Evaluation of a New Automated, Standardized Generic Nucleic Acid

英语作文自动评分全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Automatic essay scoring, also known as automated essay scoring, is the process of using computer algorithms to evaluate and grade written essays. This technology has gained popularity in recent years, as it offers a more efficient and standardized way to assess students' writing skills.One of the main advantages of automatic essay scoring is its ability to provide instant feedback to students. Traditional essay grading methods, such as manual grading by teachers, can be time-consuming and subjective. With automatic essay scoring, students can receive immediate feedback on their writing, which can help them identify areas for improvement and ultimately improve their writing skills.Another benefit of automatic essay scoring is its consistency and reliability. Human graders may have biases or inconsistencies in their grading, which can lead to unfair evaluations of students' work. By using computer algorithms, automatic essay scoring can provide a more consistent andobjective assessment of writing quality, ensuring a fair and accurate evaluation for all students.Furthermore, automatic essay scoring can help educators streamline the grading process, allowing them to focus on providing personalized feedback and support to students. This technology can save teachers time and resources, enabling them to spend more time on teaching and mentoring students rather than grading papers.Despite its advantages, automatic essay scoring is not without its limitations. Critics argue that computer algorithms may not be able to accurately evaluate the creativity, originality, and critical thinking skills displayed in an essay. Additionally, some argue that automatic essay scoring may encourage formulaic writing and discourage students from taking risks in their writing.In conclusion, automatic essay scoring is a valuable tool for educators to efficiently and objectively assess students' writing skills. While it may not be perfect, automatic essay scoring can provide students with valuable feedback to help them improve their writing abilities. As technology continues to advance, it is likely that automatic essay scoring will play an increasinglyimportant role in the assessment of writing skills in educational settings.篇2Automatic scoring of English essays has been a hot topic in the field of education and technology for many years. With the advancement of natural language processing and artificial intelligence, more and more automated essay scoring systems have been developed to provide efficient and accurate assessment of student writing.One of the most well-known automated essay scoring systems is the E-rater, developed by Educational Testing Service (ETS). E-rater uses a set of linguistic and statistical features to evaluate essays, such as word frequency, coherence, and grammar. It has been widely used in standardized tests like the GRE and TOEFL, providing quick and reliable grading for thousands of students.The benefits of automated essay scoring are numerous. It can save teachers and examiners a significant amount of time and effort by eliminating the need for manual grading. This allows them to focus on providing more personalized feedback to students and helping them improve their writing skills.Additionally, automated scoring systems are more objective and consistent compared to human graders, reducing potential biases and ensuring fair assessment for all students.However, there are also some challenges and limitations with automated essay scoring. One major concern is the inability of these systems to accurately evaluate the creativity and originality of student writing. Automated scoring systems are typically based on pre-defined criteria and templates, which may not capture the nuance and complexity of certain writing styles or topics. Additionally, there are concerns about the reliability of automated scoring, as some studies have shown discrepancies between automated and human scores.Despite these challenges, the development of automated essay scoring systems continues to advance, with researchers exploring new techniques such as deep learning and neural networks to improve accuracy and reliability. As technology continues to evolve, automated essay scoring is expected to play an increasingly important role in education, providing valuable insights into student writing and driving improvements in writing instruction.篇3Title: Automated Scoring in English CompositionIntroductionAutomated scoring in English composition is a technology that is increasingly being used in educational settings to evaluate students' writing skills. This technology uses algorithms to analyze the content, structure, and grammar of student essays, providing immediate feedback and scores. While automated scoring has its advantages, there are also concerns about its reliability and validity compared to human grading. This paper will discuss the benefits and challenges of using automated scoring in English composition.Benefits of Automated ScoringOne of the main benefits of automated scoring in English composition is the speed and efficiency it offers. With automated scoring, teachers can quickly evaluate a large number of essays, saving time and reducing the workload. Automated scoring also provides immediate feedback to students, allowing them to see their mistakes and make improvements. This can help students learn and develop their writing skills more effectively.Another advantage of automated scoring is its consistency. Unlike human graders, automated scoring systems use the samecriteria and standards to evaluate essays, ensuring that all students are assessed fairly. This can help reduce bias and inconsistency in grading, leading to more objective and reliable results.Challenges of Automated ScoringDespite its benefits, automated scoring in English composition also faces several challenges. One of the main concerns is the lack of nuance and context in automated grading. Automated scoring systems may struggle to evaluate the creativity, style, and critical thinking skills displayed in an essay, leading to potentially inaccurate scores.Another challenge is the issue of gaming the system. Students may try to manipulate the algorithms used in automated scoring to improve their scores, rather than focusing on improving their writing skills. This can undermine the integrity of the assessment process and compromise the reliability of the results.Furthermore, there are concerns about the validity of automated scoring compared to human grading. While automated scoring systems are designed to mimic human judgment, they may not be able to fully capture the complex nuances of language and writing that human graders can. Thisraises questions about the accuracy and fairness of automated scoring in evaluating students' writing skills.ConclusionIn conclusion, automated scoring in English composition offers a range of benefits, including speed, efficiency, consistency, and immediate feedback. However, there are also challenges and concerns regarding the reliability, validity, and integrity of automated scoring compared to human grading. As technology continues to advance, it is essential to carefully consider the advantages and limitations of automated scoring in English composition and strike a balance between using technology to enhance assessment practices and preserving the value of human judgment and expertise in evaluating students' writing skills.。

Supply Chain Management, 5e (Chopra/Meindl)Chapter 5 Network Design in the Supply Chain5.1 True/False Questions1) Supply chain network design decisions include the location of manufacturing, storage, or transportation-related facilities and the allocation of capacity and roles to each facility. Answer: TRUEDiff: 2Topic: 5.1 The Role of Network Design in the Supply ChainAACSB: Analytic SkillsLearning Outcome: Compare common approaches to supply chain design2) Decisions concerning the role of each facility are significant because they determine the amount of rigidity the supply chain has in changing the way it meets demand.Answer: FALSEDiff: 2Topic: 5.1 The Role of Network Design in the Supply ChainAACSB: Analytic SkillsLearning Outcome: Compare common approaches to supply chain design3) Facility location decisions have a long-term impact on a supply chain's performance because it is cost effective to shut down a facility or move it to a different location.Answer: FALSEDiff: 1Topic: 5.1 The Role of Network Design in the Supply ChainAACSB: Analytic SkillsLearning Outcome: Compare common approaches to supply chain design4) Capacity allocation decisions have a significant impact on supply chain performance because they tend to stay in place for several years.Answer: TRUEDiff: 2Topic: 5.1 The Role of Network Design in the Supply ChainAACSB: Analytic SkillsLearning Outcome: Compare common approaches to supply chain design5) The allocation of supply sources and markets to facilities has a significant impact on performance because it affects total production, inventory, and transportation costs incurred by the supply chain to satisfy customer demand.Answer: TRUEDiff: 1Topic: 5.1 The Role of Network Design in the Supply ChainLearning Outcome: Compare common approaches to supply chain design6) The allocation of supply sources and markets to facilities does not need to be reconsidered ona regular basis so that the allocation can be changed as market conditions or plant capacities change.Answer: TRUEDiff: 2Topic: 5.1 The Role of Network Design in the Supply ChainLearning Outcome: Compare common approaches to supply chain design7) Network design decisions have a significant impact on performance because they determine the supply chain configuration and set constraints within which inventory, transportation, and information can be used to either decrease supply chain cost or increase responsiveness. Answer: TRUEDiff: 2Topic: 5.1 The Role of Network Design in the Supply ChainLearning Outcome: Compare common approaches to supply chain design8) Firms focusing on cost leadership tend to find the lowest cost location for their manufacturing facilities, but only if that means locating very far from the markets they serve.Answer: FALSEDiff: 1Topic: 5.2 Factors Influencing Network Design DecisionsLearning Outcome: Compare common approaches to supply chain design9) If production technology displays significant economies of scale, many local locations are the most effective.Answer: FALSEDiff: 2Topic: 5.2 Factors Influencing Network Design DecisionsLearning Outcome: Compare common approaches to supply chain design10) If facilities have lower fixed costs, many local facilities are preferred because this helps lower transportation costs.Answer: TRUEDiff: 2Topic: 5.2 Factors Influencing Network Design DecisionsLearning Outcome: Compare common approaches to supply chain design11) If the production technology is very inflexible and product requirements vary from one country to another, a firm has to set up local facilities to serve the market in each country. Answer: TRUEDiff: 3Topic: 5.2 Factors Influencing Network Design DecisionsLearning Outcome: Compare common approaches to supply chain design12) If the technology is flexible, it becomes more difficult to consolidate manufacturing in a few large facilities.Answer: FALSEDiff: 3Topic: 5.2 Factors Influencing Network Design DecisionsLearning Outcome: Compare common approaches to supply chain design13) Tariffs have a minor influence on location decisions within a supply chain.Answer: FALSEDiff: 2Topic: 5.2 Factors Influencing Network Design DecisionsLearning Outcome: Compare common approaches to supply chain design14) High tariffs lead to more production locations within a supply chain network, with each location having a lower allocated capacity.Answer: TRUEDiff: 3Topic: 5.2 Factors Influencing Network Design DecisionsLearning Outcome: Compare common approaches to supply chain design15) When designing supply chain networks, companies must build appropriate flexibility to help counter fluctuations in exchange rates and demand across different countries.Answer: TRUEDiff: 2Topic: 5.2 Factors Influencing Network Design DecisionsLearning Outcome: Compare common approaches to supply chain design16) Inventory and facility costs increase as the number of facilities in a supply chain increase. Answer: TRUEDiff: 2Topic: 5.2 Factors Influencing Network Design DecisionsLearning Outcome: Compare common approaches to supply chain design17) Transportation costs increase as the number of facilities is increased.Answer: FALSEDiff: 2Topic: 5.2 Factors Influencing Network Design DecisionsLearning Outcome: Compare common approaches to supply chain design18) A firm may increase the number of facilities beyond the point that minimizes total logistics cost to improve the response time to its customers.Answer: TRUEDiff: 1Topic: 5.2 Factors Influencing Network Design DecisionsLearning Outcome: Compare common approaches to supply chain design19) When faced with a network design decision, the goal of a manager is to design a network that minimizes the firm's costs while satisfying customer needs in terms of demand and responsiveness.Answer: FALSEDiff: 3Topic: 5.3 Framework for Network Design DecisionsLearning Outcome: Compare common approaches to supply chain design20) The supply chain network is designed to maximize total profits, taking into account the expected margin and demand in each market, various logistics and facility costs, and the taxes and tariffs at each location.Answer: TRUEDiff: 1Topic: 5.3 Framework for Network Design DecisionsLearning Outcome: Compare common approaches to supply chain design21) Decisions concerning the role of each facility are significant because they determine the amount of flexibility the supply chain has in changing the way it meets demand.Answer: TRUEDiff: 1Topic: 5.1 The Role of Network Design in the Supply ChainAACSB: Analytic SkillsLearning Outcome: Compare common approaches to supply chain design22) Network design decisions have a significant impact on performance because they determine the supply chain configuration and set constraints within which the other supply chain drivers can be used either to decrease supply chain cost or to increase responsiveness.Answer: TRUEDiff: 1Topic: 5.1 The Role of Network Design in the Supply ChainAACSB: Analytic SkillsLearning Outcome: Compare common approaches to supply chain design23) If facilities have higher fixed costs, many local facilities are preferred because this helps lower transportation costs.Answer: FALSEDiff: 1Topic: 5.2 Factors Influencing Network Design DecisionsAACSB: Analytic SkillsLearning Outcome: Compare common approaches to supply chain design5.2 Multiple Choice Questions1) Supply chain network design decisions includeA) only the location of manufacturing, storage, or transportation-related facilities.B) only the allocation of capacity and roles to each facility.C) both the location of manufacturing, storage, or transportation-related facilities and the allocation of capacity and roles to each facility.D) neither the location of manufacturing, storage, or transportation-related facilities nor the allocation of capacity and roles to each facility.E) none of the aboveAnswer: CDiff: 1Topic: 5.1 The Role of Network Design in the Supply ChainLearning Outcome: Compare common approaches to supply chain design2) Supply chain network design decisions classified as facility role are concerned withA) what processes are performed at each facility.B) where facilities should be located.C) how much capacity should be allocated to each facility.D) what markets each facility should serve and which supply sources should feed each facility.E) none of the aboveAnswer: ADiff: 2Topic: 5.1 The Role of Network Design in the Supply ChainLearning Outcome: Compare common approaches to supply chain design3) Supply chain network design decisions classified as facility location are concerned withA) what processes are performed at each facility.B) where facilities should be located.C) how much capacity should be allocated to each facility.D) what markets each facility should serve and which supply sources should feed each facility.E) none of the aboveAnswer: BDiff: 1Topic: 5.1 The Role of Network Design in the Supply ChainLearning Outcome: Compare common approaches to supply chain design4) Supply chain network design decisions classified as capacity allocation are concerned withA) what processes are performed at each facility.B) where facilities should be located.C) how much capacity should be allocated to each facility.D) what markets each facility should serve and which supply sources should feed each facility.E) none of the aboveAnswer: CDiff: 1Topic: 5.1 The Role of Network Design in the Supply Chain5) Supply chain network design decisions classified as market and supply allocation are concerned withA) what processes are performed at each facility.B) where facilities should be located.C) how much capacity should be allocated to each facility.D) what markets each facility should serve and which supply sources should feed each facility.E) none of the aboveAnswer: DDiff: 1Topic: 5.1 The Role of Network Design in the Supply ChainLearning Outcome: Compare common approaches to supply chain design6) Decisions concerning the role of each facility are significant becauseA) they determine the amount of flexibility the supply chain has in demanding change.B) they determine the amount of flexibility the supply chain has in changing the way it meets demand.C) they determine the amount of capacity the supply chain has in changing the way it meets demand.D) they determine the amount of inventory the supply chain has in demanding change.E) None of the above are true.Answer: BDiff: 2Topic: 5.1 The Role of Network Design in the Supply ChainLearning Outcome: Compare common approaches to supply chain design7) Facility location decisions have a long-term impact on a supply chain's performance becauseA) it is very expensive to shut down a facility or move it to a different location.B) it is not expensive to shut down a facility or move it to a different location.C) it is advisable to shut down a facility or move it to a different location.D) it is cost effective to shut down a facility or move it to a different location.E) none of the aboveAnswer: ADiff: 2Topic: 5.1 The Role of Network Design in the Supply ChainLearning Outcome: Compare common approaches to supply chain design8) Capacity allocation decisions have a significant impact on supply chain performance becauseA) capacity decisions tend to be permanent.B) capacity decisions tend to be changed frequently.C) capacity decisions do not tend to stay in place for several years.D) capacity decisions tend to stay in place for several years.E) none of the aboveAnswer: DDiff: 2Topic: 5.1 The Role of Network Design in the Supply ChainLearning Outcome: Compare common approaches to supply chain design9) Allocating too much capacity to a location results inA) permanent damage.B) poor utilization, and as a result, higher costs.C) high utilization, and as a result, higher costs.D) poor utilization, and as a result, lower costs.E) high utilization, and as a result, lower costs.Answer: BDiff: 2Topic: 5.1 The Role of Network Design in the Supply ChainLearning Outcome: Compare common approaches to supply chain design10) Allocating too little capacity results inA) temporary damage.B) good responsiveness if demand is not satisfied or low cost if demand is filled from a distant facility.C) good responsiveness if demand is not satisfied or high cost if demand is filled from a distant facility.D) poor responsiveness if demand is not satisfied or low cost if demand is filled from a distant facility.E) poor responsiveness if demand is not satisfied or high cost if demand is filled from a distant facility.Answer: EDiff: 2Topic: 5.1 The Role of Network Design in the Supply ChainLearning Outcome: Compare common approaches to supply chain design11) The allocation of supply sources and markets to facilities has a significant impact on performance becauseA) it cannot affect total production, inventory, and transportation costs incurred by the supply chain to satisfy customer demand.B) it cannot affect customer demand.C) it affects total production, inventory, and transportation costs incurred by the supply chain to satisfy customer demand.D) it cannot satisfy customer demand.E) none of the aboveAnswer: CDiff: 2Topic: 5.1 The Role of Network Design in the Supply ChainLearning Outcome: Compare common approaches to supply chain design12) The allocation of supply sources and markets to facilities should be reconsidered on a regular basis so thatA) the allocation can be held constant as market conditions or plant capacities expand.B) the allocation can be changed as market conditions or plant capacities stagnate.C) the allocation can be held constant as market conditions or plant capacities change.D) the allocation can be changed as market conditions or plant capacities change.E) none of the aboveAnswer: DDiff: 2Topic: 5.1 The Role of Network Design in the Supply ChainLearning Outcome: Compare common approaches to supply chain design13) Network design decisions have a significant impact on performance because theyA) determine the supply chain configuration.B) determine the supply chain conflagration.C) set constraints within which inventory, transportation, and information can be used to either decrease supply chain cost or increase responsiveness.D) set constraints within which inventory, transportation, and information can be used to either increase supply chain cost or decrease responsiveness.E) A and C onlyAnswer: EDiff: 3Topic: 5.1 The Role of Network Design in the Supply Chain14) Customer order entry isA) the point in time when the customer has access to choices and makes a decision regarding a purchase.B) the customer informing the retailer of what they want to purchase and the retailer allocating product to the customer.C) the process where product is prepared and sent to the customer.D) the process where the customer receives the product and takes ownership.E) none of the aboveAnswer: BDiff: 2Topic: 5.1 The Role of Network Design in the Supply ChainLearning Outcome: Compare common approaches to supply chain design15) Which of the following is not a factor influencing network design decisions in supply chains?A) Strategic factorsB) Tactical factorsC) Macroeconomic factorsD) Political factorsE) Infrastructure factorsAnswer: BDiff: 2Topic: 5.1 The Role of Network Design in the Supply Chain16) Firms focusing on cost leadership tend toA) locate facilities close to the market they serve.B) locate facilities very far from the market they serve.C) find the lowest cost location for their manufacturing facilities.D) select a high-cost location to be able to react quickly.E) none of the aboveAnswer: CDiff: 2Topic: 5.2 Factors Influencing Network Design DecisionsLearning Outcome: Compare common approaches to supply chain design17) Firms focusing on responsiveness tend toA) locate facilities close to the market they serve.B) locate facilities very far from the market they serve.C) find the lowest cost location for their manufacturing facilities.D) select a high-cost location to be able to react slowly.E) none of the aboveAnswer: ADiff: 2Topic: 5.2 Factors Influencing Network Design DecisionsLearning Outcome: Compare common approaches to supply chain design18) Which of the following is not one of Kasra Ferdows' classifications of possible strategic roles for various facilities in a global supply chain network?A) Offpost facilityB) Source facilityC) Server facilityD) Contributor facilityE) Outpost facilityAnswer: ADiff: 2Topic: 5.2 Factors Influencing Network Design Decisions19) A facility that serves the role of being a low-cost supply source for markets located outside the country where the facility is located isA) an offshore facility.B) a source facility.C) a server facility.D) a contributor facility.E) an outpost facility.Answer: ADiff: 2Topic: 5.2 Factors Influencing Network Design Decisions20) A facility that also has low cost as its primary objective, but its strategic role is broader than that of an offshore facility isA) an offshore facility.B) a source facility.C) a server facility.D) a contributor facility.E) an outpost facility.Answer: BDiff: 2Topic: 5.2 Factors Influencing Network Design Decisions21) A facility built because of tax incentives, local content requirement, tariff barriers, or high logistics cost to supply the region from elsewhere with the objective to supply the market where it is located isA) an offshore facility.B) a source facility.C) a server facility.D) a contributor facility.E) an outpost facility.Answer: CDiff: 2Topic: 5.2 Factors Influencing Network Design DecisionsLearning Outcome: Compare common approaches to supply chain design22) A facility located primarily to obtain access to knowledge or skills that may exist within a certain region isA) an offshore facility.B) a source facility.C) a server facility.D) a contributor facility.E) an outpost facility.Answer: EDiff: 2Topic: 5.2 Factors Influencing Network Design DecisionsLearning Outcome: Compare common approaches to supply chain design23) A facility that serves the market where it is located but also assumes responsibility for product customization, process improvements, product modifications, or product development isA) an offshore facility.B) a source facility.C) a server facility.D) a contributor facility.E) an outpost facility.Answer: DDiff: 2Topic: 5.2 Factors Influencing Network Design Decisions24) A facility that creates new products, processes, and technologies for the entire network isA) an offshore facility.B) a source facility.C) a server facility.D) a lead facility.E) an outpost facility.Answer: DDiff: 2Topic: 5.2 Factors Influencing Network Design Decisions25) Production technology displays significant economies of scale,A) many high-capacity locations are the most effective.B) few high-capacity locations are the most effective.C) few high-capacity locations are the least effective.D) few low-capacity locations are the most effective.E) few low-capacity locations are the least effective.Answer: BDiff: 2Topic: 5.2 Factors Influencing Network Design Decisions26) If facilities have lower fixed costs,A) a few high-capacity facilities are preferred because this helps lower transportation costs.B) a few local facilities are preferred because this helps lower transportation costs.C) many high-capacity facilities are preferred because this helps lower transportation costs.D) many local facilities are preferred because this helps lower transportation costs.E) one central facility is preferred because this helps lower transportation costs.Answer: DDiff: 2Topic: 5.2 Factors Influencing Network Design Decisions27) If the production technology is very inflexible and product requirements vary from one country to another, a firm has to set upA) local facilities to serve the market in each country.B) a few high-capacity facilities to serve the market in each country.C) many local facilities because this helps lower transportation costs.D) a few high-capacity facilities because this helps lower transportation costs.E) many high-capacity facilities because this helps lower transportation costs.Answer: ADiff: 3Topic: 5.2 Factors Influencing Network Design Decisions28) If the technology is flexible,A) it becomes more difficult to consolidate manufacturing in a few large facilities.B) it becomes more difficult to distribute manufacturing in many local facilities.C) it becomes easier to consolidate manufacturing in a few large facilities.D) it becomes easier to consolidate manufacturing in many local facilities.E) the firm should have one central facility.Answer: CDiff: 3Topic: 5.2 Factors Influencing Network Design DecisionsLearning Outcome: Compare common approaches to supply chain design29) Duties that must be paid when products and/or equipment are moved across international, state, or city boundaries are referred to asA) taxes.B) tax incentives.C) tariffs.D) incentives.E) none of the aboveAnswer: CDiff: 2Topic: 5.2 Factors Influencing Network Design DecisionsLearning Outcome: Compare common approaches to supply chain design30) If a country has very high tariffs,A) companies either do not serve the local market or set up manufacturing plants within the country to save on duties.B) companies do not serve the local market.C) companies set up manufacturing plants within the country to save on duties.D) companies will not serve the local market or set up manufacturing plants within the country to save on duties.E) companies will serve the local market by setting up regional manufacturing plants. Answer: ADiff: 2Topic: 5.2 Factors Influencing Network Design Decisions31) Developing countries often create free trade zones whereA) duties and tariffs are imposed as long as production is used primarily for export.B) duties and tariffs are imposed as long as production is used primarily for import.C) duties and tariffs are relaxed as long as production is used primarily for export.D) duties and tariffs are relaxed as long as production is used primarily for import.E) duties and tariffs are increased as long as production is used primarily for export.Answer: CDiff: 1Topic: 5.2 Factors Influencing Network Design Decisions32) Building some over-capacity in the supply chain network and making the capacity flexible allows a firm to alter production flows within the supply chain toA) produce less in facilities that have a lower cost based on current exchange rates.B) produce more in facilities that have a lower cost based on current exchange rates.C) produce more in facilities that have a higher cost based on current exchange rates.D) produce less in facilities that have the same cost based on current exchange rates.E) None of the above are accurate.Answer: BDiff: 2Topic: 5.2 Factors Influencing Network Design Decisions33) Total logistics costs are a sum of theA) inventory and facility costs.B) transportation and facility costs.C) inventory and transportation costs.D) inventory, transportation, and facility costs.E) inventory, transportation, and faculty costs.Answer: DDiff: 2Topic: 5.2 Factors Influencing Network Design Decisions34) The facilities in a supply chain network mustA) at least maximize total logistics cost.B) at least equal the number that maximizes total logistics cost.C) at least equal the number that minimizes total logistics cost.D) at least minimize total logistics cost.E) none of the aboveAnswer: CDiff: 1Topic: 5.2 Factors Influencing Network Design Decisions35) When faced with a network design decision, the goal of a manager is to design a network thatA) maximizes the firm's profits.B) minimizes the firm's costs.C) satisfies customer needs in terms of demand and responsiveness.D) maximizes the firm's profits while satisfying customer needs in terms of demand and responsiveness.E) none of the aboveAnswer: DDiff: 2Topic: 5.3 Framework for Network Design Decisions36) Which of the following is not a phase in the design of a global supply chain network?A) Define a supply chain strategyB) Define the regional facility configurationC) Select desirable sitesD) Location choicesE) Implement supply chain strategyAnswer: EDiff: 2Topic: 5.3 Framework for Network Design DecisionsLearning Outcome: Compare common approaches to supply chain design37) Which of the following is the first phase in the design of a global supply chain network?A) Define a supply chain strategyB) Define the regional facility configurationC) Select desirable sitesD) Location choicesE) Implement supply chain strategyAnswer: ADiff: 2Topic: 5.3 Framework for Network Design Decisions38) The objective of the first phase of network design is toA) maximize total profits, taking into account the expected margin and demand in each market.B) select a precise location and capacity allocation for each facility.C) select a set of desirable sites within each region where facilities are to be located.D) identify regions where facilities will be located, their potential roles, and their approximate capacity.E) specify what capabilities the supply chain network must have to support a firm's competitive strategy.Answer: EDiff: 3Topic: 5.3 Framework for Network Design Decisions39) The objective of the second phase of network design is toA) maximize total profits, taking into account the expected margin and demand in each market.B) select a precise location and capacity allocation for each facility.C) select a set of desirable sites within each region where facilities are to be located.D) identify regions where facilities will be located, their potential roles, and their approximate capacity.E) specify what capabilities the supply chain network must have to support a firm's competitive strategy.Answer: DDiff: 3Topic: 5.3 Framework for Network Design Decisions40) The objective of the third phase of network design is toA) maximize total profits, taking into account the expected margin and demand in each market.B) select a precise location and capacity allocation for each facility.C) select a set of desirable sites within each region where facilities are to be located.D) identify regions where facilities will be located, their potential roles, and their approximate capacity.E) specify what capabilities the supply chain network must have to support a firm's competitive strategy.Answer: CDiff: 3Topic: 5.3 Framework for Network Design Decisions41) It is very important that long-term consequences be thought through when making facility decisions, becauseA) network designers can use this fact to influence the role of the new facility and the focus of people working there.B) facilities last a long time and have an enduring impact on a firm's performance.C) it is astounding how often tax incentives drive the choice of location.D) the location of a facility has a significant impact on the extent and form of communication that develops in the supply chain network.E) the quality of life at selected facility locations has a significant impact on performance. Answer: BDiff: 3Topic: 5.3 Framework for Network Design Decisions42) The implications of culture should not be glossed over becauseA) tariffs and tax incentives should be carefully considered.B) facilities last a long time and have an enduring impact on a firm's performance.C) it is astounding how often tax incentives drive the choice of location.D) the location of a facility has a significant impact on the extent and form of communication that develops in the supply chain network.E) the quality of life at selected facility locations has a significant impact on performance. Answer: ADiff: 3Topic: 5.5 Making Network Design Decisions in Practice。

英语作文评分系统Introduction:The process of grading English essays is a critical component of academic assessment. It not only evaluates a student's writing skills but also their ability to comprehend, analyze, and communicate ideas effectively. Over the years, various grading systems have been developed to ensure a fair and consistent evaluation of students' work.Paragraph 1: Traditional Grading MethodsTraditionally, essay grading has been a manual process conducted by teachers. This method involves the instructor reading each essay and assigning a grade based on criteria such as content, organization, language use, and adherence to the prompt. While this approach allows for a personalized assessment, it can be time-consuming and subject to the grader's biases.Paragraph 2: Rubrics in GradingTo standardize the grading process, many educational institutions have adopted the use of rubrics. A rubric is a scoring guide that outlines the criteria for evaluation and the corresponding points for each criterion. This tool provides clear expectations for students and ensures that grading is consistent and transparent. Rubrics can range from simple checklists to detailed grids that cover various aspects of writing.Paragraph 3: Automated Essay Scoring (AES) ToolsWith advancements in technology, Automated Essay Scoring (AES) systems have been developed to assist in the grading process. These tools use artificial intelligence to analyze essays based on pre-defined criteria. AES can quickly score large volumes of essays, providing immediate feedback to students. However, concerns have been raised about the lack of nuance and potential for overlooking creative or unique approachesto writing.Paragraph 4: Peer Review and Self-AssessmentIn addition to teacher grading and automated systems, peer review and self-assessment are valuable components of the grading process. Peer review allows students to evaluate each other's work, fostering a deeper understanding of the writing process and promoting critical thinking skills. Self-assessment encourages students to reflect on their ownwriting, identifying strengths and areas for improvement.Conclusion:The English essay grading system is evolving to meet the demands of modern education. A combination of traditional methods, standardized rubrics, automated scoring, and peer review can provide a comprehensive and balanced evaluation of students' writing abilities. As technology continues to advance, it is crucial to consider the benefits andlimitations of each approach to ensure that grading remains fair, accurate, and supportive of students' learning journey.。

血球计数板计数误差的来源及解决方案——自动化计数引言血球计数板一直是实验室细胞计数的金牌标准。

自从18世纪在法国第一次被用于分析病人的血液样本，血球计数板在过去几百年中已经得到一系列的重大发展，相比以前计数更为精确、使用更为简单，并最终形成了今天我们使用的样子。

现在血球计数板计数仍然是所有细胞学研究的一个组成部分，然而其计数存在的问题由于自身固有的设计和使用方法并没有随着时间而消失。

我们在这里将要列出造成血球计数板计数误差的来源，并将讨论自动化计数是如何消除这些问题的。

血球计数板计数误差的来源1. 人工失误(混匀、加样、稀释、计算错误以及人工操作误差)a. 在对5个操作者的观察中，操作错误和随机错误分别占3.12%和7.8%[3]。

b. James M. Ramsey做了一项实验，衡量取样区和稀释系数如何影响计数的准确性。

他测试了3个取样区面积(18, 9和4 mm2)及两个稀释系数(1:100 和1:25)。

取样面积减小时CVs值是升高的，稀释倍数的升高会降低CVs[4]。

c. Bane 发现，当同一个操作者去对同样的两份精液样品计数时，计数结果的差异55%归因于取样和移液问题，45%归因于计数室和细胞计数问题[5]。

Freund和Carol 展开的另外一项实验表明，不同操作者之间的计数差异能高达52%，而同一个操作者的计数差异为20%[5]。

2. 多次计数以保证结果准确性的必要性a. 1907年，John C. DaCosta 声明，为了得到精确的计数结果，很有必要取血液样品中的多滴血液分别进行计数[1].b. Nielsen, Smyth和Greenfield得出结论，为了得到10%, 15%和20%的血球计数板计数准确性, ，必需的样品数分别为7份, 3份和2份,每份样品中分别包含180个, 200个和125个细胞[6]。

c. 1881年，Lyon 和Thoma推测血球计数板的标准误差为,其中n即计数的细胞数目；d. 1907年, William Sealy以“学生”的名义发布了他计数酿啤酒师的酵母的工作，他特地通过实验和数学模型计算了计数误差，公式也为[7,8]。

ISO（International Organization for Standardization）：国际标准化组织日常办事机构是中央秘书处，设在瑞士日内瓦WHO（World Health Organization）：世界卫生组织是联合国属下的专门机构，国际最大的公共卫生组织，总部设于瑞士日内瓦PIC/S（Pharmaceutical Inspection Convention/Pharmaceutical Inspection Cooperation Scheme）：国际医药品稽查协约组织由欧洲自由贸易区（EFTA）组建ICH（International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use）：人用药物注册技术要求国际协调会由欧盟（EU）、欧洲制药工业协会联合会（EFPIA）、日本厚生省（MHW）、日本制药工业协会（JPMA）、美国FDA、美国药物研究生产联合会（PRMA）等机构组成WHO、EFTA、加拿大卫生保健局（CHPB）为观察员ISPE（International Society for Pharmaceutical Engineering）：国际制药工程协会是致力于培训制药领域专家并提升制药行业水准的世界最大的非盈利性组织之一，在美国坦帕州设有全球总部，在布鲁塞尔设有欧洲总部，亚洲总部在新加坡HHS（United States Department of Health and Human Services）：美国卫生及公共服务部（美国卫生部）FDA（Food and Drug Administration）：美国食品药品监督管理局（HHS下属机构）PDA（Parenteral Drug Association）：美国注射剂协会EPA（Environmental Protection Agency）：美国国家环境保护局CDER（Center for Drug Evaluation and Research）：FDA药物评价与研究中心EMEA（The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products）：欧洲药物评审组织MHW（Ministry of Health and Welfare）：日本厚生省，现改为厚生劳动省MHLW（Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare），负责医疗卫生和社会保障的主要部门D&B（Dun & Bradstreet）：邓白氏公司DUNS（Data Universal Numbering System）：邓白氏公司提供的唯一的公司代号，用于信用评级等在SMF文件中会用到GMP（Good Manufacturing Practice）：药品良好生产规范cGMP（Current Good Manufacture Practices）：动态药品生产管理规范，即现行的GLP（Good Laboratory Practice）：药物非临床研究质量管理规范，及优良实验室规范GSP（Good Supplying Practice）：药品经营质量管理规范，及良好的药品供应规范GAP（Good Agricultural Practice for Chinese Crude Drugs）：中药材生产质量管理规范GDP（Good Documentation Practice）：良好文件管理GEP（Good Engineering Practice）：工程设计规范GAMP（Good Automated Manufacturing Practice）：优良自动化生产规范USP（united states pharmacopeia）：美国药典EP（European Pharmacopeia）：欧洲药典JP（Japanese Pharmacopoeia）：日本药典CFR（Code of Federal Regulations）：美国联邦法律CFR 21 Part 11（Code of Federal Registry Part11）：联邦法规法律标题21第11部分CEP/COS（Certificate of Suitability to the monographs of European Pharmacopoeia）：欧洲药典适应性认证证书CEP认证，COS证书CTD（Common Technical Document）：国际注册用常规技术文件CTD文件是国际公认的文件编写格式，用来制作一个向药品注册机构递交的结构完善的注册申请文件EHS（Environment、Health、Safety）：环境-健康-安全管理体系HACCP（Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point）：（保健食品）危害分析和关键控制点REACH（REGULATION concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals）：欧盟规章《化学品注册、评估、许可和限制》，欧盟建立的，并于2007年6月1日起实施的化学品监管体系ICH-Q1A：新原料药和制剂的稳定性试验ICH-Q1B：稳定性试验：新原料药和制剂的光稳定性试验ICH-Q1C：稳定性试验：新剂型的要求ICH-Q1D：新原料药和制剂的稳定性试验的括号法和矩阵法设计ICH-Q1E：稳定性数据的评价ICH-Q1F：气候带Ⅲ和Ⅳ注册申请的稳定性数据ICH-Q2A：分析步骤验证：正文ICH-Q2B：分析步骤验证：方法学ICH-Q3A：原料药中的杂质ICH-Q3B：新制剂中的杂质ICH-Q3C：杂质；残留溶剂的指导原则ICH-Q4 ：药典ICH-Q4A ：药典的同一化ICH-Q4B：各地区使用的药典正文评估和建议ICH-Q5A：来源于人或动物细胞系的生物技术产品的病毒安全性评价ICH-Q5B：生物技术产品的质量：rDNA衍生蛋白质产品生产细胞的表达构建体分析ICH-Q5C：生物技术产品的质量：生物制品/生物技术产品的稳定性试验ICH-Q5D：用于生物技术产品及生物制品生产的细胞基质的来源和鉴定ICH-Q5E：生物技术产品/生物制品在工艺变更时的可比性ICH-Q6A：质量标准新原料药和制剂的检测以及可接受标准：化学物质ICH-Q6B：质量标准：生物技术产品及生物制品的检测方法和可接受标准ICH-Q7 ：原料药良好制造规范(ICH-Q7A的新版)ICH-Q7A：原料药的GMP规范ICH-Q8 ：药物研发指南ICH-Q9 ：质量风险管理ICH- Q10（PQS）：药物质量体系QA（Quality Assurance）：质量保证QC（Quality Control）：质量控制QRM（Quality Risk Management）：质量风险管理IPC（Inproceics Quality Control）：制程品质控制/中控OOS（Out of Specification）：检验结果超标OOT（Out of Trend）：超趋势结果OOL（Out of Limit）：超出极限的结果，如温湿度等OOE（Out of Expectation）：超期望结果SAL（Sterility Assurance Level）：无菌保证水平灭菌后微生物的存活概率的负对数，要求≥6D值：杀灭90%的微生物所需要的时间，D值越大，微生物死亡越难，D值与细菌的耐热性成正比Z值：指灭菌时间减少到原来的10%所需要升高的温度或是相同的灭菌时间内杀死99%的微生物所需要提高的温度F值：为一定温度下，给定Z值所产生的灭局效果与参比温度T0下给定Z值所产生的灭菌效果相同时所相当的时间F值用于干热灭菌F0值：为一定温度下，Z值为10℃产生的灭菌效果与120℃，Z值为10℃时产生的灭菌效果相当的时间，t分钟内的灭菌效果相当于120℃下灭菌F0分钟的效果F0被称为标准灭菌时间，用于热压灭菌LRV：除菌过滤的对数下降值LRV=lgN0-lgNSOP（Standard Operation Procedure）：标准操作规程DMF（Drug Master File）：药品主文件SMF（Site Master File）：工厂主文件URS（User Requirement Specification）：用户需求标准FS（Functional Specification）：功能标准DS（Design Specification）：设计标准DQ（Design Qualification）：设计确认IQ（Installation Qualification）：安装确认OQ（Operational Qualification）：运行确认PQ（Performance Qualification）：性能确认RQ（Requalification）：再确认CAPA（Corrective Action & Preventive Action）：纠正预防系统，Q10的四大要素之一QbD（Quality by Design）：质量源于设计COA（Certificate of Analysis）：分析证书/检验报告书/检验报告单BPR（Batch Production Record）：批生产记录API（Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients）：药物活性成分，通常指的原料药。

入舵市安恙阳光实验学校Module 6 Films and TV Programmes(建议用时：40分钟)Ⅰ.阅读理解A(2020·大连高三双基测试)Lady Gaga’s latest film becamean instant hit over the weekend, helping push theaters to anOctober ticket­selling record.A Star Is Born, actor­turned­director Bradley Cooper’s remake of a Hollywood classic in the late 1930s, went beyond the previous expectations of movie analysts by roughly 30 percent.The original production is such a great Hollywood myth that it’s no wonder Hollywood keeps telling it. Whatever the era, the director or the headliners, it tells the story of two lovers on dramatically different paths: a famous man who’s racing to the bottom and a woman who’s soaring to the top.Mr. Cooper does a lot right in this movie A Star Is Born, beginning with the casting of Lady Gaga, whose relaxing, naturalistic performance is the key to the movie’s force.A post­Madonna pop artist was known for her elaborate(精心制作的) make up and costumes, which she adopted no more here.This unmasking of Lady Gaga makes her character seem genuine or say natural, a quality that the movie is in favor of and that serves as a kind of everlasting first principle.【解题导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了《A Star Is Born》这部电影的相关情况。

一、专业词汇人工智能artificial intelligence <教学技术instructional technology 电子绩效支持系统（EPSS ）electronic performance support systems面向媒体media-oriented 面向过程process-oriented系统化systematic 利用utilization媒体特性attribute of media 函授课程correspondence course主机，大型机mainframe 无显著差异no significant difference 媒体大争论the great media debate 视盘videodisk<绩效技术performance technology 情境认知situated cognition视听传播andiovisual communication 智能代理intelligent agent虚拟现实virtual reality 经验之塔cone of experience一般系统论general system 教学系统设计( ISD ) instructional systems design知识管理系统knowledge management systems学习者为中心的学习环境learner-centered learning environments程序教学programmed instruction 学科内容专家(SME) Subject Matter Expert任务分析task analysis 言语主义verbalism传播，传播学communications 操作性条件反射operant conditioning 进步主义progressivism 强化reinforcement远程教育distance education 实时的real-time直观概念intuitive notion 图式理论schema theory精细化理论elaboration theory 元认知metacognition经典型条件反射classical conditioning 操作性条件反射operant conditioning 言语行为verbal behavior 认知科学cognitive science长时记忆long-term memory 短时记忆short-term memory乘法表multiplication table 学习分类taxonomy of learning<行为主义behaviorism <认知主义cognitivism建构主义constructivism <个性化教学individualized instructiona 教学开发instructional development 资讯系统advisory system著作工具authoring tools 信息管理information management知识管理knowledge management 智能导师系统intelligent tutoring system交互式仿真模拟interactive simulation系统化教学开发systematic instructional development<学习管理系统learning management system <客观主义objectvism<后现代注意postmodernism <发现学习discovery learning <信息加工理论information-processing theory <教学策略instructional strategy <绩效潜能performance potential <问题解决problem solving<核心传播理论core communication theory 社会动力学societal dynamic传播理论communication theory <群体传播group communication <人际传播interpersonal communication 大众传播mass communication收文incoming message 协作网络cooperative network发送者和接收者sender and receiver创新推广理论（IDT）Innovation Diffusion Theory 混沌理论chaos theory复杂性和相互依赖性complexity and interdependence 自然科学natural science 系统动力学system dynamica 系统思考systems thinking<学习结果分类category of learning outcome<认知信息加工理论cognitive information processing theory<建构主义学习理论constructivism learning theory<教育目标educational objective <教学事件event of instruction 智慧技能intellectual skills <学习条件learning condition<动作技能motor skill <程序教学programmed instruction 言语信息verbal information 认知策略cognitive sstrategies机械学习rote learning 非随意性non-arbitrary先有知识prior knowledge 迭代过程iterative process同化assimiliation 逐字回忆verbatim recall<评价/测量策略measurement strategy <社会学习理论social learning theory <教学机器teaching machine 教学事件events of instruction<学习目标分析analysis of learning goals <评价工具evaluation instrument <教学模式instructional model 形成性评价formative evaluation 总结性评价summative evaluation 前端分析front-end analysis学习环境learning environment以学生为中心的学习student-centered learning技术支持的学习环境technology-supported learning environment<教学设计自动化系统AID system Automated I D<智能代理intelligent agent <知识对象knowledge object<认知技能cognitive skill <协作学习cooperative learning 信息素养information literacy 信息高速公路information highway关键技能critical skills <终身学习lifelong learning<技术素养technological literacy <应用型研究applied research<批判性探究critcal inquiry <经验材料empirical material<定量研究quantitative research <基于问题的problem-based<实施阶段Implementation phase <确定目标State objectives<通信革命communication revolution <九段教学法Nine event of instruction <学习者特征Learner Characteristics <视听教学audiovisual instruction <案例研究case study <应用性研究applied research<因果关系cause-effect relationships <控制组control group<经验材料empirical material <实验组experimental group<实验处理experimental treatment <形成假设hypothesis formulation <独立变量independent variable <数据资料numerical data<定量研究quantitative research <准实验的quasi-experimental<社会调查social survey <主题subject matter元认知metacognation 知识库knowledge base心智模型mental models 知识迁移knowledge transfer高阶技能higher order skills 自我意识self-awareness教学干预instructional interventions 视频会议videoconferencing录像带videotape 独立学习independent study学习结果learning outcomes<人种<超媒体AECT（Association for Educational Communications and Technology）教育传播与技术协会DA VI（Department of Audiovisuan Instruction）视听教学部ECIT（Educational Communications and Instuctional Technology）教育传播和教学技术<EPSS（Electronic Performance Support System）电子绩效支持系统Committee on Definitions and Terminology 定义与术语委员会<ISD（instruction systems design）教学系统设计ID（instruction design）教学设计SME（Subject Matter Expert）学科内容专家<VR（virtual reality）虚拟现实DVI（Department of Visual Instruction）视觉教学部<CAI(computer-assisted instruction)<LMS(learning management system)学习管理系统CD（Compact Disk）光盘DVD（digital video disk）数字化视频光盘VCR（Video Cassette Recorder）录像机WWW（World Wide Web）万维网HBO（Home Box Office）家庭影院DVR（Digital Video Recorder）数字录像机MPC（multimedia personal computer）个人多媒体计算机<AI（Artificial Intelligence）人工智能AR（Artificial reality）人工现实CD-ROM（CompactDisk Read－Only Memory）光盘只读存储器<CMC（Computer－MediateｄCommunication）计算机媒介沟通，计算机传媒通信LCD 液晶显示器NIR（Network Information Retrieval）网络信息搜索系统<ID1（The First Generation Instruction Design）第一代教学设计ID2（The Second Generation Instruction Design）第二代教学设计<AID（Automated Instruction Design）自动化教学设计IDE（Instructional Design Environment）教学设计环境CBI（computer-based instruction）计算机辅助教学ICT（Information and Communications Technology）信息与通信技术ALA（The American Library Association）美国图书馆协会OTEN（Open Trainning and Education Network）开放式培训与教育网络ODL（Open and Distance Learning）开放和远程学习COL（The Commonwealth of Learning）学习共同体ICDE（International Council for Open and Distance Education）国际开放与远程教育协会JTA（Job Task Analysis）工作任务分析ZPD（Zone Of Proximal Development）最近发展区<LAN 局域网教学理论- 代表人物（对应连线选择）远程教育九段教学法经验理论布鲁姆、加涅、……四、翻译50分（1）12分经验之塔中英翻译模型。

IOLMaster 500 from ZEISS Defining biometry2// RELIABILITYMADE BY ZEISSTrusting the experience of 100 million IOL power calculations.ZEISS IOLMaster 5003The IOLMaster ® from ZEISS revolutionized the field of IOL power calculations. For over a decade, wehave partnered with surgeons like you to continue improving the gold standard in biometry.More than 3 out of 4 surgeonsworldwide working with optical biometers trust theIOLMaster devices for their IOL power calculation.1More than 270 IOL modelscan be found in the User Group for Laser InterferenceBiometry (ULIB) with optimized A-constants for theIOLMaster.2More than 50,000 surgeriescontributed to enhancing IOL power calculation with theIOLMaster by providing optimized A-constants in the ULIB.2More than 100 million power calculationshave already been successfully performed with theZEISS IOLMaster.Gold standard biometry withthe ZEISS IOLMaster 5001)Leaming DV, 2010 Practice Styles and Preferences of U.S. ASCRS Members Survey 2)Haigis W, http://www.augenklinik.uni-wuerzburg.de/ulib/4Working with gold standard biometry The ZEISS IOLMaster 500 highlightsWhen you work with the ZEISS IOLMaster 500 you not only directly experience the result of continuous refinement; you also get a piece of cutting-edge technology that points the way to the future ofoptical biometry.Improving refractive outcomesExclusive formula integration, morethan 270 optimized lens constantsand unique telecentric keratometryfor refractive outcomes you can trust.3Advanced measurementof challenging eyesUp to 20 % higher measurement successratio for dense cataracts.4 Measurementalong the visual axis, even with staphyloma,pseudophakic and silicone-filled eyes.Proven toric outcomesToric outcomes proven by large numberof peer-reviewed, published scientificpapers.5Markerless toric IOL alignment Reference image capabilities, as the starting point of a game-changing,streamlined markerless toric workflow.Ease of useWell-designed user interface, plausibility checks, distance-independent measurements and speedy readings for one-of-a-kind usability and reduced chairtime.6Superb connectivity: Ties in theA-scan ultrasound Universal ultrasound interface to connect the dedicated ultrasound A-scan device for a better workflow and improved quality.3)Aristodemou P, Knox Cartwright NE, Sparrow JM, Johnston RL, Intraocular lens formula constant optimization and partial coherence interferometry biometry: Refractive outcomes in 8108 eyes after cataract surgery, J Cataract Refract Surg. 2011 Jan;37(1):50-624)Rivero L, IOLMaster Version 5 vs. Lenstar LS900, presented at 2010 AAO – MEACO Joint Meeting in Chicago, Illinois.5)Bullimore MA, The IOLMaster and determining toric IOL Power, White Paper, Carl Zeiss Meditec, 20136)Chen YA, Hirnschall N, Findl O, Evaluation of 2 new optical biometry devices and comparison with the current gold standard biometer, J Cataract Refract Surg. 2011 Mar;37(3):513-51756Improving refractive outcomes Holladay 2 integratedThe ZEISS IOLMaster 500 has the recognized Holladay 2formula on board. You can continuously minimize yourprediction error for IOL power calculation. Just enter thepostoperative refraction of your patients – all other data isautomatically fed into the Holladay 2 software calculation.Over 50,000 cataract surgeries evaluated for betterrefractive resultsThe extensive clinical experience of the ZEISS IOLMaster 500is reflected by the User Group for Laser Interference Biometry(ULIB) website. The ULIB database contains more than270 lens constants continuously optimized with over50,000 sets of patient data created with the ZEISS IOLMaster– absolutely unique in the industry.2Telecentric keratometryOnly the ZEISS IOLMaster family features distance-independent telecentric keratometry. It enables robustand repeatable measurements due to constant spot centerdistances. Thus the ZEISS IOLMaster 500 shows excellentagreement with manual keratometry while achieving superiorprecision performance, making its keratometry the mosttrusted among cataract surgeons.7Prof. Kenneth J. Hoffer, M.D.Santa Monica, USA“The IOLMaster has significantly changed the way biometry is performed and continues to do so.”2)Haigis W, http://www.augenklinik.uni-wuerzburg.de/ulib/7)Bullimore MA, Buehren T, Bissmann W, Agreement between a partial coherence interferometer and 2 manual keratometers, J Cataract Refract Surg. 2013 in press7Prof. Dr. Wolfgang HaigisWürzburg, GermanyAdvanced measurementof challenging eyesDense cataractsIn denser cataracts the ZEISS IOLMaster 500 achieves ameasurement success ratio that is up to 20 % higher thanthat of other optical biometry devices.4 The underlyingcomposite signal evaluation not only significantly increasesthe fraction of cataracts measurable with optical technology,but it also greatly increases signal-to-noise values.Post-LVC eyesThe ZEISS IOLMaster 500 includes the Haigis-L formula whichis dedicated to myopic and hyperopic post-LVC cases andis very convenient as it requires no clinical history data.8Staphyloma, pseudophakic and silicone-filled eyesEven with staphyloma, pseudophakic and silicone-filled eyesthe ZEISS IOLMaster 500 measures along the visual axis,yielding the relevant axial distance.Reliable and accurate IOL powercalculation for post-LVC patientswith the Haigis-L formula.The ZEISS IOLMaster 500 simplifies IOL power calculation for patients with prior laser vision correction.“For me, there are only few innovations which have revolutionized cataract surgery. The IOLMaster is one of them.”4)Rivero L, IOLMaster Version 5 vs. Lenstar LS900, presented at 2010 AAO – MEACO Joint Meeting in Chicago, Illinois.8)Haigis W, Intraocular lens calculation after refractive surgery for myopia: Haigis-L formula. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2008 Oct;34(10):1658-63.“The reference image allows precisealignment of toric IOLs andsimplifies workflow. That s definitelythe future of cataract surgery.”Prof. Oliver Findl, M.D.Vienna, Austria89Reference ImageThe Reference Image is the starting point of amarkerless toric IOL workflow: An image of the eyeis taken along with the keratometry measurement.Both reference image and keratometry data aretransferred to the ZEISS CALLISTO eye ® computer-assisted cataract surgery system. Finally, all dataneeded for precise and markerless toric IOLalignment is injected in color and high resolutionwhere it is needed – in the eyepiece of the surgicalmicroscope from ZEISS.Automatic astigmatism detectionThe ZEISS IOLMaster 500 automatically acquiresthe Reference image in case of astigmatism.It is displayed on the report so your practice staffcan recognize the astigmatism and you can takethe treatment option of a toric IOL into account.Markerless toric IOL alignment The Reference Image for a markerless toric IOL workflow.As landmarks for intra-operative matching,small blood vessels are used.Ease of useWell-designed user interfaceThe highly intuitive ZEISS IOLMaster 500 design sets standardsin easy-to-delegate biometry. Common sources of error areeliminated through an easy-to-understand traffic light indicator.Plausibility checksWith the integrated automatic mode right-eye and left-eye valuesfor axial length and corneal radii are compared and checkedfor plausibility – providing confidence especially for challenging eyes.Automated workflowThe Dual Mode facilitates measurements of axial length andkeratometry without the need for manual interaction – minimizingacquisition and chairtime.Distance independenceThe unique distance-independent telecentric keratometry isone of the reasons for the phenomenal ease of use of theZEISS IOLMaster 500. Focusing becomes much easier.ChairtimeThe average time needed to take a reading on the ZEISS IOLMaster 500is up to 4 times faster compared to other optical devices.6 A differenceyou, your team and your patients will notice every day.“If you asked my staff which opticalbiometer they would go for,the answer would clearly be: the IOLMaster.”Prof. Sabong Srivannaboon, M.D.Bangkok, Thailand6)Chen YA, Hirnschall N, Findl O, Evaluation of 2 new optical biometry devices and comparisonwith the current gold standard biometer; J Cataract Refract Surg. 2011 Mar;37(3):513-51710IOL calculation formulas Ha igis, Hoffer® Q, Holladay 1 and 2, SRK® II, SRK® / TClinical history and contact lens fitting method forcalculation of corneal refractive power followingrefractive corneal surgeryHaigis-L IOL calculation for eyes followingmyopic / hyperopic LASIK / PRK / LASEK surgeryCalculation of phakic anterior and posteriorchamber implantsOptimization of IOL constantsInterfaces Ultrasound data linkZEISS eyecare data management system FORUM®ZEISS computer-assisted cataract surgery systemCALLISTO eye (via USB)Data interface for electronic medical record (EMR) /patient management systems (PMS)Data export to USB storage mediaExport database for Holladay IOL Consultant andHIC.SOAP ProEthernet port for network connection andnetwork printerLine voltage100 – 240 V ± 10 % (self sensing)Line frequency50 – 60 HzPerformanceconsumptionmax. 75 VALaser class1Join theCataract CommunityGet quick and easy access to clinical cases, videosand more regarding the ZEISS IOLMaster 500.Discover the latest findings in optical biometry, shareyour opinion and discuss with peers.Visit 11E N _32_010_0022I I P r i n t e d i n G e r m a n y C Z -V I /2016T h e c o n t e n t s o f t h e b r o c h u r e m a y d i f f e r f r o m t h e c u r r e n t s t a t u s o f a p p r o v a l o f t h e p r o d u c t i n y o u r c o u n t r y . P l e a s e c o n t a c t o u r r e g i o n a l r e p r e s e n t a t i v e f o r m o r e i n f o r m a t i o n . S u b j e c t t o c h a n g e i n d e s i g n a n d s c o p e o f d e l i v e r y a n d a s a r e s u l t o f o n g o i n g t e c h n i c a l d e v e l o p m e n t . I O L M a s t e r ,F O R U M a n d C A L L I S T O e y e a r e e i t h e r t r a d e m a r k s o r r e g i s t e r e d t r a d e m a r k s o f C a r l Z e i s s M e d i t e c AG . © C a r l Z e i s s M e d i t e c A G , 2016. A l l c o p y r i g h t s r e s e r v e d .Carl Zeiss Meditec AG Goeschwitzer Strasse 51–5207745 Jena Germany/iolmaster0297。

英文文章检测ai写的In recent years, the topic of artificial intelligence (AI) has gained significant attention and has become a subject of great debate. AI is a branch of computer science that focuses on creating intelligent machines capable of performing tasks that would typically require human intelligence. With the rapid advancements in technology, the impact of AI on various aspects of our lives cannot be underestimated. In this article, we will explore the significance of English language proficiency in the context of AI-generated content and the challenges that arise during the evaluation process.AI technology has revolutionized the way we communicate and access information. With the ability to analyze vast amounts of data, AI algorithms are capable of generating written content in English, including articles, essays, and reports. This AI-generated content has become increasingly prevalent in areas such as news reporting, content creation, and academic writing. However, a key concern arises when it comes to the accuracy and quality of the English language used in AI-generated content.English language proficiency is crucial in ensuring that AI-generated content is reliable and coherent. While AI algorithms are designed to mimic human language, there are limitations to their understanding and application of English grammar, vocabulary, and syntax. These limitations can result in grammatical errors, unclear expressions, and awkward sentence structures. Therefore, it is essential to have mechanisms in place to evaluate the English language proficiency of AI-generated content.The evaluation process involves the assessment of various linguistic aspects, such as grammar, vocabulary, sentence structure, and coherence.Traditional methods of evaluating language proficiency, such as human evaluation and language tests, can be time-consuming, costly, and subjective. As a result, researchers have turned to automated evaluation methods to streamline the process.Automated evaluation methods utilize machine learning techniques to assess the quality of AI-generated English content. These methods involve training models on a large dataset of English articles written by humans, allowing the models to learn the patterns and features of proficient English writing. Once trained, the models can evaluate the linguistic quality of AI-generated content by comparing it with the patterns and features of proficient English writing.However, challenges arise in developing accurate automated evaluation methods for AI-generated content. The complexity of the English language, its various nuances, and the ever-evolving nature of language usage make it difficult to create a comprehensive evaluation system. Additionally, the lack of a standardized benchmark for evaluating AI-generated content poses another challenge.To address these challenges, researchers are constantly developing and refining automated evaluation metrics. These metrics aim to measure the fluency, coherence, and grammatical correctness of AI-generated English content. By incorporating natural language processing techniques and linguistic features, these metrics provide a more objective and comprehensive evaluation of language proficiency.One example of an automated evaluation metric is the Automated Readability Index (ARI), which measures the readability of a text byconsidering factors such as the average length of words and sentences. Another metric, called BLEU (Bilingual Evaluation Understudy), evaluates the quality of machine-generated translations by comparing them to human translations. These metrics, along with many others, form the foundation for evaluating the English language proficiency of AI-generated content.In conclusion, the English language plays a vital role in the evaluation of AI-generated content. As AI technology continues to advance, it is crucial to ensure that AI-generated content meets the standards of proficiency and accuracy in English language usage. Automated evaluation methods offer a promising solution to the challenges faced in assessing the linguistic quality of AI-generated content. By continuously improving and refining these evaluation metrics, we can enhance the reliability and credibility of AI-generated English content.。