掌握这5点驾驶技巧 可以避免90%的交通事故

PT2312B恒压恒流原边反馈转换器概述PT2312B 是一款高性能的AC/DC 功率转换器，可应用于充电器和适配器。

芯片采用原边反馈和控制，无需光耦和TL431即可实现较高的恒压恒流精度。

PT2312B 在恒流工作中采用PFM 控制，在恒压工作中采用PFM/PWM 复合控制。

此外，PT2312B 集成了准谐振开关控制以及输出线缆补偿功能，从而有利于减小开关损耗并简化系统EMI 设计，优化输出特性。

PT2312B 提供软启动，EMI 抖频技术以及多种保护功能，诸如自动重启，逐周期电流限制，VCC 过压欠压保护，采样电阻开路短路保护，过温保护等。

PT2312B 采用SOP-7封装。

特点● 原边采样和反馈，无需光耦和TL431 ● 在常规输入条件下，5%的恒流恒压精度 ● 准谐振开关控制 ● 抖频技术● 可编程的输出线缆补偿 ● 自适应峰值电流调节 ● 前沿消隐功能（LEB ） ● 逐周期限流功能● VCC 过压欠压保护（UVLO ，OVP ） ● 采样电阻开路、短路保护 ●过温保护（OTP ）● 应用● 适配器，充电器等 ● LED 灯 ●辅助供电订购信息典型应用电路T1图1，PT2312B 的典型应用线路PT2312B恒压恒流原边反馈转换器封装及引脚排列7651234FBCRC VCC CSGNDDRAIN SOP-7DRAINPT2312B图2，PT2312B 的封装引脚图（正面）引脚说明极限参数 (注1)注1: 最大极限值是指超出该工作范围，芯片有可能损坏。

推荐工作范围是指在该范围内，器件功能正常，但并不完全保证满足个别性能指标。

电气参数定义了器件在工作范围内并且在保证特定性能指标的测试条件下的直流和交流电参数规范。

对于未给定上下限值的参数，该规范不予保证其精度，但其典型值合理反映了器件性简化模块图CRCGNDCS图3，PT2312B的简化模块图电气参数(无特别说明T A=25˚C, VCC=20.5V)功能描述PT2312B 是一款高性能的AC/DC 功率转换器，可应用于充电器和适配器。

XGlite音色/XGlite可选音色*一览表(Piano &E. Piano钢琴和电钢琴) 041. Cimbalom 钦巴龙琴001. Grand Piano 大钢琴042. Santur 山特琴002. Grand Piano KSP 大钢琴ksp 043. Drawbar Organ 拉杆风琴003. Piano Strings 钢琴弦乐044. Detuned Drawbar Organ 简化拉杆风琴004. Dream 梦幻般美妙045. 60's Drawbar Organ 1 60年代拉杆风琴1 005. Bright Piano 明亮钢琴046. 60's Drawbar Organ 2 60年代拉杆风琴2 006. Bright Piano KSP 明亮钢琴ksp 047. 70's Drawbar Organ 1 70年代拉杆风琴1 007. Electric Grand Piano 电子大钢琴048. 60's Drawbar Organ 3 60年代拉杆风琴008. Electric Grand Piano KSP 电子大钢琴ksp 049. 16+2'2009. Detuned CP80 简化击弦电拾音钢琴050. Organ Bass 低音风琴010. Honky-tonk Piano 夜总会钢琴051. 70's Drawbar Organ 2 70年代拉杆风琴2 011. Honky-tonk Piano KSP 夜总会钢琴ksp 052. Cheezy Organ 尺泽风琴012. Electric Piano 1 电钢琴053 Drawbar Organ 2 拉杆风琴2013. Electric Piano 1 KSP 电钢琴ksp 054. Percussive Organ 打击风琴014. Chorus Electric Piano 1 叠奏电钢琴055. 70's Percussive Organ 70年代打击风琴015. Electric Piano 2 电钢琴2 056. Percussive Organ 简化打击风琴016. Electric Piano 2 KSP 电钢琴ksp 057. Light Organ 亮音风琴017. Chorus Electric Piano 2 叠奏电钢琴2 058. Percussive Organ 2 打击风琴2018. DX + Analog Electric Piano dx+模拟电钢琴059. Rock Organ 摇滚风琴019. Harpsichord 拨弦古钢琴060. Rotary Organ 转风琴020. Harpsichord KSP 拨弦古钢琴ksp 061. Slow Rotary 慢转风琴021. Harpsichord 2 拨弦古钢琴2 062. Fast Rotary 快转风琴022. Clavi 翼琴063. Church Organ 教堂风023. Clavi KSP 翼琴ksp 064. Church Organ 3 教堂风琴3024. Celesta 钢片琴065. Church Organ 2 教堂风琴2025. Glockenspiel 钟琴066. Notre Dame 圣母玛丽亚026. Music Box 音乐盒067. Organ Flute 长笛风琴（Orgel风琴）068. Tremolo Organ Flute 颤音长笛风琴027. Orgel 风琴069. Reed Organ 簧片风琴028. Vibraphone 电颤琴070. Puff Organ 吹气风琴029. Vibraphone KSP 电颤琴ksp 071. Accordion 手风琴030. Marimba 马林巴琴072. Harmonica 口琴031. Marimba KSP 马林巴琴ksp 073. Harmonica 2 口琴2032. Sine Marimba 正弦马林巴074. Tango Accordion 探戈手风琴033. Balimba 巴林巴琴075. Tango Accordion 2 探戈手风琴2034. Log Drums 木鼓（Guitar吉他）035. Xylophone 木琴076. Nylon Guitar 尼龙弦吉他036. Tubular Bells 管钟077.Velocity Guitar Harmonics 力度吉他和声037. Church Bells 教堂钟078. Ukulele 尤克里里四弦琴038. Carillon 大钟琴079. Steel Guitar 钢弦吉他039. Dulcimer 杜西码琴080. 12-string Guitar 12弦吉他040. Dulcimer 2 杜西码琴2081. Nylon & Steel Guitar 尼龙弦和钢弦吉他082. Steel Guitar with Body Sound 主音钢弦吉他083 Mandolin 曼陀林琴084 Jazz Guitar 爵士吉他085 Jazz Amp 爵士电吉他086 Clean Guitar 纯音吉他087 Chorus Guitar 叠奏吉他088 Muted Guitar 弱音吉他089 Funk Guitar 抑郁吉他090 Muted Steel Guitar 弱音钢弦吉他091 Jazz Man 爵士音乐家092. Overdriven Guitar 夸张吉他093. Guitar Pinch 吉他基音094. Distortion Guitar 失真吉他095. Feedback Guitar 回音吉他1096. Feedback Guitar 2 回音吉他2097. Guitar Harmonics 吉他和声098 .Guitar Feedback 吉他回声099. Guitar Harmonics 2 吉他和声2（Bass贝司）100. Acoustic Bass 原音贝司101. Jazz Rhythm 爵士韵律102. Velocity Crossfade Upright Bass力度垂直转换贝司103. Finger Bass 指弹贝司104. Finger Dark 指弹沉音105. Bass & Distorted Electric Guitar贝司和失真电吉他106. Finger Slap Bass 指弹击弦贝司107. Finger Bass 2 指弹贝司2108. Modulated Bass 移调贝司109. Pick Bass 拨片贝司110. Muted Pick Bass 弱音拨片贝司111. Fretless Bass 无品贝司112. Fretless Bass 2 无品贝司2113. Fretless Bass 3 无品贝司3114. Fretless Bass 4 无品贝司4115. Slap Bass 1 击弦贝司1116. Punch Thumb Bass 拇指弹拨贝司117. Slap Bass 2 击弦贝司2118. Velocity Switch Slap 快速掌击119. Synth Bass 1 合成贝司1120. Techno Synth Bass 电子合成贝司121. Synth Bass 2 合成贝司2122. Mellow Synth Bass 圆润合成贝司123. Sequenced Bass 时序贝司124. Click Synth Bass 融洽的合成贝司125. Synth Bass 2 Dark 深沉的合成贝司*126. Modular Synth Bass 标准合成贝司127. DX Bass DX贝司(Strings 弦乐)128. Violin 小提琴129. Slow Violin 慢速小提琴130. Viola 中提琴131. Cello 大提琴132. Contrabass 低音大提琴133. Tremolo Strings 颤音弦乐134. Slow Tremolo Strings 慢速颤音弦乐135. 45 Suspense Strings 含糊的弦乐136. Pizzicato Strings 拨奏弦乐137. Orchestral Harp 竖琴弦乐138. Yang Chin 扬琴139. Timpani 定音鼓140. Strings 1 弦乐1141. Stereo Strings 立体声弦乐142. Slow Strings 慢速弦乐143. 60's Strings 60年代弦乐144. Orchestra 管弦乐队145. Orchestra 2 管弦乐队2146. Tremolo Orchestra 颤音管弦乐147. Velocity Strings 力度弦乐148. Strings 2 弦乐2149. Stereo Slow Strings 立体声慢速弦乐150. Legato Strings 弦乐联奏151. Warm Strings 温和的弦乐152. Kingdom 极品153. Synth Strings 1 合成弦乐1154. Synth Strings 2 合成弦乐2 (Choral) 合唱155. Choir Aahs 啊唱音156. Stereo Choir 立体声唱乐157. Mellow Choir 圆润的唱乐158. Choir Strings 唱音弦乐159. Voice Oohs 嗓音160. Synth Voice 合成嗓音161. Synth Voice 2 合成嗓音2162. Choral 合唱163. Analog Voice 模拟嗓音(Brass 铜管乐)164. Orchestra Hit 管弦乐齐奏165. Orchestra Hit 2 管弦乐齐奏2166. Impact 冲击167. Trumpet小号168. Warm Trumpet 温暖的小号169. Trombone 长号170. Trombone 2 长号2171. Tuba 大号172. Muted Trumpet 弱音小号173. French Horn 法国号174. French Horn Solo 独奏法国号175. French Horn 2 法国号2176. Horn Orchestra 号角管弦乐队177. Brass Section 铜管乐器组合178. Trumpet & Trombone Section 小号长号组合179. Synth Brass 1 合成铜管乐1180. Resonant Synth Brass 共鸣合成铜管乐181. Synth Brass 2 合成铜管乐2182. Soft Brass 轻柔的铜管乐183. Choir Brass 教堂铜管乐(Saxophone 萨克斯)184. Soprano Sax高音萨克斯185. Alto.Sax 中音萨克斯186. Sax Section 组合萨克斯187. Tenor Sax 次中音萨克斯188. Breathy Tenor Sax 喘息次中音萨克斯189. Baritone Sax 中音萨克斯(Clarine 管乐)190. Oboe 双簧管191. English Horn 英国号192. Bassoon 巴松管193. Clarinet 单簧管194. Piccolo 短笛195. Flute 长笛196. Recorder 竖笛197. Pan Flute 排萧198. Blown Bottle 吹瓶199. Shakuhachi 尺八200. Whistle 口哨201. Ocarina 奥卡里那埙(Synth 合成器)202. Square Lead 方波主奏203. Square Lead 2 方波主奏2204. LM Square LM方波205. Hollow 空洞音206. Shroud 恐怖笼罩音207. Mellow 柔和音208. Solo Sine 正弦独奏209. Sine Lead 正弦主奏210. Sawtooth Lead 锯齿波主奏211. Sawtooth Lead 2 锯齿波主奏2 212. Thick Sawtooth 厚重的锯齿波213. Dynamic Sawtooth 动态锯齿波214. Digital Sawtooth 数字锯齿波215. Big Lead 大主奏216. Sequenced Analog 音序模拟器217. Calliope Lead 汽笛风琴主奏218. Pure Lead 纯拍击主奏219. Chiff Lead 雪纺主奏220. Charang Lead 沙朗主奏221. Distorted Lead 失真主奏222. Voice Lead 嗓音223. Fifths Lead 五度音224. Big Five 大五度225. Bass & Lead 低音和主音226. Big & Low 高音和低音227. Fat & Perky 丰满活泼228. Soft Whirl 轻柔委婉229. New Age Pad新世纪长音230. Fantasy 幻觉231. Warm Pad 温暖长音232. Poly Synth Pad 多合成长音233. Choir Pad 唱音234. Itopia 埃特皮亚235. Bowed Pad 弯曲长音236. Metallic Pad 金属长音237. Halo Pad 光环长音238. Sweep Pad 掠过长音(Analog 模拟音)239. Rain 雨240. African Wind 非洲风241. Carib 加勒比242. Sound Track 脚步声243. Prologue 序幕244. Crystal 水晶245. Synth Drum Comp 合成排鼓246. Popcorn 爆玉米花247. Tiny Bells 小铃248. Round Glockenspiel 钟琴249. Glockenspiel Chimes 编钟250. Clear Bells 响亮的钟251. Chorus Bells 叠奏钟252. Soft Crystal 悦耳的水晶253. Air Bells 悠扬的钟声254. Bell Harp 竖琴和铃255. Gamelimba 木琴256. Atmosphere 大气层257. Warm Atmosphere 温暖的大气258 .Hollow Release 沉闷的虚空259. Nylon Electric Piano 尼龙弦钢琴260. Nylon Harp 尼龙弦竖琴261. Harp Vox 竖琴声262. Atmosphere Pad 大气长音263. Brightness 明亮264. Goblins 小妖265. Goblins Synth 合成小妖266. Creeper 曼草267. Ritual 宗教仪式268. To Heaven 向往天堂269. Night 黄昏270. Glisten 闪光271. Bell Choir 教堂钟272. Echoes 回声273. Sci-Fi 科幻274. Sitar 西塔琴275. Detuned Sitar 消音西塔琴276. Sitar 2 西塔琴2277. Tamboura 鼓278. Banjo 斑鸠琴279. Muted Banjo 弱音斑鸠琴280. Rabab 拉博281. Gopichant 歌尚282. Oud 乌德琴283. Shamisen 沙玛什284. Koto 日本筝285. Taisho-kin 小泰首286. Kanoon 卡农琴287. Kalimba 卡林巴琴288. Bagpipe 苏格兰风笛289. Fiddle 小提琴290. Shanai 山奈291. Tinkle Bell 电话铃292. Bonang 波南293. Altair 祈祷294. Gamelan Gongs 加麦兰锣295. Stereo Gamelan Gongs 立体声加麦兰锣296. Rama Cymbal 罗摩钹297. Agogo 阿果果298. Steel Drums 钢鼓299. Glass Percussion 玻璃打击乐300. Thai Bells 泰国钟301. Woodblock 木鱼302. Castanets 响板303. Taiko Drum 泰柯鼓304. Gran Cassa 葛兰卡萨305. Melodic Tom 旋律鼓306. Melodic Tom 2 旋律鼓2307. Real Tom 实心鼓308. Rock Tom 摇滚鼓309. Synth Drum 合成鼓310. Analog Tom 模拟鼓311. Electronic Percussion 电子打击乐器312. Reverse Cymbal 背钹313. Fret Noise 急促的噪声314. Breath Noise 呼吸音315. Seashore 海滨316. Bird Tweet 鸟鸣317. Telephone Ring 电话铃318. Helicopter 直升机319. Applause 鼓掌320. Gunshot 枪声321. Cutting Noise 切割声322. Cutting Noise 2切割声323. String Slap 击弦324. Flute Key Click 鸣笛325. Shower 阵雨326. Thunder 雷鸣327. Wind 风声328. Stream 河流329. Bubble 冒水泡330. Feed 输送331. Dog 犬332. Horse 马333. Bird Tweet 2 鸟鸣2334. Maou 猫335. Phone Call 大声打电话336. Door Squeak 门轴吱嘎声337. Door Slam 关门声338. Scratch Cut 刮擦声339. Scratch Split 劈裂声340. Wind Chime 风铃341. Telephone Ring 2 电话2342. Car Engine Ignition 发动汽车343. Car Tires Squeal 尖厉的车胎噪音344. Car Passing 汽车经过345. Car Crash 撞车346. Siren 警报器347. Train 火车348. Jet Plane 喷气式飞机349. Starship 宇宙飞船350. Burst 爆炸351. Roller Coaster 船轴352. Submarine 潜水艇353. Laugh 笑声354. Scream 尖叫声355. Punch 冲压机356. Heartbeat 心跳357. Footsteps 脚步358. Machine Gun 机关枪359. Laser Gun 雷射枪360. Explosion 爆破361. Firework 焰火带星号(*)的音色编号是XGlite可选音色。

SpecificationsMinimum RMS Power 80 W per channel (8 ohms, 20 Hz–20 kHz, 0.09% THD, 2-ch driven)Maximum Power 115 W per channel (8 ohms, 1 kHz, 0.9% THD, 1-ch driven)Dynamic Power per Channel (8 / 6 / 4 / 2 ohms) 110 W / 130 W / 160 W / 180 W Bluetooth(Version) 2.1 + EDR, (profile) A2DP , AVRCP (Audio codec) SBC, AAC (receiving only) Inputs Mini jack: 1, analog audio: 3, optical digital: 1, coaxial digital: 2, USB: 1, HDMI terminals (audio input assignable, HDCP2.2 compatible): 4, composite video (audio input assignable): 3Outputs Headphone: 1, subwoofer: 1, speaker: 5-ch, monitor out (composite): 1, HDMI terminal (HDCP2.2 compatible): 1TunerFM / AMStandby Power Consumption 0.3 W (HDMI control off) 0.9 W (HDMI control on)Dimensions (W x H x D) 17-1/8” x 6-3/8” x 12-7/8”(17-1/8” x 8-7/8” x 12-7/8” with antenna up)Weight 17.2 lbs.Supplied Accessories Remote control, batteries (x 2), YPAO microphone, FMantenna, AM antennaHigh Sound Quality• 5.1-channel powerful surround sound80 W per channel (8 ohms, 20 Hz-20 kHz, 0.09% THD, 2-ch driven)115 W per channel (8 ohms, 1 kHz, 0.9% THD, 1-ch driven) 145 W per channel (6 ohms, 1 kHz, 10% THD, 1-ch driven)• Streaming music compatible with Napster, SiriusXM Internet Radio, Pandora®, Spotify, TIDAL, Deezer and internet radio • CINEMA DSP 3D• Virtual front presence speaker• Dialogue Level Adjustment and Dialogue Lift • Burr-Brown PCM5102A• Wi-Fi connectivity for wireless music playback (2 GHz/5 GHz)• Bi-amp (trade with surround/Zone B)• YPAO auto-calibration technology for ideal sound • Direct Mode for high quality sound reproduction• High-resolution audio support (DSD, FLAC, WAV, AIFF, ALAC)• DSD audio (2.8/5.6/11.2 MHz)• SILENT CINEMA™ to enjoy surround sound with headphonesWide Variety of Enjoyment• HDMI input select in pass-through mode • Flexible audio/video input assignment• Audio delay for adjusting lip sync (0-500ms)• Bluetooth input• USB input for USB memory stick• Front panel mini-jack input for connecting portable audio player • Digital audio input for TV or Blu-ray Disc™ Player• AM/FM radio (40-station preset AM/FM tuning/auto preset tuning)• 4K Ultra HD support, HDR10, Dolby Vision, Hybrid Log-Gamma (HLG) and BT.2020• Video out feature (for tuner/USB/Bluetooth /AUDIO/AUX input)• 4K video upscaling from HDMI input• HDMI with eARC (Enhanced Audio Return Channel) (via future firmware update) 4 in/1 outEasy to Use, Elegant Appearance• MusicCast for multi-room listening• MusicCast Surround for wireless speakers and subwoofer • Works with Amazon Alexa devices • SCENE Mode• Setup Wizard (AV Setup Guide app)• Input Skip, DSP Skip and programmable Remote Keys • Zone B audio (3-channel main) or bi-amp modes • Zone B volume trim and sync modeThis 4K receiver brings in MusicCast, Wi-Fi® and built-in Bluetooth ® for wireless music streaming, stunning 4K Ultra HD video with HDCP 2.2 (4 in/1 out), high dynamic range(HDR10), Dolby Vision™ compatibility and a discrete 5.1-channel amplifier design with YPAO™automatic calibration to ensure optimal performance. The new MusicCast skills for Amazon Alexa also allow you to control your wireless devices with simple voice commands, including the ability to control volume, play favorites and link audio in other rooms with MusicCast Surround-enabled wireless speakers. With MusicCast, you can now run wireless speakers as your rear surround speakers.Progressively TechHDCP2.24K Ultra HDNEW PRODUCT BULLETIN1Technical Data MusicCast AV ReceiverRX-V485MusicCast — Your Music EverywhereMusicCast is a revolution in network audio. Use all your MusicCast products together or separately — it’s completely up to you. Control it all from one app, intuitively, quickly and easily. Use a sound bar, a wireless speaker, an AV receiver, or Hi-Fi audio; whichever suits you best. Mix and match, then expand your MusicCast system as you want. What’s more, Amazon Alexa with MusicCast gives you the ability to control all MusicCast devices with simple voice commands.High Sound QualityCINEMA DSP 3DSound Field Reproduction TechnologyWide, high and dense sound. CINEMA DSP 3D provides a wide, high and dense sound field. HD Audio format decoding lets you enjoy HD Audio sources. Virtual Presence Speaker delivers three-dimensional sound without the actual use of presence speakers.SCENE for One-Touch StartOne-touch start. Pressing a SCENE button powers on the AV receiver and selects the input source and DSP mode. You can reset the buttons for different sources by selecting a source and DSP mode, then pressing a SCENE button for more than threeseconds.Easy to Use, Elegant Appearance A lexa voicecontrolcompatibilityAmMusicCast SurroundWith wireless rear speakers, the fuss of hiding wires en route to the rear speakers is removed. You can also add a MusicCast wireless subwoofer, which can provide more options for subwoofer placement. All new from Yamaha, MusicCast Surround offers an easy way to enhance your home theater experience.Amazon Alexa with MusicCastAmazon Alexa-enabled devices can now control key functions of any MusicCast product using voice commands. Using two types of Alexa skills, the MusicCast Smart Home skill and MusicCast skill, you can play music, control volume, play playlists and even link rooms together to play music all throughout the house. Discover a new, exciting way to control music and entertainment experiences in your home.plus MusicCast 20 x 2SUB 100Additional products required to utilize MusicCast Surround.• AirPlay works with iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch with iOS 4.3.3 or later, Mac with OS X Mountain Lion or later, and Mac and PC with iTunes 10.2.2 or later. Supports iOS 7 or later for setup using Wireless Accessory Configuration. “Made for iPod,” “Made for iPhone,” and “Made for iPad” mean that an electronic accessory has been designed to connect specifically to iPod, iPhone, or iPad, respectively, and has been certified by the developer to meet Apple performance standards. Apple is not responsible for the operation of this device or its compliance with safety and regulatory standards. Please note that the use of this accessory with iPod, iPhone, or iPad may affect wireless performance. AirPlay, iPad, iPhone, iPod, iPod nano, and iPod touch are trademarks of Apple Inc., registered in the U.S. and other countries. • The Bluetooth® word mark and logos are registered trademarks owned by Bluetooth SIG, Inc. and any use of such marks by Yamaha Corporation is under license. Other trademarks and trade names are those of their respective owners. • The Wi-Fi CERTIFIED Logo is a certification mark of the Wi-Fi Alliance. The Wi-Fi Protected Setup Identifier Mark is a mark of the Wi-Fi Alliance. “Wi-Fi” and “Wi-Fi Protected Setup” are marks or registered marks of the Wi-Fi Alliance. • Spotify and Spotify logo are registered trademarks of the Spotify Group. • Pandora and Pandora Internet Radio logo are registered trademarks or trademarks of Pandora Media, Inc. in the United States and/or other countries. • TIDAL and TIDAL logo are registered trademark of Aspiro AB in the European Union and other countries. • Deezer and Deezer logo are international trademarks of Deezer S.A., registered in France and other countries. • Dolby, Dolby Atmos, Dolby Audio, and the double-D symbol are trademarks of Dolby Laboratories. • For DTS patents, see . Manufactured under licence from DTS, Inc. DTS, the Symbol, DTS in combination with the Symbol, DTS:X, and the DTS:X logo are registered trademarks or trademarks of DTS, Inc. in the United States and/or other countries. © DTS, Inc. All Rights Reserved. • HDMI, the HDMI logo and High-Definition Multimedia Interface are trademarks or registered trademarks of HDMI Licensing LLC in the United States and other countries. • CINEMA DSP is a trademark of Yamaha Corporation. • SILENT CINEMA is a trademark of Yamaha Corporation. • Product designs and specifications are subject to change without notice.MusicCast AV ReceiverRX-V485RX-V485 NPB2Technical Data。

Owner’s ManualTABLE OF CONTENTSIntroduction (3)The Front Panel (4)The Rear Panel (5)Important Information About Tubes and Tube Products (6)A Brief History of Tubes (6)Tube Types and Usage (6)The Nature of Tubes: Why (and When) to Replace Them (7)The Importance of Proper Biasing (8)Survival Tips for Tube Amplifiers (9)System Block Diagram (10)Service Information (11)Technical Specifications (12)2IntroductionCongratulations! You are now the proud owner of a Crate V5 tube guitar amplifier. This combo amplifier packs a whole lot of vintage tube sound into its compact cabinet, providing you with an amp that is portable and easy to operate, yet still produces incredible sounds!The V-Series amps offer the versatility required for many different musical styles, and have the unique tonal purity of a hot-rodded tube amp. The V5 is a single-channel amplifier with a mas-ter volume control and a tone control. It cranks out 5 watts from a single EL84 output tube in a Class A single-ended configuration into one 10” internal speaker. It provides a wide range of clean to overdriven sounds, making it ideal for recording as well as a practice amp.Like all Crate products, your V5 amplifier is designed by musicians and built using only the best components. Each amplifier is tested to confirm that it meets our specifications, and we believe that this amplifier is the absolute best that it can be.In order to get the most out of your new amplifier, please read this manual before you begin playing.And thank you for choosing Crate.Here are some of the features packed into your new V5 Combo Amplifier:• EL84 power vacuum tube for smooth overdrive sound• 5 watts rms power output• 1 x 10" ceramic magnet speaker• Volume control• Tone control31. INPUT: Use this jack to connect yourguitar to the amplifier using a shieldedinstrument cable.2. VOLUME: Use this to adjust the gainand channel overdrive. With the controlturned counter-clockwise, the gain islow and very little distortion is present.As you rotate it clockwise, the gainincreases, producing more overdrivedistortion, and a higher output volumelevel.3. TONE: This adjusts the overall tone ofthe sound. Turning the control clockwiseincreases the higher frequencies for abrighter, crisper sound. Turning the con-trol counterclockwise reduces the higherfrequencies for a darker sound.4. LAMP: This illuminates when the ampli-fier is turned on.5. ON/OFF SWITCH: Use this switch toturn the amplifier on and off.46. AC LINE CO R D: The grounded powercord should only be plugged into agrounded power outlet that meetsall applicable electrical codes, and iscompatible with the voltage, power, andfrequency requirements stated on theV5 rear panel. Do not attempt to defeatthe safety ground connection.7.FUSE: This protects the unit fromdamage due to overload conditions orpower line surges. If the fuse blows,replace it only with the same size andtype as listed on the chassis.8. Voltage Select Switch: Set this switchto “115” for 120 VAC mains, and to“230” for 220-240 VAC mains.With the amplifier power cordunplugged, use the tip of a small flat-blade screwdriver to slide this switch tothe proper position.9. SPEAKE R8 OHMS: The V5 is shippedwith a cable connected from this jack tothe internal 10-inch 8-ohm speaker.5Important Information about Tubes and Tube Products:A Brief History Of The Tube:In 1883, Edison discovered that electrons would flow from a suspended filament when enclosed in an evacuated lamp. Years later, in 1905, Fleming expanded on Edison’s discovery and created the “Fleming Valve.” Then, in 1907, Dr. Lee de Forest added a third component– the grid – to the “Fleming Valve” and the vacuum tube was a fact of life. The door to elec-tronic amplification was now open.During World War II, data gleaned from their intensive research on the detectors used in radar systems, led Bell Telephone Laboratories to the invention of the transistor. This reliable little device gained quick support as the new component for amplification. The death of the vacuum tube seemed imminent as designers, scientists, and engineers reveled in the idea of replacing large, fragile glass tubes with these small, solid-state devices.However, there were (and still are) many serious listeners who realized that the sound pro-duced by a “transistor” amplifier is significantly different from that produced by a tube ampli-fier with identical design specifications. They considered the sound produced by these new solid-state devices to be hard, brittle, and lifeless. It was determined that solid-state devices produced a less musical set of harmonics than tubes. When pushed past their limits, they tend to mute the tone and emphasize the distortion.Tubes, on the other hand, produce a more musical set of harmonics, the intensity of which can be controlled by the player. This characteristic adds warmth and definition to the sound which has become the hallmark of tube amplifiers. When tubes are driven into clipping, the harmonic overtones can be both sweet and pleasing or intense and penetrating, depending on the musician’s musical taste and playing technique.Over the years, application engineers have designed a number of outstanding solid-state amplifiers that sound very, very good. Some use special circuitry which enables them to simu-late the distortion characteristics of a tube amplifier. However, the tube amplifier, still held in the highest esteem by many musicians, offers a classic “vintage” sound in a contemporary market.Tube Types And Usage:Tube amplifiers are based primarily on two types of tubes – preamplifier tubes and power tubes. The tubes used in preamplifiers (12AX7, 12AU7, 12AT7, etc.) are smaller than the power tubes. These tubes amplify the signal from your instrument and shape the sound. They are inherently microphonic (they can mechanically pick up and transmit external noises). Since these tubes are used in the critical first stages of a tube amplifier’s circuitry, it is very impor-tant to use high-quality, low noise/low microphonic tubes for this application. Although tubesof this quality may be difficult to find and typically cost more than “off-the-shelf” tubes, the improvement in performance is worth the investment.Preamplifier tubes are also used to drive the power tubes. When used in this application, a12AX7 will produce a more distorted tone than a 12AT7, which produces a clearer, sweeter sound. A 12AU7 is even cleaner and brighter than a 12AT7, giving more definition to the sound. (In some cases it is possible to change the sound by changing the type of preampand/or driver tubes. When making any modification to your equipment, it is highly recommend-ed that you consult with a qualified service center.)6The power tubes are the largest tubes used in an amplifier. These tubes convert the low-level, conditioned signal from the preamplifier into a level that is sufficient to drive the speakers. There are several types of power tubes available, each of which offers a different perfor-mance/sound characteristic. For example, the EL34 power tube produces a great classic rock sound. When an EL34 is driven into distortion, it produces a unique sound (“crunch”). When compared to the 6L6, the EL34 distorts more quickly, exhibits a “looser” low-end response and produces more harmonics at mid and high frequencies (“creamier” sound). These differ-ences become more noticeable at higher volumes.The EL84 is similar to the EL34 but produces less output power. It can be easily driven into distortion and is characterized by a smooth, sweet tone with excellent touch sensitivity.6L6 tubes produce a big low-end thump and have a very good dynamic range. They offer a more traditional “American Rock” sound. The 6V6 tubes produce a creamy sound with nice distortion. On the other hand, the KT88 produces a big low-end but sounds more like an EL34 in the mid and high frequencies.6550 power tubes are more rugged and stay cleaner-sounding even at full power. When they do distort, the sound produced is more solid and has a tighter low end; more of a “heavy metal” type distortion with lots of power.Some tubes are available in matched sets. These tubes have been extensively tested for opti-mum performance and longevity.The Nature Of Tubes — Why (And When) To Replace Them:Tubes are made up of a number of fragile mechanical components that are vacuum-sealed in a glass envelope or bubble. The tube’s longevity is based on a number of factors which include how hard and often the amplifier is played, vibration from the speakers, road travel, repeated set up and tear down, etc.Any time you notice a change in your amplifier’s performance, check the tubes first.If it’s been a while since the tubes were replaced and the sound from your amplifier lacks punch, fades in and out, loses highs or lows or produces unusual sounds, the power tubes probably need to be replaced. If your amplifier squeals, makes noise, loses gain, starts to hum, lacks “sensitivity”, or feels as if it is working against you, the preamplifier tubes may need to be replaced.The power tubes are subjected to considerably more stress than the preamplifier tubes. Consequently, they almost always fail/degrade first. If deteriorating power tubes aren’t replaced they will ultimately fail. Depending on the failure mode, they may even cause severe damage to the audio output transformer and/or other components in the amplifier. Replacing the tubes before they fail completely has the potential to save you time, money and unwanted trouble. Since power tubes work together in an amplifier, it is crucial that they (if there is more than one) be replaced by a matched set. If you’re on the road a lot, we recommend that you carry a spare matched set of replacement power tubes and their associated driver tubes. After turning off the power and disconnecting the amplifier from the power source, carefully check the tubes (in bright light) for cracks or white spots inside the glass or any other appar-ent damage. Then, with the power on, view the tubes in a dark room. Look for preamplifier tubes that do not glow at all or power tubes that glow excessively red.7Whenever you replace the power tube(s):• Always have the amplifier’s bias voltage checked by a qualified service center. Improper bias voltage will cause degradation in performance and possibly damage the tubes and/or the amplifier. (See “The Importance of Proper Biasing”, below for more information).• We highly recommend that you replace the driver tube(s) as well. The driver tube deter-mines the shape and amplitude of the signal applied to the power tube(s) and has to work almost as hard as the power tube(s).You can check your preamplifier tubes for microphonics by turning the amplifier on, turning up the gain and tapping lightly on each tube with the end of a pencil or a chop stick (my favorite). You will be able to hear the tapping through your speakers, which is normal. It is not normal for a tube to ring like a bell after it’s tapped. If it does ring then it’s microphonic and should be replaced. Remember to use only high quality, low microphonic tubes in the preamplifier section.Even though power tubes are rarely microphonic, you should check them anyway. The power tubes can be checked for microphonics just like pre-amp tubes.In the case of very high gain amps, you may be able to reduce the amount of noise generated by simply swapping the preamp tubes around.The Importance Of Proper Biasing:For the best performance and longest tube life, proper biasing is imperative. Bias is the nega-tive voltage which is applied to the power tube’s control grid to set the level of idle current. We cannot over emphasize the difference in warmth of tone and dynamic response that come with proper biasing. If the bias is set too high (over biased), the sound from the amp will be distorted at all levels. If the bias is set too low, (under biased) the power tubes will run hot (the plates inside the tubes may glow red due to excessive heat) and the sound from the amplifier will lack power and punch. The excessive heat greatly reduces tube life – from a few days to as little as a few hours in extreme cases. Setting the bias on your amp is like setting the idle on your car. If it’s too high or hot it’s running away with you and if it’s too low or cold it will choke when you step on it.The bias is adjusted at the factory in accordance with the type of power tube(s) installed in your amplifier. It is important to point out that tubes of the same type and specification typi-cally exhibit different performance characteristics. Consequently, whenever power tubes are replaced, the bias voltage must be checked (unless the amplifier is equipped with “self-biasing”circuitry) and readjusted to accommodate the operating parameters of the replacement tubes. Depending on the model and amplifier type, there may be hum balance controls, trim pots, or bias adjustment controls on its rear panel. However, the bias adjustment should be performed only by qualified service personnel with the proper, calibrated test equipment.8Survival Tips For Tube Amplifiers:To prolong tube life, observe these tips and recommendations:• Match the impedance of your speaker cabinet(s) to your amplifier. Improper impedance matching will contribute to early tube degradation and may cause premature tube failure.• Make sure the speaker(s) are properly connected prior to turning on the amplifier.• After playing the amplifier, allow sufficient time for it to properly cool down prior to moving it. A properly cooled amplifier prolongs tube life due to the internal components being less susceptible to the damage caused by vibration.• Allow the amplifier to warm up to room temperature before turning it on. The heat gener-ated by the tube elements can crack a cold glass housing.• Replace the output tube(s) before the performance degrades or the tubes fail completely.Replace the tube(s) on a regular basis (at least once per year or as often as every 4 to 6 months if you play long and hard every day).• Always have the bias checked after replacing the output tubes (unless the amplifier is equipped with “selfbiasing circuitry”). This should be done ONL Y at a qualified servicecenter. Improper biasing could result in the tubes running too hot, which greatly reduces the life of the tubes – or too cold, which results in distorted sound regardless of level settings. Do not play the amplifier if it exhibits these symptoms – get the bias checked/ adjusted immediately to prevent tube failure and/or other damage.• If the locating notch on the base of a power tube breaks off, replace the tube. This signifi-cantly reduces the risk of damaging your amplifier by incorrectly inserting the tube.• Protect the amplifier from dust and moisture. If liquid gets into the amplifier proper, or if the amplifier is dropped or otherwise mechanically abused, have it checked out at an authorized service center before using it.• Proper maintenance and cleaning in combination with routine checkups by your authorized service center will insure the best performance and longest life from your amplifier. CAUTION: Tube replacement should be performed only by qualified service personnel who are familiar with the dangers of hazardous voltages that are typically present in tube circuitry.910System Block Diagram INPUT V1AV1B 8 OHM INTERNAL SPEAKER EL8411Declaration Of ConformityManufacturer: LOUD Technologies Inc.16220 Wood-Red Rd. NEWoodinville, WA 98072, USAProduct Name: Crate V5Product Type: Audio AmplifierComplies with Standards:LVD: 92/31/EEC, 93/68/EEC, & 73/23/EWGSafety: EN60065EMC: EN55013, EN55020, EN55022, EN55103, EN61000-3-2, & EN61000-3-3The official Declaration of Conformity for this product is kept on file at:LOUD Technologies Inc., 16220 Wood-Red Road NE, Woodinville, WA 98072 • Tel: 1-866-858-5832Service InformationIf you are having a problem with your V5, you can go to our website () and click on Support for service information, or call 1-800-898-3211 during business hours (7 am to 5 pm PST, Monday-Friday). If you are outside of the U.S., contact your local distribu-tor for technical support and service.The V5 is covered with a durable fabric-backed vinyl material. Wipe it clean with a lint-free cloth.Never spray cleaning agents onto the cabinet. Avoid abrasive cleansers which would damage the finish.Crate continually develops new products, as well as improves existing ones. For this reason, the specificationsand information in this manual are subject to change without notice.“Crate” is a registered trademark of LOUD Technologies Inc. All other brand names mentioned are trademarks orregistered trademarks of their respective holders and are hereby acknowledged.12V5 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONSOutput Power Rating5 W rms @ 5% THD, 8 ohm load, 120 VAC Input Impedance700 kohms Signal-to-Noise Ratio42 dB, Typical Gain58 dB, all controls @ 10Tone±30 dB @ 10 kHz Speaker Specs1 x 10", 5 W, 8 ohm, ceramic magnet Preamp Tubes(1) 12AX7A Power Tubes(1) EL84Power Requirements90-132 VAC, 60 Hz, 30 watts220-240 VAC, 50 Hz, 30 watts Size (H x W x D)13.75 in/34.9 cm x 14.25 in/36.2 cm x8.11 in/20.6 cm Weight 19.2 lb/8.7 kgPart No. 0024538 Rev. A 07/07。

电线电缆规格型号扬州市中能电缆有限公司电线电缆型号规格目录塑料绝缘电力电缆 (3)控制屏蔽电缆 (7)电子计算机用控制屏蔽电缆……………………………………………………………12本质安全电路用控制电缆………………………………………………………………16矿用通信电缆……………………………………………………………………………18矿用信号电缆……………………………………………………………………………19信号电缆…………………………………………………………………………………20射频电缆…………………………………………………………………………………21补偿导线、电缆…………………………………………………………………………21塑料绝缘安装屏蔽电线、电缆…………………………………………………………22航空用氟塑料－46绝缘电线……………………………………………………………22聚氯乙烯绝缘尼龙护套电线、电缆……………………………………………………23交联聚乙烯绝缘电缆 (24)塑料绝缘电力电缆本产品用于额定电压0.6/1KV的线路中,供输配电能之用（阻燃电缆适用于高层建筑、地铁、发电站、大型工矿企业等电缆敷设密度大，防火要求严格的地方）。

交联聚乙烯绝缘电力电缆执行标准：交联聚乙烯绝缘电力电缆性能符合GB12706.3－1991等效采用IEC60502－1997，阻燃性能符合GB12666.5－1990等效采用IEC332－1992。

（阻燃性能要求不适用于非阻燃型电缆）使用特性：电缆的额定工作电压U0/U0.6/1KV；试验电压（持续时间≤5min）3.5KV；电缆导体长期工作温度≤90℃；短路时（持续时间≤5s）电缆导体温度≤250℃；敷设电缆时最小弯曲半径单芯电缆应≥电缆外径的20倍，多芯电缆应≥电缆外径的15倍；电缆敷设时环境温度≥0℃，低于0℃时，预先加温，敷设时不受落差限制。

型号及名称注：阻燃型电缆型号前加“ZR”；耐火型电缆型号前加“NH”；无卤低烟型电缆型号前加“WD”。

一、填空题1、智能建筑的智能化系统工程设计宜由智能化集成系统、信息设施系统、信息化应用系统、建筑设备管理系统、公共安全系统、机房工程和建筑环境等设计要素构成。

（规范GB50311-2006）2、智能化集成系统的定义是将不同功能的建筑智能化系统，通过统一的信息平台实现集成，以形成具有信息汇集、资源共享及优化管理等综合功能的系统。

（规范GB50314-2006）3、信息设施系统的定义是为确保建筑物与外部信息通信网的互联及信息畅通，对语音、数据、图像和多媒体等各类信息予以接收、交换、传输、存储、检索和显示等进行综合处理的多种类信息设备系统加以组合，提供实现建筑物业务及管理等应用功能的信息通信基础设施。

（规范GB50314-2006）4、信息化应用系统是以建筑物信息设施系统和建筑设备管理系统等为基础，为满足建筑物各类业务和管理功能的多种类信息设备与应用软件而组合的系统。

5、建筑设备管理系统是对建筑设备监控系统和公共安全系统等实施综合管理的系统。

（规范GB50311-2006）6、公共安全系统为维护公共安全，综合运用现代科学技术，以应对危害社会安全的各类突发事件而构建的技术防范系统或保障体系。

（规范GB50314-2006）7、关于智能化系统设计取费问题，在国家计委建设部发布的《工程勘察设计收费标准》2002年修订本中，已将弱电作为单项专业进行收费，按投资对应工程设计收费基价表中的收费基价，并可根据项目难度及复杂情况考虑调整系数，按1000万的弱电概算，难度系数为1时，收费标准为38.8万。

（教材）8、综合布线系统应为开放式的网络拓扑结构，应能支持语音、数据、图像和多媒体等信息的传递。

（规范GB50311-2007）9、综合布线系统工程宜按七个部分进行设计，分别为工作区、配线子系统、干线子系统、建筑群子系统、设备间、进线间、管理。

（规范GB50311-2007）10、综合布线系统信道应由最长90m水平缆线、最长10m的跳线和设备缆线及最多4个连接器件组成。