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《形容词和副词》专题复习考纲概览一、形容词adj.和副词adv.区分运用1.形容词adj.(1)adj. + 名；如：Father gave me a beautiful bike. 爸爸给我一辆漂亮的自行车。
(2)系+ adj. ；如：Our classroom is big and clean. 我们的教室又大又干净。
(3)实动+ sb./sth. + adj.如：I find it interesting to learn English.我发现学习英语有趣。
2.副词adv.(1)动+ adv. 如：John spoke loudly to the old man.约翰大声地跟那位老人说话。
(2)adv. + adj./adv. 如：The tree is very tall.这棵树非常高。
(3)adv.+句子如：Luckily, nobody was hurt.幸运的是，没有人受伤。
二、形容词adj.和副词adv.的三级变化及运用大多数形容词和副词有三个等级：原级比较级最高级自主学习：请写出下列形容词或副词的比较级和最高级。
great________ ________ fast_______ _______ fine ______ _______late________ _________thin ________ ________ big_______ _______ happy________ ______ early_______ ________delicious _____________ ______________importantly________________ _________________much \many_________ ________little__________ _________good\well___________ __________学生总结形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的构成规则。
1.good,wellwell是副词，用来修饰动词，如i swim wellgood是形容词，修饰名词，如a good student另外i am well，这里的well专门用来修饰身体健康2.big,large,greatbig是使用最广的形容词，其反义词是small。
可以指范围、面积、体积、重量等方面，口语中较常用。
如：There is a big tree in front of the house. 房子前有一棵大树。
He is big enough to ride a bike. 他长大了，足可以骑自行车了。
Mr Wang works in a big factory. 王先生在一家大工厂工作。
large侧重于面积、体积、容积和数量等，比较正式，不常用来指人。
表示物时，可与big 通用。
如：Shanghai is one of the largest cities in China. 上海是中国最大的城市之一。
They have a large farm. 他们有一座大农场。
Our school is a large one. 我们的学校是一座大学校。
great 通常侧重于形容抽象化的东西，常带有主观色彩，也可以修饰人或物，用来指人时，表示“伟大的”、“杰出的”意思。
如：Our party is a great party. 我们的党是伟大的党。
China isa great country with a long history. 中国是一个具有悠久历史的伟大国家。
3.beautiful这组词均含有“美丽”、“漂亮”、“可爱”的意思。
beautiful指能不仅给人带来感官上的快乐，而且通过感官产生思想和灵魂的愉悦，在同类词中层次最She was even more beautiful than I had remembered.她比我记忆中的她更漂亮了。
good-lookingl不如handsome, pretty意思强烈，指一般的“好看”或“悦目”。
∙Tom eats cheese.∙Mary sees the cat.总体上来说英语是“中心语前置”的语言，也就是说一个短语的重心在其开头。
如：∙ran quickly （动词短语）∙to the store （介词短语）名词短语是主要的例外，为中心语后置：∙blue house （形容词 + 名词）∙Fred's cat （所有格 + 名词）所以，基本简单句的语序一般为（除去冠词和其他限定词）：形容词1－主语－动词－副词－形容词2－直接宾语－形容词3－间接宾语。
语序变化一般用在疑问句（Did you go to the store?）、主动被动语态变化（The car was bought by John）及词语或语法上的强调（主题化）中。
名词英语中，名词一般描绘人物、地点、事物与抽象观点等。
名词复数形式的构成∙以s、x、z、ch、sh 结尾的名词的复数形式：当单数可数名词的词尾是s、x、z、ch、sh 时，变为复数应加－ es，例如：ass — asses ， glass — glasses ，inch －inches，brushbrushes，bench－ benches，branch－branches，adz－adzes，quiz—quizzes。
当ch 发音为[k]时，则变复数时仅加－s：monarch—monarchs，stomach－stomachs。
∙以o 结尾的名词的复数形式：若单数名词的词尾为o，－o 前为元音字母时加－s，以－o 结尾的外来词加－s，有的加－s 或－es 均可，其中绝大部分直接加－s，这点与传统观点不同。
o加－es 的仅是有限的几个名词：antihero，bastinado，buffalo，dingo，echo，embargo，farrago，go，gusto，hero，jingo，lingo，Negro，potato，tomato，torpedo，veto。
形容词和副词（Adjective & Adverb ）四、形容词 + ly 构成副词1. adj. + ly 构成副词： chief ----- chiefly2. 以–y 收尾 adj. 去y ---ily 构成副词： angr y (adj.) ------angr ily (adv.)3. 以–ble 收尾adj. ，去e 加 y 构成副词： comfort able (adj.) ----- comfort ably (adv.) possi ble (adj.) ------ possi bly (adv.)可能地4. 以–e 收尾adj.构成副词：去e 加 y ： tru e --- tru ly / simpl e ---- simp ly直接+ly ： polit e ---- polit ely （较少）5. + ly 的形容词：friendly / lovely / lonely / lively6. 形容词、副词同形：hard / fast / late / early / well / high /hard biscuit （硬的） fast food （快的） be early / late （早的/迟的） study hard （努力地） it runs fast （快地） get up early / late （早地/ 迟地） She doesn ’t look well , what ’s the matter? （adj. 健康的） She sings very well . （adv. 好地） She is a good singer. （adj. 好的） 五、adj.和adv.原级的用法1. 主语A+谓语+as+ adj./adv.原级+as……(主语A 和…一样)： I am as tall as you.Mary studies as hard as John. 2. 主语A+谓语+ not as + adj. / adv. 原级+ asnot so + adj. / adv. 原级+ as B 主语A 不如Bless + adj. / adv. 原级+ thanam / is / are / was /were系V. 感官动词：look / smell / taste / sound/ feel / touch/ It seems delicious. / It seems that…✧ look angry （look angrily at sth.） ✧ 系v. + adj. （行为动词+ adv.）变得（四个）：become/turn/get/grow保持（二个）：keep = stay使得（一个）：make 形容词作keep, stay 的宾语补足语特殊系动词find the man dead / leave the door open/closed / get everything ready / fall asleep/sick/ill / 六、adj.和adv. 的比较级和最高级的构成 （一）、在adj./adv.后+er/est 构成比较级和最高级 1、直接+ er/est ：small-------smaller------- the smallest2、在以e 接尾的adj./adv.后＋r/st ：late -------later-------the latest3、以一个辅音字母接尾的重读闭音节词，双写该辅音＋ er/est ：big------- bigger-------the biggest4、以辅音字母＋y 接尾的adj./adv.去掉y 变成i ＋ er/est ：busy-------busier-------the busiest （二）、more/the most+在adj./adv. 原形前构成比较级和最高级1、 more/the most+多音节形容词前：important more important the most important2、 -ful,-ous,-less,-tive,-able,-ed,-ing 等构成的双音节形容词，加 more, the most ：famous more famous the most famous;3、-ly 的副词，加 more, the most ：widely-----more widely-----the most widely bright --- brighter --- brightest clever --- cleverest --- cleverest more / the most stupid （三）、不规则变化good --- better --- the best bad --- worse --- the worst many --- more --- the most well --- better ---the best ill --- worse --- the worst much --- more --- the most little --- less --- the least far ---- farther ----- farthest / far ---- further ----- furthest七、adj.和adv.比较级和最高级的用法 （一）、比较级1. 主语+谓语+ adj., adv.比较级+than +对比成分：He is taller of the two. / He runs faster than me.of the two 用比较级：The ball is bigger of the three. (big)much, far, still, even, a little, a bit, a lot 等状语词修饰比较级：Sue studies even harder than May.2. 主语+谓语+比较级+than that /those …：The weather in Hongkong is cooler than that in Shanghai.The vegetables in the street markets are better than those in the shops.3. 主语+谓语+比较级+and+ 比较级+… （越来越…）Autumn is coming. It is getting cooler and cooler.4. the+比较级……, the +比较级……（越…就越…）The earlier you start, the sooner you will be back.5. like……better than…… = prefer…to（喜欢…更甚于…）She likes oranges better than apples. = She prefers oranges to apples. （二）、最高级1. one of + 名词(复数) + 形容词(最高级)：Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in the world.2. 最高级+of/in/among+比较范围：Shanghai is the biggest city in China.3. 最高级=比较级+than any other+名词(单数)Tom is the tallest student in class. = Tom is taller than any other student in his class.= Tom is taller than other students in his class.4. the +序数词+最高级：The Century Park was the second largest in Shanghai.。
副词(adv.)修饰形容词或动词,形容词(adj.)修饰名词或者代词.副词一般以ly结尾. 副词在句中作状语,一般靠近谓语动词或者在句首或者句末.形容词靠近所修饰的名词或代词，作定语.建议你多读英语课本，有意识的分析句子的结构,找出主.谓.宾. 相信你的外语会有明显的提高的.容易混淆的形容词和副词形容词用来修饰名词；副词用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或整个句子。
可是，有时形容词和副词容易混淆。
例如“A fast train reached the destination fast”中的第一个“fast”是形容词，第二个就是副词。
此外，有些词既能是形容词，也能是副词，有些词义不变，另些词义不同；有些形容词加上后缀“-ly”构成的副词和原来的形容词意思相近，但有一些意义则相差甚远；更有些形容词，除自己本身能兼而充当副词之外，又可以再加上后缀“-ly”构成派生副词，若不小心，容易引起混淆。
下面分别举例说明：⑴可作形容词又可作副词，词义不同如：①a. Joelle is a pretty child.（形容词）b. Tom will be back pretty soon.（副词）②a. The old man has been ill for some time.（形容词）b. Don't speak ill of others.（副词）⑵既是形容词，也是副词，句子中的语法功能不同，但意义一样，如：③a. What a deep ocean it is !（深的）b. The boy dug deep into the ground.（深）④a. Look at the high mountain!（高的）b. Birds fly high in the sky.（高）⑶形容词可以充当副词，又可以加上后缀，构成派生副词。
在某些场合，两者相近，可以通用（如例⑤和⑥）；在另一些场合里，两者意思有异，不可混为一谈（如例⑦和⑧）：⑤a. Hold it tight, please!b. Hold it tightly, please!⑥a. Please read slower.b. Please read more slowly.⑦a. John came late yesterday.（迟）b. John has been working hard lately.（最近）⑧a. Jason works hard.（努力地）b. Susan hardly works.（几乎不）⑷有些形容词或副词，同时有多个意思，如：⑨a. Hard labour（苦工）b. Hard times（艰难时代）⑩a. The baby is fast asleep.（睡得熟）b. Run fast, please!（请快跑）c. Hold the rope fast!（紧握绳索）⑸同词根的派生形容词和形容词及分词间，意思虽甚接近，但容易引起混乱，如：11a. The child is sleepy.（昏昏欲睡）b. The child is still asleep.（还在睡眠中）c. Why are you looking at the sleeping child?（睡着的）12a. Diana feels lonely/ lonesome in the big house.（感到寂寞）b. Mary was alone in the office last night.（独自）13a. Irene was awake the whole night last night.（整夜未眠）b. Tom had a wakeful night last night.（整夜未眠）c. What did you do during your waking hours last night?（醒着的时刻）(a)和(b)意思相近，但(a)的awake 只能作补足语；(b)的wakeful 则没有这个局限。
(c)里的waking 现在分词和(a)及(b)的两个形容词也似同非同，不易随意取代。
在英语中,某些形容词词形同时也可作副词,但这些形容词还有加后缀-ly 副词的形式,因此这类词就有两种副词形式，它们在用法上有些可以互换，有些是有区别，下面笔者对这类词做一总结。
一般地说，可以互换的这类词，形容词词形的副词表示比较具体的概念，经常用语口语中，不太正式；后缀-ly形式的副词，表示比较抽象的概念，有引申义，并有一定感情色彩，变副词比较级时，用此类副词，如修饰动词和分词，放在它们前面。
1) cheap: often used instead of cheaply, esp. in casual conversation and with verbs like buy and sellDo you like this shirt? I bought it really cheaply.cheaply I can't sell you more cheaply.2) clean: completely, used with (1) verb forget (2) the proposition over, through (3) adv away outI ~ forget. The ball sailed ~ over the roof.The prisoner got ~ away. I am afraid I am clean out of food.cleanly: precisely in a clean manner, often used with v cut.He caught the ball ~ . The doctor cut ~ through the abdominal wall.3) clear: not touchingPlease stand clear of the gate.clearly: distinctly, obviously, similar to the meaning of clearI can't see ~ without my glasses.We ~need to think again.4) close: nearCome close, I want to tell you something.closely: carefully, with great attentionStudy this ~ it's very important.5) dead: exactly completely, used in certain expressions~ right, ~ sure, ` tired, ~ slow, ~ ahead, ~ drunk, ~ straightdeadly: fatallyHe was ~ injured in the crash.6) direct: used instead of directly in talking about journeys and timetablesThe plane goes ~ from London to Houston.7) easy: used in certain expressionsTake it easy. easy come, easy go.Easier said than done.easily I can do very easily.8) fair: used in the expression play ~, fight ~fairly: justly, honestlyYou must do it ~.9) fine: well, used in some expressionsThat suits me fine. You are doing ~.finely: elaborately (细微地）(not commonly usedHe studied it very finely.10) free: without paymentYou can't eat ~ in my restaurant.freely: without limit or restriction(限制）You can't speak ~ in front of my father.11) hard: to show degreeHe hit hard.hardly: almost not12) high it refers to high position.Don't go higher. It is dangerous.highly: it refers to an extreme degree "very much".She is ~ paid. It is ~ amusing.13) just: a moment ago I have just come here.justly: in accordance with justice or the law.You must do it justly.14) late: not on time He hates arriving late.lately: recently I haven't heard from you lately.15) loud: used instead of loudly in informal conversation with the verbs talk, speak, shout, laughloudly: in a big voice They quarreled ~.16) low: in a small voiceCan you speak low?lowly: in a humble wayDon't speak to him lowly.17) most: very Which do you like most?mostly: mainly, most often, in most cases18) pretty: rather ~ well, ~ soonprettily: pleasing to people (悦人地）He danced ~.19) quick: in informal English used instead of quicklyquickly He acted ~.20) real in informal English used instead of reallyreally Are you ~ tell me the truth.21) right: just, exactly, all the wayThe ball hit me ~ in the nose.He arrived ~ after breakfast.Turn right at the traffic lights.rightly: correctly right can be used informally instead of rightly You guessed right(ly)22) sharp: punctually 准时地He arrived at six o'clock ~.sharply: 锐利地，急剧地look ~ speak ~23) short: suddenlyThe car stopped suddenly.shortly: soon He will come shortly.24) slow used in informal conversation instead of slowlygo ~, drive ~25) sound: 彻底地used in the expression sound asleep soundly: 非常好地He is sleeping soundly.26) straight and straightly used in the same way.27) sure: used in American English meaning certainlysurely: He speaks very surely.28) tight: used instead of tightly in informal conversation.hold ~, pack ~. The door was shut ~.tightly: We'd better sit tightly.29)wide: He opened his eyes wide.widely: in many different placesHe has traveled widely.30) wrong used instead of wrongly in informal conversation.You guessed wrong(ly)。
