The past, present and future for geosynthetics in Indonesia

谈论过去和未来英语演讲篇一：Hello everyone,Today, I want to talk about the past and future. As we all know, the past has been a significant source of learning and growth for us. It has provided us with valuable lessons that we can use to make informed decisions in the present. The future, on the other hand, is a constantly evolving and uncertain space. It is where we will find out how our actions and choices will impact the world around us.One of the most important lessons we can learn from the past is the importance of tradition and culture. We can see this in many aspects of our lives, from our values to our customs and traditions. By preserving and celebrating these elements of our culture, we can ensure that they continue to be relevant and meaningful in a rapidly changing world. Another important lesson we can learn from the past is the importance of history. History is a valuable source of knowledge and context, and it helps us to understand the past and how it has affected the present. By studying history, we can learn about the past and how it has shaped our present and future.In the same way, we can also learn from the future. By taking into account the potential impacts of our actions and choices, we can make informed decisions that will have a positive impact on the world. Forexample, by working together to create a more sustainable future, we can ensure that our planet can continue to support us and future generations. Furthermore, we can also learn from the future by preserving and celebrating our culture and traditions. By preserving the history of our culture, we can ensure that it continues to be relevant and meaningful in the years to come. And by working together to create a more sustainable future, we can ensure that we can continue to enjoy the beauty and resources that the world has to offer.In conclusion, the past and future are both important sources of learning and growth. By learning from the past and considering the potential impacts of our actions, we can make informed decisions in the present and ensure that we have a positive impact on the world around us. And by preserving and celebrating our culture and traditions, we can ensure that we can continue to enjoy the beauty and resources that the world has to offer. Thank you.。

地球过去现在将来的变化英语作文Changes of the Earth: Past, Present and FutureIntroductionThe Earth, our home planet, has undergone significant changes over the course of its history. From its formation over 4.5 billion years ago to the present day, the Earth has experienced various transformations in its environment, climate, and ecosystems. In this essay, we will explore the past, present, and future changes of the Earth and discuss the impact of these changes on our planet.Past ChangesThe Earth has undergone numerous changes since its formation. One of the most significant events in the Earth's history was the formation of the continents through the process of plate tectonics. Millions of years ago, the Earth's surface was covered by a single supercontinent called Pangaea, which later broke apart to form the continents we know today. This movement of tectonic plates continues to influence the Earth's geography and shape the landscapes we see.Another major change in the Earth's past was the occurrence of ice ages, during which large portions of the Earth werecovered by glaciers. These ice ages had a profound impact on the Earth's climate and biodiversity, leading to the extinction of many species and the evolution of new ones. The Earth has also experienced periods of volcanic activity, asteroid impacts, and other natural disasters that have shaped its surface and atmosphere.Present ChangesIn recent years, the Earth has been experiencing rapid changes due to human activities. The burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrialization have led to an increase in greenhouse gas emissions, which are causing global warming and climate change. The Earth's temperature is rising, leading to more frequent and severe weather events such as hurricanes, droughts, and heatwaves.The Earth's oceans are also undergoing significant changes, with sea levels rising due to thermal expansion and the melting of ice caps and glaciers. This is causing coastal erosion, flooding, and the loss of habitat for marine life. The Earth's ecosystems are being disrupted, with many species facing extinction due to habitat destruction, pollution, and overexploitation.Future ChangesLooking ahead, the Earth is projected to undergo even more changes in the future. The impacts of climate change are expected to intensify, with temperatures continuing to rise and extreme weather events becoming more common. Sea levels will continue to rise, threatening coastal communities and low-lying islands. The Earth's biodiversity will be further depleted, with many species facing extinction if current trends continue.One of the biggest challenges facing the Earth in the future is the need to transition to a more sustainable and environmentally-friendly way of living. This will require reducing our dependency on fossil fuels, protecting and restoring natural habitats, and promoting conservation efforts to preserve the Earth's biodiversity. Collaboration between governments, industries, and individuals will be essential to address these pressing issues and ensure a healthy and prosperous future for the Earth.ConclusionIn conclusion, the Earth has experienced significant changes in its past, present, and will continue to undergo transformations in the future. From the formation of continents and ice ages to climate change and biodiversity loss, the Earth's history is a testament to its resilience and adaptability. By taking action toaddress the challenges facing our planet, we can work towards creating a sustainable future for generations to come. Let us all do our part to protect and preserve the Earth for the benefit of all living beings.。

CERIF: Past, Present and Future: An OverviewAnne Asserson, UiB, Keith G Jeffery, CLRC, Andrei Lopatenko, MU SummaryCERIF (Common European Research Information Format) provides a canonical reference data model at both data and metadata levels. As such it is a model for the development of new CRISs (Current Research Information Systems) and a template both for data exchange between CRISs and for mediating access to multiple heterogeneous distributed CRISs. CERIF originated in 1988 but was based on earlier work in several European countries. The CERIF91 standard had some defects which became apparent in use. In 1997 a working group of the EC was set up to produce CERIF2000. This is a formal datamodel and thus unambiguously implementable. The CERIF Task Group of euroCRIS is working actively on implementations, lessons learned and improvements.1. INTRODUCTIONThis paper is organised as follows. CERIF (Common European Research Information Format) has a history described in Section 2. Section 3 describes how it is used currently as a datamodel for CRISs (Current Research Information Systems) in several variants in several countries and raises some issues. A Task Group of the euroCRIS organisation () is now the custodian of CERIF ensuring its integrity, flexibility and usability. Section 4 outlines some of the developmental directions for CERIF and discusses the relationship to the original aims and objectives. Section 5 concludes.2. CERIF PAST2.1 CERIF91CERIF (Official Journal 1991) has its origins in the late eighties arising from the Liaison Committee of Rectors’ Conferences of Member States and parallel, independent, work by several national Research Councils especially in projects IDEAS (Jeffery et.al 1989) and EXIRPTS (Naldi et. al. 1992). A Group was formed to formulate CERIF91 (vanWoensel 1988a); (vanWoensel 1988b). Experience with CERIF91 led, in 1997, to the requirement for a new CERIF standard. The major aspects were:a)the original CERIF covered only research projects as entities with persons, organisations andother information represented as attributes. Users of CRIS wanted to extend it to data on persons, organisations and other entities;b)the “research subject classification scheme” recommended in CERIF 1991 had not beenupdated since 1988 and needed to be extended to cover the new data areas plus give enhanced coverage of existing ones;c)new technologies, in particular, the introduction of the Internet and World Wide Web, hadchanged the nature of basic CRIS activities and opened new ways to serve various CRIS user groups.The (CERIF2000) standard was created in late 1999 following two years of work by the Group formed to undertake this task. There were strong interactions with the ERGO (European Research Gateway Online) Group which was implementing a prototype portal system (ERGO) based on (a slightly extended) CERIF91.2.2 CERIF20002.2.1 Problems with CERIF91One of the major problems with CERIF91 – and operational CRISs from the eighties and nineties – was that they tended to have a single-entity focus. There were three main classes of systems:(a)those focused on projects, with other information as attributes e.g. ASCENDA (UK);(b)those focused on persons, with other information as attributes e.g. BEST (UK) or COS(USA);(c)those focused on organisational unit, with other information as attributes e.g. LABO (FR); the characteristics of all of them included:(1)Problems of repeating groups. For example, in the case of CRISs focused on projects, it wasnot possible to record accurately the relationship between a person and this project. In fact usually only the project leader was recorded. Thus there were problems:(i)being unable to record repeating groups (multiple instances of groups of attributesrepresenting e.g. person repeating against one project);(ii)having attributes with the same value (e.g. a group of attributes representing person) occurring multiply in the database – where the same person was associated withmore than one projectSimilar problems occurred with repeating of organisational unit, publication, equipment, facility etc etc. This is known in the database theory literature as a problem of functional dependency.(2)Problems of relationships. For example, in the case of CRISs focused on projects:(i)it was not possible to record that project A was a subproject of project B,(ii)nor a follow-on project from project B.(iii)Similarly, it was not possible to record that person M was project leader, person N was the designer, person O was the analytical chemist for project A.(iv)It was not possible to indicate that project A was a cooperation between two organisational units.This all pointed to deficiencies in the data model. Specifically, it indicated that it was necessary to define more entities (rather than attributes of an entity) and that it was necessary to represent relationships between those entities that included 1:n, n:m and recursion (self-referencing).2.2.2 CERIF2000 Design(CERIF2000) has a particular feature of three major entities {project, person, organisational unit}interlinked through n:m relationships with {role} and {date / time} attributes and each capable of recursive reference (e.g. the relationship between one organisational unit and another, one project and another, one person and another). This provides great flexibility and robustness because not only can complex role and date-limited relationships between the three major entities be expressed but also other entities can be linked by role/date relationships to any or all of these three major entities. The following example facts can all be recorded accurately by CERIF2000: (1)person a works for organisational unit j which is a sub-unit of organisational unit k which is asub-unit of organisational unit l(2)person b works for organisational unit m, a sub-unit of organisational unit n(3)result-publication x came from project p which is a sub-project of project q(4)person c is a reviewer of result-publication x(5)person d is the editor of the journal or proceedings containing result-publication x(6)organisational unit h (a publisher) claims copyright on result-publication x(7)person a transferred copyright to organisational unit h(8)for result-publication x, person a transferred copyrightand since all these statements include roles (eg author) and also date/time stamping {<start date/time><end date/time>}it is possible using, for example, date range intersection, to induce from (7) and (8) into person a transferred copyright to organisational unit h for result-publication x.It is clear from the example that CERIF has both tremendous expressive power yet has the flexibility to allow simplified instances of the data model – for example in an academic environment the <date/time> attribute could be, simply, academic year thus allowing easy retrieval of result-publications of academic year yyyy with authors and organisational units (andprojects if desired). However, it does not even end there. Additional unique features of (CERIF2000)which provide even greater flexibility are:(a)all contact information is stored in one entity which has relationships (with role anddatestamping) to person and to organisational unit. Thus a person may have different contact information instances for different roles;(b)all attributes with enumerated lists of valid values have those values stored in an entity with arelationship to the entities including the attribute thus providing flexibility and extensibility;(c)all textual attributes have subordinate entities with language variants to allow a clean,flexible and extensible implementation of multilinguality;(d)CERIF is delineated by key reference links to databases known to be pre-existing with moredetailed information on certain entities e.g. publications, patents2.2.3 Three Data Models(CERIF2000) also proposes three data models:(a)‘full CRIS’ datamodel which defines entities, attributes and relationships for a ‘greenfield’CRIS implementation;(b)export CRIS datamodel which provides a set of proposed subsets of (a) for data exchangebetween CRISs capable of exporting / importing CERIF;(c)CRIS metadata datamodel, a proper subset of (b), which provides a succinct description ofthe contents of a CRIS in a form readable by any CRIS capable of importing / exporting CERIF and also forms the key to the development of portal systems wishing to provide a homogeneous view over heterogeneous CRISs.3. CERIF PRESENT3.1 IntroductionCERIF is established. EC (European Commission) tenders in the area of ERIS (European Research Information System) emphasise CERIF. It is - with the CRIS Conference Series - a major raison d’etre of euroCRIS. It is used either in practice or as a best-practice reference. Utilisation of CERIF in practice has advanced our knowledge.A list of current known CRISs which have CERIF compatibility is given:SICRIS http://sicris.izum.si/default.asp?lang=eng : a CRIS providing access to total university research in Slovenia. It is highly CERIF-2000 compatible, based on MS SQL installation of CERIF-2000. Uses CERIF schema and CERIF vocabulariesAURIS-MM: The CRIS developed to provide access to Austrian university research. It is highly CERIF-2000 compatible, based on Oracle installation of CERIF-2000. It uses CERIF schema and CERIF vocabularies. It extends CERIF to serve better Austrian users (uses Austrian vocabularies), to deal with other information (multimedia, web sites) and to serve for better information retrieval (full-text indexes, views)CRIS-MER /research/ReSchools/Re_plans.html : under development for research information on Migration and Ethnic Relations. Highly CERIF-2000 compatible, RDBMS implementation, uses CERIF schema and vocabularies. It extends CERIF for humantitarian information (new vocabularies and relations)Scottish Research Information System : is a CRIS for public research in Scotland. It is CERIF-2000 compatible. The data schema and metadata schemas to describe data are based on CERIF-2000.ARAMIS http://www.aramis-research.ch: a CRIS Intended to provide information to interested parties about research which is financed or carried out by the Federal Government in Switzerland. It has CERIF-2000 compatible data structures.INTACCOMP http://www.intaccomp.ro/ : is a network of key data about Central Europe research projects sponsored with either national or international funds. The data schema, vocabularies and metadata schema for data exchange are based on CERIF-2000 recommendation (http://www.man.poznan.pl/ist/isthmus/programme/slides/goczyla/ISThmus-goczyla.PPT) SAFARI http://safari.vr.se/ : a CRIS to provide information to Swedish academic research already available on the Internet. It is based on metadata technologies. The metadata schema is based Dublin Core and utilizes CERIF vocabularies to classify subjects.Joint Electronic Submission (Je-S): a proposed system for electronic submission of grant applications (and hence into databases) of the 6 UK Research Councils has specified CERIF compatibility.Experience has shown that CRIS developed for public research in Universities are commonly very compatible with CERIF-2000, even if they were developed without knowledge of CERIF-2000. Austrian examples are University of Salzburg, Technical University of Graz, University of Linz but similar examples are found in all countries. This is not surprising as CERIF2000 was defined utilising the experience of CRIS managers from all over Europe.Particular implementations at UiB in Bergen (emphasising research results-publications) and in CLRC near Oxford (as a corporate data model for a R&D enterprise to drive business processes and provide R&D management information for decision support) have stress-tested the CERIF model and led to proposals for some extensions.In parallel, detailed technical work on the EC-provided variants of CERIF schemas at the website (www.cordis.lu/cerif) by Andrei Lopatenko at TUW (Vienna University of Technology) hasindicated some deficiencies, and – interestingly - some variations from the model defined by the CERIF2000 Group. Andrei has also implemented a CERIF-compatible CRIS at TUW named AURIS-MM and has provided a ‘clean’ version of CERIF for euroCRIS.Thus we have several kinds of CERIF-developments today:(1)corrections to the EC-provided datamodel and schemas;(2)extensions to CERIF for research results-publications;(3)extensions to CERIF for corporate data model usage;(4)precision of CERIF dictionaries (lists of valid terms) associated with attributes that have theproperty of an enumerated list of possible valid values;These developments all aim either:(a)to make precise and formal the definition of CERIF and to formalise its change controlprocesses to ensure clarity;(b)to extend the capability and usability of CERIF for supporting CRIS in the widest sense, withextensions both in depth (detail) and in breadth (business requirements areas supported);One interesting feature is that of all the extensions to CERIF proposed very few actually require extensions to CERIF – the original datamodel had the capability to represent the requirement. This is a testament to the skill and ability of the CERIF2000 Group.3.2 Extensions3.2.1 UiBUiB had a particular need to relate {result_publication} to {person a} who at the time was working for {orgunit n} and to {person b} who was working for {orgunit m} In other words, they wished to relate a particular {result_publication} to the intersection of {person} and {orgunit}. This can be expressed in CERIF2000. However, it requires the induction that if the date range (with appropriate role) in the relationship {person-result_publication} intersects the date range in the relationship {person-orgunit} then the person was working for that {orgunit} at the time of publication. Of course, the {person} could have been working for more than one {orgunit} and more than one {person} could have been working for the same {orgunit} and on the same {result_publication}.For reasons of efficiency UiB decided to implement this as ternary relation {person-orgunit-result_publication}, without role and dates and so constructing a specialised fixed ternary relationship. This has the advantage that induction is not required, and that there are fewer join operations during selection (search). It has the disadvantage that it is difficult to represent the roleand time relationship of a {person} to either a {result_publication} or to an {orgunit}, and it also makes it more difficult to handle multi-author publications (because of repetition of the other two key attributes in the ternary relation). In practice this has proved inefficient in implementation.As an aside during this work it was noted that there is no (recursive or non-recursive) link table {result_publication-result_publication}. Such a link-table could be useful for handling semantics such as ‘paper x in proceedings y’ where the proceedings is clearly a separate publication or the relationship ‘paper x is an extended journal paper from paper y given at conference z’. In (CERIF2000) the original idea as that publications were recorded outside of CERIF, and that CERIF should hold only a pointer (e.g. URI) to the publication. It is now clear that this is insufficient and thus we now propose that this feature is added to the CERIF2000 standard. It is completely in line with the philosophy of CERIF and is analogous to the recursive relationship of {project} or {orgunit}, or the non-recursive relationship between one {project} and another or one {orgunit} and another.3.2.2 CLRC-RALCLRC has decided that it requires a corporate data model to underpin the drive to make all its business processes electronically supported. Work started on this independently of CERIF but after a relatively short time the model proposed was observed to be close to CERIF and so they were compared formally. The result was the adoption of CERIF but with extensions for this CLRC purpose. As CLRC is an organisation for the purpose of R&D it is perhaps not surprising that a CRIS data model should form a suitable basis for a corporate data model. However, CERIF was aimed originally at recording R&D information and not at supporting the business of R&D. The major extensions required in the CLRC datamodel are as follows:{project}: considerably more information including project plan, costs, milestones, deliverables; {person}: considerably more information including annual performance assessment which itself includes work objectives and their achievement and learning and development needs and their achievement. The record of past positions within the organisation can be recorded in CERIF, as can an employee’s manager and senior managers. Records of travel need to be added, related to project. The authority of one person over another can be recorded in CERIF but not the financial authority of a person (authorising expenditure by project). Although the CV of a person (as recorded within CERIF) can record skills or competencies, it is not necessarily in a form suitable for processing within the business of an organisation.{orgunit}: CERIF does not provide for information on the mission or objectives of an orgunit, nor its terms of reference (e.g. for a committee). It does not provide for financial information of an orgunit (e.g. annual budget, invoices, orders) nor human resource aspects of an orgunit (how many staff-years of effort does it control).Furthermore, the extension – a linking relation - to allow {result_publication-result_publication} noted above is required by CLRC. Current work is evaluating how much extension is required to {equipment} and {facilities} from the CERIF model to accommodate CLRC needs.CLRC staff are still working on the details of the data model and expect to provide a full proposal for CERIF extensions for consideration by the CERIF Task Group of EuroCRIS () in due course.3.3 Precision and Formalisation3.3.1 DataModel CorrectionsWork while at the Technical University of Vienna by Andre Lopatenko has discovered errors in (CERIF2000), particularly in the EC-provided schemas driven from the extended entity-relation diagrams. A few inconsistencies were also discovered in the spreadsheet tables in the appendix of (CERIF2000). The current correct version of the datamodel is available within the documentation of the CERIF Task Group of EuroCRIS (/cerif).3.3.2 Dictionaries, Thesauri and OntologiesGiven a formally correct datamodel (syntax) the next step to permit effective use of CRIS and effective data exchange or homogeneous access is converging the semantics (meaning). This requires agreed terms in dictionaries, thesauri or ontologies. Some work was done in this area using classification schemes (codes and meanings) and is documented (CERIF2000). However, many attributes were not subjected to rigorous content definition. Recent work by Andrei Lopatenko has provided a XML-encoded RDF description of CERIF which provides the basis fora definition of formal semantics, now being attempted using DAML + OIL. (W3C)4. CERIF FUTURE4.1 IntroductionCERIF clearly still has much to offer the CRIS designer, or the systems engineer providing import / export from a legacy CRIS to other systems. It provides a formalised reliable model. It appears – with the formal definition of the dictionaries, thesauri and ontologies - to be complete for CRIS requirements. Furthermore, it is clearly extensible for other purposes including a corporate business data model.4.2 Data ExchangeCERIF can be used for data exchange with data from CRIS A being converted from CRIS A format to CERIF, transmitted to CRIS B, received as CERIF and stored in the format of CRIS B ready for use by users of CRIS B. Although it can be shown theoretically that this is accomplished easily, demonstration of this capability is a target.4.3 Data AccessHowever, CERIF can also be used for access – that is provision of a portal to all CRISs for an end-user either attached to a particular CRIS or free-standing. The portal allows query expression in one expressive language and translation of that query to the target CRISs. They export their results as CERIF to be integrated at the portal for the end-user. The end-user then receives an answer consisting of the union of the results from the different target CRISs in CERIF format, ready for storing in the user’s local CRIS or independently. Such a system is subject to access rights, copyright, IPR and other restrictions. Such a portal system has yet to be constructed, but the ERGO pilot demonstrated feasibility.Here CERIF intersects with the (W3C) concepts of the ‘semantic web’ and the ‘web of trust’, both areas of active research by the authors among others.5. CONCLUSIONCERIF has demonstrated the basic soundness of the datamodel both in formal correctness and in its designed-in flexibility. This provides optimism for its success in the future. Of the proposed extensions few have required changes to CERIF. Some extensions (UiB) provide, arguably, efficiency but at the expense of program maintenance effort. Others (CLRC) are required in order to utilise CERIF in a much wider environment (corporate business processes and information systems) than originally intended (CRIS).AcknowledgementsThe excellent work of the CERIF2000 Group is there for all to see. The authors acknowledge the work of colleagues particularly Johanne Revheim at UiB and Stuart Robinson at CLRC. Contact Informationanne.asserson@ub.uib.nokeith.g.jeffery@alopatenko@ReferencesCERIF2000 www.cordis.lu/cerifERGO www.cordis.lu/ergoJeffery,K; Lay,J; Miquel,J-F; Zardan,S; Naldi,F; Vannini-Parenti,I (1989) IDEAS: A System for International Data Exchange and Access for Science Information Processing and Management Volume 25 No 6 pp703-711, 1989.Naldi, F; Jeffery, K; Bordogna, G; Lay, J; Vannini-Parenti, I A Distributed Architectureto Provide Uniform Access to Pre-Existing Independent, Heterogeneous Information Systems RAL Report 92-003Official Journal (1991) Recommendation to the Member States to use the CERIFformat In Official Journal of the European Communities, OJ L 189, 13th July1991.van Woensel, L (1988a) ‘CERIF Manual’ October 1988van Woensel, L (1988b) Towards harmonisation of databases on research in progress – Final report of the European Working Group on Research Databases November 1988. Published by the Liaison Committee of Rectors’ Conferences of Member States of the European Communities and Directorate General for Science, Research and Development of the Commission of the European Communities; financed by the Commission of the E.C., contract PSS*0058/B, compiled by Dr. L. Van Woensel.W3C 。

The Past, Present and Future of the Border trade between China and RussiaⅠ. The historical evolution of the border trade between China and Russia China and Russia's border trade from 1689's "China and Russia, cloth chu treaty, has been 300 years of history. The middle of the s, the two countries have signed the treaty between China and Russia Ai on "and" China and Russia Beijing treaty, a new boundary lines, heilongjiang became the boundary between the two countries. Since then, heilongjiang on both sides of the border trade became the main battlefield border trade between China and Russia. In 1917 Russia after the October revolution, border trade between China and Russia got continue. 1931 years after "918" incident, until 1945 years ago, because day Sue tension between, the boundary between the heavily fortified on both sides, both sides basically no trade. After the founding of the People's Republic, the sino-soviet border trade has entered a new historical period of development. New trade begin from 1957, in 1964, to continue a trade contract termination. In 1983, the two countries reached an agreement the Soviet union government, agree to get the use and SuFang GeWeiShen Nebraska, heihe city port as the two countries, provinces, serra had border trade goods port. September 1986 formally over goods, then both parties trade began to restorative development, until the Soviet union. 1991 years later, the state council foreign trade department, China has issued a series of expanding the file open border port, at the same time, the two governments signed the several encourage and protect trade and investment the important documents and founded the economic and trade cooperation between China and Russia, and science and technology committee such institutions. These measures a powerful impetus to the development of border trade between China and Russia. Throughout the seventeenth century to 20 century border trade between China and Russia over the past 300 years development course, we can see the border trade between China and Russia are several prominent features: 1. The Chinese border trade between the two countries to adapt to the border area with the needs of the development of social economy, the two countries welcome by the frontier and has strong vitality; 2. The development of border trade directly affected by the restriction of the national relationship between the two countries, the relationship between the state of peace and deterioration to a large extent, on the border with the ups and downs of the trade between China and Russia; 3. The governments of the two countries trade policy, for border trade management and the size of the support strength, for the stability of the border trade and standardizing development is very important.Ⅱ.The border trade between China and Russia and the status of the problems So far 2000 border trade between China and Russia is a new stage of development. This phase of the background, the first Russian stable political situation, especially the stability of the regime realized the handover. Since the ruling President vladimir putin's Russia, with stable political situation and strong central intervention, contributed to Russia's robust economic recovery, and sustainable economic growth, foreign exchange reserves increased. Continue to rise of Russia's economy, for trade between China and Russia (including border trade) created the accelerated development foundation.(a) border trade between China and Russia in the whole of Russia and China trade statusIn the past two years, the two countries with the strategic partnership of coordination further development, bilateral trade and economic cooperation relationship began to enter into the development of the fast lane. The economic and trade cooperation between China and Russia border regions, especially the border trade, trade in the two countries the proportion of the basic stability. According to statistics, in 2002, the border trade volume between China and Russia for 31. 700 million us dollars, accounting for the bilateral trade in the 20. 1%; 2003 years of 35. 200 million us dollars, accounting for the bilateral trade in the 22. 3%. 2004 for 4.2 billion us dollars, accounting for nearly 20% of the bilateral trade that year. 2005 still keeps this level. According to the ministry of commerce of the People's Republic of China and Russia economic and trade cooperation network r. "the far east trade herald" of statistical data, in 2005 the two countries its border region of 86. 400 million us dollars, accounting for 30% of the total trade between China and Russia, including China and Russia, and border trade volume of 55. 700 million us dollars, up by 32. 7%, accounting for nearly 20% in the same period trade between China and Russia, accounting for the same period of its Chinese border 64. 5%. In the first half of 2006, the two countries border region of its 48. 600 million us dollars, accounting for 26.8% of the total trade between China and Russia in the same period, among them, the border trade volume between China and Russia for 31. 300 million us dollars, up 29%, accounting for the same period trade between China and Russia 20. 7%, accounting for the same period in the Chinese border its 64. 4%, keep a high growth. Therefore, Chinese border trade has become the bilateral economic and trade cooperation is the important component of the two countries in the border areaoccupies an important place in the economic and trade cooperation, and become the two countries promote the neighboring areas of economic prosperity development important source power, to stabilize and improve the frontier border people life level plays a positive role.(b) the characteristics of the development of border trade between China and Russia1. The import and export commodity structure continues to reflect complementary advantages. The two countries trade commodity structure and industrial structure of the two countries and production development level closely related. Bilateral trade between China and Russia is complementary advantages of border trade goods structure of the decisive factor. For now, Russia and China trade structure to the present Chinese labor-intensive products and the Russian resources intensive product primarily characteristics, both sides complementary remains strong.2. Trade methods to change the standardization. The Soviet union is a barter trade between the two countries and the traditional way of border trade, in the 90 s to promote trade development between China and Russia played an important role. But as of the trade relationship between the two countries adjustment, the modernized and standardized remittance trade in both countries increasing the proportion of the trade. By 2003, the goods to barter trade basic exit border trade, reflected the border trade be internationalized and border trade enterprises gradually standardized management means the process.3. The private enterprise in border trade between China and Russia proportion to increase. In border trade between China and Russia at the initial stage, the state-owned enterprise is the main force of border trade between China and Russia, but in recent years, the private enterprise in Russian exports share increase gradually, the speed of development soon.4. The Chinese trade balance situation gradually improving. In the 1990 s, the Chinese border trade between China and Russia is always in the deficit position. The generation of trade deficit, mainly is the import and export commodity structure characteristics and the number that work together. We import goods from Russia for our shortage, the great demand for resources products, and to Russia export commodities is mainly products and other properties, light textile products. 2002 years later, as the two countries the development of economy, the change of market demand and their respective trade policy adjustment in the Chinese border trade deficit to the surplus by the Chinese side gradually shift.5. Travel shopping trade has become the new window border trade between China and Russia. Tourist shopping goods isborder areas to develop "border swim", the outgoing passengers entrust with the customs clearing customs declaration of freight way outbound tourist shopping small batch goods. Because trade is a more flexible way, trade with the market demand and the scale of change, this trade in China's border regions way is developing rapidly. Therefore, since 2000, included in the official national export trade statistics. In recent years, our country to Russian border travel trade development is rapid, tourist shopping trade between China and Russia has become an important part of border trade.(3) the current Chinese border trade problemsHowever, the current development of border trade between China and Russia also has some serious problems, mainly are:1. The border area to Russian trade staying power shortage. Long-term since, in Russia's border area of export products, the local products less than 25%, most product export supply of goods is from the mainland of the organization. Border area can't make full use of superiority to attract domestic and foreign investment and development on the overseas market production ability, but only to the south of the product sell to Russian upside down again. The result is a border area can't set up their own production base, especially not offering a famous quality products, except for a few blockbuster products outside, most product exports less competitive, Russian lack of a solid foundation of trade production, a serious shortage of staying power.2. Trade "bottleneck" restricted the development of border trade. Especially in local currency settlement, business dispute arbitration, insurance system has existed for a long time by the "bottleneck" problems, failed so far to effectively solve, seriously affected the normal development of border trade.3. Trade structure "three low" state of play to the potential impact of trade. Now, the trade body low level of commodity trade low added value, economic and trade cooperation between China and Russia has become a low level field border trade is difficult to striding forward structural obstacles, its seriousness shouldn't be underestimated.4. "gray clearance" are a recipe for disaster. In recent years, the Russian police many times for Chinese goods to adopt a "raid" operations, "gray clearance" is the culprit, but so far the two sides failed to find the right solution.5. The certain way of the Russian border trade between China and Russia to the development have certain inhibition, now on 26 February, Russia to tourism shopping at the duty-free goods carry personnel to adopt strict "XianCi set limit to" measures, cause the tourism trade down dramatically. Be like again, according to the 1998 and 1999 years exchangedthe Russian government, both parties agree to simplify the Russian citizens into the manchurian process silk flowers 2 HuMaoOu heihe river of formalities, but so far and the relevant departments still requirements and visa to enter citizens HuMaoOu, affected the development of folk trade between China and Russia. Both parties have reached an agreement for the boundary between the bridge construction, Russia has not yet completed the formalities for examination and approval. In addition, Russia in the port construction speed of both economic and trade cooperation and to meet the needs of the rapid development of. Ⅲ. the prospect of border trade between China and RussiaAccording to above for border trade between China and Russia history and realistic analysis, we have a good reason for the development of border trade between China and Russia are full of confidence.(a) Border trade between China and Russia faced unprecedented good opportunity1. The national relations between the two countries into the best period in history. After the collapse of the Soviet union, the relationship between China and Russia to have been some concern, but the two countries' leaders from Soviet times seriously from alliance to combat the lessons of the history of, from the fundamental interests of the two peoples of the establishment and development of equality and mutual benefit good-neighborly and friendly cooperation relationship. Relations between the two countries from the 1992 "partnership" in 1994 to "constructive partnership", to 1996 years and established a "strategic partnership". In recent years, the two countries leadership visits frequently, often is important international issues and bilateral relations between both sides concern for exchange and consultation. July 16, 2001 between the two countries signed by the head of state of good-neighborliness and friendly cooperation treaty, relations between the two countries for the healthy and steady development have laid the reliable legal basis. In March 2006 in Beijing started between China and Russia of sponsoring "national years" activities, is to promote the relations between the two countries and the development of the two countries to the people's generation friendly important steps, which will push bilateral strategic partnership to step on to a new stage.2. The two countries economic development present benign circulation. China's economy each year on average at 8% ~ 9% growth, and economic since 1999 and restorative growth appear continues to this day. Therefore, it can beargued that Russia has entered the relatively stable economic growth period, and maintain a stable political situation for many years. In the pursuit of economic growth and political stability, constitutes the essential feature of the putin times. This feature will help to promote trade cooperation between China and Russia to fore-and-aft development. In particular, the current China is implementation of western China development, promotes the northeast old industrial base and so on regional development strategy, Russia also in developing the far east and Siberia, the frontier and local trade and economic cooperation for the two countries, providing more opportunities to reality. 3. Boundary problems are thoroughly solved, regional cooperation to clear the obstacle. The boundary problem of Russia and China have relations between the two countries is a big obstacle to development, relations between the two countries it is one of the important factors. On October 14, 2004, the two countries signed in Beijing the government of the People's Republic of China and the Russian federation on the border between China and Russia in the eastern part of supplementary agreement, marks between China and Russia for four 300 km of the border to determined completely, thus to clear the influence of the biggest obstacle to relations between the two countries. The agreement concluded, help to eliminate the bilateral relations tension factors, thorough cleaning the serious influence border trade and economic cooperation of the "China threat theory"; To work together in building friendly, peace, cooperation and prosperity of the border regions, stimulate the potential of the regional cooperation, and to better serve the regional economic development services between China and Russia. 4. The opportunities brought by Russia's entry into the wto. Russia in 1993 began to apply to join the world trade organization, and related negotiations began in 1994, at present, Russia's entry into the wto negotiations already near completion, and Russia's entry into the wto will border trade between China and Russia to bring good luck. First of all, non-tariff barriers to trade will greatly reduce or eliminate; Second, will enable the border trade operation to standardized development, which can greatly improve the development of border trade environment.(b) The Chinese border area adjacent to the high economic dependence, potential cooperationWhether from the geopolitical reasons, or from the consideration on the human factors between the two countries, adjacent to the border areas complementary to each other are strong. Russia and sparsely populated far east, labor shortages, adjacent to China's northeast of the contrary, labor notonly plenty, and low cost. Border of the economic and trade cooperation, there are many capacity, both sides each have obvious advantages, in wood processing, logistics, agriculture and fisheries, resources and energy, and other fields, can deepen cooperation. Now, the two countries border trade commodity mainly concentrated in the textile, agricultural and resource products, easily in the future to the contribution of trade between China and Russia could reach $15 billion to $20 billion, it will depend on the border trade between China and Russia could lose no time to take of policy measures, realize the strategic upgrade as soon as possible.(c) To implement the strategic upgrade border trade between China and Russia the countermeasures of choice1. To speed up the trade structure transformation. China and Russia border trade between mode is still the scattered, low levels of, far not adapt to the new economic environment. Border trade between China and Russia the existing pattern and the potential of the two countries formed great contrast. Therefore, to speed up the trade structure of Russia and China (including Chinese border trade structure) made transformation, cooperation method must be "DaoYe trade" to mutual investment and technology cooperation transition; Cooperation scale by zero broken clock in at big business transformation, Cooperation from the guerrillas were subject to upgrade.2. Perfect domestic trade between China and Russia as soon as possible settlement mechanism. Between the two countries of the local currency settlement business to be sustained, stable and healthy development, especially JieSuanLiang can effectively improve the RMB, must strengthen bilateral cooperation and actively take corresponding measures to establish a common security funds of Russia and China bank, reduce the commercial bank adopts RMB and rubles settlement generated non-business exchange rate risk. The two countries shall be allowed to import and export business customs department adopts RMB or rubles customs declaration, and will be RMB and rubles as customs import and export customs declaration form of currency to join processing system, make in RMB or rubles valuation of the goods to be able smoothly declaration, speed up the local currency settlement business development.3. The diversified development cooperation. Especially to expand the border area labor services cooperation between China and Russia, and actively developing Russia border region of the financial market, strengthen the cooperation of energy is the border between China and Russia, strengthen andacross the far east technology cooperation.4. Pay attention to the border trade between China and Russia institutional construction. In bilateral cooperation framework is gradually standard bilateral trade order, must give full play to the prime minister to meet regularly mechanism and economic and trade, science and technology, the role of the branch committee, accelerate the resolution trade order and trade service system. Should strive for world trade organization under the framework of multilateral trade rules, and promote bilateral solve those between China and Russia long-term difficult problem to solve.5. Increase the port construction force, innovation supervision model, push forward the port customs clearance electronic, the process of information, make the border trade between China and Russia of norms, convenient and efficient customs clearance environment.6. Other countries experience for reference, monarch border built free trade area. Create border free trade area, and actively promote border area of the surrounding countries and regional economic cooperation is Latin American countries attract foreign investment, and its economic development of a successful experience. Regional economic integration have preferential trade agreement, free trade zone, a customs union, a common market and economic alliance, as all kinds of form. Among them, the most suitable for China's free trade area form the needs of the present. So far, China had had 12 to Russian land crossings-but successively in the Chinese side set up counter-trade trade area, 2005 exchange trade amounted to us $2.2 billion, accounting for 40% of the amount of border trade. As long as both China and Russia hand in hand together, and gradually put counter-trade trade area into economic and technical development zone, again by point to the line by line, to face, form a larger scope of the border between China and Russia free trade area, it is completely possible.In short, the common economic development strategy and the development of good wishes, between the two countries is strengthening economic cooperation between China and Russia, promoting regional economic development, realize the border between China and Russia border trade upgrade the reliable guarantee. Has a history of 300 years of China-Russia border trade is far from now is going to the dogs, but is in on the eve of the big development.。

Lesson 11.昨日发生的恐怖主义活动使美国人的生活暗淡无光，在他们的生活中留下了印迹，并永远地改变了他们的生活。

Y esterday’s terrorism darkened, marked and forever altered the way Americans live their lives. 2.佛罗里达州立大学创伤心理学教授查尔斯?费格里说:“我们得学一学其它许多国家曾经经历过的东西，那就是从文化上和在全国范围内来应对恐惧。

”他还说:“我们正在体验恐惧是怎样起作用的。

”“We are going to have to learn what a lot of other countries have gone through: to manage fear at a cultural and national level,” said Charles Figley, a professor of trauma psychology at Florida State University. “We’re getting a lesson in the way fear works.”3.美国是一个一向以开放自豪甚至洋洋得意的国家，在这里，人们可以独自在美国国会大楼中闲庭信步，而现在，恐怖袭击很有可能迫使美国人处处小心，惶惶不可终日。

其实我们很大程度上已经是这样了。

许多政府大楼的前门装设的金属探测器已然成为一道风景线，大部分的办公大楼里也必备保安。

In a country long proud and even boastful of its openness—a country where an ordinary citizen can stroll through the U.S. Capitol unescorted—the terrorist attacks are likely to force Americans to a lot of that. Metal detectors now mark the front door of many government buildings, and security guards are a fixture in the lobby of most large office buildings.4.报复有很大的危险，会引发和在中东及北爱尔兰一样的紧张的暴力和反暴力的恶性攀升。

present and past作文Time is a fascinating concept that allows us to understand the passage of moments, from the present to the past. It is a reminder of how our actions today contribute to the memories we will create for tomorrow. The present moment is a gift that holds the potential to shape our future, while the past is a treasure trove of experiences and lessons that guide us on our journey.In the present, we find the power to create and influence our reality. It is the only time we have control over, and it offers endless possibilities. We can choose to act, to change, and to grow. The present moment is filled with opportunities that can lead to success, happiness, and personal growth. It is the seed from which our future blooms, and it requires our attention, intention, and effort to flourish.The past, on the other hand, is a collection of memories and events that have already occurred. It is a part of our history, shaping who we are today. The past holds valuable lessons and insights that can help us make informed decisions and avoid repeating mistakes. It is a source of wisdom and understanding, allowingus to learn from our experiences and grow emotionally and spiritually.While the past cannot be changed, it can be honored and appreciated. By reflecting on our past experiences, we can gain a deeper understanding of ourselves and our values. We can also recognize the impact of our actions and the legacy we want to leave behind. The past serves as a foundation for our present actions and decisions, providing a sense of continuity and purpose.The relationship between the present and the past is a delicate dance of growth and reflection. We must live fully in the present, embracing each moment with intention and gratitude. At the same time, we should learn from the past, using its lessons to navigate the challenges of the present and shape a positive future.In conclusion, the present and the past are two interconnected dimensions of time that play crucial roles in our lives. The present offers us the power to create and influence our reality, while the past provides us with valuable lessons and insights. By embracing both the present and the past, we can live a fulfilling and purposeful life.中文翻译：时间是一个令人着迷的概念，它让我们理解从现在到过去的时刻的流逝。