给排水工程专业饮用水水质问题及对策大学毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文

中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Optimum combination of water drainage,water supply and eco-environment protection in coal-accumulated basin of North ChinaAbstract The conflict among water drainage,water supply and eco-environment protection is getting more and more serious due to the irrational drainage and exploitation of ground water resources in coal-accumulated basins of North China.Efficient solutions to the conflict are tomaintain long-term dynamic balance between input and output of theground water basins,and to try to improve resourcification of the mine water.All solutions must guarantee the eco-environment quality.This paper presents a new idea of optimum combination of water drainage，water supply and eco-environment protection so as to solve theproblem of unstable mine water supply,which is caused by the changeable water drainage for the whole combination system.Both the management of hydraulic techniques and constraints in economy,society,ecology,environment,insustuial structural adjustments and sustainable developments have been taken into account.Since the traditional and separate management of different departments of water drainage,water supply and eco-environment protection is broken up these departments work together to avoid repeated geological survey and specific evaluation calculations so that large amount of national investment can be saved and precise calculation for the whole system can be obtained.In the light of the conflict of water drainage,water supply and eco-environment protection in a typical sector in Jiaozuo coal mine,a case study puts forward an optimum combination scheme,in which a maximum economic benefit objective is constrained by multiple factors.The scheme provides a very important scientific base for finding a sustainable development strategy.Keywords combination system of water drainage,water supply and eco-environment protection,optimal combination,resourcification of mine water.1Analyses of necessity for the combinationThere are three related problems in the basin.It is well known that the major mine-hydrogeological characteristics of the coal accumulated basin in North China display a stereo water-filling structure,which is formed by multi-layer aquifers connected hydraulically together with various kinds of inner or outer boundaries.Mine water hazards have seriously restricted the healthy development of coal industry in China because of more water-filling sources and stronger water-filling capacity in coal mines of the basin.Coal reserves in the basin are threatened by the water hazards.In Fengfeng,Xingtai,Jiaozuo,Zibao,Huaibei and Huainan coal mine districts,for example,it is estimatedthat coal reserves are threatened by the water hazards up to 52％,71.％40,％,60％,48％and 90％of total prospecting reserves respectively.It is obvious that un-mining phenomenon caused by the water hazards is serious.Water-bursting accidents under coal layers have seriously influenced safe production.Some statistical data show that there were 17 water-bursting accidents with over 1 m3/s inflow from 1985.Water drainage is an increasing burden on coal mines threatened by water hazards:high cost of water drainage raises coal prices and reduces profits of the enterprise.On the other hand,it is more and more difficult to meet the demand of water supply in coal mine districts in the basin.The reasons are not only arid and semi-arid weather conditions,but also a large amount of water drainage with deep drawdown in coal mines and irrational water exploitation.The deterioration of eco-environment is another problem.Phenomena of land surface karst collapse can be found.Many famous karst springs,which are discharge points for the whole karst groundwater syatem,stop flowing or their discharge rates decrease on a large scale.Desert cremophytes in large areas in west China die because of falling groundwater level.These three problems are related and contradictory.In order to solve the problems while ensuring safe mining,meeting water resource demands and slowing down the pace of eco-environment deterioration,it is necessary to study the optimum combination of water drainage,water supply and eco-environment protection in the basin.2The state of the art of research and the problemsAlthough research into the combination of water drainage and water supply started much earlier in some countries,their conception is simple and some shortcomings remain in their study on the theory and pattern of combination.China’s research history on the combination can be divided into three stages.The first stage is the utilization of mine water.A century ago mine water started to be used as water supply for mines.But the utilization scale and efficiency were quite limited at that time.The second stage is a comprehensive one:mine water was used while water hazards were harnessed.Great progress was made both in theory and practice of the combination.For example,the combination of water drainage and water supply not only means the utilization of mine water,but also means that it is a technique of preventing water hazards.It is unfortunate,however,that the combination research in this stage offered less sense ofeco-environment protection.Optimum combination management of water drainage,water supply and eco-environment protection is the third stage.Main features in this stage are to widen traditional research,and to establish an economic-hydraulic management model,in which safe mining,eco-environment protection and sustainable development demands,etc.are simultaneously considered as constraint conditions.3Trinity systemThe trinity system combines water drainage,water supply and eco-environment quality protection.The water-collecting structures of the system consist of land surface pumping wells in the mines,shallow land surface well in groundwater recharge areas and artificial relief wells under the mines.Both integration and coordination for the trinity system are distinguished according to the combination.The integration for the system means to utilize drainage water under the mines and pump water onto the land surface as water supply for different purposes without harming the eco-environmental quality.The coal mines are not only drainage sites,but also water supply sources.The purpose of drilling pumping wells on the land surface is to eliminate special influences on different consumers,which are caused by terminating drainage processes under the mines due to unexpected accidents in mining.The coordination for the system means to bulid some water supply sources for different consumers while ensuring eco-environmental quality in groundwater recharge positions,where pumping groundwater is quite effective on lowering groundwater heads in the mine areas.Itintercepts in advance the recharging groundwater flow towards the mines,which may not only provide consumers with good quality groundwater,achieve the goal of dropping down groundwater heads in the mines,but also effectively reduce the high costs of drainage and water treatment,which are needed by traditional dewatering measures with large drainage flow rates under the mines.The coordination changes the traditional passive pattern of preventing and controlling groundwater hazards under the mines into that of active surface interception.Both very developed karst flow belts and accumulated groundwater recharge ones under the ground are relatively ideal interceptive coordination positions in the system.For the integration of the trinity system,artificial relief wells under the mines and the land surface pumping wells mainly penetrate into direct thin bedded karst aquifers interbedded with the mining coal layers,while for the coordination of the system,the shallow land surface wells mainly penetrate into very thick karst aquifer.Therefore,hydrogeological conceptual model for the system involves the multi-layer aquifers connected hydraulically by different inner boundaries.Setting up stereo hydrogeological conceptual models and corresponding mathematical models is a prerequisite for solving the managemental problems for the system.Management of the trinity system not only considers the effects of lowering groundwater heads and safe operation for water drainage subsystem,but also pays attention to the water demands for water supply subsystem and quality changes for eco-environment protection subsystem.They play the same important role in the whole combination system.It controls the groundwater heads in each aquifer to satisfy the conditions of safe mining with certain water head pressures in the mines,and to guarantee a certain amount of water supply for the mines and near areas,but the maximum drawdown of groundwater must not be ex ceded,which may result in lowering eco-environmental quality.4Economic-hydraulic management modelIn the trinity system management,groundwater resources in the mines and nearby areas,which are assessed on the premise of eco-environment qualities and safe operation in the mines,may be provided as water supply prices,drainage costs,transportation costs(including pipeline and purchasing the land costs)and groundwater quality treatment costs for the three different waterconsumers,the optimum management models may automatically allocate to each consumer a certain amount of groundwater resources and a concrete water supply scenario based on comparisons of each consumer’s economic contribution to the whole system in objective function.Therefore the management studies on the optimal combination among water drainage,water supply and eco-environment protection involve both the management of groundwater hydraulic techniques and the economic evaluations,eco-environment quality protection and industrial structure programs.In addition to realizing an economic operation,they also guarantee a safe operation which is a key point for the combination of the whole system.5The management model for the trinity system can reach water supply goals with drainage water under the mines and the land surface pumping water on the premise of ensuring eco-environmental quality.And it can make use of one model to lay down comprehensively optimum management scenarios for each subsystem by means of selecting proper constraints and maximum economic benefit objective produced by multiple water consumers.The model can raise the security and reliability of operation for the whole trinity system,and the drainage water can be forecast for the mines and the management of water supply resource and the evaluation of eco-environment quality can be performed at the same time so as to respectively stop the separate or closed management,of departments of drainage water,water supply and eco-environment protection from geological survey stage to management evaluation.This,in economic aspect,can not only avoid much geological survery and special assessment work which are often repeated by the three departments,and save a lot of funds,but also ,in technical aspect,make use of one model to simultaneously consider interference and influence on each other for different groundwater seepage fields so as to guarantee calculating precision of the forecast,the management and the evaluation work.The economic-hydraulic management model can be expressed as follows.6 A case studyA typical sector is chosen.It is located in the east of Jiaozuo coal mine,Henan Province,China.Itconsists of three mines:Hanwang Mine,Yanmazhuang Mine and Jiulishan Mine.The land surface is flat,and the whole area is about 30 km2.An intermittent river Shanmen flows through the sector from the north to the south.Average annual precipitation in the sector is about 662.3mm.Theprecipitation mainly concentrates inJune,July,August and September each year.Strata in the sector consist of very thick limestone in Middle Ordovician,coal-bearing rock series in Permo Carboniferous and loose deposits in Quaternary.There are four groups of faulted structures.The first is in northeast-southwest direction such as F3 and F1..The second is in the northwest-southeast direction such as Fangzhuang fault.The third is in the east-west direction such as Fenghuangling fault.The last is almost in north-south.These faults are all found to be normal faults with a high degree of dip angle.Four major aquifers have been found in the sector.The top one is a semi-confined porous aquifer.The next one is a very thin bedded limeston aquifer.The third is a thin bedded limestone aquifer.The last one at the bottom is a very thick limestone aquifer.Objective function of the management model is designed to be maximum economic benefit produced by domestic,industrial and agricultural water supply.Policy making variables of the model are considered as the domestic,industrial and agricultural groundwater supply rates in every management time step,and they are supplied by artificial relief flow wells under the mines,the land surface pumping wells in the mines and the shallow land surface wells in the groundwater recharge areas.All the 135 policy making variables are chosen in the model,27 for drainage wells under the mines in aquifer,27 for the land surface pumping wells in the mine districts in aquifer 27 in aquifer 27 in aquifer O2 27 for the shallow land surface wells in aquifer O2Based on the problems,the following constraint conditions should be considered:(1)Safe mining constraint with groundwater pressure in aquifer L8.There are altogether three coalmines in the typical sector,i.e.Hanwang Mine,Yanmazhuang Mine and Jiulishan Mine.Elevations of mining level for these mines are different because it is about 88-150 m in the second mining level for Hanwang Mine,and -200m in the second mining level for Yanmazhuang Mine,and-225 m in the first mining level for Jiulishan Mine.According to mining experiences,pressure-loaded heights for groundwater heads in safe mining state are considered as about 100-130m.Therefore,the groundwater level drawdowns in the three management time steps for aquifer L8 at three mines have to be equivalent to safe drawdown values at least in order to pervert groundwater hazards under the mines and to guarantee their safe operation.(2)Geological eco-environment quality constraint.In order to prevernt groundwater leakage fromupper contaminater porous aquifer into bottom one and then to seepage further down to contaminate the thin bedded limestone aquifer in the position of buried outcrop,the groundwater heads in the bottom porous aquifer must keep a certain height,i.e.the groundwater drawdowns in it are not allowed to exceed maximum values.(3)Groundwater head constraint at the shallow land surface wells in aquifer O2,The shallow landsurface wells should penetrate in aquifer O2 in order to avoid geological environment hazards,such as karst collapse and deep karst groundwater contamination.Groundwater head drawdowns in aquifer O2 for the shallow land surface wells are not allowed to exceed criticalvalues.(4)Industrial water supply constraint for the groundwater source in aquifer O2 .The rate ofindustrial water supply needed by the planned thermal power plant in the north of the sectoris designed to be 1.5 m3/s according to the comprehensive design of the system in thesector.In order to meet the demands of water,the rate industrial water supply for thegroundwater source in aquifer O2 in every management time step must be equivalent at leastto 1.5 m3/s.(5)Maximum amount constraint of groundwater resource available for abstraction.In order tomaintain the balance of the groundwater system in the sector for a long time and to avoid anyharmful results caused by continuous falling of groundwater head,the sum of groundwaterabstraction in each management time step is not allowed to exceed the maximum amount ofgroundwater resource available for abstraction.Since there is not only water drainage in the mines,but also water supply in the whole combination system,management period for the model is selected from June 1,1978 to May 31,1979,in which annual average rate of precipitation is about 50％.Management time steps for the period are divided into three.The first one is from June to September,the second from October to next January,and the last one from next February to May.According to comprehensive information about actual economic ability,economic development program and industrial structure adjustment in the sector at present and in the near future,and different association forms of water collecting structures among the land surface pumping wells,the shallow land surface wells and artificial relief flow wells under the mines,this paper designs 12 management scenarious,all of which take the safe operation in the trinity system as the most important condition.After making comparisons of optimum calculation results for the 12 scenarious,this paper comes to a conclusion that scenarios is the most ideal and applicable one for the typical sector.This scenario not only considers the effective dewatering advantage of the artificial relief flow wells under the mines and safe stable water supply advantage of the land surface pumping wells,but also pays attention to the disadvantage of low safe guaranty rate for the relief flow wells under the mines for water supply and of large drilling investment in the land surface pumping wells.Meanwhile,eh shallow land surface wells inaquifer O2in this scenario would not only provide water supply for the thermal power plant as planned,but also play an important role in dewatering the bottom aquifer,which is major recharge source of groundwater for the mines.If the drainage subsystem under the mines runs normally,this scenario could fully offer the effective dewatering functions of the artificial relief flow wells under the mines,and makes the trinity system operate normally.But if the drainage subsystem has to stop suddenly because of unexpected accidents,the scenario could still fully utilize the land surface pumping wells and the shallow land surface wells,and increae their pumping rates in order to make up for temporary shortage of water supply for the trinity system and to make its economic losses reduced to a minimum extent.Increasing groundwater abstraction rate for the land surface pumping wells and the shallow land surface wells,in fact,is very favorable for harnessing the water-accidents under the mines and for recovery production of the mines.To sum up,this scenario sets up a new pattern for the combination of water drainage,water supply and eco-environment protection.It solves quite well the conflicts between the low safe guaranty rate and the effective dewatering result for the artificial relief flow wells under the mines.It makes full use of beneficial aspect of the conflicts,and meanwhile compensates for the unbeneficial one by arranging the land surface pumping wells in the coal mine districts.Therefore,this scenario should be comprehensive and feasible.In this scenario,Hanwan Mine,Yanmazhuang Mine and Jiulishan Mine are distributed optimally for certain amount of domestic and industrial water supply,but not for much agricultural water supply.The land surface pumping wells are also distributed for different purposes of water supply.The water supply for the thermal power plant (1.5 m3/s) is provided by the shallow land surface prehensive effects,produced by the above three kinds of water collecting structures,completely satisfy all of the constraint conditions in the management model,and achieve an extremely good economic objective of 16.520551million RMB yuan per year.In order to examine the uncertainty of the management model,12management scenarios are all tested with sensitive analysis.7Conclusion(1)The optimum combination research among water drainage,water supply and eco-environmentprotection is of great theoretical significance and application value in the basin of North China for solving unbalanced relation between water supply and demands,developing new potential water supply sources and protecting weak eco-environment.(2)The combination research is concerned not only with hydraulic technique management but alsowith constraints of economic benefits,society,ecology,environment quality,safe mining and sustainable development in the coal mines.(3)The combination model,for the first time,breaks up the closed situation existing for a longtime,under which the government departments of drainage water,water supply and eco-environment protection from geological survey stage to management evaluation work respectively.Economically,it can spare the repeated geological survey and special assessment work done by the three departments and save a lot of funds;technically,one model is made use of to cover the interference and influence each other for different groundwater seepage fields soas to guarantee a high calculating precision of the forecast,the management and the evaluation work.(4)The management scenario presented in the case study is the most ideal and applicable for thetypical sector.This scenario not only makes full use of the effective dewatering advantages of the artificial relief flow wells under the mines and safe stable water supply advantages of the land surface pumping wells,but also pays attention to the disadvantages of low safe guaranty rate for the relief flow wells under the mines for water supply and of large drilling investment for the land surface pumping wells.References1.Investigation team on mine-hydrogeology and engineering geology in the Ministry ofGeology and Mineral Resources.Investigation Report on Karst-water-filling Mines(inChinese).Beijing:Geological Publishing House,19962.Liu Qiren,Lin Pengqi,Y u Pei,Investigation comments on mine-hydrogeological conditionsfor national karst-water-filling mines,Journal of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology(in Chinese),19793.Wang Mengyu,Technology development on preventing and curing mine water in coalmines in foreign countries,Science and Technology in Coal(in Chinese),19834.Coldewey,W.G.Semrau.L.Mine water in the Ruhr Area(Federal Republic of Germany),inProceedings of 5th International Mine Water Congress,Leicestershire:Quorn SelectiveRepro Limited,19945.Sivakumar,M.Morten,S,Singh,RN,Case history analysis of mine water pollution,inProceedings of 5th International Mine Water Congress,Leicestershire;Quorn SelectiveRepro Limited,19946.Ye Guijun.Zhang Dao,Features of Karst-water-filling mines and combination betweenwater drainage and water supply in China,Journal of Hydrogeology and EngineeringGeology(in China),19887.Tan Jiwen,Shao Aijun,Prospect analyses on Combination between water drainage andwater supply in karst water basin in northern China,Jounnal of Hebei College ofGeology(in Chinese),19858.Xin Kuide,Yu Pei,Combination between water drainage and water for seriouskarst-water-filling mines in northern China,Journal of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology(in Chinese),19869.Wu Qiang,Luo Yuanhua,Sun Weijiang et al.Resourcification of mine water andenvironment protection,Geological Comments(in Chinese),199710.Gao Honglian,Lin Zhengping,Regional characteristics of mine-hydrogeological conditionsof coal deposits in China,Journal of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology(in Chinese),198511.Jiang Ben,A tentative plan for preventing and curing measures on mine water in coal minesin northern China,Geology and Prospecting for Coaofield(in Chinese),1993中国北方煤炭积聚区的最佳组合排水，供水和生态环境保护摘要为了开采中国北方煤炭资源丰富的区域，不合理的排水使排水、供水和保护生态环境之间的冲突日趋严重。

Author：李煜哲Abstract：This paper make a description and analysis about the present situation of water resources and pollution in our country, using the method of state governance, and puts forward personal views and opinions.Key words:Current situation，lawsIntroductionThe national polluted water emissions increased by 31.5 billion tons in 1980 to 63.1 billion tons in 2002. Most urban groundwater polluted to some extent, and has a tendency to increase year by year. The use of the increasingly serious water pollution not only reduces the water functions, further aggravated the contradiction of water resource shortage, but also a serious threat to urban residents drinking water safety and health. For our life source being polluted, how should we respond?1.The water resources and pollution situation in our country1.1Water resources situation in our countryFrom The first national water resources census bulletin，By the end of 2011,there are 45000 reasons basin area of 50 square kilometers above, total length of 1.5085 million km. There are 22900 reasons basin area of 100 square kilometers above. There are 2865 natural lakes water is greater than 1 square kilometers with a total area of 7.8 square kilometers. The country has about 98000 reservoirs, with a total capacity of 98000 cubic meters. The national total of 638900 lakes water inlet, the earth's surface and underground water source is respectively 1.17 and 1847.China's per capita water resources is only 2100 cubic meters, only 28% of the world's per capita. In the northern region, water resource is very shortage, the Yellow River, huaihe river, haihe river three per capita water resources quantity respectively for the national average of only 30.1%, 21.6% and 12.9%.China's per capita fresh water resources is only a quarter of the world's average, ranked 110 in the world, is one of the poorest countries in the world per capita water resources. Available water resources per capita is only 900 cubic meters, and unevenly distributed.The end of the 20th century, the presence of more than 400 cities in more than 600 cities has water supply shortage problem, the serious water shortage city more than 110, the national total water shortage of 6 billion cubic meters. [2]1.2Situation of water pollution in ChinaChina's top ten river basin water quality success rate is 2/3, Local water quality is worrying，overall，Through years of efforts, we have improved water quality in China, the top ten overall for watershed water quality mild pollution, but at local area, the water quality of local water environment pollution is still serious.Recently published in domestic academic journal "science bulletin", according to an article. Surface water contains 68 kinds of antibiotics in China, and the concentration is higher. There are 90 kinds of the antibiotic pharmaceutical ingredients being checked out..The antibiotic concentration is much higher than abroad. 90% of our country urban groundwater by different level of organic and inorganic pollution of poisonous and harmful pollutants, 70% of the pollution of river water system, more than 90% of the river pollution flows through the city.2.reasonable solutionsOn enhancing urban water supply water saving and water pollution prevention and control work Promulgated by the state council in 2000 point out that we should gradually change the past a drainage system, a single reservoir and a river water to the city water supply way, Take "library series more, drainage network, surface water and groundwater alignment, the optimized configuration of water resources".2.1Methods in our country at presentBy the end of 2013, the total 3895 key projects, medium and small rivers Management River is 35000 kilometers long. By 2015, the project management of small and medium-sized rivers around 5000, governance river is 60000 kilometers long, can make the 340 million population and 330 million mu of farmland protected by flood control.In order to ensure the river health life, implementing strict water management system in our country, defined the development and utilization of water resources, water use efficiency, water function area restriction, they use "three line":1. Set the limits of the total water 2. The red line to promote water-saving efficiency of water use 3. The red lines limit, protect water quality,Expert introduction, the current "three line" index system of water resources to cover 95% of the local administrative region and more than 50% of the county administrative region, which means that the water resources management in the future will be more strictly: Strict management and protection of groundwater, the groundwater water withdrawal amount control and water level control.Strict control into the lakes pollution gross, the position is beyond the water function area limits of the total area, limit for examination and approval of new water and sewage outlet into the rivers. [3]2.2Personal viewsI think the best way to curb water pollution is in legislation and law enforcement supervision.The water pollution problem has to be reckoned with, because it has two characteristics:The first: concealment, imperceptible. Second: once the pollution, it is difficult to treatment and recovery. In the driven of the interests, pale the role of the propaganda work, to really stop water pollution phenomenon only can depends on the guarantee of law and law enforcement supervision. Therefore, a specific law to protect drinking water sources is fundamental. Strengthen the regulation of drinking water sources protection law enforcement is the important guarantee. To continue increasoing the intensity of law enforcement inspection, investigate seriously illegal threat to drinking water quality environment act.For urban water conservation, I put forward the following Suggestions：First, optimize the urban layout and industrial structure, Second, increase the level and efficiency of utilization of the urban internal water cycle.Third, to strengthen the construction of urban water supply. Fourth, strengthen the protection of urban water supply.I believe that as long as there is a reasonable means and strict supervision legislation and a determined, theproblem of water pollution can be effectively improve!Reference：[1]"The first national water resources census bulletin, March 26, 2013 [2], the People's Daily, on May 26, 2014, 09 edition [3] the Chinese environmental protection online。

Sewage treatmentAbstractSewage treatment, or domestic wastewater treatment, is the process of removing contaminants from wastewater and household sewage, both runoff (effluents) and domestic. It includes physical, chemical, and biological processes to remove physical, chemical and biological contaminants. Its objective is to produce a waste stream (or treated effluent) and a solid waste or sludge suitable for discharge or reuse back into the environment. This material is often inadvertently contaminated with many toxic organic and inorganic compounds.Key words: Sewage treatment, fixed-film and suspended-growth, Activated sludgeOrigins of sewageSewage is created by residences, institutions, and commercial and industrial establishments. Raw influent (sewage) includes household waste liquid from toilets, baths, showers, kitchens, sinks, and so forth that is disposed of via sewers. In many areas, sewage also includes liquid waste from industry and commerce. The separation and draining of household waste into greywater and blackwater is becoming more common in the developed world, with greywater being permitted to be used for watering plants or recycled for flushing toilets. A lot of sewage also includes some surface water from roofs or hard-standing areas. Municipal wastewater therefore includes residential, commercial, and industrial liquid waste discharges, and may include stormwater runoff. Sewage systems capable of handling stormwater are known as combined systems orcombined sewers. Such systems are usually avoided since they complicate and thereby reduce the efficiency of sewage treatment plants owing to their seasonality. The variability in flow also leads to often larger than necessary, and subsequently more expensive, treatment facilities.In addition, heavy storms that contribute more flows than the treatment plant can handle may overwhelm the sewage treatment system, causing a spill or overflow. It is preferable to have a separate storm drain system for stormwater in areas that are developed with sewer systems.As rainfall runs over the surface of roofs and the ground, it may pick up various contaminants including soil particles and other sediment, heavy metals, organic compounds, animal waste, and oil and grease. Some jurisdictions require stormwater to receive some level of treatment before being discharged directly into waterways. Examples of treatment processes used for stormwater include sedimentation basins, wetlands, buried concrete vaults with various kinds of filters, and vortex separators (to remove coarse solids).Process overviewSewage can be treated close to where it is created (in septic tanks, biofilters or aerobic treatment systems), or collected and transported via a network of pipes and pump stations to a municipal treatment plant (see sewerage and pipes and infrastructure). Sewage collection and treatment is typically subject to local, state and federal regulations and standards. Industrial sources of wastewater often requirespecialized treatment processes (see Industrial wastewater treatment).Conventional sewage treatment may involve three stages, called primary, secondary and tertiary treatment. Primary treatment consists oftemporarily holding the sewage in a quiescent basin where heavy solids can settle to the bottom while oil, grease and lighter solids float to the surface. The settled and floating materials are removed and the remaining liquid may be discharged or subjected to secondary treatment. Secondary treatment removes dissolved and suspended biological matter. Secondary treatment is typically performed by indigenous, water-borne micro-organisms in a managed habitat. Secondary treatment may require a separation process to remove the micro-organisms from the treated water prior to discharge or tertiary treatment. Tertiary treatment is sometimes defined as anything more than primary and secondary treatment. Treated water is sometimes disinfected chemically or physically (for example by lagoons and microfiltration) prior to discharge into a stream, river, bay, lagoon or wetland, or it can be used for the irrigation of a golf course, green way or park. If it is sufficiently clean, it can also be used for groundwater recharge or agricultural purposes.Pre-treatmentPre-treatment removes materials that can be easily collected from the raw wastewater before they damage or clog the pumps and skimmers of primary treatment clarifiers (trash, tree limbs, leaves, etc).ScreeningThe influent sewage water is strained to remove all large objects carried in the sewage stream. This is most commonly done with an automated mechanically raked bar screen in modern plants serving large populations, whilst in smaller or less modern plants a manually cleaned screen may be used. The raking action of a mechanical bar screen is typically paced according to the accumulation on the bar screens and/orflow rate. The solids are collected and later disposed in a landfill or incinerated.Grit removalPre-treatment may include a sand or grit channel or chamber where the velocity of the incoming wastewater is carefully controlled to allow sand, grit and stones to settle.Primary treatmentIn the primary sedimentation stage, sewage flows through large tanks, commonly called "primary clarifiers" or "primary sedimentation tanks". The tanks are large enough that sludge can settle and floating material such as grease and oils can rise to the surface and be skimmed off. The main purpose of the primary sedimentation stage is to produce both a generally homogeneous liquid capable of being treatedbiologically and a sludge that can be separately treated or processed. Primary settling tanks are usually equipped with mechanically driven scrapers that continually drive the collected sludge towards a hopper in the base of the tank from where it can be pumped to further sludge treatment stages. Grease and oil from the floating material can sometimes be recovered for saponification.Secondary treatmentSecondary treatment is designed to substantially degrade the biological content of the sewage which are derived from human waste, food waste, soaps and detergent. The majority of municipal plants treat the settled sewage liquor using aerobic biological processes. For thisto be effective, the biota require both oxygen and a substrate on which to live. There are a number of ways in which this is done. In all these methods, the bacteria and protozoa consume biodegradable soluble organic contaminants (e.g. sugars, fats, organic short-chain carbon molecules, etc.) and bind much of the less soluble fractions into floc. Secondary treatment systems are classified asfixed-film and suspended-growthFixed-film OR attached growth system treatment process including trickling filter and rotating biological contactors where the biomass grows on media and the sewage passes over its surface.In suspended-growth systems, such as activated sludge, the biomass is well mixed with the sewage and can be operated in a smaller space than fixed-film systems that treat the same amount of water. However, fixed-film systems are more able to cope with drastic changes in the amount of biological material and can provide higher removal rates for organic material and suspended solids than suspended growth systems.Roughing filters are intended to treat particularly strong or variable organic loads, typically industrial, to allow them to then be treated by conventional secondary treatment processes. Characteristics include typically tall, circular filters filled with open syntheticfilter media to which wastewater is applied at a relatively high rate. They are designed to allow high hydraulic loading and a high flow-through of air. On larger installations, air is forced through the media using blowers. The resultant wastewater is usually within the normal range for conventional treatment processes.Activated sludgeMain article: Activated sludgeIn general, activated sludge plants encompass a variety of mechanisms and processes that use dissolved oxygen to promote the growth of biological floc that substantially removes organic material.The process traps particulate material and can, under ideal conditions, convert ammonia to nitrite and nitrate and ultimately to nitrogen gas, (see also denitrification).Surface-aerated basinsMost biological oxidation processes for treating industrial wastewaters have in common the use of oxygen (or air) and microbial action. Surface-aerated basins achieve 80 to 90% removal of Biochemical Oxygen Demand with retention times of 1 to 10 days. The basins may range in depth from 1.5 to 5.0 metres and use motor-driven aerators floating on the surface of the wastewater.In an aerated basin system, the aerators provide two functions: they transfer air into the basins required by the biological oxidation reactions, and they provide the mixing required for dispersing the air and for contacting the reactants (that is, oxygen, wastewater and microbes). Typically, the floating surface aerators are rated to deliver the amount of air equivalent to 1.8 to 2.7 kg O2/kW·h. However, they do not provide as good mixing as is normally achieved in activatedsludge systems and therefore aerated basins do not achieve the same performance level as activated sludge units.Biological oxidation processes are sensitive to temperature and, between 0 °C and 40 °C, the rate of biological rea ctions increase with temperature. Most surface aerated vessels operate at between 4 °C and 32 °C.Filter beds (oxidizing beds)Main article: Trickling filterIn older plants and plants receiving more variable loads, trickling filter beds are used where the settled sewage liquor is spread onto the surface of a deep bed made up of coke (carbonized coal), limestone chips or specially fabricated plastic media. Such media must have high surface areas to support the biofils that form. The liquor is distributed through perforated rotating arms radiating from a central pivot. The distributed liquor trickles through this bed and is collected in drains at the base. These drains also provide a source of air which percolates up through the bed, keeping it aerobic. Biological films of bacteria, protozoa and fungi form on the media’s surfaces and eat or otherwise reduce the organic content. This biofilm is grazed by insect larvae and worms which help maintain an optimal thickness. Overloading of beds increases the thickness of the film leading to clogging of the filter media and ponding on the surface.Biological aerated filtersBiological Aerated (or Anoxic) Filter (BAF) or Biofilters combine filtration with biological carbon reduction, nitrification or denitrification. BAF usually includes a reactor filled with a filter media. The media is either in suspension or supported by a gravel layer at the foot of the filter. The dual purpose of this media is to support highly active biomass that is attached to it and to filter suspended solids. Carbon reduction and ammonia conversion occurs in aerobic mode and sometime achieved in a single reactor while nitrate conversion occurs in anoxic mode. BAF is operated either in upflow or downflow configuration depending on design specified by manufacturer.Membrane bioreactorsMembrane bioreactors (MBR) combine activated sludge treatment with a membrane liquid-solid separation process. The membrane component uses low pressure microfiltration or ultra filtration membranes and eliminates the need for clarification and tertiary filtration. The membranes are typically immersed in the aeration tank; however, some applications utilize a separate membrane tank. One of the key benefits of an MBR system is that it effectively overcomes the limitations associated with poor settling of sludge in conventional activated sludge (CAS) processes. The technology permits bioreactor operation with considerably higher mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) concentration than CAS systems, which are limited by sludge settling. The process is typically operated at MLSS in the range of 8,000–12,000 mg/L, while CAS are operated in the range of 2,000–3,000 mg/L. The elevated biomass concentration in the MBR process allows for very effective removal of both soluble and particulate biodegradable materials at higher loading rates. Thus increased Sludge Retention Times (SRTs) —usually exceeding 15 days — ensure complete nitrification even in extremely cold weather.The cost of building and operating an MBR is usually higher than conventional wastewater treatment. Membrane filters can be blinded with grease or abraded by suspended grit and lack a clarifier's flexibility to pass peak flows. The technology has become increasingly popular for reliably pretreated waste streams and has gained wider acceptance where infiltration and inflow have been controlled, however, and the life-cycle costs have been steadily decreasing. The small footprint of MBR systems, and the high quality effluent produced, make them particularly useful for water reuse applications.There are MBR plants being built throughout the world, including North Librty, Iowa, Georgia, and Canada.Secondary sedimentationThe final step in the secondary treatment stage is to settle out the biological floc or filter material and produce sewage water containing very low levels of organic material and suspended matter.Rotating biological contactorsMain article: Rotating biological contactorRotating biological contactors (RBCs) are mechanical secondary treatment systems, which are robust and capable of withstanding surges in organic load. RBCs were first installed in Germany in 1960 and have since been developed and refined into a reliable operating unit. Therotating disks support the growth of bacteria and micro-organisms present in the sewage, which breakdown and stabilise organic pollutants. To be successful, micro-organisms need both oxygen to live and food to grow. Oxygen is obtained from the atmosphere as the disks rotate. As the micro-organisms grow, they build up on the media until they are sloughed off due to shear forces provided by the rotating discs in the sewage. Effluent from the RBC is then passed through final clarifiers where the micro-organisms in suspension settle as a sludge. The sludge is withdrawn from the clarifier for further treatment.A functionally similar biological filtering system has become popular as part of home aquarium filtration and purification. The aquarium water is drawn up out of the tank and then cascaded over a freely spinning corrugated fiber-mesh wheel before passing through a media filter and back into the aquarium. The spinning mesh wheel develops a biofilm coating of microorganisms that feed on the suspended wastes in the aquarium water and are also exposed to the atmosphere as the wheel rotates. This is especially good at removing waste urea and ammonia urinated into the aquarium water by the fish and other animals.污水处理摘要自然或生活污水处理，是指清除包括家庭排放的和地面径流在内的污水废水和地面污染物的过程。

给排水工程外文翻译 Final approval draft on November 22, 2020Short and Long Term Advantage roof drainage design performanceDecade has witnessed great changes in the design of the roof drainage system recently, particularly, siphon rainwater drainage system has been gradually improved, and there is likely to be the key application. At the same time these changes, urban drainage system design has undergone tremendous changes, because the scope of a wider urban drainage system design for sustainable development, as well as people for climate change flooding more attention. The main contents of this article is how to design roof drainage systems and make a good performance. Special attention is how to get rid of bad habits already formed the design, but also need to consider innovative roof drainage system, such as green roofs and rainwater harvesting systems.Practical application: In the past few years, the design of the roof rainwater drainage system has undergone tremendous changes. On large buildings, siphon rainwater drainage technology has been very common, as well as green roofs because it is conducive to green development, being more and more applications. Taking into account the ongoing research, this article focuses on how to effectively design a variety of roof rainwater drainage system, and make it achieve the desired design effect.1. IntroductionIn the past decade, the city and the water drainage system design has been widely accepted thinking about sustainable urban drainage system, or the optimal management direction. The main principles of the design of these systems is both a local level in line with the quality of development, but also to create some economic benefits for the investors. This principle has led to the development of new changes in the sump. Although the application of such a device is gradually reduced, but the urban environment relatively high demand areas still require 100% waterproof and rapid drainage, such as the roof. Typically roof drainage system in the design, construction and maintenance has not been given due attention. Although the drainage system investment costs account for only a small portion of the total construction investment, but not able to judge the loss caused by poor design.There are two different forms of roof drainage system design methods, namely the traditional and siphon method. Traditional systems rely on atmospheric pressure work, the drive ram affectedsink flow depth. Therefore, the conventional roof drainage systems require a relatively large diameter vertical drop tube, prior to discharge, all devices must be connected to the groundwatercollection pipe network. In contrast, siphonic roof drainage pipe systems are generally designed to full flow (turbulent flow meansthat require less exhaust pipe), which will form a negative pressure, the larger the higher flow rate and pressure head. Typically siphon system requires less down pipe work under negative pressure to the water distribution network can mean higher altitude work, thereby reducing the amount of underground pipe network.Both systems consists of three parts: the roof, rainwater collection pipes, pipe network.All of these elements are able to change the water pressure distribution system. This section focuses on the role and performance of each part. Due to the principle of siphon system has not been well understood, resulting argument is relatively small, this article will highlight siphon system.2. RoofThe roof is usually designed by the architect, designer and not by the drainage design. There are three main roof.2.1 Flat roofFlat roofs are used in industrial buildings less rainfall regions and countries. This roof is not completely flat, but lower than the minimum roof slope may require. For example, the United Kingdom require maximum slope of 10 °. Setting minimum slope in order to avoid any unnecessary water.Despite the flat roof if it is not properly maintained will have more problems, but it will reduce the dead zone within the building, and the ratio of sloping roofs in favor of indoor air.2.2 sloping roofsMost residential and commercial buildings are pitched roof, inclined roof is the biggest advantage can quickly drain, thereby reducing leakage. In temperate regions, we need to consider carrying roof snow load. Once it rains, rainfall through the sloping roofs can be determined by calculation. When rainfall data can be used, you can use the kinematic theory to solve such problems.2.3 green roof (flat or inclined)It can prove roof is the oldest green roofs, including rainfall can reduce or disperse roof planted with plants. It can be planted with trees and shrubs roof garden, it can also be a vegetated roof light carpet. Wherein the latter technique has been widely used. Some of these applications tend to focus on aesthetic requirements and are often used in green development. Since the aesthetic requirements and pressure requirements, as well as green roofs thermal insulation function, reduce the heat island effect, silencer effect, extend the life of the roof.Green roofs in Germany, the most widely used, followed in North America, but to consider the impact on the aesthetics. Germany is by far the most experienced countries in the 19th century have practical application, then as an alternative to reduce the risk of fire tarroof an option in urban areas. Germany is currently the main research question on the cultivation of other issues to consider smaller cities. A study from 1987 to 1989, was found packed with 70 mm thick green roof can be reduced by 60% -80% of heat loss. In a Canadianwork computer model based on the roof indicates that as long as the sump, the area can reach 70% of the roof area can be reduced by 60 percent in one year, the same model was also used for artificial rainfall, which the results indicate that rainfall in the catchment season helps to drain away rainwater.However, none of these studies show that green roofs can play a useful role in the rainfall season, or how high collection efficiency of water supply. The United States did some tests, as long as the green roofs regular watering, can reduce 65 percent of the runoff ina rainfall. America's most authoritative green roof guidelines by the New Jersey state environmental agencies promulgated. The mainprinciple is to solve the structural problems of light, and how can the normal drainage after two years.Rainfall period is based on the probability of failure is determined. The system is typically based on rainfall during rainstorms two minutes, two minutes, have a choice. Although this model will get more traffic, but there is no other better alternative. Studies have shown that the traditional model is applied to study green roofs are premature.Loss factor than traditional roof records should be small, about 98.7%.Peak flow will be reduced, although not penetrate, the surface roughness but also have a significant impact.Concentrated rainfall than two minutes for a long time,especially for large roof areas, such as public buildings, commercial buildings, industrial buildings.Urban drainage design should also consider other factors, for a complex system, a green roof in a rain is not enough. Water flow duration curve shows a longer than traditional systems. And two independent and will affect between is possible, which requires a more precise time period.3. Rainwater CollectorBasic requirements rainwater collector is designed to be able to accommodate rainfall rainstorms. Although it is possible to make a slightly inclined roof drainage purposes, but the nature of the construction industry and building settlement will become flat roofTypically, the tank is placed in a horizontal, sectional view of the water is outwardly inclined, which the role of hydrostatic.3.1 drain outletAnalyzing rainwater collector has sufficient volume is the key to the sump outlet external setting conditions. Also affect the flow rate into the storm water drainage system piping, but also affect the depth of the water catchment. Although the depth of the sump will not bring any particular problems, but too deep can cause excessive sump.Numerous studies in the 1980s showed that the flow of conventional roof drainage system outlet can be divided into two cases. It depends on the size of the depth and size of the outlet. When the water depth is less than half the diameter of the outlet, the flow of the first type, and the outlet of the flow can be calculated by an appropriate equation; water depth increases, exports are slowly clogging the flow will become another form forms, at the same time, the flow of exports can be obtained through other equations. While conventional roof drainage systems are designed to be free-draining, but may cause limitations encountered in the design of the flow is not free. In this case, it will require additional depth.Siphon roof drainage systems, the outlet is designed to be submerged stream. In this case, the depth of the outlet of the decision is more complicated, because the design of the sump depends on the flow. Recent studies have shown that conventional roof drainage systems use a variety of non-standard catchment, their depth and height, bigger than the diameter of the outlet. This will eventually result in a siphon effect. For a given catchment, the flow depends on the starting end of the drop tube diameter. A similar phenomenon has also been used to study the standard catchment, in these circumstances, only limited siphon action occurs within relatively close distance from the exit.3.2 tank flow classificationIn the complex flow sump outlet flow classification, can be seen from Table 2a, the flow will be uniform layering, regardless of whether the same inlet flow. Table 2b and 2c show, exportdistribution will greatly influence the flow.When the outlet is not a free jet, sump outlet complex flow classification is difficult to describe. Because each catchment tank pressures are likely to be merged. For example, the siphon tube system design point is at near full jet outlet flow classification depends on the energy loss of each branch.3.3 hydrostatic sectionalSump shape of the water surface in the canal can be classified according to the flow equation. In most cases, a low flow rate meansthat there is less friction loss, if exports are free jet, thefriction loss is negligible cross-section through the hydrostatic equation 1 to determine the horizontal distance.Where Q-- flow (m3 / s)T- surface width (m)g- acceleration of gravity (m / s2)F- flow area (m2)Equation 1 can not be ignored when the friction required to correct (or very long pipe velocity is large), or not a free jet.3.4 The current design methodsThe previous discussion has highlighted the main factors that should be considered with sink design. However, without the help of a certain number of models, computing hydrostatic sectional roof drainage system, the volume of the sump is possible. This large commercial and manufacturing industry, is a development opportunity, you can merge several kilometers of water routes. Thus, the conventional drainage system sump design methods are mainly based on experience, and assume that exports are free jet.Sump location in the building, it may cause the example to fail. Different interface sumpExcept in the case cited above, but also allows designers to use empirical data.3.5 Digital ModelLarge number of digital models can be used to accurately describe the flow of any form of catchment tank, regardless of whether the roof flows stable. An example of this model is a combination of roof space model. This model enables users to classify different aspects of the data indicated, includes: details of the rains, the roof surface drainage and other details. Kinematics have also been used to study rainwater tank to flow from the research collection. A typical method is based on open system to solve a basic problem of spatial mobility. This model automatically resolve the sump outlet flow situation, but also to deal with the case of free jet can also be simulated space limited mobility and submerged discharge. Output values include depth and flow rate.Currently, the model is essentially just a variety of research tools, but also through practical engineering test. However, we should face up to the various role models.4 pipe systems groupComposition in the form and scope of the tube group determinesthe roof drainage system relies mainly on the traditional system or siphon action.4.1 Traditional stormwater systemsConventional roof drainage systems, the ground plane is generally vertical pipe-line network, connected to the sump outlet and underground drainage systems, critical systems as well as compensating tube. It should be emphasized that the angle between the ground and the compensating tube is less than 10 °. Capacity of the entire system relies mainly on the outlet tube instead of down.Flow vertical tube is usually free-flowing, full of only 33%, the efficiency depends on the excess length of the tube. If the drop tube long enough (typically greater than 5m), there may be an annular flow. Similarly, under normal circumstances flow compensation pipe is free-flowing, full of up to 70%. Such designed process both for the design, various equations can also be used.4.2 Siphon roof drainage systemIn contrast with the traditional drainage systems, Siphon roof drainage system relies on air flow outside the system, and the tubeis full pipe flow stream.The designs are usually made on the assumption that the design of heavy rain, the system can quickly siphon discharge rainwater. This assumption allows the application of hydrostatic siphon system theory. Often used steady flow energy equation. While this approach ignores the small amount of energy loss at the entrance, but after the experiment showed that there are still conducive to practical use.However, steady-state design methods in the siphon system is exposed to rain when the system does not meet the standard requirements or changes in rainfall intensity is large is not applied. In the first case, there will be some mixing of air quality, annular flow occurs. These problems are not integrated in the system when more serious. Because usually designed rains are common, it is clear now design methodology over time may not apply to siphon system. This is a major disadvantage, because the design of the main problem isthe noise and vibration problems.Despite the disadvantages of the prior design approach, but a lot of the world's very few engineering failure reports. When a failure occurs, most likely for the following reasons:An incorrect understanding of the operation pointsSubstandard materials listInstallation defectsMaintenance mismanagementTo overcome these disadvantages, we have recently launched aseries of research projects, to discuss the siphon system, and the development of digital models. From this work we learn a lot.In contrast with conventional design methods of some assumptions, siphon system mainly has the following aspects:1) non-flow system of full flow2) levels of certain pipe-flowing full pipe flow3) full pipe flow downstream propagation through a vertical pipe, riser, etc.4) the inner tube flow occurs over the vertical section, the system to reduce the pressure5) downward tube is full pipe flow, there will be air lock6) appears completely siphon action until well into the air system is lower than a certain levelTable 4a column data indicate that below the design point, the system will siphon unstable flow, depth of the water collecting tank is insufficient to maintain the siphon action. Table 4b show that the unsteady flow in siphon system when it will appear.Table 5 lists the data output of a digital model. It can be seen that the model can accurately describe the siphon action, siphon and steady state, the data also show that the model can accurately describe the complex siphon action.5 ConclusionThis article has illustrated the critical roof drainage systems, but these are often overlooked in the urban drainage system design. This article also shows that the design process is a complex process, rely mainly on the performance of exports. The following conclusions are based on the design summed up:1) Run depend on three interacting parts: the roof, sump, water pipes2) Green roofs can reduce traffic and beautify the city3) the export performance of the system is essential4) siphon drainage system have a greater advantage in large-scale projects, but must be considered high maintenance costs5) Design siphon drainage system should consider additional capacity and operational issuesAlthough the green roof is a more attractive option, but the traditional roof of a building in the country will continue to dominate. Green roofs will be gradually developed, and gradually been widely accepted. Similarly, the roof drainage system shown effective that it will continue to play a huge role in the commercial building drainage systems.Roof drainage system of the greatest threats from climate change, existing systems tend to be not simply aging; rainfall patterns of change will result in inefficient operation, self-cleaning rate will be reduced. Changes in wind speed and the roof will also accelerate the aging of the roof, it is necessary to carry out maintenance. Taking into account the climate change, the increase in materials, roof collected rainwater will be more extensive. Currently, the amount of rain around the globe per person per day 7-300 liters in the UK, with an average consumption of 145L / h / d, of which onlyabout one liter is used by people, about 30 per cent of the toilet, study shows If water shortage, rainwater collected on the roof of developed and developing countries are recommended approach.屋顶排水设计性能的近期与远期优势最近十年见证了屋顶排水系统设计方面的巨大变化，特别的是，虹吸雨水排水系统已经得到逐步改善，并且有可能得到重点应用。

中国化学工程学报155（2009）1就有氧厌氧处理工业和城市废水化学与环境工程学院，工程学院，诺丁汉大学马来西亚校区，惹布罗加，雪兰莪州，马来西亚文章信息文章历史：1四月2009关键词：工业废水厌氧处理城市污水有氧综合厌氧有氧生物反应器工业和城市废水厌氧- 好氧系统已良好运行多年。

虽然以前大部分的废水处理已开展传统的厌氧- 好氧处理厂，近年来，高速率厌氧- 好氧生物反应器已被越来越多的高化学需氧量（COD）的废水。

本文提供了一个高速率厌氧- 好氧污水处理技术的各类审查目前提供包括高速率生物反应器和综合厌氧- 好氧生物反应器。

综合分为四种类型，其中包括（i）与物理整合的生物反应器，生物反应器厌氧- 好氧区的分离，（二）无物理隔离的一体化生物反应器厌氧- 好氧区，（三）结合厌氧- 好氧序列间歇式反应器（SBR）及（iv）厌氧- 好氧文化系统。

在好氧和厌氧降解途径整合一个单一的生物反应器是能够提高整体的降解效率。

不同的集成的优点厌氧- 好氧生物反应器是突出和比较，以确定未来可能研究领域，充分利用这些污水处理方法。

比较表明治疗高强度工业废水的一体化生物反应器，使用堆叠配置是有利的，由于最小的空间要求，较低的资本成本和优良的COD去除率（超过83％）。

1．介绍过去一个世纪中，人口的不断增长和工业化,导致各种生态系统退化，影响人类生活的依靠。

在远洋和内河，这种污染主要是由于自净能力不足处理的工业和市政污水。

在初始阶段，这些废水含有高浓度的可以很容易生物降解的污染物，但其影响对生态系统的加载，无论是在总悬浮固体（TSS），生化需氧量（BOD5），化学需氧量（COD），可能在数万数千mg / L的[1]。

为了解决这个问题，我们的水环境增加负担，日益严格的正在实施的各种污染排放的监管，以减少废物的主要焦点。

“经常被视为产业发展的治疗系统，作为一个监管的义务，增加资本和运行成本，产生负面的经济回报。

环保立法应该没有必要带头创建额外费用，但是可以提供一个次要来源收入。

第四单元给水系统一般来说，供水系统可划分为四个主要组成部分:（1）水源和取水工程（2）水处理和存储（3）输水干管和配水管网。

常见的未处理的水或者说是原水的来源是像河流、湖泊、泉水、人造水库之类的地表水源以及像岩洞和水井之类的地下水源。

修建取水构筑物和泵站是为了从这些水源中取水。

原水通过输水干管输送到自来水厂进行处理并且处理后的出水储存到清水池。

处理的程度取决于原水的水质和出水水质要求。

有时候，地下水的水质是如此的好以至于在供给给用户之前只需消毒即可。

由于自来水厂一般是根据平均日需求流量设计的，所以，清水池为水需求日变化量提供了一个缓冲区。

水通过输水干管长距离输送。

如果输水干管中的水流是通过泵所产生的压力水头维持的，那么我们称这个干管为增压管。

另外，如果输水干管中的水流是靠由于高差产生的可获得的重力势能维持的，那么我们称这个干管为重力管。

在输水干管中没有中间取水。

与输水干管类似，在配水管网中水流的维持要么靠泵增压，要么靠重力势能。

一般来说，在平坦地区，大的配水管网中的水压是靠泵提供的，然而，在不平坦的地区，配水管网中的压力水头是靠重力势能维持的。

一个配水管网通过引入管连接配水给用户。

这样的配水管网可能有不同的形状，并且这些形状取决于这个地区的布局。

一般地，配水管网有环状或枝状的管道结构，但是，根据当地城市道路和街区总体布局计划，有时候环状和枝状结构合用。

城市配水管网大多上是环状形式，然而，乡村地区的管网是枝状形式。

由于供水服务可靠性要求高，环状管网优于枝状管网。

配水管网的成本取决于对管网的几何形状合适的选择。

城市计划采用的街道布局的选择对提供一个最小成本的供水系统来说是重要的。

环状管网最常见的两个供水结构是方格状、环状和辐射状；然而，我们不可能找到一个最佳的几何形状而使得成本最低。

一般地，城镇供水系统是单入口环状管系统。

如上所说，环状系统有一些通过系统相互连接的管道使得通过这些连接接的管道，可以供水到同一个需水点。

CO2与零价铁有压系统处理硝酸盐废水研究Chi-Wang Li*, Yi-Ming Chen, Wei-Shuen Yen摘要：本文提出一种新的反应装置进行硝酸盐的去除，反应器中的Fe0（ZVI）成流化状态，并通过加压CO2来控制系统的PH值。

所采用的CO2有压系统比传统CO2曝气系统的CO2用量少且能更快的使PH稳定下来。

但由于碳酸盐是弱酸性，系统的PH会随着ZVI的氧化和硝酸盐的降解逐渐上升。

随着反应过程中溶液PH的增加，硝酸盐的降解效率不断的下降。

实验结果表明硝酸盐的去除效率随着ZVI的用量和硝酸盐的初始浓度的增加而不断上升，但当ZVI用量超过8.25g/l，或硝酸盐的初始浓度达到100mg/l以后，硝酸盐的去除效率不会发生较大的变化。

与我们曾经研究的通过强酸来控制溶液PH的流化系统不同的是，在本实验中，硝酸盐的去除率接近100%，这说明通过ZVI在不同的PH条件下去除硝酸盐有不同的反应途径。

关键词：加压系统；CO2；硝酸盐降解；化学平衡方程式1.导言用ZVI来处理硝酸盐废水已有不少研究者做了这方面的研究，如： Choe（2000）、 Alowitz and cherer（2002）、Westerhoff（2003）、Westerhoff and James（2003）、Choe 2004）、Su and Puls（2004）、Chen（2005）、Liou（2005） Zhang and Huang（2005）、Ruangchainikom （2006）等等。

在他们发表的论文中，提到了在ZVI反应墙(Furukawa et al., 2002; Wilkin et al., 2003)和滤柱(Westerhoff, 2003; Westerhoff and James, 2003)中硝酸盐降解比较慢的反应动力学以及金属表面的金属氧化膜的阻碍反应进行等问题。

由于硝酸盐在酸性PH下具有较高的去除效率(Alowitz and Scherer, 2002; Choe et al.,2004; Zhang and Huang, 2005),我们在以前的研究中提出了一种地上渗透墙系统来处理水体中的硝酸盐，这种系统与PH控制装置合成一体，系统中的ZVI成流化状态(Chen 2005).在这种流化状态的ZVI系统装置中，通过PH控制装置自动的投加强酸性物质（盐酸），系统的PH可以精确控制在适合硝酸盐降解的水平上。

一种利用蜜糖废水产生PHA的侧流工艺的建立方法摘要试验建立了一种利用蜜糖废水生产聚羟基烷酸脂（PHA）的三阶段过程。

该过程包括（1）糖蜜废水酸酵解，（2）PHA富集菌的筛选，（3）利用富集完毕的污泥和酵解之后的糖蜜废水批次累积PHA。

在发酵阶段，试验评估了PH（5~7）对有机酸型体分布以及产率的影响。

PH较高时乙酸和丙酸为主要产物，然而较低的PH值有利于丙酸和戊酸的产生。

试验评估了利用乙酸盐和发酵糖蜜废水为基质筛选的两类菌群的PHA积累能力。

考察了有机酸型体分布对利用醋酸盐筛选菌群产生的多聚体的组成以及产率的影响。

PHA富集产率在0.37到0.50CmmolHA/Cmmol VFA之间变化。

试验观察到了被利用有机酸的类型和多聚物成分的一种直接关系。

在糖蜜废水中，低氨氮浓度（0.1Nmmol/l）促进了PHA 的储存（0.59 Cmmol HA/Cmmol VFA）。

此外，试验建立了一种控制反应器运行利用发酵糖蜜废水筛选PHA富集菌群的方法。

利用高有机负荷以及低氨氮浓度选择了一种具有稳定储存PHA能力的菌群，富集产率达到0.59Cmmol HA/Cmmol VFA)，这一能力与醋酸盐筛选菌相似。

前言聚羟基烷酸脂被认为是优良的可生物降解塑料的候选者。

这类含有多种单体组分具有热塑性的多聚物是被细菌作为能量和碳储存物质的。

它们的结构特性与聚丙烯的结构性质一致，同时又具有诸多优势：可生物降解、可生物相容、能进一步由可再生碳源产生从而使可持续生产过程成为可能。

然而，PHAs与石化工业衍生的塑料制品在成本上相当大的差异成了这类高聚物部分替代后者的阻碍。

目前，商业可行的PHAs是由纯菌（野生的和基因重组的菌种）和纯底物（通常很昂贵）工业化生产而来。

PHAs的价格主要取决于底物成本，约占总成本的40%（Choi和Lee，1997）。

最近十年来，一系列低成本的碳源基质（例如淀粉、木薯粉水解物、乳清和蜜糖）在纯菌生产PHA过程中得到检验。

关于给排水的专业英语作文As a professional in the field of drainage and plumbing, it is essential to have a deep understanding of the principles and practices involved in this industry. From designing efficient drainage systems to installing and maintaining plumbing fixtures, there is a wide range ofskills and knowledge required to ensure the proper functioning of water supply and waste disposal systems.In the realm of drainage and plumbing, it is crucial to stay updated with the latest technologies and innovations. With the continuous advancements in materials and equipment, professionals in this field must be adaptable and open to learning new techniques to improve efficiency and sustainability in their work.One of the key aspects of drainage and plumbing is ensuring the proper disposal of wastewater. This involves designing and implementing effective sewage systems thatcan safely and efficiently remove waste from residential,commercial, and industrial buildings. It is important to consider environmental impact and public health when dealing with wastewater management.In addition to wastewater disposal, another important aspect of drainage and plumbing is the installation and maintenance of water supply systems. This includes ensuring a consistent and safe supply of clean water to buildings, as well as maintaining and repairing water distribution networks to prevent leaks and contamination.In the field of drainage and plumbing, it is essential to prioritize safety and compliance with regulations. Professionals must adhere to building codes and standards to ensure that their work meets legal requirements and is safe for public use. This includes proper installation of fixtures, use of appropriate materials, and adherence to best practices for drainage and plumbing systems.Effective communication and collaboration are also crucial in the field of drainage and plumbing. Professionals must be able to work closely with architects,engineers, and other construction professionals to ensure that drainage and plumbing systems are integrated seamlessly into building designs and construction plans.In conclusion, the field of drainage and plumbing requires a diverse set of skills and knowledge, from understanding technical principles to staying updated with the latest technologies. It is a dynamic and essential industry that plays a critical role in ensuring the safety, health, and efficiency of water supply and waste disposal systems.。

外文翻译学院：城建学院班级：给排水10802 姓名：肖云方j .水资源和保护,2010年第2期,第166 - 154页预警系统ComGIS-Based在中国四川省雅安市农村饮用水安全的研究基于组合式地理信息系统的，在中国四川雅安市农村饮水安全预警系统倪福全1,2，刘国栋2，徐丽萍1，付成伟11中国雅安，四川农业大学信息工程学院2中国成都市的四川大学的液压和山区河流工程的国家重点实验室摘要根据中国四川省雅安市农村饮用水安全的时空变异性特征参数指标，例如水量、水质、便利化程度和保证率等，该研究阐述了在ComGIS基础上的，农村饮用水安全预警系统中的基本架构和结构模型方法论和最初设计的信息收集，搜索和检索，评价和分析的因素，动态预测和动态预警及在本系统的指导和管理功能。

该系统的设计为及时地掌握农村饮水安全的状态提供了科学依据发布预警信息并适当地采取必要的控制措施等，评估结果表明，总的趋势是越来越好。

它证明了上升的压力值和响应值是造成的农村饮水安全评价值上升的主要原因。

关键词：水质，状态预警，趋势预警，农村饮水安全，雅安，ComGIS1.简介水对人类发展至关重要。

获得可靠和安全的饮用水供应和足够的卫生条件不仅是一项基本人权,也是一个政府不可避免的责任。

在中国,农村饮水安全不仅指居民能及时、方便的得到足够的干净的生活用水，而且生活用水的消费在我们的经济范围之内。

农村饮用水有两个等级。

一个是解决对水基本需求的问题；另一个是确保饮用水的安全性。

农村饮用水安全是人身安全的一个重要方面。

根据2005年的统计数据，在9.4亿的中国农村人口中（不考虑上海，香港，澳门和台湾），66%的有安全和基本安全的饮用水，饮用不安全人口为3.2亿，占农业人口的34%，其中，饮用水质不安全的人口达到70%[1]。

根据受影响的人数，不合格水质的问题能分类如下：氟含量超标。

地下水严重污染，和地表水的严重污染，盐水，砷含量超标以及其它水质的问题。

促进慢滤池的成熟克里斯滕 L.杰利森，1美国土木工程协会的学生成员，理查德 I.迪克，2美国土木工程协会组员和门罗L韦伯-舍克 3摘要慢滤池需要到达每个过滤周期初期的成熟期，才能成功地去除饮用水中的浊度和致病菌。

这项研究的前提是促进慢滤池的成熟应该是可能的。

潜在的成熟剂按他们与滤料表面和浊度粒子的相互作用被筛选。

调查4种天然有机聚合物和9种合成聚合物，调查他们促进滤池成熟的潜能。

在这13种被考虑的调节剂中，没有一个确定地吸着滤料，只有一种合成聚合物与陶土颗粒有相互作用。

通过连续投加聚合物改良的滤池能成功地成熟并使出水浊度在大约24小时内降到1.0NTU（浊度的单位）。

在处理过的滤池中大部分浊度的去除发生在铝膜上而不是在滤层厚度内。

因此，在这种情况下促进成熟的机理是在滤池表面颗粒的附聚作用是的颗粒沉积加快，并伴有隔率作用，即附着在先前去除的颗粒上的作用。

第一章引论1.1目的慢过滤技术有百年之久，但今天仍被全球居住区所使用。

随着公共健康主管局继续认可过滤和消毒是地表水处理的必要方法，慢砂过滤会得到来自小居住区和正寻求可靠的，可负担的水处理方法的发展中国家关注。

慢滤池能去除饮用水中的浊度和病原微生物，但在每个过滤周期初期可能需要很长的过滤成熟期。

产出水一定会被浪费或再循环回去进行再过滤，直到滤池充分成熟，使得流出水满足饮用水标准。

这项研究的目的是为了探求用一种具有充当介质颗粒的吸附物和流入水中颗粒絮凝剂能力的药剂改进慢滤池的可能性。

这样的药剂能够缩短过滤成熟时间，提高慢砂滤的效率和可应用性。

促进成熟也会改善当用低温水时损失的效力，正如福格尔以及其他人所经历的。

（1993）1.2 过滤特性慢砂滤至少从19世纪早期开始就一直用于饮用水处理。

虽然它常常被更快速和更先进的高速过滤方法所取代，但它的低成本、易操作、最小的维护要求及在去除病原微生物上的成功使慢砂滤成为乡村地区和发展中国家诱人的选择。

（柯林斯以及其他人1992）慢滤池通过物理隔滤，吸附作用和生物降解作用去除饮用水中的颗粒物质。

毕业论文外文资料翻译系别：环能学院专业：给水排水工程外文出处：Wan Fang foreign languagesliterature datebase附件：1、外文原文；2、外文资料翻译译文。

1、外文原文Supplying and draining waterin hospital construction With the fact that modern medicine science promptness develops,new technique , the new armamentarium are continuing without end , modernized medical treatment thereby consonant with that is building a hospital , are also are confronted with new design idea and new technology applying. Disregarding secondary hospital building function , what whose gets along environment, still , finclause the hospital builds equipment and is equipped with system, the request is without exception higher and higher. Because of it is to ensure daily work living not only need the rapid and intense life relevance recovering from the illness , avoiding crippling , rescuing, and promote with giving treatment to a patient. Not only the design accomplishing to the special field draining away water need to satisfy the request being unlike a function in hospital building on equipment , but also safety is be obliged to reliable. Following is built according to the hospital.一HOSPITAL GIVES A SEWERAGE1) Modernized hospital equipment and equipment system content is numerous , the function is peculiar , the request is very high. Except demanding to swear to continue supplying with the use water according with quality level sufficiently, need more according to demand of different medical treatment instrument and different administrative or tehcnical office to water quality , water pressure , the water temperature, classify setting up water treatment system and be in progress to system to increase pressure reduction.2) The hospital operating rooms , the delivery room operation the water hygiene, saliva washing hands by shower bath water , the dentistry dentistry chair ought to adopt the water purifying degassing. In the homeland few are large-scale , the high rank hospital centre supplies aroom, the centre disinfecting has also adopted to purify the water disinfecting, now that swear to there be no dust , the sterility , to remove the pathopoiesia source , to avoid the blockage infecting , cutting down equipment microtubule.3) Hospital preparation rooms preparation uses water to adopt distilled water, and sets up in making distilled water system to have part pressure boost facilities. The handicraft responds to according to different hospital preparation handicraft but fixes concrete system distilled water, should satisfy demand of whose handicraft to water quality , water yield , water pressure act in close coordination that the preparation handicraft reserves corresponding to drain-pipe and allocation chilled water circulatory system by the special field draining away water.4) Hospital operating rooms , delivery rooms , baby rooms , supply rooms , medical treatment of the dermatological department wards, door emergency call, cures skill every administrative or tehcnical office and the request difference that the staff and worker logistics branch supplies to hot water need to set up hot water respectively supplying system more. Ordinary circumstances door emergency call, cures skill administrative or tehcnical office , centre supply a room , the staff and worker logistics branch supplies hot water to water supply the regular time, the comparison supplying time is consistent. The hospital is based on major part at present financial resources, ward building hot water supplies basic to the regular time , ought to be that 24 hs supply hot water judging from long-term angle but. Operating room , the delivery room operation wash hands, the hygiene h by the fact that the shower bath ought to be 24 supplies hot water, moreover the block of wood5) Considers beautification to the environment , is inadvisable to adopt the steam boiled water stove , completely eradicates occurrence aroused the ward building pantry inner floor moistness , avoided interior wall mustiness phenomenon by leak or sparse steam water implement aerofluxus thereby. The hospital disregards size , boiled water supplies to should adopt automation volume or the electricity boiled water stove, a general disease area considers one , volume ascertains that according to using condition. The first easy to protect labor is managed, two is supplying ensuring that to the patient , improves the internal environment of ward at the same time.6)Especially infecting the section ward every door emergency call administrative or tehcnical office, every consulting room , the hand movement water curing a room , washing a basin should set up mistake chew , may adopt elbow style , knee style or dyadic switch of pedal. If using the dyadic switch of pedal to must use the product guarding against leakage, the floor is to avoid usinga place often damp , makes the patient , the medical personnel slip down , an accident happened. Operation waits for the operating room , the delivery room to wash hands should adopt the constant temperature muddy water valve , the constant temperature to produce water, taking as an example infrared ray induced electromagnetic valve control mode for fine. Cure skill part control laboratory , laboratory of administrative or tehcnical office have the peculiar request , water chews the form should ascertain whose water according to every administrative or tehcnical office coming functional request chewing.7)Many administrative or tehcnical office, especially downstream pipelines such as pickling bath , the pool disinfecting , develop pool in administrative or tehcnical office such as checking the room , the control laboratory , emitting section responds to of hospitals are adopt to be able to bear the rotten PVC2U draining off silent stock tube.8) Pair of filth , waste water of all kinds must classify strictly according to the country in connection with the effluent standard , the field carrying out a pertinency with different treatment handicraft deals with and handles.9) Uses a function to need since the modern hospital needs to be satisfied with not only , wants to think that the interior outside environment is beautiful too at the same time. The building needs especially door emergency call, cures skill sometimes because of medical treatment function , give the horizontal stroke draining away water , erect a tube arrange to lie scattered comparatively, more bright dew is in interior, warm the pipeline exchanging special field up in addition sometimes , make the pipeline that the room inner clearly shows more than the correct or required number , both inelegant, and affect hygiene. This demands right away in the process of engineering design , the rational arrangement the structure form should fully utilize not being the same as is carried out, needs to make the various pipeline conceal arrangement to the full according to the function , pays attention to beautiful befitting one's position or suited to the occasion under not affecting the premise being put into use. Certainly, these require that building structure special field is dense. Tier of furred ceilings and the basement top sometimes are every special field pipeline aggregation field , every special field norm and request having every special field , each sometimes arranges if the building designs middle in the ward,whose result either increase building storey height, or cannot attend to one thing without neglecting another. For overcoming this one abuse, should think in general that bigger flue pipe arrangement be in the most superjacent, it's on the down part is that several special field arrangement props up the publicspace being in charge of , down part is to arrange to give draining off , driving force , strong , weak electricity every system to do a tube again. Such is arranged than form arrangement is other comparatively economical , pragmatic.10) Exchangers forms choice. In the system the tradition hospital hot water is supplied, people adopt volume mainly dyadic exchanger. Have been to think that what be provided steam amounts and hot water supplies the adjustment amounts dispatching value between maximum value mainly , have diminished a steam boiler designing amounts , have decreased by boiler room Zhan field area , have saved one time investment. People demands but more highly, and more highly, especially the example discovering army group bacterium pathopoiesia in life hot water to water quality now , the altitude arousing people takes seriously. Be a bacterium mainly because of in the water 55 ~C is the easiest to breed an army group in 30 ~C ~, WHO (WHO) is recommended by for this purpose: "Hot water responds to in 60 ~C use And cycle at least above 50 ~C. Come if some users, need to fall to 40 ~C or 50 ~C or so with the faucet water temperature, to come true being able to use a thermoregulation to blend a valve at this time. The growth being a temperature Bu Li Yu pneumonia diplococcus swear to store water, is a regulating valve's turn to should set up the place closing down and suspending operation of point in drawing near". This be especially important to the hospital. Because of being in hospital the weak having disease,if bacterium of army group happened within the hospital is to be harmful for patient to treat and recover from the illness,the hospital has a grave responsibility. At present small hospital within the hospital especially a little condition is relatively poor , include the part area level hospital, 24 unable hs supply hot water, and volume the dyadic converter inner water temperature is to use echelon in inside of exchanger, the water temperature very difficult to make keeps in 60 ~C or so. Thereby, lead to volume produce the bacterium of army group in the pipeline supplying hot water system within dyadic exchanger , change a hospital using the exchanger form to respond to be a task of top priority. Adopt half to be to heat up style or be a dyadic hot exchanger , make whose hot water supply the system water temperature keeping the water supply being in progress in all above 60 ~C area all the time, occurrence propagating , completely eradicating the bacterium of army group in order to avoiding the bacterium of army group.二MULTILAYER WATER SUPPL Y SYSTEMAt present, great majority cities municipal administration pipe network pressure can maintain above 2 kilograms in the homeland , take place individual small town water pressure can reach 4kilograms even. The pressure therefore, building the municipal administration pipe network's to the same multilayer has been already sufficient , has been in a small town especially since but municipal administration pipe network water yield supplying water , water pressure fluctuation are bigger. Have several kinds the following types mainly for overcome these shortcomings , multilayer water supply system design.1) Direct water supply type is that pressure , direct water supply , sort making use of municipal administration pipe network directly apply to slightly high area of municipal administration pipe network pressure or higher range of water works vicinity pressure inner. The shortcoming it is water yield , water pressure to be able to not ensure that. This water supply scheme economy function is very good but, to less pipe network of scale , does not need any other equipment or measure.2) Water box water supply types have led municipal administration pipe network water to roof water box , discrepancy in elevation , gravity depending on a water box and using the water appliance have supplied water , have overcome water pressure water yield block of wood stability and then. Since but, secondary pollution, moreover, water box volume that the water box there exists in possibility is bigger,this way does not encourage therefore.3) Water boxes , pipe networks ally self with a type when the ordinary time water yield water pressure is sufficient , unnecessary water enters the roof water box when covering water supply , overpressure as with a net directly from municipal administration, think that the water box supplies water to the consumer by gravity automation when pressure or the water yield is insufficient. The main force who is that regular directness supplies water on physics structure stretches the top cut-over water box , sets up and one exhalent siphon from the water box. Owe a scheme the volume having diminished a water box, and make water not need to enter a water box staying this one step , hygiene reliability increase by. The problem is (that the municipal administration now pipe network can accomplish) but if longtime stabilivolt supplies water , the water sojourn time in water box is on the contrary greatly increase by , easier to be contaminated. And, the water box all must readjust oneself to a certain extent in the building in all usage water boxes system most higher place, attractive looks being able to affect a building in some occasion , the physical design building even.4) Pressure jars supply water since insecure water box factor , reason why use the jar sealing off reliable pressure to replace, and the pressure jar does not need, high position lay down,attractive looks and structure not affecting a building bearing , go down well very much over the past few years. Pressure jar system requires that the water pump and autocontrol system have to fit but , feasible cost increases by to some extent. However, in the late years whose market price already lets many consumers be able to choose.Systematic pressure jar principle is to make use of a water pump water compression to be sent to receive the pipe network building the inside , thinks that water enters the pressure jar , reaches certain pressure time , water pump motor stoppage or reduces the speed when pressure is too big,While pressure is smaller than regulation value, the pressure jar conveys water to the outside and starts the water pump or acceleration at the same time (frequency conversion water pump).5) Two time of compression types can make do for to small-scale consumer ,if the building , the pressure jar are only systematic. The direction that the dwelling house spends at present to housing estate develops but, shows for the cluster arrangement that multilayer builds , concentrates stabilivolt mainly. The ability can not satisfy a request with pressure jar volume , the water pump concentrates compression therefore having appeared give first place to, pressure jar stabilivolt (remove the system water hammer) is subsidiary way. Economy cost rises only , also needs the specially-assigned person upkeep. Besides, pipe network system belongs to low pressure since tier of numbers are not many, pipeline, the direct cut-over without exception with layers consumer is be OK , comparatively simple. The steel tube prepares pipeline material with low pressure low pressure PPR silent stock tube give first place to.2、外文资料翻译译文医院建筑给水排水随着现代医学科学的迅速发展,新技术、新医疗设备层出不穷,从而与之相符的现代化医疗建筑———医院,也面临着新的设计理念和新技术的运用。

浮选柱处理含油废水的研究摘要：本文介绍了一种为处理含油废水而开发的新型溶气浮选柱装置。

溶气浮选柱将溶气气浮法和浮选柱巧妙的加以结合运用，溶解空气在柱体分离系统中释放。

本文对这种具有潜在应用价值的柱体系统分离含油废水中油分的效果进行了研究，在一系列的实验中该装置均取得了理想的分离效果，同时还对溶气浮选柱中采用的气泡产生器的曝气效果进行了专门研究。

关键词：含油废水；分离；气浮；气泡发生器；溶气浮选柱一、引言含油废水是石油开发利用过程中产生的面积广，数量大的污染源。

废水中的油分包括浮油，分散油，乳化油，溶解油和油-固结合物。

含油废水常用的处理技术有物理法、物理化学法、化学破乳法、生物化学法和电化学法。

分离难易程度取决于油分在水体中的存在形式。

含油废水中的浮油一般可以采用重力分离技术予以去除，溶解油可以通过生物处理法将其去除，而以胶体状态存在的分散油和乳化油由于其平均粒径小，化学稳定性高而难以去除。

近年来，浮选技术由于具有分离效率高，资金投入少，运行费用低的特点而吸引了众多学者的关注，并且已经开发出一些新型的快速高效的含油废水处理装置。

Feng P B 和其合作者开发出一种高效节能浮选柱进行含油废水处理，其油分的去除率可以达到90%左右。

Gu Xuqing等人开发出一种新型多级环流式浮选柱可处理含油废水，其独特的流体环流模式极大的提高了油珠和气泡之间的接触几率，分离效果显著，5分钟，分离效率可以达到96%-97%。

Xiao K L等人用多级浮选柱处理含油废水，空气分散在装置的柱体托盘底部，含油废水在柱体的各个托盘中进行处理，除油率达94%。

含有乳化油的废水处理较为困难，为保证浮选效率，分离时要求气泡粒径小，并且在分离区域中形成安静的水力学环境。

分离区应当又长又窄这一概念引发了利用柱状体作为分离设备这一设计理念。

由此产生了一种叫做溶气浮选柱的新型设备，溶解空气在该装置的柱体分离系统中析出，以此来处理含油废水。

污水的有机污垢物污染的反渗透膜的污染和清洗摘要：被模拟的混合有机废水污水污染反渗透膜的结垢和随后的清洗已经有了系统的研究。

有机污染研究包括海藻，牛血清白蛋白（BSA），萨旺尼河天然有机物，与辛酸,分别代表多糖、蛋白质、腐殖酸和脂肪酸，在出水有机物中它们是无处不在的。

建立了存在或缺乏钙离子的混合有机污染物的结垢行为和机制后，我们的研究集中在被有机污染物质的混合物污染的渗透膜的清洗机制。

化学清洗剂代理包括碱（氢氧化钠），金属螯合剂（乙二胺四乙酸），阴离子表面活性剂（十二烷基硫酸钠），和浓缩盐溶液（氯化钠）。

具体来说，我们研究清洁剂型，清洁液，清洗时间，和结垢层组成对膜清洗效率的影响。

在有机污染物质的混合物污染的污染膜的的条件下模拟的化学清洗的调查时，粘附力值测量值提供了深入了解化学清洗机制。

结果表明，在单用碱性溶液（氢氧化钠）不能有效的破坏含钙有机污染形成的配合物，较高的pH值会导致有效的清洁，如果有足够的流体剪切力（由横向表面流提供）存在。

表面活性剂（十二烷基硫酸钠），一个强大的螯合剂（乙二胺四乙酸），和盐溶液（氯化钠）可以有效的清洗混合污染的反渗透膜，尤其是如果应用在高pH值和更长的清洗时间。

观察各种清洁剂的清洗效率均符合相关测量–分子间力值值。

此外，我们已经表明，最佳的清洁剂浓度可以从绘制的还原百分比–粘附力的值与清洗剂浓度的对比中推出。

1 景区简介全球范围对饮用水需求的增加，选择水源满足这一需求的方式从传统的来源，如水库、湖泊，转换到较常规来源，如污水二级污水处理。

为生产优质用水，使用膜进行海水淡化和废水回收已应用的更广泛。

膜污染是利用膜技术等应用的一个主要障碍，因为污染是不可避免的。

尽管努力研究开发更好的防污膜[和改进控制方法策略，膜污染仍随时间发生。

因此，长期解决办法是通过化学清洗清除沉积膜。

在废水中，回收为了选择适当的清洁剂和采用有效的化学清洗规程，必须了解废水排放特性的对膜污染的影响。

Water Pollution: Causes, Effects, andSolutionsWater, the essence of life, is facing a severe threat today due to pollution. Water pollution, a global issue, has reached alarming levels, affecting not only aquaticlife but also posing a significant risk to human health and survival. Understanding the causes, effects, and solutions to water pollution is crucial to ensure a sustainable water supply for future generations.**Causes of Water Pollution**Water pollution results from various anthropogenic activities, such as industrialization, urbanization, and agricultural practices. Industrial waste, containing harmful chemicals and toxins, is often discharged into water bodies without proper treatment. Urbanization leads to increased sewage and runoff from urban areas, carrying pollutants into rivers and lakes. Agricultural runoff, enriched with pesticides and fertilizers, also contributes to water pollution. Additionally, oil spills, mining activities, and illegal waste dumping further degrade water quality.**Effects of Water Pollution**The effects of water pollution are far-reaching and devastating. It disrupts the ecological balance of aquatic ecosystems, leading to the death of fish and other aquatic life. Contaminated water is unsafe for human consumption, leading to water-related diseases like cholera and diarrhea. Long-term exposure to polluted water can also cause chronic health issues such as cancer and birth defects. Furthermore, water pollution impacts agricultural production, fishing industries, and tourism, leading to economic losses.**Solutions to Water Pollution**Addressing water pollution requires a multifaceted approach that involves government policies, community involvement, and technological advancements. Governments should enforce strict environmental laws and regulations to limit industrial and urban pollution. They should alsoinvest in water treatment facilities and promote water conservation practices. Communities can play a crucial role by adopting sustainable living practices, such as reducing water usage, recycling water, and participating in cleanup campaigns. Technological advancements, such as thedevelopment of more efficient water treatment methods and pollution control technologies, can help mitigate water pollution.In conclusion, water pollution is a complex issue that requires urgent attention. It is crucial to understand the causes and effects of water pollution and work towards sustainable solutions. By involving governments, communities, and technology, we can ensure clean and safe water for future generations.**水污染：原因、影响与解决方案**水，生命的源泉，如今正受到污染的严重威胁。

英文资料WATER POLLUTION AND SOCIETYByDavid Krantz and Brad KiffersteinINTRODUCTIONComprising over 70% of the Earth’s surface, water is undoubtedly the most precious natural resource that exists on our planet. Without the seemingly invaluable compound comprised of hydrogen and oxygen, life on Earth would be non-existent: it is essential for everything on our planet to grow and prosper. Although we as humans recognize this fact, we disregard it by polluting our rivers, lakes, and oceans. Subsequently, we are slowly but surely harming our planet to the point where organismsare dying at a very alarming rate. In addition to innocent organisms dying off, our drinking water has become greatly affected as is our ability to use water for recreational purposes. In order to combat water pollution, we must understand the problems and become part of the solution.POINT AND NONPOINT SOURCESAccording to the American College Dictionary, pollution is defined as: “to make foul or unclean; dirty.”Water pollution occurs when a body of water is adversely affected due to the addition of large amounts of materials to the water. When it is unfit for its intended use, water is considered polluted. Two types of water pollutants exist; point source and nonpoint source. Point sources of pollution occur when harmful substances are emitted directly into a body of water. The Exxon Valdez oil spill best illustrates a point source water pollution. A nonpoint source delivers pollutants indirectly through environmental changes. An example of this type of water pollution is when fertilizer from a field is carried into a stream by rain, in theform of run-offwhich in turn effects aquatic life. The technology exists for point sources of pollution to be monitored and regulated, although political factors may complicate matters. Nonpoint sources are much more difficult to control. Pollution arising from nonpoint sources accounts for a majority of the contaminants in streams and lakes.CAUSES OF POLLUTIONMany causes of pollution including sewage and fertilizers contain nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates. In excess levels, nutrients over stimulate the growth of aquatic plants and algae. Excessive growth of these types of organisms consequently clogs our waterways, use up dissolved oxygen as they decompose, and block light to deeper waters.This, in turn, proves very harmful to aquatic organisms as it affects the respiration ability or fish and other invertebrates that reside in water.Pollution is also caused when silt and other suspended solids, such as soil, washoff plowed fields, construction and logging sites, urban areas, and eroded river banks when it rains. Under natural conditions, lakes, rivers, and other water bodies undergo Eutrophication, an aging process that slowly fills in the water body with sediment and organic matter. When these sediments enter various bodies of water, fish respirationbecomes impaired, plant productivity and water depth become reduced, and aquatic organisms and their environments become suffocated. Pollution in the form of organic material enters waterways in many different forms as sewage, as leaves and grass clippings, or as runoff from livestock feedlots and pastures. When natural bacteria and protozoan in the water break down this organic material, they begin to use up the oxygen dissolved in the water. Many types of fish andbottom-dwelling animals cannot survive when levels of dissolved oxygen drop below two to five parts per million. When this occurs, it kills aquatic organisms in large numbers which leads to disruptions in the food chain.Pathogens are another type of pollution that prove very harmful. They can cause many illnesses that range from typhoid and dysentery to minor respiratory and skin diseases. Pathogens include such organisms as bacteria, viruses, andprotozoan. These pollutants enter waterways through untreated sewage, storm drains, septic tanks, runoff from farms, and particularly boats that dump sewage. Though microscopic, these pollutants have a tremendous effect evidenced by their ability to cause sickness.CLASSIFYING WATER POLLUTIONThe major sources of water pollution can be classified as municipal, industrial, and agricultural. Municipal water pollution consists of waste water from homes and commercial establishments. For many years, the main goal of treating municipal wastewater was simply to reduce its content of suspended solids, oxygen-demanding materials, dissolved inorganic compounds, and harmful bacteria. In recent years, however, more stress has been placed on improving means of disposal of the solid residues from the municipal treatment processes. The basic methods of treating municipal wastewater fall into three stages: primary treatment, including grit removal, screening, grinding, and sedimentation; secondary treatment, which entails oxidation of dissolved organic matter by means of using biologically active sludge, which is then filtered off; and tertiary treatment, in which advanced biological methods of nitrogen removal and chemical and physical methods such as granular filtration and activated carbon absorption are employed. The handling and disposal of solid residues can account for 25 to 50 percent of the capital and operational costs of a treatment plant. The characteristics of industrial waste waters can differ considerably both within and among industries. The impact of industrial discharges depends not only on their collective characteristics, such as biochemical oxygen demand and the amount of suspended solids, but also on their content of specific inorganic and organic substances. Three options are available in controlling industrial wastewater. Control can take place at the point of generation in the plant; wastewatercan be pretreated for discharge to municipal treatment sources; or wastewater can be treated completely at the plant and either reused or discharged directly into receiving waters.WASTEWATER TREATMENTRaw sewage includes waste from sinks, toilets, and industrial processes. Treatment of the sewage is required before it can be safely buried, used, or released back into local water systems. In a treatment plant, the waste is passed through a series of screens, chambers, and chemical processes to reduce its bulk and toxicity. The three general phases of treatment are primary, secondary, and tertiary. During primary treatment, a large percentage of the suspended solids and inorganic material is removed from the sewage. The focus of secondary treatment is reducing organic material by accelerating natural biological processes. Tertiary treatment is necessary when the water will be reused; 99 percent of solids are removed and various chemical processes are used to ensure the water is as free from impurity as possible.Agriculture, including commercial livestock and poultry farming, is the source of many organic and inorganic pollutants in surface waters and groundwater.These contaminants include both sediment from erosion cropland and compounds ofphosphorus and nitrogen that partly originate in animal wastes and commercial fertilizers. Animal wastes are high in oxygen demanding material, nitrogen and phosphorus, and they often harbor pathogenic organisms. Wastes from commercial feeders are contained and disposed of on land; their main threat to natural waters, therefore, is from runoff and leaching. Control may involve settling basins for liquids, limited biological treatment in aerobic or anaerobic lagoons, and a variety of other methods.GLOBAL WATER POLLUTIONEstimates suggest that nearly 1.5 billion people lack safe drinking water and that at least 5 million deaths per year can be attributed to waterborne diseases. With over 70 percent of the planet covered by oceans, people have long acted as if these verybodies of water could serve as a limitless dumping ground for wastes. Raw sewage, garbage, and oil spills have begun to overwhelm the diluting capabilities of the oceans, and most coastal waters are now polluted. Beaches around the world are closed regularly, often because of high amounts of bacteria from sewage disposal, and marine wildlife is beginning to suffer.Perhaps the biggest reason for developing a worldwide effort to monitor and restrict global pollution is the fact that most forms of pollution do not respect national boundaries. The first major international conference on environmental issues was held in Stockholm, Sweden, in 1972 and was sponsored by the United Nations (UN). This meeting, at which the United States took a leading role, was controversial because many developing countries were fearful that a focus on environmental protection was a means for the developed world to keep the undeveloped world in an economically subservient position. The most important outcome of the conference was the creation of the United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP). UNEP was designed to be “the environmental conscience of the United Nations,” and, in an attempt to allay fears of the developing world, it became the first UN agency to be headquartered in a developing country, with offices in Nairobi, Kenya. In addition to attempting to achieve scientific consensus about major environmental issues, a major focus for UNEP has been the study of ways to encourage sustainable development increasing standards of living without destroying the environment. At the time of UNEP's creation in 1972, only 11 countries had environmental agencies. Ten years later that number had grown to 106, of which 70 were in developing countries.WATER QUALITYWater quality is closely linked to water use and to the state of economic development. In industrialized countries, bacterial contamination of surface water caused serious health problems in major cities throughout the mid 1800’s.By the turn of the century, cities in Europe and North America began building sewer networks to route domestic wastes downstream of water intakes. Development ofthese sewage networks and waste treatment facilities in urban areas has expanded tremendously in the past two decades. However, the rapid growth of the urban population (especially in Latin America and Asia) has outpaced the ability of governments to expand sewage and water infrastructure. While waterborne diseases have been eliminated in the developed world, outbreaks of cholera and other similar diseases still occur with alarming frequency in the developing countries. Since World War II and the birth of the “chemical age”, water quality has been heavily impacted worldwide by industrial and agricultural chemicals. Eutrophication of surface waters from human and agricultural wastes and nitrification of groundwater from agricultural practices has greatly affected large parts of the world. Acidification of surface waters by air pollution is a recent phenomenon and threatens aquatic life in many area of the world. In developed countries, these general types of pollution have occurred sequentially with the result that most developed countries have successfully dealt with major surface water pollution. In contrast, however, newly industrialized countries such as China, India, Thailand, Brazil, and Mexico are now facing all these issues simultaneously.CONCLUSIONClearly, the problems associated with water pollution have the capabilities to disrupt life on our planet to a great extent. Congress has passed laws to try to combat water pollution thus acknowledging the fact that water pollution is, indeed, a seriousissue. But the government alone cannot solve the entire problem. It is ultimately up to us, to be informed, responsible and involved when it comes to the problems we face with our water. We must become familiar with our local water resources and learn about ways for disposing harmful household wastes so they don’t end up in sewage treatment plants that can’t handle them or landfills not designed to receive hazardous materials. In our yards, we must determine whether additional nutrients are needed before fertilizers are applied, and look for alternatives where fertilizers might run off into surface waters. We have to preserve existing trees andplant new trees and shrubs to help prevent soil erosion and promote infiltration of water into the soil. Around our houses, we must keep litter, pet waste, leaves, and grass clippings out of gutters and storm drains. These arejust a few of the many ways in which we, as humans, have the ability to combat water pollution. As we head into the 21st century, awareness and education will most assuredly continue to be the two most important ways to prevent water pollution. If these measures are not taken and water pollution continues, life on earth will suffer severely.中文翻译水污染和社会的关系引言地球的表面，大约有70%的面积被海水所覆盖。

As a high school student with a keen interest in the field of civil engineering, Ive always been fascinated by the intricate systems that make our cities function smoothly. One such system is the one that deals with the supply and removal of water the drainage and water supply systems. This essay aims to delve into the importance of these systems, their components, and the role they play in our daily lives.Growing up in a city, I often took for granted the water that comes out of the tap or the way waste disappears down the drain. It wasnt until I started researching the field of sanitary engineering that I realized the complexity and the marvel of the systems that make these things possible. The water supply system is the lifeline of any city, ensuring that every household and business has access to clean, potable water.The process begins with the collection of water from various sources such as rivers, lakes, or underground aquifers. This raw water undergoes a series of treatments to remove impurities and contaminants. Filtration, disinfection, and sometimes even desalination are part of the purification process that turns raw water into the clean water we use for drinking, cooking, and cleaning.Once treated, the water is stored in reservoirs and then distributed through an extensive network of pipes. This distribution system is a marvel of engineering, designed to withstand pressure and ensure that water reaches every corner of the city. The design of these systems must take into account factors such as population density, water demand, and the geography of the area.On the flip side, the drainage system is equally crucial. It is responsible for the removal of wastewater from homes and industries. This includes everything from the water we use for washing dishes to the water that flows down the drain in our bathrooms. The wastewater is collected through a network of sewers and transported to treatment plants.Here, the wastewater undergoes a process of treatment to remove harmful substances and pollutants. This is a critical step in preventing the contamination of our water bodies and ensuring the health of our ecosystems. The treated water is then either released back into the environment or reused for nonpotable purposes such as irrigation or industrial use.The design and maintenance of these systems require a deep understanding of hydrology, environmental science, and engineering principles. Its not just about ensuring the availability of water its also about managing water resources sustainably. This involves considerations of water conservation, energy efficiency, and the impact of these systems on the environment.In recent years, there has been a growing focus on the integration of smart technologies into these systems. Sensors, data analytics, and automation are being used to improve the efficiency and reliability of water supply and drainage systems. For instance, realtime monitoring of water quality can help detect and address issues before they become major problems.Moreover, the concept of green infrastructure is gaining traction. This involves the use of natural processes and systems to manage water. Rain gardens, permeable pavements, and constructed wetlands are examples of green infrastructure that can help reduce the load on conventional drainage systems and improve water quality.In conclusion, the water supply and drainage systems are the unsung heroes of our urban environments. They play a critical role in ensuring the health, comfort, and sustainability of our cities. As a future civil engineer, I am excited about the prospect of contributing to the development and improvement of these systems. Whether its through innovative design, the integration of smart technologies, or the adoption of green infrastructure, there is so much potential to make these systems more efficient, sustainable, and resilient.。