被动语态1 构成1)构成：助动词be+(及物动词的)过去分词语态是动词的一种形式，表示主语和谓语间的关系。
英语动词有主动语态(active voice)和被动语态(passive voice)两种语态。
主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。
被动语态中动作的执行者用by短语表示。
Father cleared away the snow in the yard.父亲清扫了院中的雪。
(主动)The snow in the yard was cleared away by father.院中的雪被父亲清扫了。
(被动)被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词后加not，也可用简略形式：isn't, aren't, wasn't, weren't, won't, shan't,hasn't, haven't,hadn't。
被动语态的疑问式是将第一助动词放在主语前，特殊疑问句式为：疑问词+一般疑问句。
如果特殊疑问句是对主语进行提问，要用陈述句语序。
English and some other foreign languages are taught in our university.我们大学开设英语和一些其他外语。
Is the novel written by Jack London?这部小说是杰克·伦敦写的吗？The whole city was destroyed by the earthquake.整座城市被地震毁灭了。
Will the protest meeting be held tomorrow?明天举行抗议集会吗？These elements shan't be sent over to the factory at once.这些元件不会立即就送往工厂。
The machine has been placed on a solid foundation.机器已经安置在坚实的地基上。
The villa over there is now being redecorated.那边的那幢别墅正在被全新装修。
The bridge was being built last year.I'm not sure if it is completed.那座桥去年正在建造，我不知道现已造好了没有。
The article will have been finished by the end of the week.这篇文章在本周末会写完。
She told me that the temple would have been repaired before the rainy season set in.她告诉我说，在雨季来临前，这座寺庙就将修好了。
Hilton would surely be pleased with the good work that is being done in his name.以他的名义做好事，希尔顿肯定会很高兴。
What crops are grown in your hometown?你的家乡种什么作物？When will the goods be delivered to us?货物什么时候送给我们？2)带有情态动词的被动语态结构为：情态动词+be+过去分词The book must be returned to the library at once.这本书必须立即还给图书馆。
The task can be finished in a week.这项工作1周内可以完成。
Must it be done by her?这件事必须由她做吗？This problem oughtn't to be ignored.这个问题不容忽视。
3)带有不定式的被动语态结构为：to be+过去分词A new hotel is going to be built here.这里将建造一家新旅馆。
Who is to be sent there?派谁去那里？He didn't want to be examined.他不想受检查。
To be hospitable is sure to be rewarded in one way or another.热情付出总会在一个或另一个地方得到回报。
4)短语动词的被动语态及物短语动词是一个不可分割的整体，在变为被动语态时，不可漏掉组成短语的介词或副词。
这类短语动词由“动词+介词、动词+副词、动词+名词+介词、动词+副词+介词”构成，常用的有：break into (闯入)，look at (看)，look after(照顾)，go into (探究)，work out (制定，计算出)，go over(复习)，figure out(辨别出，计算出)，find out(查明)，put on(安排，增加，上演)，take up(占据)，put off (推迟)，throw out (扔掉)，carry out (执行)，take care of (关心)，pay attention to(注意)，look down upon(瞧不起)，do away with(废除)，make use of (利用)，play a part in(起作用)等。
The experiment has been carried out.实验已经进行了。
The old man is well taken care of.那位老人被照顾得很好。
This lesson must be gone over again.这课书必须再复习一遍。
对公民的教育应给予密切的关注。
Close attention should be paid to the education of the citizens.The education of the citizens should be paid close attention to. (短语动词中间为名词时，可将该名词变为被动语态的主语)5)祈使句的被动语态肯定祈使句的被动语态：Let+宾语+be+过去分词否定祈使句的被动语态：Don't let +宾语+be+过去分词Let+宾语+not be+过去分词把书放在最上层的架子上。
Put the book on the top shelf.Let the book be put on the top shelf.别把那棵树砍掉。
Don't cut down the tree.Don't let the tree be cut down.Let the tree not be cut down.6)双重被动结构如果某人或某物为两次动作的施动对象，要用双重被动结构。
The college requires all students to attend the lecture.学院要求所有学生都要听这个讲座。
The lecture is required to be attended by all students in the college. (被要求、被听)The manager asked me to finish the design before Friday.经理要我在星期五前完成设计。
The design was asked to be finished before Friday.(被要求、被完成)2 用法1)不知某事为谁所做不知道谁是动作的执行者时，要用被动语态。
His watch was stolen yesterday.他的手表昨天被偷了。
This kind of car is made in Japan.这种汽车产于日本。
A lot of trees have been planted along the lake.沿湖植了许多树。
2)不必说出动作为谁所做不必或不想指出谁是动作的执行者时，用被动语态。
This novel was written in 1886.这部小说写于1886年。
A bridge is being built over there.那里在造一座桥。
All the work will be done by hand.全部工作都将由手工完成。
3)为了强调或突出动作的承受者强调动作的承受者，将承受者作为谈话的中心。
The matter was discussed at the meeting last week.这个问题上周在会上讨论过。
Wang Lin was elected monitor of the class.王林被选为班长。
Many buildings were destroyed in the big fire. 在那场大火中许多建筑物被毁。
Dictionaries can't be used in the exam. 考试中不能使用词典。
4)It is said that等结构在I was told that, It is said that, It is believed that, It is hoped that, It is suggested that 等习惯用语中用被动语态。
I was told that he had been wounded in the war.我听说他在战争中受过伤。
It is reported that a new road will be built here.据报道这里将修建一条新路。
5)出于礼貌有时出于礼貌，避免说出动作的执行者。
You are cordially invited to the opening ceremony on Monday morning.敬请您出席星期一上午的开幕式。
Enough has been done for him, but he is not contented.已经为他做了很多，但他仍不满足。
6)习惯用法某些习惯用法仅以被动语态形式出现。
The bookstore is located right in the centre of town. 书店正好位于市中心。
Fifty lambs were born this spring.这个春季有50头羊羔出生。
All the apartments are beautifully situated overlooking the beach.所有的公寓都环境优美，俯瞰海滨。
7)句子结构的需要有时出于句法修辞的需要，为使句子平衡，避免更换主语，用被动语态。
