand, the PLC network system is no longer a self-contained system, but is rapidly developing to an open system. In addition to forming its own characteristic PLC network system, the major brand PLC can also connect with the upper computer management system to achieve information communication and become a whole. Part of the information management system; on the other hand, field bus technology is widely used, PLC and other intelligent equipment installed on the site, such as intelligent instruments, sensors, intelligent solenoid valves, intelligent drive actuators, and so on, through a transmission medium (like twisted pair) Wires, coaxial cables, optical cables) link together and transmit information to each other according to the same communication protocol, thus forming a field network, which is more flexible in configuration, more convenient in expansion, and cheaper in cost than the simple PLC remote network. Performance price ratio is better, also more open meaning.Fourth, embedded PLC has a great space for development.The development of embedded PLC is diversified and has good performance at home and abroad: the netPLC, which combines fieldbus technology and PLC technology, introduced by Heuxun, Germany, has its own characteristics; A few years ago in China, Huazhong University of Science and Technology loaded embedded PLC system software into the EASYCORE1.00 core chipset as a hardware platform. The embedded PLC with multi-mode human channel is developed, and another development path is to develop the hardware / software integration of PLC and man-machine interface, which makes full use of case tools. Combined with the development platform and input of all kinds of embedded chips The hardware circuit library of the output channel is specially designed for developing customized PLC with ODM property for electromechanical equipment.The development space of embedded PLC in our country lies in the fact that it is very helpful to bring into full play the two characteristics of the development of automation industry in our country: there is a very strong market foundation for supporting electromechanical equipment, and it has enough, The best design and development team in the world. We can replace the universal PLC with the lowest cost, higher quality and custom-made design and production of embedded PLC.At the same time, the hardware, software, man-machine interface, communication and other aspects of embedded PLC function design is flexible, easy to cut, more close to the requirements of various grades of mechanical and electrical equipment. Embedded PLC is completely based on the technical foundation of embedded system. It can be used as .SOC chip, embedded operating system and programming environment that accords with EC61131-3 programming language standard, which makes it easy to find in the market.中文译文PLC的发展方向：一是PLC操作向简易化方向发展。

PLC technique discussion and future developmentT.J.byersElectronic Test Equipment-principles and ApplicationsPrinceton University .AmericaAlong with the development of the ages, the technique that is nowadays is also gradually perfect, the competition plays more strong; the operation that list depends the artificial has already can't satisfied with the current manufacturing industry foreground, also can't guarantee the request of the higher quantity and high new the image of the technique business enterprise.The people see in produce practice, automate brought the tremendous convenience and the product quantities for people up of assurance, also eased the personnel's labor strength, reduce the establishment on the personnel. The target control of the hard realization in many complicated production lines, whole and excellent turn, the best decision etc, well-trained operation work, technical personnel or expert, governor but can judge and operate easily, can acquire the satisfied result. The research target of the artificial intelligence makes use of the calculator exactly to carry out, imitate these intelligences behavior, moderating the work through person's brain and calculators, with the mode that person's machine combine, for resolve the very complicated problem to look for the best path.We come in sight of the control that links after the electric appliances in various situation, that is already the that time generation past, now of after use in the mold a perhaps simple equipments of grass-roots control that the electric appliances can do for the low level only; And the PLC emergence also became the epoch-making topic, adding the vivid software control through a very and stable hardware, making the automation head for the new high tide.The PLC biggest characteristics lie in: The electrical engineering teacher already no longer electric hardware up too many calculations of cost, as long as order the importation that the button switch or the importation of the sensors order to link the PLC up can solve problem, pass to output to order the conjunction contact machine or control the start equipments of the big power after the electric appliances, but the exportation equipmentsdirect conjunction of the small power can.PLC internal containment have the CPU of the CPU, and take to have an I/ O for expand of exterior to connect a people's address and saving machine three big pieces to constitute, CPU core is from an or many is tired to add the machine to constitute, mathematics that they have the logic operation ability, and can read the procedure save the contents of the machine to drive the homologous saving machine and I/ Os to connect after pass the calculation; The I/ O add inner part is tired the input and output system of the machine and exterior link, and deposit the related data into the procedure saving machine or data saving machine; The saving machine can deposit the data that the I/ O input in the saving machine, and in work adjusting to become tired to add the machine and I/ Os to connect, saving machine separately saving machine RAM of the procedure saving machine ROM and dates, the ROM can do deposit of the data permanence in the saving machine, but RAM only for the CPU computes the temporary calculation usage of hour of buffer space.The PLC anti- interference is very and excellent, our root need not concern its service life and the work situation bad, these all problems have already no longer become the topic that we fail, but stay to our is a concern to come to internal resources of make use of the PLC to strengthen the control ability of the equipments for us, make our equipments more gentle.PLC language is not we imagine of edit collected materials the language or language of Cs to carry on weaving the distance, but the trapezoid diagram that the adoption is original after the electric appliances to control, make the electrical engineering teacher while weaving to write the procedure very easy comprehended the PLC language, and a lot of non- electricity professional also very quickly know and go deep into to the PLC.Is PLC one of the advantage above and only, this is also one part that the people comprehend more and easily, in a lot of equipments, the people have already no longer hoped to see too many control buttons, they damage not only and easily and produce the artificial error easiest, small is not a main error perhaps you can still accept; But lead even is a fatal error greatly is what we can't is tolerant of. New technique always for bringing more safe and convenient operation for us, make we a lot of problems for face on sweep but light, do you understand the HMI? Says the HMI here you basically not clear what it is, also have no interest understanding, change one inside text explains it into the touch to hold orman-machine interface you knew, it combines with the PLC to our larger space.HMI the control not only is reduced the control press button, increase the vivid of the control, more main of it is can sequence of, and at can the change data input to output the feedback with data, control in the temperature curve of imitate but also can keep the manifestation of view to come out. And can write the function help procedure through a plait to provide the help of various what lies in one's power, the one who make operate reduces the otiose error. Currently the HMI factory is also more and more, the function is also more and more strong, the price is also more and more low, and the noodles of the usage are wide more and more. The HMI foreground can say that think to be good.At a lot of situations, the list is a smooth movement that can't guarantee the equipments by the control of the single machine, but pass the information exchanges of the equipments and equipments to attain the result that we want. For example fore pack and the examination of the empress work preface, we will arrive wrapping information feedback to examine the place, and examine the information of the place to also want the feedback to packing. Pass the information share thus to make both the chain connect, becoming a total body, the match of your that thus make is more close, at each other attain to reflect the result that mutually flick.The PLC correspondence has already come more body now its value, at the PLC and correspondence between Places, can pass the communication of the information and the share of the data’s to guarantee that of the equipments moderates mutually, the result that arrive already to repair with each other. Data conversion the adoption RS232 between PLC connect to come to the transmission data, but the RS232 pick up a people and can guarantee 10 meters only of deliver the distance, if in the distance of 1000 meters we can pass the RS485 to carry on the correspondence, the longer distance can pass the MODEL only to carry on deliver.The PLC data transmission is just to be called a form to it in a piece of and continuous address that the data of the inner part delivers the other party, we, the PLC of the other party passes to read data in the watch to carry on the operation. If the data that data in the watch is a to establish generally, that is just the general data transmission, for example today of oil price rise, I want to deliver the price of the oil price to lose the oil ally on board, that is the share of the data; But take data in the watch for an instruction procedure that controls the PLC, that had the difficulty very much, for example you have to control one pedestal robot to pressthe action work that you imagine, you will draw up for it the form that a procedure combine with the data sends out to pass by.The form that information transport contain single work, the half a work and the difference of a workers .The meaning of the single work also is to say both, a can send out only, but a can receive only, for example a spy he can receive the designation of the superior only, but can't give the superior reply; A work of half is also 2 and can send out similar to accept the data, but can't send out and accept at the same time, for example when you make a phone call is to can't answer the phone, the other party also; But whole pair works is both can send out and accept the data, and can send out and accept at the same time. Be like the Internet is a typical example.The process that information transport also has synchronous and different step cent: The data line and the clock lines are synchronous when synchronous meaning lie in sending out the data, is also the data signal and the clock signals to be carry on by the CPU to send out at the same time, this needs to all want the specialized clock signal each other to carry on the transmission and connect to send, and is constrained, the characteristics of this kind of method lies in its speed very quick, but correspond work time of take up the CPU and also want to be long oppositely, at the same time the technique difficulty also very big. Its request lies in canting have an error margins in a dates deliver, otherwise the whole piece according to compare the occurrence mistake, this on the hardware is a bigger difficulty. Applied more and more extensive in some appropriative equipments, be like the appropriative medical treatment equipments, the numerical signal equipments...etc., in compare the one data deliver, its result is very good.And the different step is an application the most extensive, this receive benefit in it of technique difficulty is opposite and want to be small, at the same time not need to prepare the specialized clock signal, its characteristics to lie in, its data is partition, the long-lost send out and accept, be the CPU is too busy of time can grind to a stop sex to work, also reduced the difficulty on the hardware, the data throw to lose at the same time opposite want to be little, we can pass the examination of the data to observe whether the data that we send out has the mistake or not, be like strange accidentally the method, tired addition and eight efficacies method etc, can use to helps whether the data that we examine to send out have or not themistake occurrence, pass the feedback to carry on the discriminator.A line of transmission of the information contains a string of and combines the cent of: The usual PLC is 8 machines, certainly also having 16 machines. We can be at the time of sending out the data a send out to the other party, also can be 88 send out the data to the other party, and 8 differentiations are also the as that we say to send out the data and combine sends out the data. A speed is more and slowly, but as long as 2 or three lines can solve problem, and can use the telephone line to carry on the long range control. But combine the ocular transmission speed is very quick of, it is a string of ocular of 25600%, occupy the advantage in the short distance, the in view of the fact TTL electricity is even, being limited by the scope of one meter generally, it combine unwell used for the data transmission of the long pull, thus the cost is too expensive.Under a lot of circumstances we are total to like to adopt the string to combine the conversion chip to carry on deliver, under this kind of circumstance not need us to carry on to deposited the machine to establish too and complicatedly, but carry on the data exchanges through the data transmission instruction directly, but is not a very viable way in the correspondence, because the PLC of the other party must has been wait for your data exportation at the time of sending out the data, it can't do other works.When you are reading the book, you hear someone knock on door, you stop to start up of affair, open the door and combine to continue with the one who knock on door a dialogue, the telephone of this time rang, you signal hint to connect a telephone, after connecting the telephone through, return overdo come together knock on door to have a conversation, after dialogue complete, you continue again to see your book, this kind of circumstance we are called the interruption to it, it has the authority, also having sex of have the initiative, the PLC had such function .Its characteristics lie in us and may meet the urgently abrupt affairs in the operation process of the equipments, we want to stop to start immediately up of work, the whereabouts manages the more important affair, this kind of circumstance is we usually meet of, PLC while carry out urgent mission, total will keep the current appearance first, for example the address of the procedure, CPU of tired add the machine data etc., be like to stick down which the book that we see is when we open the door the page or simply make a mark, because we treat and would still need to continue immediately after book of see the behind.The CPU always does the affair that should do according to our will, but your mistake of give it an affair, it also would be same to do, this we must notice.The interruption is not only a, sometimes existing jointly with the hour several inside break, break off to have the preferred Class, they will carry out the interruption of the higher Class according to person's request. This kind of breaks off the medium interruption to also became to break off the set. The Class that certainly breaks off is relevant according to various resources of CPU with internal PLC; also following a heap of capacity size of also relevant fasten.The contents that break off has a lot of kinds, for example the exterior break off, correspondence in of send out and accept the interruption and settle and the clock that count break off, still have the WDT to reset the interruption etc., they enriched the CPU to respond to the category while handle various business. Speak thus perhaps you can't comprehend the internal structure and operation orders of the interruption completely also, we do a very small example to explain.Each equipment always will not forget a button, it also is at we meet the urgent circumstance use of that is nasty to stop the button. When we meet the Human body trouble and surprised circumstances we as long as press it, the machine stops all operations immediately, and wait for processing the over surprised empress recover the operation again. Nasty stop the internal I/ O of the internal CPU of the button conjunction PLC to connect up, be to press button an exterior to trigger signal for CPU, the CPU carries on to the I/ O to examine again, being to confirm to have the exterior to trigger the signal, CPU protection the spot breaks off procedure counts the machine turn the homologous exterior I/ O automatically in the procedure to go to also, be exterior interruption procedure processing complete, the procedure counts the machine to return the main procedure to continue to work. Have 1:00 can what to explain is we generally would nasty stop the button of exterior break off to rise to the tallest Class, thus guarantee the safety.When we are work a work piece, giving the PLC a signal, counting PLC inner part the machine add 1 to compute us for a day of workload, a count the machine and can solve problem in brief, certainly they also can keep the data under the condition of dropping the electricity, urging the data not to throw to lose, this is also what we hope earnestly.The PLC still has the function that the high class counts the machine, being us while accept some dates of high speed, the high speed that here say is the data of the in all aspects tiny second class, for example the bar code scanner is scanning the data continuously, calculating high-speed signal of the data processor DSP etc., we will adopt the high class to count the machine to help we carry on count. It at the PLC carries out the procedure once discover that the high class counts the machine to should of interruption, will let go of the work on the hand immediately. The trapezoid diagram procedure that passes by to weave the distance again explains the high class for us to carry out procedure to count machine would automatic performance to should of work, thus rise the Class that the high class counts the machine to high one Class.You heard too many this phrases perhaps:" crash", the meaning that is mostly is a workload of CPU to lead greatly, the internal resources shortage etc. the circumstance can't result in procedure circulate. The PLC also has the similar circumstance, there is a watchdog WDT in the inner part of PLC, we can establish time that a procedure of WDT circulate, being to appear the procedure to jump to turn the mistake in the procedure movement process or the procedure is busy, movement time of the procedure exceeds WDT constitution time, the CPU turn but the WDT reset the appearance. The procedure restarts the movement, but will not carry on the breakage to the interruption.The PLC development has already entered for network ages of correspondence from the mode of the one, and together other works control the net plank and I/ O card planks to carry on the share easily. A state software can pass all se hardwires link, more animation picture of keep the view to carries on the control, and cans pass the Internet to carry on the control in the foreign land, the blast-off that is like the absolute being boat No.5 is to adopt this kind of way to make airship go up the sky.The development of the higher layer needs our continuous effort to obtain. The PLC emergence has already affected a few persons fully, we also obtained more knowledge and precepts from the top one experience of the generation, coming to the continuous development PLC technique, push it toward higher wave tide.可编程控制器技术讨论与未来发展T.J.拜尔斯（电子测试设备原理及应用普林斯顿大学）随着时代的发展，当今的技术也日趋完善、竞争愈演愈烈；单靠人工的操作已不能满足于目前的制造业前景，也无法保证更高质量的要求和高新技术企业的形象。

附件1：外文资料翻译译文人机界面系统的探讨超过60000人致力于相同的目标:增加你的竞争力,这就是西门子自动化和驱动。

我们在你的行业,无论是关于自动化工程、驱动或是电气安装系统，都让您拥有一个综合组合可持续性成功。

全集成自动化(TIA)和全集成能源(TIP)形成我们提供的核心形式。

TIA和TIP是关于产品和系统集成的范围制造业和流程工业以及楼宇自动化的基础。

这种投资组合在您的发电厂的整个生命周期中变得更加完善。

请您了解我们产品和系统为您提供的潜能。

并发现您如何和我们一起永久性的提高您的生产力。

你的西门子区域联系商可以提供更多的信息，他或她会很高兴为您提供帮助。

Windows XP嵌入式或Windows XP专业版允许客户选择一个标准的操作系统或使用嵌入式系统来增强安全性，这与闪存的结合在实践中开辟了新的视角。

操作系统和应用程序在一个受保护的闪存卡提供一个安全的和短的稳定系统启动。

额外的硬盘可以保存临时数据(数据跟踪、产品跟踪、临时图像文件或植物状态),或者内存密集型数据库SQL服务器。

即使在硬盘故障时，手动模式仍可以继续生产。

创新WinCC flexile的可视化软件和自动化软件基于WinAC RTX是理想的配置。

pc477b OEM可以根据要求提供个人硬件，软件以及设计的扩充和修改。

对于SIMATIC WinCC flexile和SIMATIC WinCC产品系列，SIMATIC HIM等应用软件的可视化和软件配置我们将提供完整的范围。

SIMATIC WinCC flexile包括应用程序直接在机器从基于pc的人机界面解决方案基于WinCC flexible Runtime通过SIMATIC HMI操作面板的单用户系统，。

配置上位机WinCC flexile运行时对电脑以及SIMATIC HMI控制单元、WinCC flexile的家庭也提供集成和可扩展的配置工具WinCC flexible Micro, WinCC flexible Compact, WinCC flexible Standard and WinCC flexible Advanced.SIMATIC WinCC是可视化或SCADA系统(基于pc机的HMI系统) 的过程，用于可视化和控制过程,生产流程,机器和设备的所有部门——从简单的单用户系统到分布式多用户系统的冗余服务器和Web客户端的一种解决方案。

Application of PLCPLC is one kind specially for the digital operation operation electronic installation which applies under the industry environment designs. It uses may the coding memory, uses for in its internal memory operation and so on actuating logic operation, sequence operation, time, counting and arithmetic operation instructions, and can through digital or the simulation-like input and the output, controls each type the machinery or the production process. PLC and the related auxiliary equipment should according to form a whole easy with the industrial control system, easy to expand its function the principle to design.”In the 1970s the last stage, the programmable controller entered the practical application development phase, the computer technology has introduced in comprehensively the programmable controller, causes its function to have the leap. The higher operating speed, the subminiature volume, the more reliable industry antijamming design, the simulation quantity operation, the PID function and the extremely high performance-to-price ratio has established it in the modern industry status. In the early-1980s, the programmable controller has obtained the widespread application in the advanced industrial nation. This time programmable controller develops the characteristic is large-scale, the high velocity, the high performance, the product seriation. This stage's another characteristic is in the world produces the programmable controller's country to increase day by day, the output rises day by day. This symbolizes that the programmable controller marched into the mature stage.The 20th century last stage, the programmable controller's development characteristic was even more adapts in the modern industry need. From the control scale, this time has developed the large-scale machinery and subminiature machine; From the control, was born various special function unit, used in the pressure, the temperature, the rotational speed, the displacement and so on all kinds of control situation; From product necessary ability, has produced each kind of man-machine contact surface unit, the correspondence unit, caused to apply the programmable controller's industrial control equipment necessary to be easier. At present, the programmable controller in domain and so on machine manufacture, petroleum chemical industry, metallurgy steel and iron, automobile, light industry applications obtained the considerable development.Our country programmable controller's introduction, applies, the development, the production to follow the reform and open policy to start. At first has used the programmable controller massively in the introduction equipment. Then expanded the PLC application unceasingly in each kind of enterprise's production equipment and the product. At present, our country have been possible to produce the middle and small scale programmable controller. East Shanghai the room electricity Limited company produces the CF series, Hangzhou engine bed electrical equipment factory production's DKK and D series, Dalian Aggregate machine-tool Research institute produces S series, the Suzhou Electronic accounting machine Factory production's YZ series and so on many kinds of products have had certain scale and have obtained the application in the manufactured products. In addition, the non-flowers of tin light company, Chinese-foreign joint ventures and so on Shanghai Township Island Company are also our country quite famous PLC Manufacturers. May anticipate that along with our country modernization process's thorough, PLC will have the broader application world in our country.Uses the manual operation in view of the YNL draw die machine electric control system, the existence operation is complex, the operation requests high, needs specially shortcomings and so on operators, has designed PLC the control system. Has given the electrical machinery main return route, the PLC periphery wiring diagram; Has established the systems operation trapezoidal chart and the instruction list; And to this system key element shaping. After the improvement control system has realized the entire system board process automation, not only raised the production efficiency, but also has saved the labor force, reduced the production cost, may obtain a greater economic efficiency.PLC的应用PLC是一种专门为在工业环境下应用而设计的数字运算操作的电子装置。

中英文对照翻译外文资料:PLC technique discussion and future developmentAlong with the development of the ages, the technique that is nowadays is also gradually perfect, the competition plays more more strong; the operation that list depends the artificial has already can't satisfied with the current manufacturing industry foreground, also can't guarantee the request of the higher quantity and high new the image of the technique business enterprise.The people see in produce practice, automate brought the tremendous convenience and the product quantities for people up of assurance, also eased the personnel's labor strength, reduce the establishment on the personnel. The target control of the hard realization in many complicated production lines, whole and excellent turn, the best decision etc., well-trained operation work, technical personnel or expert, governor but can judge and operate easily, can acquire the satisfied result. The research target of the artificial intelligence makes use of the calculator exactly to carry out, imitate these intelligences behavior, moderating the work through person's brain and calculators, with the mode that person's machine combine, for resolve the very complicated problem to look for the best pathWe come in sight of the control that links after the electric appliances in various situation, that is already the that time generation past, now of after use in the mold a perhaps simple equipments of grass-roots control that the electric appliances can do for the low level only;And the PLC emergence also became the epoch-making topic, adding the vivid software control through a very and stable hardware, making the automation head for the new high tide.The PLC biggest characteristics lie in: The electrical engineering teacher already no longer electric hardware up too many calculationses of cost, as long as order the importation that the button switch or the importation of the sensors order to link the PLC up can solve problem, pass to output to order the conjunction contact machine or control the start equipments of thebig power after the electric appliances, but the exportation equipments direct conjunction of the small power can.PLC internal containment have the CPU of the CPU, and take to have an I/ O for expand of exterior to connect a people's address and saving machine three big pieces to constitute, CPU core is from an or many is tired to add the machine to constitute, mathematics that they have the logic operation ability, and can read the procedure save the contents of the machine to drive the homologous saving machine and I/ Os to connect after pass the calculation; The I/ O add inner part is tired the input and output system of the machine and exterior link, and deposit the related data into the procedure saving machine or data saving machine; The saving machine can deposit the data that the I/ O input in the saving machine, and in work adjusting to become tired to add the machine and I/ Os to connect, saving machine separately saving machine RAM of the procedure saving machine ROM and datas, the ROM can can do deposit of the data permanence in the saving machine, but RAM only for the CPU computes the temporary calculation usage of hour of buffer space.The PLC anti- interference is very and excellent, our root need not concern its service life and the work situation bad, these all problems have already no longer become the topic that we fail, but stay to our is a concern to come to internal resources of make use of the PLC to strengthen the control ability of the equipments for us, make our equipments more gentle. PLC language is not we imagine of edit collected materials the language or language of Cs to carry on weaving the distance, but the trapezoid diagram that the adoption is original after the electric appliances to control, make the electrical engineering teacher while weaving to write the procedure very easy comprehended the PLC language, and a lot of non- electricity professional also very quickly know and go deep into to the PLC.Is PLC one of the advantage above and only, this is also one part that the people comprehend more and easily, in a lot of equipmentses, the people have already no longer hoped to see too many control buttons, they damage not only and easily and produce the artificial error easiest, small is not a main error perhaps you can still accept; But lead even is a fatal error greatly is what we can't is tolerant of. New technique always for bringing more safe and convenient operation for us, make we a lot of problems for face on sweep but light, do you understand the HMI? Says the HMI here you basically not clear what it is, also have no interest understanding, change one inside text explains it into the touch to hold or man-machine interface you knew, it combines with the PLC to our larger space.HMI the control not only only is reduced the control press button, increase the vivid of the control, more main of it is can sequence of, and at can the change data input to output thefeedback with data, control in the temperature curve of imitate but also can keep the manifestation of view to come out. And can write the function help procedure through a plait to provide the help of various what lies in one's power, the one who make operate reduces the otiose error. Currently the HMI factory is also more and more, the function is also more and more strong, the price is also more and more low, the noodles of the usage are wide more and more. The HMI foreground can say that think ° to be good very.At a lot of situations, the list is is a smooth movement that can't guarantee the equipments by the control of the single machine, but pass the information exchanges of the equipments and equipments to attain the result that we want. For example fore pack and the examination of the empress work preface, we will arrive wrapping information feedback to examine the place, and examine the information of the place to also want the feedback to packing. Pass the information share thus to make both the chain connect, becoming a total body, the match of your that thus make is more close, at each other attain to reflect the result that mutually flick. The PLC correspondence has already come more more body now its value, at the PLC and correspondence between PLCs, can pass the communication of the information and the share of the datas to guarantee that of the equipments moderates mutually, the result that arrive already to repair with each other. Data conversion the adoption RS232 between PLC connect to come to the transmission data, but the RS232 pick up a people and can guarantee 10 meters only of deliver the distance, if in the distance of 1000 meters we can pass the RS485 to carry on the correspondence, the longer distance can pass the MODEL only to carry on deliver. The PLC data transmission is just to be called a form to it in a piece of and continuous address that the data of the inner part delivers the other party, we, the PLC of the other party passes to read data in the watch to carry on the operation. If the data that data in the watch is a to establish generally, that is just the general data transmission, for example today of oil price rise, I want to deliver the price of the oil price to lose the oil ally on board, that is the share of the data; But take data in the watch for an instruction procedure that controls the PLC, that had the difficulty very much, for example you have to control one pedestal robot to press the action work that you imagine, you will draw up for it the form that a procedure combine with the data sends out to pass by.The form that information transport contain single work, the half a work and the difference of a workses .The meaning of the single work also is to say both, a can send out only, but a can receive only, for example a spy he can receive the designation of the superior only, but can't give the superior reply; A work of half is also 2 and can can send out similar to accept the data, but can't send out and accept at the same time, for example when you make a phonecall is to can't answer the phone, the other party also; But whole pair works is both can send out and accept the data, and can send out and accept at the same time. Be like the Internet is a typical example.The process that information transport also has synchronous and different step cent: The data line and the clock lines are synchronous when synchronous meaning lie in sending out the data, is also the data signal and the clock signals to be carry on by the CPU to send out at the same time, this needs to all want the specialized clock signal each other to carry on the transmission and connect to send, and is constrained, the characteristics of this kind of method lies in its speed very quick, but correspond work time of take up the CPU and also want to be long oppositely, at the same time the technique difficulty also very big. Its request lies in can'ting have an error margins in a datas deliver, otherwise the whole piece according to compare the occurrence mistake, this on the hardware is a bigger difficulty. Applied more and more extensive in some appropriative equipmentses, be like the appropriative medical treatment equipments, the numerical signal equipments...etc., in compare the one data deliver, its result is very good.And the different step is an application the most extensive, this receive benefit in it of technique difficulty is opposite and want to be small, at the same time not need to prepare the specialized clock signal, its characteristics to lie in, its data is partition, the long-lost send out and accept, be the CPU is too busy of time can grind to a stop sex to work, also reduced the difficulty on the hardware, the data throw to lose at the same time opposite want to be little, we can pass the examination of the data to observe whether the data that we send out has the mistake or not, be like strange accidentally the method, tired addition and eight efficacies method etc., can use to helps whether the data that we examine to send out have or not the mistake occurrence, pass the feedback to carry on the discriminator.A line of transmission of the information contain a string of and combine the cent of: The usual PLC is 8 machines, certainly also having 16 machines. We can be an at the time of sending out the data a send out to the other party, also can be 88 send out the data to the other party, an and 8 differentiationses are also the as that we say to send out the data and combine sends out the data. A speed is more and slowly, but as long as 2 or three lines can solve problem, and can use the telephone line to carry on the long range control. But combine the oscular transmission speed is very quick of, it is a string of oscular of 25600%, occupy the advantage in the short distance, the in view of the fact TTL electricity is even, being limited by the scope of one meter generally, it combine unwell used for the data transmission of the long pull, thus the cost is too expensive.Under a lot of circumstances we are total to like to adopt the string to combine the conversion chip to carry on deliver, under this kind of circumstance not need us to carry on to depositted the machine to establish too and complicatedly, but carry on the data exchanges through the data transmission instruction directly, but is not a very viable way in the correspondence, because the PLC of the other party must has been wait for your data exportation at the time of sending out the data, it can't do other works.When you are reading the book, you hear someone knock on door, you stop to start up of affair, open the door and combine to continue with the one who knock on door a dialogue, the telephone of this time rang, you signal hint to connect a telephone, after connecting the telephone through, return overdo come together knock on door to have a conversation, after dialogue complete, you continue again to see your book, this kind of circumstance we are called the interruption to it, it has the authority, also having sex of have the initiative, the PLC had such function .Its characteristics lie in us and may meet the urgently abrupt affairs in the operation process of the equipments, we want to stop to start immediately up of work, the whereabouts manages the more important affair, this kind of circumstance is we usually meet of, PLC while carry out urgent mission, total will keep the current appearance first, for example the address of the procedure, CPU of tired add the machine data etc., be like to to stick down which the book that we see is when we open the door the page or simply make a mark, because we treat and would still need to continue immediately after book of see the behind. The CPU always does the affair that should do according to our will, but your mistake of give it an affair, it also would be same to do, this we must notice.The interruption is not only a, sometimes existing jointly with the hour several inside break, break off to have the preferred Class, they will carry out the interruption of the higher Class according to person's request. This kind of breaks off the medium interruption to also became to break off the set. The Class that certainly break off is relevant according to various resources of CPU with internal PLC, also following a heap of capacity size of also relevant fasten.The contents that break off has a lot of kinds, for example the exterior break off, correspondence in of send out and accept the interruption and settle and the clock that count break off, still have the WDT to reset the interruption etc., they enriched the CPU to respond to the category while handle various business. Speak thus perhaps you can't comprehend the internal structure and operation orders of the interruption completely also, we do a very small example to explain.Each equipments always will not forget a button, it also is at we meet the urgent circumstance use of, that is nasty to stop the button. When we meet the Human body trouble and surprised circumstances we as long as press it, the machine stops all operations immediately, and wait for processing the over surprised empress recover the operation again.Nasty stop the internal I/ O of the internal CPU of the button conjunction PLC to connect up, be to press button an exterior to trigger signal for CPU, the CPU carries on to the I/ O to examine again, being to confirm to have the exterior to trigger the signal, CPU protection the spot breaks off procedure counts the machine turn the homologous exterior I/ O automatically in the procedure to go to also, be exterior interruption procedure processing complete, the procedure counts the machine to return the main procedure to continue to work.Have 1:00 can what to explain is we generally would nasty stop the button of exterior break off to rise to the tallest Class, thus guarantee the safety.When we are work a work piece, giving the PLC a signal, counting PLC inner part the machine add 1 to compute us for a day of workload, a count the machine and can solve problem in brief, certainly they also can keep the data under the condition of dropping the electricity, urging the data not to throw to lose, this is also what we hope earnestly.The PLC still has the function that the high class counts the machine, being us while accept some datas of high speed, the high speed that here say is the data of the in all aspects tiny second class, for example the bar code scanner is scanning the data continuously, calculating high-speed signal of the data processor DSP etc., we will adopt the high class to count the machine to help we carry on count. It at the PLC carries out the procedure once discover that the high class counts the machine to should of interruption, will let go of the work on the hand immediately. The trapezoid diagram procedure that passes by to weave the distance again explains the high class for us to carry out procedure to count machine would automatic performance to should of work, thus rise the Class that the high class counts the machine to high one Class.You heard too many this phrases perhaps:" crash", the meaning that is mostly is a workload of CPU to lead greatly, the internal resources shortage etc. the circumstance can't result in procedure circulate. The PLC also has the similar circumstance, there is a watchdog WDT in the inner part of PLC, we can establish time that a procedure of WDT circulate, being to appear the procedure to jump to turn the mistake in the procedure movement process or the procedure is busy, movement time of the procedure exceeds WDT constitution time, the CPU turn but the WDT reset the appearance. The procedure restarts the movement, but will not carry on the breakage to the interruption.The PLC development has already entered for network ages of correspondence from the mode of the one, and together other works control the net plank and I/ O card planks to carry on the share easily. A state software can pass all se hardwares link, more animation picture of keep the view to carries on the control, and cans pass the Internet to carry on the control in the foreign land, the blast-off that is like the absolute being boat No.5 is to adopt this kind of way to make airship go up the sky.The development of the higher layer needs our continuous effort to obtain.The PLC emergence has already affected a few persons fully, we also obtained more knowledge and precepts from the top one experience of the generation, coming to the continuous development PLC technique, push it toward higher wave tide.中文翻译:可编程控制器技术讨论与未来发展随着时代的发展,当今的技术也日趋完善、竞争愈演愈烈，单靠人工的操作已不能满足于目前的制造业前景，也无法保证更高质量的要求和高新技术企业的形象。