研究生多维教程探索课后翻译

Unit3 美国人的酷爱我父亲是别克人。

在经济大萧条以前，他本是史达兹人。

然而，就像成千上万经济状况处于上升阶段的有车族一样，那场可悲的经济逆转使他们非得调整对汽车的胃口不可。

到他死的时候，他开过的那些别克轿车就不只是普通意义上的交通工具了，而且将父亲定位于这样的社会阶层——比庞蒂亚克人富有，但比不上克迪拉克人。

拥有别克轿车让人一看便知父亲的社会地位。

与别克人相当的还有福特人和克莱斯勒人。

我们美国人与汽车的特殊缘分，其坚实的基础就在于对一种轿车品牌的忠诚，这种忠诚因其来之不易而倍受珍惜。

·这就是爱吗?也许用词过分，可美国人对这些机器的尊重甚过所有其他机器——不仅将它们视为20世纪雕塑大观中的标志，而且还将它们视为社会的护身符。

我记忆中的第一辆别克车是一辆闪闪发亮的黑色轿车，椅子的衬垫是厚厚的马海毛，离合器拉杆是新式的。

我父亲爱吹嘘说这辆车一小时能跑120英里。

一想到这样的速度就会令男人们兴奋不已。

我照着家里的菲尔可牌收音机盒里播出的格林，霍利特驾驶的那个神秘机器的名字，给这头漂亮的牲口取了个名副其实的绰号——黑美驹。

20世纪中，电话、电视或者个人电脑，这一切都使人类环境发生了巨大变化。

然而，与电话、电视、电脑不同的是，汽车却享有人格化的地位。

有些汽车可以成为家庭成员，机械宠物。

我们给汽车起名字，在自己·家的车道上精心打扮汽车，在汽车不能满足我们的需要时诅咒它们。

在折旧换新之时为旧车的离去而悲哀。

人们对汽车的热爱让环境保护者、安全为重的倡导者以及社会工程师们感到不安。

他们认为通往人间天堂的道路应该到处都铺设公交运输所必备的发亮轨道。

他们想象着我们加入未来拥挤不堪的自行车行列，而不是像一位激动不已的评论家所预见的那样，坐在“傲慢的双轮马车”方向盘后。

这种态度不是现在才有的。

首先是铁路，接着是汽车造成的人口流动早已使得守旧的特权阶层感到不安。

在战场上有过辉煌，但却以鄙视下层民众而出名的威林顿公爵在150年前就曾反对英国发展铁路，这是因为火车只会怂恿普通人毫无意义地到处走动。

Unit1 从能力到责任当代的大学生对他们在社会中所扮演的角色的认识模糊不清。

他们致力于寻求在他们看来似乎是最现实的东西：追求安全保障，追逐物质财富的积累。

年轻人努力想使自己成人成才、有所作为，但他们对未来的认识还是很模糊的。

处于像他们这样前程未定的年龄阶段，他们该信仰什么?大学生一直在寻找真我的所在，寻找生活的意义。

一如芸芸众生的我们，他们也陷入了两难的境地。

一方面，他们崇尚奉献于人的理想主义，而另一方面，他们又经不住自身利益的诱惑，陷入利己主义的世界里欲罢不能。

最终而言，大学教育素质的衡量取决于毕业生是否愿意为他们所处的社会和赖以生存的城市作出贡献。

尼布尔曾经写道：“一个人只有意识到对社会所负有的责任，他才能够认识到自身的潜力。

一个人如果一味地以自我为中心，他将会失去自我。

”本科教育必须对这种带有理想主义色彩的观念进行自我深省，使学生超越以自我为中心的观念，以诚相待，服务社会。

在这一个竞争激烈＼残酷的社会，人们期望大学生能报以正直、文明，，甚至富有同情心的人格品质去与人竞争，这是否已是一种奢望?人们期望大学的人文教育会有助于培养学生的人际交往能力，如今是否仍然适合?毫无疑问，大学生应该履行公民的义务。

美国的教育必须立刻采取行动，使教育理所当然地承担起弥合公共政策与公众的理解程度之间的极具危险性且在日益加深的沟壑这一职责。

那些要求人们积极思考政府的议程并提供富于创意的意见的信息似乎越来越让我们感到事不关己。

所以很多人认为想通过公众的参与来解决复杂的公共问题已不再可能行得通。

设想，怎么可能让一些非专业人士去讨论必然带来相应后果的政府决策的问题，而他们甚至连语言的使用都存在困难?核能的使用应该扩大还是削弱?水资源能保证充足的供应吗?怎样控制军备竞赛?大气污染的安全标准是多少?甚至连人类的起源与灭绝这样近乎玄乎的问题也会被列入政治议事日程。

类似的一头雾水的感觉，公众曾经尝试过。

当他们试图弄懂有关“星球大战”的辩论的问题时，那些关于“威慑”与“反威慑”等高科技的专业术语，曾让公众一筹莫展。

1.In the past,when explorers or merchants went out into the world to find new lands or markets or sources of raw materials,they often did not share a language with the people with whom they came into contact.When this situation was encountered,one of three solutions was adopted.在过去，当探险者或商人们走出家园到外面的世界去寻找新的领地、市场或原材料资源时，他们通常与跟他们打交道的当地人说的不是同一种语言。

遇到这种情况时，他们一般采取以下三种方法之一来对付，吕口：(1)外来人学习说当地主人的语言(或反之)，(2)他们使用当地作为贸易用的第三种语言，或(3)产生一种新的语言——这种语言是由使用者的不同母语的一些成分合成的。

在说不同语言的人群中用来作为他们共同的交际工具的语言叫混合语(交际语)。

这个名称是由在地中海地区使用的中世纪时的贸易语言派生而来的。

这种贸易语言主要基于日耳曼语(意大利语、法语和西班牙语)，但也包括了一些希腊语、阿拉伯语和土耳其语的成分。

在当今世界，将英语称为最主要的交际语是合适的，因为英语是大部分说不同语言的人的交际工具。

2.Pathological liars are persons who lie constantly and for no apparent reason.那些常常说谎又没有充足理由的人被称为病态说谎者。

他们会对任何事情说谎。

他们似乎无法控制说谎的；中动。

对这些人的研究表明，他们中很多人小时候受过虐待或者来自有酗酒或有精神病家属史的家庭；也有不少人在他们生长的家庭里，真话得不到尊重，没有人说真话。

Unit 11.有一种理论，把对目的语的敏感性视作语言学习中最重要的因素之一。

One theory refers to the sensitivity to the target language as being one of the most important factors in language learning. 2.为帮助学生学习英语，图书馆已决定将英语原版电影出租给他们。

In order to help students in their study of English, the library has decided to lease the original editions of English films to them.3.一到周末，如果有一家商店贴出减价广告，其它许多商店，无论大小，都会跟着贴出更多的大减价的招贴。

On weekends, if one shop puts up discount notices, other shops, big or small, will come up with more discount notices.4.当某一语言中的一些不符合语法的表达方式流行于社会时，这些表达方式往往会逐渐地被公众所接受。

When ungrammatical expressions of a language become prevalent in society, they will gradually become accepted by the public.5.这家企业倒闭，并不是因为资金缺乏而是因为管理不善。

The closing of the company was not caused by a shortage of capital but by management deficiency.6.广告通常以突出所宣传的产品或服务来招揽顾客。

多维教程－探索翻译+课后答案旅行通用语1 数十年来，法兰西语言研究院一直捍卫着法语的尊严。

几年前，由于法国人对英语词汇的入侵非常敏感，该机构颁布了净化法语的法律，其内容甚至涉及专业术语。

就拿波音747 (Boeing747)来说吧，现在法国人必须用法语词gros-porteur；表示出租的leasing也变成了credit-bail。

此类例子不胜枚举，触及生活的方方面面。

法国总统希拉克很可能会继续加大力度，直至连英特网internet和字节流(信息组)byte stream 之类的词也找到相应的法语新词。

哎，真不知未来的法语会变成什么样。

2 不幸的是(或许并非不幸)，英语没有受到如此的保护。

在美国，随处可见严重偏离英国标准英语的美式英语。

“honour”普遍被写成“honor”，“night”也变成了“nite”。

许多词意广为人知的英式英语单词被赋予新的解释，交流也变得有些困难。

比如说，汽车的行李箱“boot”变成了“trunk”(一个在英国指代树干的单词)；引擎盖“bonnet”变成了“hood”(英式英语中的风帽)；老式婴儿尿布“nappy”变成了“diaper”(英式英语中的菱格花纹织物)；婴儿小外套“matineejacket”也变成了“vest”(英国的内衣汗衫)。

显而易见，两国英语曾同出一源，而如今却将两国彼此隔离。

当然了，按美国人的观点，是英国人的语言表达出了问题。

•3 实际使用中，甚至还有更糟的英语呢!只要你在外国旅游并注意一下菜单、海报、旅店、甚至当地日常生活中的英语，就可以证明过去的标准用语在这些地方已变得不伦不类，让我详例如下：4 旅行作家波洛•菲利浦曾不惜笔墨地渲染自己的几番经历，我觉得该有更多的读者了解一下。

他提及某份荷兰的灯泡目录，上面对用户承诺有“a speedy execution’——快速处死(毫无疑问，想表达的应是“送货及时”)。

此外，东柏林的一个衣帽间告示要求客人“please hang yourself here”——请在这儿吊死自己(本想说的是“将衣帽挂在这儿”)。

1 One theory refers to the sensitivity to the target language as being one of the most important factors in language learning.有一种理论，把对目的语的敏感性视作语言学习中最重要的因素之一。

2 In order to help students in their study of English, the library has decided to lease the original editions of English films.为帮助学生学习英语，图书馆已决定将英语原版电影出租给他们。

3 On weekends, if one shop puts up discount notices, other shop, big or small, will come up with more discount notices.一到周末，如果有一家商店贴出减价广告，其他许多商店，无论大小，都会跟着贴出更多的大减价的招贴。

4 When ungrammatical expressions of a language become prevalent in society, they will gradually become accepted by the public.当某一语言中的一些不符合语法的表达方式流行于社会时，这些表达方式往往会逐渐被地被公众所接受。

5 The closing of the company was not caused by a shortage of capital but by management deficiency.这家企业倒闭，不是因为资金缺乏而是因为管理不善。

6 Advertisements usually highlight the product or service they advertise to attract customers.广告通常突出所宣传的产品或服务来招揽顾客。

Unit1 从能力到责任当代的大学生对他们在社会中所扮演的角色的认识模糊不清。

他们致力于寻求在他们看来似乎是最现实的东西：追求安全保障，追逐物质财富的积累。

年轻人努力想使自己成人成才、有所作为，但他们对未来的认识还是很模糊的。

处于像他们这样前程未定的年龄阶段，他们该信仰什么?大学生一直在寻找真我的所在，寻找生活的意义。

一如芸芸众生的我们，他们也陷入了两难的境地。

一方面，他们崇尚奉献于人的理想主义，而另一方面，他们又经不住自身利益的诱惑，陷入利己主义的世界里欲罢不能。

最终而言，大学教育素质的衡量取决于毕业生是否愿意为他们所处的社会和赖以生存的城市作出贡献。

尼布尔曾经写道：“一个人只有意识到对社会所负有的责任，他才能够认识到自身的潜力。

一个人如果一味地以自我为中心，他将会失去自我。

”本科教育必须对这种带有理想主义色彩的观念进行自我深省，使学生超越以自我为中心的观念，以诚相待，服务社会。

在这一个竞争激烈＼残酷的社会，人们期望大学生能报以正直、文明，，甚至富有同情心的人格品质去与人竞争，这是否已是一种奢望?人们期望大学的人文教育会有助于培养学生的人际交往能力，如今是否仍然适合?毫无疑问，大学生应该履行公民的义务。

美国的教育必须立刻采取行动，使教育理所当然地承担起弥合公共政策与公众的理解程度之间的极具危险性且在日益加深的沟壑这一职责。

那些要求人们积极思考政府的议程并提供富于创意的意见的信息似乎越来越让我们感到事不关己。

所以很多人认为想通过公众的参与来解决复杂的公共问题已不再可能行得通。

设想，怎么可能让一些非专业人士去讨论必然带来相应后果的政府决策的问题，而他们甚至连语言的使用都存在困难?核能的使用应该扩大还是削弱?水资源能保证充足的供应吗?怎样控制军备竞赛?大气污染的安全标准是多少?甚至连人类的起源与灭绝这样近乎玄乎的问题也会被列入政治议事日程。

类似的一头雾水的感觉，公众曾经尝试过。

当他们试图弄懂有关“星球大战”的辩论的问题时，那些关于“威慑”与“反威慑”等高科技的专业术语，曾让公众一筹莫展。

1,有一种理论，把对目的语的敏感性视作语言学习中重要的因素之一。

（refer to...as）One theory refers to the sensitivity of target language as being one of the most important elements of language learning.2,为帮助学生学习英语，图书馆已决定将英语电影原版电影出租给他们。

(lease)In order to help students study their English, library has decided to lease English film s in the original to them.3，一到周末，如果有一家商店贴出减价广告，其他许多商店，无论大小，都会跟着贴出更多的大减价的招贴。

(come up with)On weekends, if one shop put up discount advertisement, other shops, big or small , will come up with more discount notices.4，当某一语言中的一些不符合语法的表达方式流行于社会时，这些表达方式往往会逐渐地被公众所接受。

(prevalent)When ungrammatical expression s of a language become prevalent in society ,they will be gradually accepted in public.5,这家企业倒闭，并不是因为资金缺乏耳饰因为管理不善。

(deficiency)The closing of the company was not caused by the shortage of capital but by management deficiency.6，广告通常以突出所宣传的产品或服务来招揽顾客。

1 America is in the midst of one of the greatest wealth transfers in the history of mankind.Over the next 20 years,an estimated $15 trillion in assets will be transferred from one generation to the next.美国正处在人类历史上最大的一个财富交接的过程中。

在今后20年里，估计有150亿美元的资产将会转移到下一代的手中。

2 Much of this wealth transfer will be in the form of family-owned businesses.But the viability of many these transfers is questionable.The fact is most will fail.Typically, only one out of three businesses is successfully transferred to the second generation.Survival of a family business into the third generation is a rare occurrence.大多数的财富交接会以家庭企业的方式进行。

但是很多情况下，财富交接的成功与否令人怀疑。

事实上，大多数的交接工作将会失败。

一般来说，只有1/3的企业才能成功地移交到下一代手中。

一个家庭企业能生存到第三代是寥寥无几的。

3 Thousands of family businesses,some of the household names,will disappear over the next decade.The sad part is that many of them could survive with proper planning.For many,however,it may already be too late. The proper time to start planning the succession of a family business is not one,but three, not even five years ahead.Indeed,a comprehensive succession plan,which includes sophisticated estate planning strategies,generally requires at least a 10-year horizon to be properly structured.在下一个十年里，数以千计的家庭企业，其中有些是家喻户晓的企业将会消失。

Book IIUnit1A.1.assess2.alliance3.outcome4.ethical5.identity6.ambiguous7.tolerable8.participates9.pursuit10.constructiveB.1.at stake2.were obliged3.the climate of4.feel well-equipped5.beyond my grasp6.cut back7.other than8.rise above9.care about10.is boundedC.1.incompetent2.indulgence3.migrants4.probesplex6.suspense;engagedpassionate;committed8.tolerant9.tempted10.interconnectedD.1. A.Judging from2. B.in which3. C.and4. D.believe5. A.is one of/is that of6. B.must get7. C.likely8. D.unemployed9. C.as well as/and10.B.simplerE.1.what2.graduation3.intend4.getting5.eventually6.survey7.although8.graduates9.transfer10.rise11.attending12.instead13.cause14.because15.attending16.below17.failure18.expectations19.confidencecationKey to the translation from English to Chinese:1.德.汤说过，一切进步，一切发展均来自挑战及由此引起的反应。

没有挑战就没有反应，没有发展，没有自由。

Unit1 B1.有些人对别人对自己的看法很敏感。

2.在圣诞节和元旦之间，许多故事有一长串的商品出售。

这就是所谓的新年大拍卖。

3.统计数据显示，随着金钱和业余时间的增加，度假旅行变得越来越普遍。

4.教育资源的缺乏使我们孩子的智力发展受到威胁。

5.由于申请人有犯罪记录，当地警察局扣留了他需要移民的文件。

6.在面试中，玛丽告诉面试官她想做一些有趣的事情，但汤姆肯定地说他会选择薪水高的工作。

7.春节前让电梯正常运转是很重要的。

8.尽管收成很好，农民们在出售粮食时仍面临许多他们无法克服的困难。

9.学习外语的人应该知道各国表达礼貌的方式是不同的。

10.如果你告诉我们还有谁牵涉其中，就不用交罚款了。

11.一天晚上我在附近的树林里追赶一个强盗。

突然，我被一个很重的东西从后面打了一下，失去了知觉。

12.一项调查显示，有抱负的公司会为顾客提供优质的产品和一流的服务。

13.一些科学家和医生声称市场上流行的纯净水可能对儿童有害。

14.这本书值得一买，因为它介绍了所有著名的美国作家及其作品。

15 .当肥皂剧的新鲜感很快就消失了，所以当肥皂剧作家是一项费力的工作。

Vocabulary：sensitive 敏感的list 列表prevalent 流行的deficiency 缺乏withheld 拒绝certainty 肯定的functional 功能的confronted 面对courtesy 礼貌spared 摆脱stroke 击，打ambitious 有野心的purif ied纯净highlights强调novelty 新鲜感C1. 性格敏感的人很难交到朋友。

2. 他深受学生们的喜爱，因为他不仅是个有学问的人，而且还很有幽默感。

3.许多发现是由于科学家对看似普通的事物的敏感性。

4. 中国政府颁布了一项法律，规定每个孩子必须接受9个阶段的义务教育。

5. 现在许多青少年没有周末。

他们在父母的强迫下参加额外的培训或补习班。

6. 那些打算出国留学的人必须参加语言能力考试。

Unit Seven Education and employmentPassage one1.Fourteen years of higher education and a handful of Ivy League degrees, and thereI was, stiff and stupid, struck dumb by my own dumbness.“Ivy retardation,”a friend of mine calls this.1.我十四年的大学教育和在几所常春藤大学工作的经历使得我傻乎乎站在那里，笨拙不看，尴尬不已。

有个朋友称这种现象为“常春藤错位”。

2. To consider that while some opportunities are being created, others are being canceled and that while some abilities are being developed, others are being crippled is, within this context, not only outrageous, but inconceivable.2.但是再这个背景下，如果认为它创造了一些机会，却丧失了其他机会，培养了有些能力，却其消弱了其他能力，不仅是大逆不道的而且是不可思议的。

3. There is nothing wrong with taking pride in one’s intellect or knowledge. There is something wrong with the smugness and self-congratulation that elite schools connive at.3.对自己的智慧或者只是感到自豪没有任何不对的地方，问题出现在名牌大学录取通知书进入家门的时刻起，是名牌大学所纵容的沾沾自喜和自我吹捧。

w多为教程－英语翻译（第二册）Unit1 从能力到责任1当代的大学生对他们在社会中所扮演的角色的认识模糊不清。

他们致力于寻求在他们看来似乎是最现实的东西：追求安全保障，追逐物质财富的积累。

年轻人努力想使自己成人成才、有所作为，但他们对未来的认识还是很模糊的。

处于像他们这样前程未定的年龄阶段，他们该信仰什么?大学生一直在寻找真我的所在，寻找生活的意义。

一如芸芸众生的我们，他们也陷入了两难的境地。

一方面，他们崇尚奉献于人的理想主义，而另一方面，他们又经不住自身利益的诱惑，陷入利己主义的世界里欲罢不能。

2最终而言，大学教育素质的衡量取决于毕业生是否愿意为他们所处的社会和赖以生存的城市作出贡献。

尼布尔曾经写道：“一个人只有意识到对社会所负有的责任，他才能够认识到自身的潜力。

一个人如果一味地以自我为中心，他将会失去自我。

”本科教育必须对这种带有理想主义色彩的观念进行自我深省，使学生超越以自我为中心的观念，以诚相待，服务社会。

在这一个竞争激烈＼残酷的社会，人们期望大学生能报以正直、文明，，甚至富有同情心的人格品质去与人竞争，这是否已是一种奢望?人们期望大学的人文教育会有助于培养学生的人际交往能力，如今是否仍然适合?3毫无疑问，大学生应该履行公民的义务。

美国的教育必须立刻采取行动，使教育理所当然地承担起弥合公共政策与公众的理解程度之间的极具危险性且在日益加深的沟壑这一职责。

那些要求人们积极思考政府的议程并提供富于创意的意见的信息似乎越来越让我们感到事不关己。

所以很多人认为想通过公众的参与来解决复杂的公共问题已不再可能行得通。

设想，怎么可能让一些非专业人士去讨论必然带来相应后果的政府决策的问题，而他们甚至连语言的使用都存在困难?4核能的使用应该扩大还是削弱?水资源能保证充足的供应吗?怎样控制军备竞赛?大气污染的安全标准是多少?甚至连人类的起源与灭绝这样近乎玄乎的问题也会被列入政治议事日程。

5类似的一头雾水的感觉，公众曾经尝试过。

研究生多维教程通达课文解释及课后答案unit1-unit3博士英语多维教程通达课文解释及课后答案！Unit 1 What Will BeBackground InformationLanguage PointsKey to Exercises1.We’ve now acknowledged some fundamental ancient human forces and the ways they will affect and be affected by the Information Marketplace. And throughout the course of this book we’ve answered the questions we raised at the very beginning. So it is time to finally consider the greatest transformation that the Information Marketplace ha to offer. To get to it, let’s reconstruct the growing crescendo of key discoveries we have made, which together describe “what will be.”2.We began with a simple but far-reaching model of the future world of information as an Information Marketplace, where people and their computers will buy, sell, and freely exchange information. Our first discovery was that this Information Marketplace can indeed be built on a technological foundation: the information infrastructure. We went on to explore the many human-machine interfaces people will use to get in and out of this new edifice, from virtual reality and fancy bodysuits to the lowly keyboard, and singled out speech interfaces as perhaps the most significant and imminent. We explored the pipes that will carry our information and the ways we will bend them to give us the speed, reliability, and security we need. We also saw how a vast array of new shared software tools will evolve on this infrastructure, shifting the attention ofthe entire software business from individual to interconnected computers. The arrival of this foundation is certain, but it could be delayed by a decade or more if the key players continue their wars for control and their indifference toward the shared infrastructure they all need. We saw too that there won’t be just a handful of winners that will survive t hese wars; the terrain is vast, rich, and full of challenges for almost every supplier and consumer of information to be a winner.3.Our second major discovery was that the Information Marketplace will dramaticallyaffect people and organizations on a wide scale. Besides its many uses in commerce, office work, and manufacturing it will also improve health care, provide new ways to shop, enable professional and social encounters across the globe and generally permeate the thousands of thins we do in the course of our daily lives. It will help us pursue old and new pleasures, and it will encourage new art forms, which may be criticized but will move art forward, as new tools have always done. It will also improve education and training first in specific and established ways and later through breakthroughs that are confidently awaited. Human organizations from tiny companies to entire national governments will benefit too, because so much of the work they do is information work.4.Putting all these detailed uses in perspective, we came to realize that they are different faces of two major new forces: electronic bulldozers and electronic proximity. Each has broad consequences for society. The electronic bulldozers’ effect is primarily economic, increasing human productivity in both our personal lives and the workplace. The rapid, widespread distribution of information in the form of info-nouns (text,photos, sounds, video) and especially info-verbs (human and machine work on information) is one simple way in which productivity will increase. Automatization is the other powerful effector; machine-to-machine exchanges will off-loaded human brain work the way machines of the Industrial Revolution off-loaded muscle work. We concluded, however, that to enjoy the productivity benefits we will have to avoid and correct certain technological and human pitfalls.5.To better understand the economic impact of the Information Marketplace, we explored the value of information and its consequences. This led us to a few troublesome discoveries: the huge amount of info-junk we’ll have to work hard to avoid and the gap between rich and poor nations (and people) that will increase if we do nothing to stop it. Other economic consequences were less clear, like the unemployment rate ov er the long run, which we can’t fore cast even though we can foresee many new types of jobs.6.Another important discovery from these explorations was the power of the Information Marketplace to customize information and information work to different huma n and organizational needs. To leverage this power, we’ll need to make our machines considerably easier to use that they are today. With increased productivityand customization, we can look forward to a larger array of better, cheaper. More customized products and services that will reach us even faster than before. More important, by making machines easier to use and giving ourselves the ability to fashion software painlessly and rapidly, we can fulfill the promise of the Information Age to tailor the new technologies to our individual human and organizational purposes, rather than the other wayaround.7.The second of the two major forces --- electronic proximity --- will increase bya thousand times the number of people we can easily reach and will bring people together across space and time. Many social consequences, good and bad, will arise as this new proximity distributes powers of control from central authorities to the many hands of the world’s people. Groupwork and telework will further help impro ve human productivity. Democracy will spread, as will people’s knowledge of one another’s beliefs, wish es, and problems. The voiceless millions of the world will come to be heard and be better understood, provided that the wealthy nations help the less wealthy ones enter the Information Club. Ethnic groups may become more cohesive, as people belonging to a certain tribe use the Information Marketplace to bind themselves together regardless of where they may be. At the same time. The Information Marketplace will help shared cultures grow in nations that thrive on diversity.And though we need not change our legal framework in any major way to accommodate the Information Marketplace, different nations will need to cooperate on shared conventions for security, billing, and other transnational issues that will surely arise as shared information crosses international barriers. On another level, electronic proximity will foster a shared universal culture, a thin veneer on top of all the world’s individual national cultures. We hope that this ecumenical property of the Information Marketplace to enhance the co-existence of nationalistic identity and international community will help us understand one another and stay peaceful.8.Our exploration then brought us squarely before human emotions and human relationships. We discovered that they will pass only partially through eh Information Marketplace. Physical proximity will still be necessary to consummate these emotions and recharge the batteries that will sustain human relationships between virtual encounters. Finally, we discovered that the primitive forces of the cave that lie at the roots of our emotions and passions do not pass through theInformation Marketplace; deep down, our psyches know that 1s and 0s cannot love, nurture, hurt, or kill us at a distance. Because many of our most valued actions and decisions involve these forces like trust, love, and fear --- the information world will not be a substitute for the physical world.9.Given all these possibilities for change, we considered what might happen when they bump up against the ancient human beings that we are and have been for thousands of years. Predictably, we discovered that we will have difficulty coping with the increased social and technological complexity and overload brought forth by the Information Marketplace. Though we will be potentially close to hundreds of millions of people, we will be able to deal with only a very few of them at any given time. Yet we saw that we might be able to reduce some of these complexity problems by making the artifacts of the Information Age easier to use --- a primary goal for the technologists of the twenty-first century.10.The Information Marketplace will make of us urban villagers --- half urban sophisticate, roaming the virtual globe, and half villager, spending more time at home and tending to family, friends, and the routines of the neighborhood. If our psyches tilt toward the crowded urban info-city, we will becomemore jaded, more oriented toward the self, and more indifferent, fickle, and casual in our relationships with others, as well as less tightly connected to our families and friends. If we tilt toward the village, we may be surprised by a resurgence of more closely knit families rooted in our tighter human bonds. Indeed, if we use it correctly, the Information Marketplace can be a powerful magniying lens that can amplify goodness --- employing disabled and home-bound workers, matching help needed with help offered via the Virtual Compassion Corps, and helping people learn and stay healthy, among many other possibilities.11.Reflecting on our exploration, we also discovered that people will exploit the newness, vagueness, and breadth of the Information Marketplace to support their wishes and predilections, whatever they may be. Some proclaim that the world of information can stand out only by offering educationally and culturally rich opportunities that will benefit humanity. Others will use the Information Marketplace as a new battle ground for the familiar disputes --- capitalism versus socialism, greed versus compassion. Materialism versus spiritualism, practicality versus abstraction --- all suitably described as ‘new’ issues. As in the case ofmoney, there is hardly and event, action, or process that is not linked to and affected by information, so such arguments can sound plausible. But they should not deceive us; the discerning eye w8ill distinguish that which is likely from that which is merely possible.12.The wise eye will also see that the Information Marketplace is much more influential than its parts --- the interfaces, middleware and pipes that make up the three-story building on which we stand. Once they are integrated, theypresent a much greater power --- the power to prevent an asthmatic from dying in a remote town in Alaska, to enable an unemployed bank loan officer to find and succeed at a new form of work, to allow a husband and wife to revel in the accomplishments of a distant daughter while also providing emotional and financial support. These powers are far greater than the ability to send an e-mail message, or to have give hundred TV channels.13.The Information Marketplace will transform our society over the next century as significantly as the two industrial revolutions, establishing itself solidly and rightfully as the Third Revolution in modern human history. It is big, exciting, and awesome. We need not fear it any more or any less than people feared the other revolutions, because it carries similar promises and pitfalls. What we needed to do, instead, is understand it, feel it, and embrace it so that we may use it to steer our future human course.14.We could stop here, after putting all these discoveries together, satisfied and impressed with our overarching vision of a third socioeconomic revolution. However, if we look even deeper at the bold and historic imperative that the Information Marketplace calls us to embrace, we will see all three revolutions as part of a far greater movement, well beyond combines, steam engines, and computer --- a movement toward a new age that may liberate the total human potential within each of us.15.On to our final discovery.Background InformationAbout the author and the bookFor two decades, technological oracle, entrepreneur, and consultant Michael policymakers and CEOs (i.e. chief executiveofficers) on the future course and impact of these technologies. In 1980 Dertouzos predicted today’s world of information with stunning accuracy. Now, in What Will Be he charts a unique and richly detailed map of the ways information technology will alter every facet of our public and private lives, from a few years to a century hence.Dertouzos heads the MIT Laboratory for Computer Science － home of the World Wide Web and birthplace of many of the high-tech products and processes that surround us today. In What Will Be, he offers the ultimate insider’s preview of the inventions that will usher in a Third Revolution to rival the Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions. And in deft and detailed analysis, Dertouzos reveals the changes we will experience in everyday life, in the pursuit of pleasure, health, learning, office work, commerce, manufacturing, and governance. Debunking the starry-eyed view of new technology promoted by many commentators －while taking the Luddites firmly to task －Dertouzos unveils a crisp picture of the new century’s global information marketplace and shows how it will affect one-half of the world’s industrial economies. He uncovers what’s wrong with technology, explains how we can right the wrongs, and identifies the key trade-offs tomorrow will bring. Dertouzos even highlights what aspects of our society and ourselves will never be altered by technology and offers an inspiring blueprint for how new tech could bridge the centuries-old gaps between reason and the spirit.Bill Gates wrote the foreword to the book. The book has three parts: I. Shaping the Future, which explains the new technologies so that readers can judge unfolding events for themselves; II. How Your Life Will Change, which imagines howand justifies why our lives will be recast; and III. Reuniting Technology and Humanity, which assesses the impact of these changes on our society and our humanity.some fundamental ancient human forcesDertouzos points out that no matter how powerful and pervasive a technological force may be, it will face some immutable human trait that will always act to conserve the constancy and stability of our species. We carry the features and mannerisms of our ancestors as well as our common reflexes and human patterns acquired through evolution. The fear, love, anger, greed, and sadness that we feel today are rootedin the caves that we inhabited thousand of years ago. It was in that ancient setting that the predator’s growl and the enemy’s attack defined primal fear. It was there, too, that our other primal feelings became reinforced －protecting our children, enjoying the pleasure of physical contact with our mate, relying on our fellow tribes people, and so on. These are the forces of the cave. In the new world of information, these fundamental human qualities haven’t left us.the information MarketplaceDertouzos thinks that there is great confusion in the world today about what the “Information Age” is , both physically and functionally. The model of an Information Marketplace is a clean way to envision both. In this Information Marketplace, people and machines buy, sell, and freely exchange information and information services.the questions we raised at the very beginningIn Chapter One of Part I Shaping the Future, the author lists a number of questions the book will tackle. They include: Will compu ters increase the industrial performance of the world’snations, or is the help they offer irrelevant to that quest? Will our way of life improve through cheaper, faster, and higher-quality health care and a greater access to knowledge? Or is better information a minor player in these quests? What new software will flourish in the Information Marketplace? How close to the real world can we get wit goggles, tactile bodynets, virtual “feelies” and “ smellies”? Will ordinary citizens be better heard by their governments, or are electronic town halls impossible or achiev3e? What will happen to human relationships?the information infrastructureThe Information Marketplace is more extensive than a village market. It is closer to a bustling metropolis where many people, shops, offices, and organizations busily conduct millions of personal and commercial interactions in pursuit of their own goals. In a real city, these activities are supported by a shared foundation － an infrastructure of roads for the transportation of people and goods; of pipes and wires for moving water, electricity, and phone conversations; of door, locks, andpolice that maintain order; and of some agreed-upon conventions like a common language a nd accepted behaviors t5hat facilitate interactio ns among the city’s people.In exactly the same way, the Information Marketplace is built on a shared infrastructure made up of all the information tools and services that enable its many activities to function smoothly and productively. This infrastructure will be distributed and owned by all us, not a single organization. It will move the data, voice, text, and X-ray images in the severe-asthma scenario by negotiating automatically with phone, cable, satellite, and wireless carriers and with the kiosk and computers at theradiology lab and doctors’ offices. The infrastructure will support all the online interviews and reviews people will perform in their daily jobs. And it will help transact all the business from the World Shop.virtual realityIt’s a syst em that enables one or more users to move and react in a computer-simulated environment. Various types of devices allow uses to sense and manipulate virtual objects much as they would real objects. This natural style of interaction gives participants the feeling of being immersed in the simulated world. Virtual worlds are crated by mathematical models and computer programs.electronic bulldozers and electronic proximityAccording to Dertouzos, ultimately most of the hardware and communications technologies, human-machine interfaces, middleware, and information infrastructures will either serve as electronic bulldozers or create electronic proximity. The bulldozers will relieve us of the burden of human work, either by completely replacing information-related human activities or by augmenting our ability to carry out these activities with less human work － in short, by increasing our productivity.The second new force arising from the Information Marketplace is electronic proximity. During the Industrial Age p eople’s physical mobility expanded tremendously, widening a person’s universe of potential relationships from a few hundred village neighbors to hundreds of thousand of people within driving range.As a result, our proximity to people whom we could reach grew a thousandfold. Incredibly, the Information Marketplace will increase this range by yet another thousandfold, to hundreds ofmillions of people who will be within electronic reach, That is the essence of the gigantic new force we call kilometers but in keystrokes and other electronic gesture, the whole scene will resemble a billion people and machines all squeezed into one electronic city block.two industrial revolutionsThe first industrial revolution began in England when the steam engines was invented in the middle of the eighteenth century. The appearance of the internal combustion engine, electricity, synthetic chemicals, and the automobile by the end of the nineteenth century marked the second industrial revolution.Language Points1.crescendo : a sound or a piece of music that becomes gradually louder; a time when people are becoming more and more excited, anxious, or angrye.g. In the past ten days Zaire has published a mounting crescendo of attacks on Belgium.A crescendo of resentment was built up between the two companies because of series of conflicts in trade transactions.rise to/ reach a crescendo: become gradually loudere.g. It’s possible for the organist to reach a very quick crescendo by using all these stops.2.interface: [C] the part of a computer system through which two different machines are connected; the way in which two subjects, events etc. affect each othere.g. In a press conference, the Prime Minister proposed some new ways of involving young people with the interface between technology and design.They have just designed a new interface between a computer and a typesetting machine, which works extremely well.v.:[+with] connect; cooperatee.g. interface a device with a computerThe computer technicians interface with the flight controllers.3.single out: choose, select one person or thing from among several for special comment, treatment etc.e.g. I imagine that to be singled out by the Captain for a farewell luncheon is indeed an honor.Nana and Margaret were singled out for special praise for their outstanding performance during the experiment.4.imminent : about to happen, usu. Used in reference to things that are unpleasant or that you think will prove to be unpleasante.g. The report points out that there does not seem to be an imminent danger of amine on a world scale.With the election imminent, Churchill returned to London before the meeting was finished.5.We explored the pipes that will carry our information and the ways we will bend them to give us the speed, reliability, and security we need: We search for the pipes that can transfer our information and the way s we will manipulate and apply them to offer us the speed, reliability and security we need. Here the complete clause for “the ways we will bend them” is “ the ways in which we will bend them”. When the preposition “in” is combined with “way” to introduce an attributive clause, it is often omitted.bend v.: focus, apply; force to submite.g. He is very firm about it; I cannot bend him.Anyone who applies for this position in the company should bend his or her will to corporate goals.6.The arrival of this foundation is certain, but it could bedelayed by a decade or more if the key players continue their wars for control and their indifference toward the shared infrastructure they all need.: Here the word “they” refers to “the key players”. According to the foregoing sentences, key players are “the computer, software, media, telecom, and cable companies”.indifference n.:[U] a complete lack of interest in sth. or someonee.g. Many native speakers of a language show indifference to /towards grammatical points.His attitude to his work is one of bored indifference.7.permeate vt.: penetrate wholly, pervade, soak throughe.g. Toxic chemicals may permeate the soil, threatening the environment.Changes in civilian life have not yet begun to permeate the army.putting all these detailed uses in perspective, we came to realize that﹍: judging the importance of all these detailed uses correctly, we began to find that﹍8.perspective n.: a specific point of view in understanding or judging things or events, esp. one that show them in their true relations to one anothere.g. He wants to leave the country in order to get a better perspective on things.From the top of the hill you can get a perspective of the entire lake.get/keep/put sth in perspective: judge the importance of sth correctlye.g. It will help to put in perspective the vast gulf that separates existing groups.First of all, we ought to get our temporary advantage into some kind of perspective.from the perspective of/from a﹍perspective: from a specific point of viewe.g. Feminists say that the book was written from a male perspective.The novel is written from the perspective of a primary school pupil.in/out of perspective: showing the correct/incorrect relationship between visible objectse.g. The houses don’t seem to be in perspective in your drawing.The drawing of the house is good, but the car is out of perspective.9.Another important discovery from these explorations was the power of the Information Marketplace to customize information and information work to different human and organizational needs.: One more key finding of these explorations was the power of the Information Marketplace to make information and information work more suited to human and organizational needs.customize v.: make or change sth according to the buyer’s or user’s needse.g. General Motors will customize Cadillas for special clients.The computer programs can be customized for individual users.10.To leverage this power, we’ll need t o make our machines considerably easier to use than they are today.: To make the best use of the power of the Information Marketplace for economic profits, we’ll need to redesign our machines till they are muchmore easier to use than now.11.fashion v. :shape or make sth, using your hands or only a few tools; influenceor form someone’s ideas and opinionse.g. He fashioned a box from a few old pieces of wood.The Japanese authorities want to fashion a new political role for the country.in a ﹍fashion: in a particular waye.g. The authorities appear to have abandoned any attempt to distribute food and water in an orderly fashion.Latha joined her hands together in an Indian fashion and gave a little bow.In/out of fashion: popular/not populare.g. This is a policy that is increasingly out of fashion.Capability and efficiency seem to be coming back into fashion.after the fashion of: (sth.)done in a way that is typical of someonee.g. Leibnitz was another child prodigy who, after the fashion of his kind, was writing Greek and Latin from an early age.12.tailor﹍to: adapt to; make, devise, in such a way that it fits particular needse.g. Our insurance policies are specially tailored to the earnings pattern of the insured at different stages in his career.Experience has taught us to tailor our merchandise to the particular requirements of each overseas market.tailor-made: make-to-measure; make-to-order; exactly suited to a particular need or a particular persone.g. The club is tailor-made for Jane.(The activities of the club fit in perfectlywith HJane’s interests.)John has a new tailor-made suit.(John’s new suit was made especially to fit him.)Mr. Black’s clothes were all tailor-made.(Mr. Black’s clothes were all specially made to his own measurements and wishes.)13.Many social consequences, good and bad, will arise as this new proximity distributes powers of control from central authorities to the many hands of the world’s people.: In this sentence, “good and bad” might be expanded into “b oth good ones and bad ones”.proximity n.: nearness in distance, time etc.e.g. No longer is it the case that national suppliers, because of their proximity, are favored over foreign ones.My newly bought house is in close proximity to the supermarket and the station.14.The voiceless millions of the world will come to be heard and be better understood, provided that the wealthy nations help the less wealthy ones enter the Information Club. “provided” can be replace by “if”.15.cohesive a.: tending to fit together well and form a united wholee.g. The poor do not see themselves as a cohesive group.The members of the group remained remarkably cohesive in the face of difficulty.16.thrive on: enjoy and do well as a result of, perhaps unexpectedlye.g. David throve on a pure meat diet for some time.This is the style of life on which he seems to thrive.17.accommodate v.: get used to a new situatione.g. The eye can accommodate itself to seeing objects atdifferent distances.When you are employed in a new firm you should first of all accommodate yourself to the new circumstances.Or: give someone a place to stay, live, or worke.g. Once you have been accepted at the university they promise to accommodate you in a residence hall nearby.Or: have or provide enough space for a particular number of people or thingse.g. Several jails house twice as many prisoners as they were originally built to accommodate.18.property n.: [C] an attribute, characteristice.g. One of the most important properties of gold is its malleability.Besides having nitrogen-fixing properties, trees can be used as a source of fuel. Or: [U] the thing or things someone ownse.g. They have requested the confiscation of millions of dollar’s worth of property.19.Our exploration then brought us squarely before human emotions and human relationships: Our exploration then brought us face to face with such issues as human emotions and human relationships.20.Physical proximity will still be necessary to consummate these emotions and recharge the batteries that will sustain human relationships between virtual encounters.: People still need body contact or face-to-face communication to thoroughly express their emotions and also receive others’ to maintain the relationships when they exchange emotions on the Internet.21.our psyches know that 1s and 0s cannot love: we know that computer are machines and they cannot love22.Given all these possibilities for change, we considered。

二谎言与真理1 什么是真理?或反之，什么又是谎言?对这两个问题，古往今来各国众多的哲学家、教育者及宗教领袖的答案各不相同，而在北美及欧洲的作家圈中却存在着两点共识：第一，撒谎应当是一种故意行为。

换言之，如果你的话与事实相背，而你自己却没意识到，那就不算撒谎。

第二，其实每个人都撒谎，而且是频繁地撒谎。

但这种共识到此为止。

2 有些人比较极端，他们认为撒谎总是有害的，因此人们应尽量设法避免撒谎。

其理由是撒谎既伤害了别人，也伤害了撒谎者自己。

如果撒过一次谎，第二次就变得容易了。

长此以往，撒谎者不仅会丧失自尊，而且也不再相信别人。

在他们看来，别人和自己一样常常撒谎。

对一个社会来说，若撒谎成了家常便饭，信任也就无从谈起。

而缺乏信任，就不会有合作。

此外，谎言还会剥夺人们某些重要的选择权，比如如何消费，如何择业，或是选择何种医疗方案。

3 与此完全对立的观点认为：尽管有些谎言有害，但是许多别的谎言却无害。

不仅如此，它们甚至是社会安定的必要因素。

为了顾及他人的感觉，增进人际关系，我们会本着不伤害别人的原则而撒些无害的谎言。

老板的笑话以前早听过，说得也很蹩脚，但我们仍会开怀大笑。

朋友说些无趣的私事，我们却假装很感兴趣。

碰上涉及个人隐私而且与其无关的问题，我们会编个谎话搪塞过去。

有时为了保护他人的名誉甚至生命，我们同样会撒谎。

往大里说，政府也会为国家安全而撒谎。

4 每个人似乎都有某种标准来界定可以接受的谎言与恶意的谎言，这个标准显然因人而异，也因文化而异。

在成长过程中，你有时会痛苦地发现，人们对诚实的定义不尽相同。

家庭和文化也许教导你：撒谎者终将自食苦果。

但随着生活经历的增加，你会发现他们往往并不吃亏。

实际上，撒谎者似乎比诚实者往往更飞黄腾达。

意识到这个问题之后，你怎么办呢?相形之下，你的道德信仰似乎不堪一击，而且显得很愚蠢，你自己也可能开始提出质疑。

面对这样的现实仍坚守诚信需要非凡的力量和勇气。

5 划分谎言的方法很多，下面是比较简单的一种：6善意的小谎言：我们认为这类谎言无害，在社交中也为人接受，其目的通常是保护撒谎者或听者的情感。

Unit1 从能力到责任当代的大学生对他们在社会中所扮演的角色的认识模糊不清。

他们致力于寻求在他们看来似乎是最现实的东西：追求安全保障，追逐物质财富的积累。

年轻人努力想使自己成人成才、有所作为，但他们对未来的认识还是很模糊的。

处于像他们这样前程未定的年龄阶段，他们该信仰什么?大学生一直在寻找真我的所在，寻找生活的意义。

一如芸芸众生的我们，他们也陷入了两难的境地。

一方面，他们崇尚奉献于人的理想主义，而另一方面，他们又经不住自身利益的诱惑，陷入利己主义的世界里欲罢不能。

最终而言，大学教育素质的衡量取决于毕业生是否愿意为他们所处的社会和赖以生存的城市作出贡献。

尼布尔曾经写道：“一个人只有意识到对社会所负有的责任，他才能够认识到自身的潜力。

一个人如果一味地以自我为中心，他将会失去自我。

”本科教育必须对这种带有理想主义色彩的观念进行自我深省，使学生超越以自我为中心的观念，以诚相待，服务社会。

在这一个竞争激烈＼残酷的社会，人们期望大学生能报以正直、文明，，甚至富有同情心的人格品质去与人竞争，这是否已是一种奢望?人们期望大学的人文教育会有助于培养学生的人际交往能力，如今是否仍然适合?毫无疑问，大学生应该履行公民的义务。

美国的教育必须立刻采取行动，使教育理所当然地承担起弥合公共政策与公众的理解程度之间的极具危险性且在日益加深的沟壑这一职责。

那些要求人们积极思考政府的议程并提供富于创意的意见的信息似乎越来越让我们感到事不关己。

所以很多人认为想通过公众的参与来解决复杂的公共问题已不再可能行得通。

设想，怎么可能让一些非专业人士去讨论必然带来相应后果的政府决策的问题，而他们甚至连语言的使用都存在困难?核能的使用应该扩大还是削弱?水资源能保证充足的供应吗?怎样控制军备竞赛?大气污染的安全标准是多少?甚至连人类的起源与灭绝这样近乎玄乎的问题也会被列入政治议事日程。

类似的一头雾水的感觉，公众曾经尝试过。

当他们试图弄懂有关“星球大战”的辩论的问题时，那些关于“威慑”与“反威慑”等高科技的专业术语，曾让公众一筹莫展。

一：旅行通用语1 数十年来，法兰西语言研究院一直捍卫着法语的尊严。

几年前，由于法国人对英语词汇的入侵非常敏感，该机构颁布了净化法语的法律，其内容甚至涉及专业术语。

就拿波音747 (Boeing747)来说吧，现在法国人必须用法语词gros-porteur；表示出租的leasing也变成了credit-bail。

此类例子不胜枚举，触及生活的方方面面。

法国总统希拉克很可能会继续加大力度，直至连英特网internet和字节流(信息组)byte stream之类的词也找到相应的法语新词。

哎，真不知未来的法语会变成什么样。

2 不幸的是(或许并非不幸)，英语没有受到如此的保护。

在美国，随处可见严重偏离英国标准英语的美式英语。

“honour”普遍被写成“honor”，“night”也变成了“nite”。

许多词意广为人知的英式英语单词被赋予新的解释，交流也变得有些困难。

比如说，汽车的行李箱“boot”变成了“trunk”(一个在英国指代树干的单词)；引擎盖“bonnet”变成了“hood”(英式英语中的风帽)；老式婴儿尿布“nappy”变成了“diaper”(英式英语中的菱格花纹织物)；婴儿小外套“matineejacket”也变成了“vest”(英国的内衣汗衫)。

显而易见，两国英语曾同出一源，而如今却将两国彼此隔离。

当然了，按美国人的观点，是英国人的语言表达出了问题。

3 实际使用中，甚至还有更糟的英语呢!只要你在外国旅游并注意一下菜单、海报、旅店、甚至当地日常生活中的英语，就可以证明过去的标准用语在这些地方已变得不伦不类，让我详例如下：4 旅行作家波洛•菲利浦曾不惜笔墨地渲染自己的几番经历，我觉得该有更多的读者了解一下。

他提及某份荷兰的灯泡目录，上面对用户承诺有“a speedy execution’——快速处死(毫无疑问，想表达的应是“送货及时”)。

此外，东柏林的一个衣帽间告示要求客人“please hang yourself here”——请在这儿吊死自己(本想说的是“将衣帽挂在这儿”)。