宁波大学考研真题914C程序设计初试试卷(B卷)硕士研究生专业课考试试题(2018年)

宁波大学2022年[数据结构与程序设计]考研真题数据结构部分一、单选题1、若进栈序列为1，2，3，4，5，6，且进栈和出栈可以穿插进行，则可能出现的出栈序列为（　）A．3，2，6，1，4，5B．3，4，2，1，6，5C．1，2，5，3，4，6D．5，6，4，2，3，12、若用邻接矩阵表示一个有向图，则其中每一列包含的″1″的个数为（　）A．图中每个顶点的入度B．图中每个顶点的出度C．图中弧的条数D．图中连通分量的数目3、下列二叉树中，（）可用于实现符号的不等长高效编码。

A.最优二叉树B.B-树C.平衡二叉树D.二叉排序树4、在对n个关键字进行直接选择排序的过程中，每一趟都要从无序区选出最小关键字元素，则在进行第i趟排序之前，无序区中关键字元素的个数为（　）A．iB．i+1C．n-iD．n-i+15、若有序表的关键字序列为（b,c,d,e,f,g,q,r,s,t），则在二分查找关键字b的过程中，先后进行比较的关键字依次为（　）A．f,c,bB．f,d,bC．g,c,bD．g,d,b6、设有5000个待排序的记录关键字，如果需要用最快的方法选出其中最小的10个记录关键字，则用下列（）方法可以达到此目的。

A．快速排序B.堆排序C.归并排序D.插入排序7、排序算法中，第一趟排序后，任一元素都不能确定其最终位置的算法是（　）A.选择排序B.快速排序C.冒泡排序D.插入排序8、有n个结点的有向完全图的弧数是（ ）A.n2B.2nC.n(n-1)D.2n(n+1)9、判断一个有向图是否存在回路，除了可以利用拓扑排序方法外，还可以利用（）A．求关键路径的方法B.求最短路径的Dijkstra方法C.深度优先遍历算法D.广度优先遍历算法10、在一个单链表中，若q结点是p结点的前驱结点，若在q与p之间插入结点s，则执行（）A.s→link=p→link;p→link=s;B.p→link=s;s→link=q;C.p→link=s→link;s→link=p;D.q→link=s;s→link=p;二、简答题1. 一颗二叉树的前序遍历的结果是1，2，3，4，5，6, 中序遍历的结果是3，2，4，6，5，1。

(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：661总分值：150科目名称：基础英语Part I Vocabulary(30points)Directions:There are30sentences in this part.Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D.Choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.Please write the corresponding letters on the Answer Sheet.1.But officials with both cities________a state suggestion that water supplies might becontaminated.[A]dispensed[B]sacrificed[C]disputed[D]sufficed2.She was one of three joint________of the Nobel Peace Prize earlier this month.[A]recipients[B]receivers[C]receipts[D]receptions3.This ability to________despite obstacles and setbacks is the quality people most admire in others.[A]provoke[B]persevere[C]pulsate[D]peruse4.The federal government appealed for________,insisting that the crisis could be resolved withoutthe use of force.[A]initiative[B]limitation[C]friction[D]restraint5.Nancy is only a sort of________of her husband’s opinion and has no ideas of her own.[A]sample[B]reproduction[C]prototype[D]echo6.Now on the screen,they were at least aware of the________distinction between men and women asbuddies and friends.[A]stunning[B]fragile[C]primal[D]subtle7.Chaotic conditions continue to________in areas that ordinarily are thriving urban communities.[A]collide[B]shove[C]prevail[D]huddle8The majority who show________for the Kindle are those that aren’t interested in reading to begin with.[A]disdain[B]distress[C]distort[D]delusion9.When people________him on his voice,Martin started to dream of going on stage.[A]complemented[B]completed[C]complimented[D]compensated10.The________grandeur of Wast Water,England’s deepest lake and surrounded by the country’shighest mountains,is a world away from the gentle beauty of the Borrowdale valley.[A]evocative[B]inspiring[C]imploring[D]imposing(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：661总分值：150科目名称：基础英语11.A big international bank just can’t afford to________clients in countries around the world.[A]separate[B]alienate[C]aggravate[D]shudder12.The British realized that they had________a nation across the sea where inhabitants could alsospeak English.[A]exceeded[B]mutated[C]spawned[D]settled13.A recent CNN poll shows twenty-three percent of respondents labeling hackers as useful,fifty-twopercent seeing them as a(n)________.[A]menace[B]disaster[C]aftermath[D]pitfall14.Nestling amongst the magnificent hills were the________ruins of an old monastery.[A]deforming[B]crumbling[C]destroying[D]smashing15.Every year the United Nations provides emergency aid to those countries that are________famine.[A]liken to[B]rooted in[C]afflicted by[D]perplexed with16.She________herself to the profound grief of losing her child in the accident.A)attributed[B]advocated[C]addressed[D]abandoned17.Nowadays advertising costs are no longer in reasonable________to the total cost of the product.[A]coherence[B]proportion[C]correlation[D]connection18.The company has________over the years into a multi-million dollar organization.[A]evolved[B]progressed[C]advanced[D]proceeded19.These factors helped to________the town into the list of the elegant,then most attractive in thecountry.[A]cultivate[B]initiate[C]elevate[D]extort20.The spokeswoman’s carefully-worded statement________an aura of credibility upon theadministration’s actions.[A]related[B]remarked[C]conferred[D]confronted21.It sounds like a________—Paris has almost three times as much rain as London but London ismuch rainier than Paris.[A]paradox[B]dilemma[C]puzzle[D]collision(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：661总分值：150科目名称：基础英语22.My aunt has________herself to hard work through continuous efforts.[A]associated[B]exposed[C]habituated[D]inhibited23.Although most dreams apparently happen________,dream activity may be provoked by externalinfluences.[A]spontaneously[B]anonymously[C]instantaneously[D]consciously24.The war correspondent has seen so many faces________with fear.[A]contorted[B]twisted[C]warped[D]deformed25.More often than not,it is difficult to________the exact meaning of a Chinese idiom in English.[A]transfer[B]convert[C]convey[D]exchange26.The president is now under pressure to________power to the republics.[A]heft[B]commit[C]compromise[D]yield27.The roll-call took some time,accompanied by my continuous attempts to________the noise.[A]dismiss[B]subdue[C]accentuate[D]exhaust28.The deepening recession has also________in the south of the country,where unemployment is onthe rise.[A]covered up[B]blurted out[C]taken its toll[D]cried out29.My accusers claim that I________torture on animals for the sole purpose of career advancement.[A]inflict[B]falter[C]manipulate[D]descend30.To diversify one’s business is to________different kinds of commercial enterprises.[A]train on[B]pipe down[C]wear down[D]embark onPart II Cloze(20points)Directions:There are twenty blanks in the following passage.You are required to fill ONE word in each of them that best completes the passage to make a smooth and logical reading semantically,syntactically and textually.The words that you use to fill in the blanks can be any that you think are suitable and able to make the passage smooth in meaning and grammar.Please write your answers on the Answer Sheet.It is all very well to blame traffic jams,the cost of petrol and the quick pace of modern life,but manners on the roads are becoming horrible.Everybody knows that the nicest men become monsters__31__the wheel.It is all very well,again,to have a tiger in the tank,but to have one in the driver’s__32__is another matter.You might tolerate the odd road-hog,the rude and inconsiderate driver,but nowadays the well-mannered motorist is the__33__to the rule.Perhaps the situation__34__for a“Be Kind to Other Drivers”campaign,__35__it may(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：661总分值：150科目名称：基础英语get completely out of control.Road politeness is not only good manners,but good__36__too.It takes the most cool-headed and good-tempered drivers to resist the__37__to revenge when subjected to uncivilized behavior.On the other hand,a little politeness goes a long__38__towards relieving the tensions of motoring.A friendly__39__or a wave of acknowledgement__40__response to an act of politeness helps to create an atmosphere of goodwill and tolerance so necessary in modern traffic conditions.But such acknowledgements of politeness are all too __41__today.Many drivers nowadays don’t even seem able to recognize politeness when they see it.However,misplaced__42__can also be dangerous.Typical examples are the driver who__43__violently to allow a car to emerge from a side street at some hazard to following traffic,__44__a few seconds later the road would be clear anyway;or the man who waves a child across a zebra__45__into the path of oncoming vehicles that may be unable to stop in time.The same goes for encouraging old ladies to cross the road wherever and__46__they want to.It always amazes me that the highways are not covered with the dead bodies of these grannies.A veteran driver,__47__manners are faultless,told me it would help if motorists learnt to filter correctly into traffic streams one at a time__48__causing the total blockages that give rise to bad__49__.Unfortunately, modern motorists can’t even learn to drive,let__50__master the subtler aspects of roadsmanship.Years ago the experts warned us that the car-ownership explosion would demand a lot more give-and-take from all road users.It is high time for all of us to take this message to heart.Part III Matching(20points)Directions:Match the titles of the books in the left column with the names of their writers in the right column.Please write the corresponding letters on the Answer Sheet.51.Jane Eyre a.Jack London52.Pride and Prejudice b.William Golding53.The Story of Philosophy c.Feng Youlan54.Robinson Crusoe d.Jane Austen55.The Autobiography e.Charlotte Brontë56.Animal Farm f.Arthur Miller57.Lord of the Flies g.John Steinbeck58.Tess of the D’Urbervilles h.Will Durant59.Tales from Shakespeare i.Daniel Defoe60.The Time Machine j.John Ruskin61.The Call of the Wild k.H.G.Wells62.The Sketch Book l.George Orwell63.Of Mice and Men m Robert Louis Stevenson64.A History of the English Language n.Benjamin Franklin65.Death of a Salesman o.Charles Lamb66.A Short History of Chinese Philosophy p.Thomas Hardy(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：661总分值：150科目名称：基础英语67.Beloved q.Hung-Ming Ku68.Sesame and Lilies r.Washington Irving69.The Strange Case of Dr.Jekyll and Mr.Hyde s.Albert C.Baugh&Thomas Cable70.The Spirit of the Chinese People t.Toni MorrisonPart IV Paraphrase(10points)Directions:The following sentences are taken from Advanced English(《高级英语》)edited by Zhang Hanxi （张汉熙）and Wang Lili（王礼立）.Explain each sentence in your own words,bringing out any implied meanings.Please write your answers on the Answer Sheet.71.And if a beachhead of co-operation may push back the jungle of suspicion,let both sides join in creating anew endeavor,not a new balance of power,but a new world of law,where the strong are just and the weak secured and the peace preserved.72.It is impossible to put down the wallpaper that defaces the average American home of the lower middle classto mere inadvertence,or to the obscene humor of the manufacturers.73.For eight months he flirted with the colossal wealth available to the lucky and the persistent,and wasrebuffed.74.Gone was the fierce fervor of the days when Bryan had swept the political arena like a prairie fire.75.Prohibition afforded the young the additional opportunity of making their pleasures illicit,and the muchpublicized orgies and defiant manifestoes of the intellectuals crowding into Greenwich Village gave them a pattern and a philosophic defense for their escapism.Part V Reading Comprehension(30points)Questions76-88are based on Reading Passage1below.Crop-growing skyscrapersBy the year2050,nearly80%of the Earth’s population will live in urban centers.Applying the most conservative estimates to current demographic trends,the human population will increase by about three billion people by then.An estimated109hectares of new land(about20%larger than Brazil)will be needed to grow enough food to feed them,if traditional farming methods continue as they are practiced today.At present, throughout the world,over80%of the land that is suitable for raising crops is in use.Historically,some15%of that has been laid waste by poor management practices.What can be done to ensure enough food for the world’s population to live on?(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：661总分值：150科目名称：基础英语The concept of indoor farming is not new,since hothouse production of tomatoes and other produce has been in vogue for some time.What is new is the urgent need to scale up this technology to accommodate another three billion people.Many believe an entirely new approach to indoor farming is required,employing cutting-edge technologies.One such proposal is for the‘Vertical Farm’.The concept is of multi-storey buildings in which food crops are grown in environmentally controlled conditions.Situated in the heart of urban centers,they would drastically reduce the amount of transportation required to bring food to consumers.Vertical farms would need to be efficient,cheap to construct and safe to operate.If successfully implemented,proponents claim, vertical farms offer the promise of urban renewal,sustainable production of a safe and varied food supply (through year-round production of all crops),and the eventual repair of ecosystems that have been sacrificed for horizontal farming.It took humans10,000years to learn how to grow most of the crops we now take for granted.Along the way, we despoiled most of the land we worked,often turning verdant,natural ecozones into semi-arid deserts.Within that same time frame,we evolved into an urban species,in which60%of the human population now lives vertically in cities.This means that,for the majority,we humans have shelter from the elements,yet we subject our food-bearing plants to the rigors of the great outdoors and can do no more than hope for a good weather year. However,more often than not now,due to a rapidly changing climate,that is not what happens.Massive floods, long droughts,hurricanes and severe monsoons take their toll each year,destroying millions of tons of valuable crops.The supporters of vertical farming claim many potential advantages for the system.For instance,crops would be produced all year round,as they would be kept in artificially controlled,optimum growing conditions.There would be no weather-related crop failures due to droughts,floods or pests.All the food could be grown organically,eliminating the need for herbicides,pesticides and fertilizers.The system would greatly reduce the incidence of many infectious diseases that are acquired at the agricultural interface.Although the system would consume energy,it would return energy to the grid via methane generation from composting non-edible parts of plants.It would also dramatically reduce fossil fuel use,by cutting out the need for tractors,ploughs and shipping.A major drawback of vertical farming,however,is that the plants would require artificial light.Without it,those plants nearest the windows would be exposed to more sunlight and grow more quickly,reducing the efficiency of the system.Single-storey greenhouses have the benefit of natural overhead light:even so,many still need artificial lighting.A multi-storey facility with no natural overhead light would require far more.Generating enough light could be prohibitively expensive,unless cheap,renewable energy is available,and this appears to be rather a future aspiration than a likelihood for the near future.One variation on vertical farming that has been developed is to grow plants in stacked trays that move on rails. Moving the trays allows the plants to get enough sunlight.This system is already in operation,and works well within a single-storey greenhouse with light reaching it from above:it is not certain,however,that it can be made to work without that overhead natural light.(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：661总分值：150科目名称：基础英语Vertical farming is an attempt to address the undoubted problems that we face in producing enough food for a growing population.At the moment,though,more needs to be done to reduce the detrimental impact it would have on the environment,particularly as regards the use of energy.While it is possible that much of our food will be grown in skyscrapers in future,most experts currently believe it is far more likely that we will simply use the space available on urban rooftops.Questions76-82Complete the sentences below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Please write your answers on the Answer Sheet.Indoor farming76.Some food plants,including_____are already grown indoors.77.Vertical farms would be located in_____,meaning that there would be less need to take them longdistances to customers.78.Vertical farms could use methane from plants and animals to produce_____.79.The consumption of_____would be cut because agricultural vehicles would be unnecessary.80.The fact that vertical farms would need_____light is a disadvantage.81.One form of vertical farming involves planting in_____which are not fixed.82.The most probable development is that food will be grown on_____in towns and cities.Questions83-88Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage1?On your answer sheet,write:TRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this83.Methods for predicting the Earth’s population have recently changed.84.Human beings are responsible for some of the destruction to food-producing land.85.The crops produced in vertical farms will depend on the season.86.Some damage to food crops is caused by climate change.87.Fertilizers will be needed for certain crops in vertical farms.88.Vertical farming will make plants less likely to be affected by infectious diseases.(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：661总分值：150科目名称：基础英语Questions89-101are based on Reading Passage2below.THE FALKIRK WHEELA unique engineering achievementThe Falkirk Wheel in Scotland is the world’s first and only rotating boat lift.Opened in2002,it is central to the ambitious￡84.5m Millennium Link project to restore navigability across Scotland by reconnecting the historic waterways of the Forth&Clyde and Union Canals.The major challenge of the project lay in the fact that the Forth&Clyde Canal is situated35meters below the level of the Union Canal.Historically,the two canals had been joined near the town of Falkirk by a sequence of 11locks-enclosed sections of canal in which the water level could be raised or lowered-that stepped down across a distance of1.5km.This had been dismantled in1933,thereby breaking the link.When the project was launched in1994,the British Waterways authority were keen to create a dramatic twenty-first-century landmark which would not only be a fitting commemoration of the Millennium,but also a lasting symbol of the economic regeneration of the region.Numerous ideas were submitted for the project,including concepts ranging from rolling eggs to tilting tanks, from giant see-saws to overhead monorails.The eventual winner was a plan for the huge rotating steel boat lift which was to become The Falkirk Wheel.The unique shape of the structure is claimed to have been inspired by various sources,both manmade and natural,most notably a Celtic double-headed axe,but also the vast turning propeller of a ship,the ribcage of a whale or the spine of a fish.The various parts of The Falkirk Wheel were all constructed and assembled,like one giant toy building set,at Butterley Engineering's Steelworks in Derbyshire,some400km from Falkirk.A team there carefully assembled the1,200tonnes of steel,painstakingly fitting the pieces together to an accuracy of just10mm to ensure a perfect final fit.In the summer of2001,the structure was then dismantled and transported on35lorries to Falkirk,before all being bolted back together again on the ground,and finally lifted into position in five large sections by crane.The Wheel would need to withstand immense and constantly changing stresses as it rotated, so to make the structure more robust,the steel sections were bolted rather than welded together.Over45,000 bolt holes were matched with their bolts,and each bolt was hand-tightened.The Wheel consists of two sets of opposing axe-shaped arms,attached about25meters apart to a fixed central spine.Two diametrically opposed water-filled‘gondolas’,each with a capacity of360,000liters,are fitted between the ends of the arms.These gondolas always weigh the same,whether or not they are carrying boats. This is because,according to Archimedes’principle of displacement,floating objects displace their own weight in water.So when a boat enters a gondola,the amount of water leaving the gondola weighs exactly the same as the boat.This keeps the Wheel balanced and so,despite its enormous mass,it rotates through180°in five and a half minutes while using very little power.It takes just1.5kilowatt-hours(5.4MJ)of energy to rotate the Wheel -roughly the same as boiling eight small domestic kettles of water.(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：661总分值：150科目名称：基础英语Boats needing to be lifted up enter the canal basin at the level of the Forth&Clyde Canal and then enter the lower gondola of the Wheel.Two hydraulic steel gates are raised,so as to seal the gondola off from the water in the canal basin.The water between the gates is then pumped out.A hydraulic clamp,which prevents the arms of the Wheel moving while the gondola is docked,is removed,allowing the Wheel to turn.In the central machine room an array of ten hydraulic motors then begins to rotate the central axle.The axle connects to the outer arms of the Wheel,which begin to rotate at a speed of1/8of a revolution per minute.As the wheel rotates,the gondolas are kept in the upright position by a simple gearing system.Two eight-metre-wide cogs orbit a fixed inner cog of the same width,connected by two smaller cogs travelling in the opposite direction to the outer cogs -so ensuring that the gondolas always remain level.When the gondola reaches the top,the boat passes straight onto the aqueduct situated24meters above the canal basin.The remaining11meters of lift needed to reach the Union Canal is achieved by means of a pair of locks.The Wheel could not be constructed to elevate boats over the full35-metre difference between the two canals,owing to the presence of the historically important Antonine Wall,which was built by the Romans in the second century AD.Boats travel under this wall via a tunnel,then through the locks,and finally on to the Union Canal.Questions89-94Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage2?On your answer sheet,write:TRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this89.The Falkirk Wheel has linked the Forth&Clyde Canal with the Union Canal for the first time in theirhistory.90.There was some opposition to the design of the Falkirk Wheel at first.91.The Falkirk Wheel was initially put together at the location where its components were manufactured.92.The Falkirk Wheel is the only boat lift in the world which has steel sections bolted together by hand.93.The weight of the gondolas varies according to the size of boat being carried.94.The construction of the Falkirk Wheel site took into account the presence of a nearby ancient monument.Questions95-101Label the diagram below.Choose ONE WORD from the passage for each answer.Please write your answers on the Answer Sheet.How a boat is lifted on the Falkirk Wheel(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：661总分值：150科目名称：基础英语Questions102-105are based on Reading Passage3below.Preface to‘How the other half thinks:Adventures in mathematical reasoning’(A)Occasionally,in some difficult musical compositions,there are beautiful,but easy parts-parts so simple a beginner could play them.So it is with mathematics as well.There are some discoveries in advanced mathematics that do not depend on specialized knowledge,not even on algebra,geometry,or trigonometry.Instead they may involve,at most,a little arithmetic,such as‘the sum of two odd numbers is even’,and common sense.Each of the eight chapters in this book illustrates this phenomenon.Anyone can understand every step in the reasoning.The thinking in each chapter uses at most only elementary arithmetic,and sometimes not even that.Thus all readers will have the chance to participate in a mathematical experience,to appreciate the beauty of mathematics,and to become familiar with its logical,yet intuitive,style of thinking.(B)One of my purposes in writing this book is to give readers who haven’t had the opportunity to see and enjoy real mathematics the chance to appreciate the mathematical way of thinking.I want to reveal not only some of the fascinating discoveries,but,more importantly,the reasoning behind them.In that respect,this book differs from most books on mathematics written for the general public.Some present(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：661总分值：150科目名称：基础英语the lives of colorful mathematicians.Others describe important applications of mathematics.Yet others go into mathematical procedures,but assume that the reader is adept in using algebra.(C)I hope this book will help bridge that notorious gap that separates the two cultures:the humanities and the sciences,or should I say the right brain(intuitive)and the left brain(analytical,numerical).As the chapters will illustrate,mathematics is not restricted to the analytical and numerical;intuition plays a significant role.The alleged gap can be narrowed or completely overcome by anyone,in part because each of us is far from using the full capacity of either side of the brain.To illustrate our human potential,I cite a structural engineer who is an artist,an electrical engineer who is an opera singer,an opera singer who published mathematical research,and a mathematician who publishes short stories.(D)Other scientists have written books to explain their fields to non-scientists,but have necessarily had to omit the mathematics,although it provides the foundation of their theories.The reader must remain a tantalized spectator rather than an involved participant,since the appropriate language for describing the details in much of science is mathematics,whether the subject is expanding universe,subatomic particles,or chromosomes.Though the broad outline of a scientific theory can be sketched intuitively,when a part of the physical universe is finally understood,its description often looks like a page in a mathematics text.(E)Still,the non-mathematical reader can go far in understanding mathematical reasoning.This book presents the details that illustrate the mathematical style of thinking,which involves sustained,step-by-step analysis, experiments,and insights.You will turn these pages much more slowly than when reading a novel or a newspaper.It may help to have a pencil and paper ready to check claims and carry out experiments.(F)As I wrote,I kept in mind two types of readers:those who enjoyed mathematics until they were turned off by an unpleasant episode,usually around fifth grade,and mathematics aficionados,who will find much that is new throughout the book.This book also serves readers who simply want to sharpen their analytical skills.Many careers,such as law and medicine,require extended,precise analysis.Each chapter offers practice in following a sustained and closely argued line of thought.That mathematics can develop this skill is shown by these two testimonials.(G)A physician wrote,‘The discipline of analytical thought processes[in mathematics]prepared me extremely well for medical school.In medicine one is faced with a problem which must be thoroughly analyzed before a solution can be found.The process is similar to doing mathematics.’A lawyer made the same point,‘Although I had no background in law-not even one political science course-I did well at one of the best law schools.I attribute much of my success there to having learned,through the study of mathematics,and,in particular,theorems,how to analyze complicated wyers who have studied mathematics can master the legal principles in a way that most others cannot.’(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：661总分值：150科目名称：基础英语I hope you will share my delight in watching as simple,even naïve,questions lead to remarkable solutions and purely theoretical discoveries find unanticipated applications.Questions102-105Reading Passage3has seven sections,A-G.Which section contains the following information? Write the correct letter,A-G,on your answer sheet.102.a reference to books that assume a lack of mathematical knowledge103.the way in which this is not a typical book about mathematics104.personal examples of being helped by mathematics105.examples of people who each had abilities that seemed incompatiblePart VI Writing(40points)Directions:According to a newly-released Ministry of Education regulation,college students who have started their business can apply for leave for several semesters and their period of schooling can be extended. Universities are also encouraged to provide enterprise-based modules to nurture student entrepreneurship. Some people doubt whether the regulation will have an effect on students’grades or performance while others believe such initiative will help students better prepare for future careers.Discuss these points of view.What’s your opinion?Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your experience or knowledge.Write an essay of NO LESS THAN400words.Marks will be awarded for content relevance,content sufficiency,organization and language quality.Write your essay on the Answer Sheet.THE END。

(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：841 总分值：150 科目名称：小学课程与教学论第 1 页共3 页(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：841 总分值：150 科目名称：小学课程与教学论第 2 页共3 页(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：841 总分值：150 科目名称：小学课程与教学论第 3 页共3 页宁波大学2017年硕士研究生招生考试初试试题(B卷)(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码:841科目名称：小学课程与教学论适用专业:小学教育一、填空题：本大题共7小题，每格1分，共15分。

1.在西方英语世界里，课程（Curriculum）一词最早出现在英国教育家，《什么知识最有价值？》（1859）一文中。

2.是教学过程中最具本质的一对关系。

3.从教育的角度讲，课程的价值在于、、。

4.为了激活新旧知识之间的联系，提高已有知识对接受新知识的有效影响，奥苏伯尔提出了。

5.行动研究的特点是、、。

6.综合课程是一种多学科的课程组织模式，它强调学科之间的、、。

7.根据实施功能的不同，教学评价可以分为、、。

二、名词解释：本大题共6小题，每题5分，共30分。

1.课程2.教学3.有效教学行为4.隐性课程5.对话教学6.课程开发三、简答题：本大题共5小题，每题9分，共45分。

1.小学课程内容选择的依据是什么？2.简述小学课程改革的基本理念。

3.简述新课程实施中的教师角色。

4.简述小学课程评价的功能5.简述新课程标准中的课程目标体系。

四、论述题：本大题共2小题，每题20分，共40分。

1.结合案例请谈一谈对小学生课堂问题行为管理策略的认识。

2.试述布鲁纳的发现学习理论，并结合所教学科举例说明如何运用。

五、材料分析题：本大题共1题，共20分。

材料：一位语文老师在给学生上《师说》一课时，当介绍到作者是“唐宋八大家”之一时，学生问：“老师，‘唐宋八大家’都是哪些人啊？”教师脸一板，冷若冰霜地说；“就你事多，那不是你要学的范围，你只要记住韩愈是唐宋八大家之一就行了。

(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)一、选择题（每小题5分，共5题，共25分）1. 测得 PNP 型三极管各电极对地电位分别为 VE ＝ -4V ， VB ＝-4.7V ， VC ＝-4.6V ，说明此三极管处在哪个工作区（ ）。

A. 放大区B. 饱和区C. 截止区D. 反向击穿区2.如下图所示单相桥式整流、电容滤波电路，电容量足够大时，已知副边电压有效值为210V U =，测得输出电压的平均值() 4.5V O AV U =，则下列描述正确的是（ ）。

A. 电路正常工作B. 电容C 开路C. 负载R L 开路D. 电容C 和二极管D 1同时开路3. LC 正弦波振荡电路如图所示，该电路（ ）。

A. 由于无选频网络不能产生正弦波振荡B. 由于不满足相位平衡条件，不能产生正弦波振荡C. 由于放大器不能正常工作，不能产生正弦波振荡D. 满足振荡条件能产生正弦波振荡科目代码： 911总分值： 150科目名称：电子线路（模拟电路+数字电路）(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)4. 如图所示电路中晶体管饱和管压降的数值为│U C E S │，则最大输出功率P O M ＝( ) 。

A ．L 2CES CC 2)21(R U V -B ．L2CES CC )21(R U V - C ． L 2CES CC 2)(R U V - D.2()CC CES L V U R -5. 在图示电路中，稳压管 D Z 的稳定电压 U Z = 6V ，最小稳定电流 I Zm i n = 5 mA ，输入电压 U I =12V ，电阻 R=100，要保证输出稳定电压6V ，I L 最大不应超过 ( )。

A. 60 mAB. 55 mAC. 45 mAD. 40 mA二、简答题（每小题5分，共5题，共25分）1． 用逻辑代数的基本公式和常用公式将化为最简与或式。

ABC C AB C B A BC A C B A Y ++++=2. 如图所示，请写出Y 的表达式。

科目代码:750科目名称：临床医学综合适用专业:临床医学一级学科一、单项选择题：本大题共75题，每小题3分，共225分。

1.死亡的标志是（）A.脑死亡B.脑电波零电位C.瞳孔散大D.反射消失E.呼吸停止、心跳停止2.血浆中主要的阴离子是（）-A.HCO32-B.HPO42-C.SO4D.Cl-E.蛋白质3.低渗性脱水患者体液丢失的特点是（）A.细胞内液无丢失，仅丢失细胞外液B.细胞内液无丢失，仅丢失血浆C.细胞内液无丢失，仅丢失组织间液D.细胞外液无丢失，仅丢失细胞内液E.细胞内液和外液均明显丢失4.全身体循环静脉压增高最主要的原因是（）A.静脉血栓形成B.左心衰竭C.右心衰竭D.纵隔肿瘤E.淋巴回流受阻5.成人失钾最重要的途径是（）A.经胃失钾B.经小肠失钾C.经结肠失钾D.经肾失钾E.经皮肤失钾科目代码:750科目名称：临床医学综合适用专业:临床医学一级学科6.引起高钾血症的最主要原因是（）A.急性酸中毒引起细胞内K+释放至细胞外液B.血管内溶血使K+从细胞内释放至血浆C.缺氧时细胞K+释放至细胞外液D.肾脏排钾减少E.大量使用保钾性利尿剂7.下列关于P50的描述，哪一项是错误的？（）A.P50是指血红蛋白氧饱和度为50％时的氧分压B.P50是反映Hb与O2的亲和力的指标C.P50的正常值为3.47～3.60kPa(26～27mmHg)D.P50降低表明氧离曲线右移E.P50升高0.1kPa可由红细胞内2，3-DPG浓度增高1μmol/gHb所致8.发热时机体不会出现（）A.物质代谢率增高B.蛋白质代谢正氮平衡C.糖原分解代谢加强D.脂肪分解代谢加强E.某些维生素消耗增多9.应激时下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺皮质系统的中枢位点位于（）A.脑干B.黑质C.海马D.室旁核E.杏仁体10.失血性休克血压下降早期主要与（）A．交感神经-肾上腺髓质系统衰竭有关B．低血容量引起回心血量不足、心输出量降低有关C．血管紧张度下降、外周阻力降低有关D．血液灌流不足、微循环血管大量扩张有关E．细胞严重缺氧能量代谢障碍有关科目代码:750科目名称：临床医学综合适用专业:临床医学一级学科11.妊娠末期时，下列哪一项不是引起血液高凝状态的原因？（）A．血小板和凝血因子增多B．抗凝血酶活性降低C．纤溶酶原激活物活性增加D．纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂增多E．高脂血症12.再灌注时发生钙超载与下列哪一项有关？（）A．细胞膜通透性减少B．细胞膜外板与糖被膜分离C．钙泵功能加强D．线粒体功能加强E．再灌注液内钙浓度过低13.引起心脏压力负荷过重的因素是（）A.高血压B.室间隔缺损C.甲亢D.动静脉瘘E.慢性贫血14.心衰患者出现夜间阵发性呼吸困难，其产生的主要机制是（）A.夜间周围血管紧张性增高B.神经反射的敏感性增高C.迷走神经相对抑制D.平卧时水肿液吸收入血减少E.平卧后胸腔容积减少不利于通气15.ARDS发生呼吸衰竭主要机制是（）A.通透性肺水肿B.肺不张C.肺泡通气血流比例失调D.死腔样通气E.J感受器刺激呼吸窘迫科目代码:750科目名称：临床医学综合适用专业:临床医学一级学科16.在下列肿瘤类型中，细支气管肺泡癌属于（）A．小细胞癌B．鳞状细胞癌C．腺癌D．大细胞癌E．透明细胞癌17.女性，42岁，因“急性重症胰腺炎”入院。

(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：812 总分值：150 科目名称：管理学问题分析：4-1 谷歌为其员工投入很多，但还是不足以留住某些优秀员工。

运用相关理论来分析这种情况在员工激励方面有什么启示？（10分）4-2 谷歌在激励员工方面面临的最大挑战是什么？如果你正在管理一个谷歌员工团队，你将怎样保持他们的积极性？（15分）案例2：无论如何，它可能是近年来美国历史上最严重的环境灾难之一（即便不是最严重的）。

S英国石油公司位于墨西哥湾的“深水地平线”海上钻井平台于2010年4月20日剧烈爆炸，形成一片火海并导致11名员工死亡，之后，该公司立即全力阻止原油泄漏并实施了漫长而艰巨的原油清理行动。

虽然沿岸的企业、居民和野生动植物最显著地受到了此次爆炸和原油泄漏的影响，但我们这些远离墨西哥湾的人也对所发生的灾难感到目瞪口呆和心情沉重。

是什么导致了这次灾难？英国石油公司可以采取什么措施来确保这种事故再次发生的可能性降至最低程度？在事故调查中人们逐渐意识到，发生这样的事故并不奇怪。

飓风“丹尼斯”在2005 年7月登陆之后，一艘途经该海域的轮船上的船员非常震惊地看到英国石油公司价值10亿美元的雷马钻井平台“向一侧严重倾斜，仿佛在向世界宣告它将要下沉”。

雷马钻井平台“是英国石油公司的荣耀，是该公司在探测和开采海湾水下丰富的石油资源时击败竞争对手并独占鳌头的杀手铜”。

但是这个钻井平台的各种问题逐渐暴露。

一个装反了的阀门在飓风“丹尼斯”肆虐期间导致大量原油泄露，而此时甚至还没有一滴油被开采上来。

其他问题还包括过于糟糕的焊接工作导致水下石油管道十分脆弱并布满裂缝。

“雷马钻井平台的事故并不仅仅是偶然，更是对英国石油公司的一个警告。

该公司为了追求增长和利润，做了太多铤而走险、投机取巧的事情。

”接下来就是“深水地平线”钻井平台发生悲剧性的爆炸事故。

在钻井架爆炸前，有明显的信号指出原油管道出现了严重问题。

入学考试试题(A卷)(答案必须写在答题纸上)考试科目: 电子线路（模拟电路+数字电路）科目代码：911适用专业:电路与系统、通信与信息系统、信号与信息处理、电子与通信工程、集成电路工程、计算机技术图1入 学 考 试 试 题(A 卷) (答案必须写在答题纸上)考试科目:电子线路（模拟电路+数字电路） 科目代码： 911 适用专业:电路与系统、通信与信息系统、信号与信息处理、电子与通信工程 、 集成电路工程 、计算机技术图23、试画出用3线-8线译码器74LS138 123Y AC Y ABC Y BC =⎧⎪=⎨⎪=+⎩图3的电压波形如图5。

试画出与之对应的输出电压入学考试试题(A卷)(答案必须写在答题纸上)考试科目: 电子线路（模拟电路+数字电路）科目代码：911适用专业: 电路与系统、通信与信息系统、信号与信息处理、电子与通信工程、集成电路工程、计算机技术图7所示各电路输出电压与输入电压的运算关系式。

(a) (b)图8入学考试试题(A卷)(答案必须写在答题纸上)考试科目: 电子线路（模拟电路+数字电路）科目代码：911适用专业: 电路与系统、通信与信息系统、信号与信息处理、电子与通信工程、集成电路工程、计算机技术入学考试试题(A卷)(答案必须写在答题纸上)考试科目:电子线路（模拟电路+数字电路）科目代码：911适用专业:电路与系统、通信与信息系统、信号与信息处理、信息检测与智能系统、电子与通信工程、集成电路工程、计算机技术一、单项选择题（每小题5分，共5题，总计25分，将正确答案的编号填入答题纸）1.某NPN型硅三极管b-e间电压U BE=0.7V，c-b间电压U CB=0.1V，由此可判断该管工作在A、放大区B、截止区C、饱和区D、不能确定2．在放大电路中，温度上升，则A、I CBO减小，U BE减小B、I CBO增大，U BE增大C、I CBO减小，U BE增大D、I CBO增大，U BE减小3．某放大电路，要求输入电阻小，输出电压稳定，应该选用下列那一种负反馈A、电压串联B、电压并联C、电流并联D、电流串联4.在由NMOS晶体管组成的基本共源放大电路中，当输入信号为1kHz、50mV的正弦电压时，输出电压波形出现削顶的失真，这种失真是A、截止失真B、饱和失真C、交越失真D、频率失真5．共模抑制比KCMR越大表明电路A、电压放大倍数越稳定B、输出量中共模成分越大C、电压放大倍数越大D、抑制温漂能力越强大二、简答题（每小题5分，共5题，共25分）1.用逻辑代数的基本公式和常用的公式将()()()Y A B C A B C A B C=++++++化为最简与或形式2．求逻辑函数C ABF+=的对偶函数3．试说明下列反相器的输出逻辑值：1）TTL反相器的输入端接一个小电阻（0.1KΩ）2）TTL反相器的输入端接一个大电阻（100KΩ）3）TTL反相器的输入端悬空4）CMOS反相器的输入端接一个小电阻（0.1KΩ）5）CMOS反相器的输入端接一个大电阻（100KΩ）入学考试试题(A 卷)(答案必须写在答题纸上)考试科目:电子线路（模拟电路+数字电路）科目代码：911适用专业:电路与系统、通信与信息系统、信号与信息处理、信息检测与智能系统、电子与通信工程、集成电路工程、计算机技术4．在CMOS 电路中有时采用图1所示的扩展功能用法，写出Y 的逻辑式。