Progress on Observation of Cryospheric Components and Climate-Related Studies in China

化工进展CHEMICAL INDUSTRY AND ENGINEERING PROGRESS 2016年第35卷第8期·2350·碳酸锂在水中的溶解度和超溶解度的测定及热力学分析宋昌斌1，李润超2（1青海盐湖镁业有限公司，青海格尔木 816099；2北京四中高三（5）班，北京 100088）摘要：固体溶质在溶剂中的溶解度和超溶解度数值决定了结晶介稳区的宽度，而溶质结晶分离过程又是在介稳区中进行操作，因此固体溶质的溶解度和超溶解度在工业结晶中是很重要的基础数据。

本文以碳酸锂为溶质，在标准压力条件和283.15～318.15K温度条件下，用重量分析法测定其在水中的溶解度；用激光动态法测定其在一定温度条件下在水中的超溶解度，从而得到碳酸锂在水溶液中的介稳区；结果显示，碳酸锂在水中的溶解度和超溶解度均随温度的升高而减小，介稳区宽度随温度的升高而变窄；其溶解度数据用Van’t Hoff方程和修正的Apelblat方程进行了热力学关联计算，结果表明，两种热力学模型对碳酸锂在水中溶解度的关联效果都很好，其中Van’t Hoff方程和修正的Apelblat方程的计算值与实验值的平均相对偏差分别为0.54%和0.20%。

通过溶解热力学计算，得到碳酸锂在水中的溶解焓∆H d、熔解熵ΔS d和溶液标准吉布斯自由能变∆G d，结果表明该溶解过程为放热熵减小的非自发过程，并且溶解熵变对溶解过程的影响较大。

关键词：碳酸锂；水；溶解度；超溶解度；介稳区；热力学计算中图分类号：TQ 013.1 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1000–6613（2016）08–2350–05DOI：10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2016.08.07Measurement and thermodynamic analysis of the solubility andsupersolubility of lithium carbonate in waterSONG Changbin1，LI Runchao2（1Qinghai Salt Lake Magnesium Industry Co.，Ltd.，Geermu 816099，Qinghai，China；2Beijing No.4 Middle School，High Senior Three Class 5，Beijing 100088，China）Abstract：The solubility and supersolubility determines the width of the metastable state and the crystallization process is operated in the metastable zone. Therefore，the solubility and supersolubility are an important basic data in industrial crystallization process. In this study，lithium carbonate was used as solute and the solubility of lithium carbonate in water was measured at (283.15 to 318.15) K and atmospheric pressure by using a gravimetric method. The supersolubility was measured by using a laser dynamic method. It was obviously showed that the solubility and supersolubility of lithium carbonate in water and the width of the metastable zone decreased with increasing temperature. The solubility data was correlated by Van’t Hoff equation and modified Apelblat equation. The results indicated that the solubility of calculated values was in good agreement with the experimental values.The average relative deviation of the Van’t Hoff equation and the modified Apelblat equation were0.54% and 0.20%，respectively. The changes of enthalpy（ΔH d），entropy（ΔS d）and Gibbs free energy（ΔG d）of the dissolving process were obtained by the thermodynamic calculation. The dissolving process was a non-spontaneous process of exothermic and Entropy. The entropy change was the main influencing factor in the dissolution process.152****************。

第12期(总第518期)2020年12月农产品加工Farm Products Processing No.12Dec.文章编号：1671-9646(2020)12b-0028-04响应面优化碱法提取高粱淀粉的工艺段 冰，**杨 玲，郭 睿，郭旭凯，邵 强，温贤将收稿日期：2020-05-26基金项目：国家谷子高粱产业技术体系——高粱加工岗(CARS-06-13.5-A30)；山西省农科院“农谷”研发专项项目“高粱淀粉物理改性研究及功能食品开发” (YCX20182029)；晋中市科技局重点研发项目“高粱抗性淀粉制备关键技术及其功能 性食品的研发” (Y182016)。

作者简介：段 冰(1982—)，女，本科，副研究员，研究方向为高粱加工利用。

*通讯作者：杨玲(1970-)，女，本科，副研究员，研究方向为高粱加工利用。

(山西农业大学(山西省农业科学院高粱研究所)，山西晋中030600)摘要：选用晋杂22号高粱为原料，以响应面法优化碱法研究提取高粱淀粉的工艺，采用单因素试验及响应面优化法，探讨碱液质量分数、提取时间和提取温度等因素对高粱淀粉纯度的影响，得出高粱淀粉提取的最佳工艺条件，并通过差示扫描量热仪分析检测。

结果表明，碱液质量分数0.3%，提取温度40 提取时间3.1 h ，蛋白残留率平均值为0.31%。

关键词：高粱；淀粉；响应面法；碱液质量分数；淀粉提取中图分类号：TS201.25 文献标志码：A doi ： 10.16693/ki.1671-9646(X ).2020.12.042Optimization of Extraction Process of Sorghum Starch byResponse Surface MethodologyDUAN Bing, YANG Ling, GUO Rui, GUOXukai, SHAO Qiang, WEN Xianjiang(Sorghum Institute of Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences ， Shanxi Agricultural University ，Jinzhong ， Shanxi 030600， China)Abstract ： Jinza 22 sorghum was selected as the raw material ， and the response surface method (RSM) was used to optimizethe process of improving sorghum starch. The single factor test and response surface optimization method were used to explore the effects of lye concentration ， extraction time and extraction temperature on the purity of sorghum starch. To obtain the bestprocess conditions for sorghum starch extraction ， and analysis and detection by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC ) . The results showed that the lye concentration was 0.3%， the extraction temperature was 40 无，the extraction time was 3.1 h ， the average protein residual rate was 0.31%.Key words : sorghum ； starch ； response surface methodology ； lye concentration ； starch extraction我国高粱种植面积和产量居世界第5位叫 淀粉 是高粱籽粒中含量最多的碳水化合物［2］。

培养基、保护剂和饥饿处理对冻干乳酸菌存活性的影响2962007,V o1.2&No.07食品科学※生物工程培养基,保护剂和饥饿处理对冻干乳酸菌存活性的影响靳志强2,李平兰2,(1.长治学院生化系,山西长治046011;2.中国农业大学食品科学与营养工程学院,北京100083)摘要:研究了培养基,冻干保护剂,饥饿处理对冻干乳酸菌存活性的交互影响.结果表明,培养液中加入NaC1,干燥介质中添加冻干保护剂蔗糖,冻干前对L.bulgaricusS-1细胞饥饿,这三种处理都可以提高冻干菌体在贮藏期的存活性;然而当培养液中含有NaC1时,保护剂蔗糖以及对细胞饥饿处理并不能进一步提高该培养液中生长的细胞在贮藏期的存活性.关键词:乳酸菌;存活性;培养基;保护剂;饥饿处理EffectsofGrowthMedium,CryoprotectorandStarvationOilSurvivalduringStorageof Freeze.driedLacticAcidBacteriaJINZhi—qiang?LIPing—lan?(1.DepartmentofBiochemistry,ChaagzhiCollege,Changzhi046011,China;2.CollegeofFoodScienceandNutritionalEngineering,ChinaAgriculturalUniversity,Beiji ng100083,China)Abstract:Interactiveeffectsofgrowthmedium,cryoprotectorandstarvationtreatmentonba cterialsurvivalduringthestorageoffreeze—dIiedlacticacidbacteriahavebeenstudi~.factors,includingadditionofNaC1tothegrowthm edium,additionofsucrosetothedryingmediumandstarvationofS一1inthestationaryphase,couldhelpsurviveduringstorageinthedriedstate.However,inthecaseofNaC1inthegrowthmedium,notonlySULTOseinthedryingmediums eemedtobelargelyineffectivein furtherincreasingthesurvivalrateofdriedcellsthroughoutstorage,butalsostarvationwasrat herinadequateinprotectingdriedcellssurvivalduringstorage.Keywords:lacticacidbacteria;survival;growthmedium;cryoprotector;starvation中图分类号:TS201.3文献标识码:A文章编号:1002.6630(2007)07.0296.04乳酸菌培养物在冷冻干燥和随后长期的贮藏过程中,最大限度的保持乳酸菌的活性无论从经济角度还是从技术角度来讲都是至关重要的.微生物细胞的存活取决于许多因素,包括微生物起始浓度,培养基,非致死性处理,冻干保护剂和复水环境等【_3】.保护剂可以减轻冷冻干燥或复水对细胞的损害,尽可能保持原有的各种生理生化特性和生物活性.筛选适宜的冻干保护剂对细胞在冻干和贮藏过程中的存活性至关重要.目前研究的重点主要放在保护剂对乳酸菌存活率的影响上,但培养基也是一个关键因素.可混溶溶质的积累,胞外多糖的产生和膜的脂肪酸的改变等因素可以解释各种培养基对冻干菌体的保护作用0-61.可混溶溶质是一些有机小分子,溶解性较好,高渗环境下在细胞质内可以积累到一个高的水平.可混溶溶质具有渗透保护作用,诸如甜菜碱,肉碱,甘露糖等可混溶溶质在干燥过程中对乳酸菌的保护作用已被报道【4】.Glaasker等提出,加入NaC1和蔗糖的培养液都可以使可混溶溶质在细胞内产生和富集【.另外,外界环境的改变使菌体通过代谢调控做出反应,从而使细胞的抗性增强,例如细胞生长的低pH值环境,细胞生长期的饥饿处理等可以提高细胞对冷冻干燥的抗性【s-.Giard等研究表明,在生长过程中由于葡萄糖耗尽引起的营养匮乏使粪肠球菌对其它逆境产生了巨大的耐受力【引.本研究就添加蔗糖或氯化钠的培养液,保护剂蔗收稿日期:2007—02.28通讯作者基金项目:国家"863"计划目标导向性项目(2006AA10Z343)作者简介:靳志强(1976一),男,助教,硕士,研究方向为食品微生物与发酵.※生物工程食品科学2007,V oL28,No.07297糖,细胞的饥饿处理对乳酸菌在贮藏过程中存活性的交互影响进行了探讨,为进一步研究冻干乳酸菌的细胞损伤和保护机理提供一定的理论依据.1材料与方法l|1菌株Lactobacillusdelbeueckiisubsp.bulgaricusS.l(简称S-1)CGMCC1358(专利保藏菌种)以冻干菌粉的形式贮存于一20℃的冰箱中,用于所有的实验中.1.2培养基MRSa:标准MRS;MRSb:将MRSa中的20g葡萄糖替换为10g葡萄糖+10g蔗糖;MRSc:MRSa+5g氯化钠,NaC1对MRS培养液中生长的S-i的最小抑制剂量(MIC)为6.25g/L,因此选择5g/LNaC1的添加浓度,该添加量仍然可以使细胞在40℃下生长良好.l-3仪器YX.280D自动蒸汽消毒器江阴市滨江医疗设备厂:DNP.9162电热恒温培养箱上海精宏实验设备有限公司;SCL.1300型垂直流洁净工作台北京赛伯乐实验仪器有限公司;E系列生物显微镜麦克奥迪实业集团有限公司:GL.20G.II高速冷冻离心机上海安亭科学仪器厂;FD.1冷冻干燥机北京博医康实验仪器有限公司.l4方法1.4.1细胞制备菌株S.1在培养液MRSa,MRSb和MRSc中40℃培养12h进入稳定期后,8000r/min10min离心收集,磷酸缓冲液清洗两次.每种培养液中所得菌体沉淀都分为三组:a组样品悬浮于无菌的脱脂奶中作为对照;b组样品在无菌水中室温下饥饿处理20min,然后悬浮于无菌的脱脂奶中;C组样品悬浮于添加冻干保护剂蔗糖(10g/L)的脱脂奶中.细胞悬浮液在室温下平衡20min, 不停振荡以使细胞适应.1.4.2冻干与贮藏装有lml细胞悬浮液的小瓶放置于一20℃冰箱中冻结24h.然后在冻干机中一45℃,1Pa压力下干燥24h. 冻干菌粉密封避光保存于室温下.1.4-3菌株S1在冻干和贮藏过程中存活性的测定冻干前后及在贮藏期每隔半个月,随机取出样品用11%的脱脂奶复水到原体积,然后梯度稀释倾倒平板进行计数.2结果与分析许多因素影响到乳酸菌在冻干和贮藏过程中的存活性.在本研究中,就添加蔗糖或氯化钠的培养液,保护剂蔗糖,细胞的饥饿处理对S.1在贮藏过程中存活性的交互影响进行了探讨,实验结果如图1～3所示.蚕篓OO.511,522.533.5贮藏时间(月)图lMRSa培养液中生长的细胞在贮藏过程中的存活性Fig,1CellularsurvivalinMRSaculturemediumdudngstorage雷言呈螟0O,511.522,533,5贮藏时间(月)图2MRSb培养液中生长的细胞在贮藏过程中的存活性CellularsurvivalinMRSbculturemediumduringstorage善蓉蜒OO.511.522.533.5贮藏时间(YJ)图3MRSC培养液中生长的细胞在贮藏过程中的存活性Fig.3CellularsurvivalinMRScculturemediumduringstorage 2.1生长培养基的影响比较图1～3中的对照处理,可以看出S一1在贮藏期的存活性与培养液的成分密切相关.在贮藏期间,MRSa和MRSb中生长的S一1的存活率不断下降,在贮藏后期下降更为迅速,二者之间没有显着差异.添加氯化钠的培养液(MRSc)中生长的S一1在贮藏期的存活率虽然也呈下降趋势,但下降平缓.与MRSa和MRSb中生长的S1的存活率相比,MRSc中生长的S-1在贮藏∞鲫∞∞加O∞鲫∞∞加O∞∞∞∞加O2982DD7.V o1.28,No.07目晶科学※生物工程末期的存活率显着高于前两者.在培养液中加入氯化钠或蔗糖等化合物,提高了渗透压,降低了水分活度.在此高渗环境下,诸如甜菜碱,肉碱等可混溶溶质在胞内积累,从而使细胞可以重建渗透平衡Do].由于可混溶溶质在细胞处于不利条件下可以稳定蛋白,因此对高渗环境和干燥过程的乳酸菌都有益处[1l1.本研究中,向培养液中加入氯化钠或蔗糖提高培养液的同渗容摩,对S.1在贮藏过程中的稳定性有不同的影响,只有含NaC1的MRS培养液中生长的细胞在贮藏过程中才具有更高的存活率.有研究证实,植物乳杆菌和保加利亚乳杆菌在上述两种高渗培养液中积累的可混溶溶质并不相同[71.可混溶溶质的不同可以一定程度上解释本研究中两种培养液内生长的S.1在贮藏阶段表现出不同的存活性.2.2将蔗糖加入干燥介质(脱脂奶)中的影响由图1,2看出,冻干保护剂蔗糖可以显着增加MRSa和MRSb中生长的S1在冻干过程中和贮藏期的存活性.然而从图3看出,MRSc培养液中生长的S.1在三种干燥条件下均表现出很好的存活性.保护剂蔗糖似乎并不能进一步提高冻干细胞在贮藏期间的存活性. Leslie等研究表明,蔗糖可以保护脂质体,生物膜以及一些完整的细胞免于冷冻干燥的有害作用[12】.由于在冻干过程中形成了高粘性,低流动性的玻璃态基质,而且束缚在蛋白上的溶质在蛋白质周围的水化层被去除后可以充当水分子的替代物,因此保护了蛋白质的功能,从而提高了细胞的存活率l.除了保护干燥过程中蛋白质的结构和功能以外,蔗糖和其他碳水化合物降低了细胞膜的相变温度,阻止了相变,因此防止了复水时细胞内容物的泄漏】.本研究中,保护剂蔗糖对MRSc培养液中生长的s.1在贮藏期并没有显示出有效的保护作用,可能是因为蔗糖的保护效果被培养液的保护效果所平衡的缘故.延长贮藏期,蔗糖加入干燥介质中的积极的保护作用可能体现出来.2-3饥饿处理的影响细胞的饥饿处理对S.1在贮藏过程中的存活性的影响因培养液不同而不同.如图3所示,与对照相比,当S.1生长在添加了氯化钠的培养液(MRSc)中时,饥饿处理对贮藏期冻干细胞的保护作用并不明显;从图1,2看出,与对照相比,饥饿处理对MRSa和MRSb中生长的S.1则表现出积极的保护作用.Beney等报道,热激产生的热激蛋白对膜蛋白和脂质体具有稳定效果[141.正如热激和冷激对乳酸链球菌的作用一样,饥饿处理对贮藏期冻干细胞的保护作用可能归因于:(1)应激反应引起细胞膜的变化,膜的变化增强了细胞对冷冻和干燥的忍耐力.(2)合成应激蛋白,应激蛋白作为高分子稳定物,可以增强水分子的氢键结构,从而提高高分子周围非冻结水的水平】.培养液MRSb和MRSc中生长的细胞所积累的可混溶溶质的不同可能使细胞处于不同的生理状态,从而对饥饿处理引起的应激表现出不同的忍耐力.在MRSc中生长的S.1胞内富集了可混溶溶质,由于可混溶溶质的保护作用,对细胞饥饿处理20min可能不足以在细胞内产生任何应激反应.3结论向培养液中加入电解液(NaC1)或非电解液(蔗糖)来提高培养液的同渗容摩,二者对S.1菌体贮藏期间的存活率有不同的影响,只有含NaC1的MRS培养液中生长的细胞在贮藏过程中才具有更高的存活率;保护剂蔗糖,冻干前对S1细胞饥饿处理都可以提高冻干菌体在贮藏期间的存活性;然而当培养液中含有NaC1时,保护剂蔗糖以及对细胞饥饿处理并不能进一步提高该培养液中生长的细胞在贮藏期间的存活性.乳酸菌在冷冻,干燥和贮藏过程中,细胞的损伤和保护机理是相当复杂的,至今尚未完全搞清楚.由于众多原因,不同研究的实验数据加以比较是困难的,大多数报道的研究重点是干燥过程中的存活而不是贮藏期间的存活.此外,由于不同研究中应用的微生物菌种不同,干燥方法不同和保护剂的浓度不同,造成文献中研究结果间的差异.然而,多数研究均表明,为给贮藏期间的冻干细胞提供保护,培养基和保护剂的适当选择是必需的.需要强调指出的是,每一保护剂对每一乳酸菌菌株的存活率的影响都应当逐一确定.而且,搞清楚不利环境因素(例如冷冻干燥,贮藏,复水)给细胞带来的损伤以及应激蛋白(尤其是那些在干燥和贮藏期间提供抗性的应激蛋白)的诱导产生,这对乳酸菌菌种的保存及商品化直投式发酵剂的生产均具有十分重要的理论与实践意义.参考文献COSTAE,RSALLJ.衄ON.eta1.Effectofprotectiveagents, rehydrationmediaandinitialcellconcentrationonviabilityofPantoea agglomeransCPA-2subjectedtofreeze-drying田.AppliedMicrobiology, 2oo0.89:793—8oo.CARVALHOAS,SILVAJ,HOP,cta1.Effectofvariousgrowthmedia uponsurvivalduringstorageoffl'l~zc—driedEnterococcusfaecalisand Enterococcusdurans[J].AppliedMicrobiology,2003,94:947-952. DESMONDC,STANTONC.FrIZGERAIDGF.eta1.Environmen- taladaptationsofprobioticlaetobacillitowardsimprovementofperfor-nlallceduringspraydrying[Y].InternationalDairyJournal,2001,11:8O1—808.O'CALLAGHANJ.CONDONS.GrowthofLO~tococcl~loCfiSsgra~sa￡lowwateractivity:Correlationwith也eabilitytoaccumulateglycine※生物工程食品科学2007,V o1.28,No.07299鸡胸大肌中焦磷酸酶的分离纯化及特性研究姚蕊,彭增起,周光宏,何燕,靳红果(南京农业大学教育部肉品加工与质量控制重点实验室,江苏南京210095)摘要:经匀浆,0.6mol/LNaC1提取,硫酸铵分级分离,DEAE-纤维素离子交换柱层析,从鸡胸肉中纯化了焦磷酸酶.该酶有较强的底物专一l生,只对添加到肉中的焦磷酸四钠发生作用.Mg 不仅是其激活剂,还对酶的稳定性发挥作用,ca",EDTA.Na2抑制酶活性.以焦磷酸四钠为底物,测得该酶的最适pH为7.4,最适温度为40℃.关键词:鸡胸肉;焦磷酸酶;分离纯化;性质StudyonIsolationandPurificationofPyrophosphatasefromChickenBreastandItsPropertie sY AORui,PENGZeng-qi,ZHOUGuang-hong,HEY an,JINHong-guo (KeyLaboratoryofAniamlProductsProcessingandQualityControl,MinistryofEducation, NanjingAgriculturalUniversity,Nanjing210095,China)Abstract:Thepyrophosphatasewasisolatedandpartiallypurifiedfromchickenbreast,byme ansofhomogenation,0.6mol/LNaC1extractions,armnoniumsulfateprecipitation,andion-exchangechromatog raphyonDEAEcellulosecolumn.This enzymecatalyzesthehydrolysisofsodiumpyrophosphatebutnotthatofotherphosphateeste rs.Mgnotonlyisitsactivator,butalsostabilizer,Ca2andEDTA-Na2haveinhibitingeffects.WithPPiasthesubstrateofpyr ophosphatase.ItsoptimumpHandtemperatureare7.4and40℃respectively.Keywords:chickenbreast;pyrophosphatase;isolationandpurification;properties中图分类号:TS201.25文献标识码:A文章编号:1002-6630(2007)07.0299—06 收稿日期:2007.01.26通讯作者基金项目:江苏省自然科学基金项目(Q200633)作者简介:姚蕊(1981-),女,硕士研究生,研究方向为畜产品加工与质量控制. 【6】【8】【9】[10]andbetaine[J].InternationalJournalofFoodMicrobiology.2Oo0,55(3):127一l31.RUAS—MADⅡDOP.HUGENHO【ZJ.Z0oNP.Anoverviewofthefuncfion~ityofexopolysaccharidesproducedbylacticacidbacteria们. InternationalDairyJournal,2002,12:163171.ML刀RGAMLF.CABRERAGM,FONTdEVG.eta1.Influenceof growthtemperatureoncryotoleraneeandlipidcompositionofLactoba—cillusacidophilus们.AppliedMicrobiology.2001.88:342—348. GLAASKERE,STEEGPFT,KOMNGSWN,eta1.Physiological responseofLactobacillusplantarumtosaltandnonelectrolytestresses【J】_Bacteriol,1998.l80:4718-4723.GIARDJF.HARTKEA.FLAHAUTS,eta1.Starvation—induced multiresistanceinEnterococcusfaecalisJI-I2—20].CurrentMicrobiology, 1996,32:264—271.SILVALCARV AIH0AS,D0佃UEP'etaLEffectofflaepI-Iofgrowfla ontheresistanceofLactobacillusdelbrueckiispp.Bulgaricustostress conditions;叨.AIandEn~talMicrobiology,submitte,2003.BAYI正SDo.WⅢ.K玳SONBJ.Osmoprotectantsanderyoprotectants【l2】【l3】【l4】【l5】forListeriamonocytogenes们.LettersinAppliedMicrobiology,2OOO, 30:23—27.ROEBLERM.MUILEV.Osmoadaptationinbacteriaandarchaea: conalTlonprinciplesanddifference[J].EnvironmentalMicrobiology.2001 (3):743-754.LESU哐SB,ISRAEUE,UGHrHARTB,eta1.Trehaloseandsu- croseprotectbothmembranesandproteinsinintactbacteriaduringdrying[J].AppliedandEnvironmentalMicrobiology,1995.61:3592—3597.CARP】田rElRJE,ARAKAWA T,CROWEJH,eta1.Interactionsof stabilizingadditiveswithproteinsduringfreeze.thawingandfreeze-drying 【DevelopmentsinBiologicalStandardization,1991,74:225-239. BENEYL,GERVAISP.Influenceofthefluidityofthemembranein responseofmicroorganismstoenvironmentalstresses[J].AppliedMi- crobiologyandBiotechnology.2001,57:34-42.BROADBENTJR.UNC.Effectofheatshockorcoldshocktreatment ontheresistanceofLactococcus/act/stofreezingandlyophilization们. Cryobiology,1999,39:88—102.。

PERSPECTIVES National Science Review2:9–15,2015PHYSICSMacroscopic mechanical systems are entering the quantum world Yong-Chun Liu and Yun-Feng Xiao∗In the classic Chinese novel Journey to the West,the Monkey King has a special power that enables him to be in two or more places simultaneously.Normally, an amazing thing such as this could never happen in real life.However,in the quantum world,where the motions of objects obey the rules of quantum me-chanics,this could happen.These weird quantum rules usually only apply in the microscopic world to atoms and molecules,because quantum properties are generally very fragile in the macro-scopic world.However,scientists have recently been making efforts to push macroscopic and mesoscopic mechanical systems into the quantum world,i.e.they are putting conventional mechanical systems into the quantum mechanical regime.Spring oscillators,swings,and pendu-lum clocks are typical mechanical sys-tems that we often see in daily lives, and they can be described by a basic physical model:the harmonic oscilla-tor.In the quantum regime,harmonic oscillators have some quantum proper-ties,including discrete energy spectra and zero-point motion.To observe these quantum properties,the environmental thermal noise must be suppressed so that the energy of the quantum motion domi-nates over the energy of the thermal mo-tion.To this end,a generic model of a cavity optomechanical system is used, as shown in Fig.1.The system consists of an optical cavity with a fixed mirror and a movable mirror,where the lat-ter is attached to a spring and under-goes harmonic oscillation.A laser beam is launched into the cavity and is reflected multiple times between the two mirrors,and the cavity field thus builds up,re-sulting in a greatly enhanced optical field,which then exerts a considerable force onthe movable mirror.The interaction be-tween the optical field and the mechan-ical motion can reduce the thermal mo-tion noise to enable the fragile quantumproperties to be observed.The study of such systems has pro-duced an emerging field called cavityoptomechanics[1–3].The pioneeringwork was conducted by Braginsky andco-workers in the1960s[4].In recentyears,various experimental systemshave been proposed and investigated,including Fabry–P´e rot cavities[bygroups including MIT/Caltech LIGOLaboratory,the Mavalvala group at MIT,the Aspelmeyer group at the Universityof Vienna,the Heidmann group at theUniversity of Pierre and Marie Curie,and the Bouwmeester group at theUniversity of California,Santa Barbara(UCSB)],whispering-gallery cavities(by groups including the Vahala group atCaltech,the Kippenberg group at´EcolePolytechnique F´e d´e rale de Lausanne,the Wang group at the University ofOregon,the Lipson group at CornellUniversity,the Carmon group at theUniversity of Michigan,the BowenL a s e r in p u tFixed mirror Movable mirrorFigure1.Illustration of a generic cavity op-tomechanical system.The left mirror is fixedand the right mirror is attached to a spring.group at the University of Queensland,and the Xiao group at Peking Univer-sity),photonic crystal cavities(by groupsincluding the Painter group at Caltech,the Wong group at Columbia Univer-sity,and the Tang group at Yale Uni-versity),separated mechanical oscillatorsinside or near a cavity(by groups in-cluding the Harris group at Yale Univer-sity,the Regal group at Joint Institutefor Laboratory Astrophysics(JILA),theFavero group at Paris Diderot Univer-sity,and the Weig group at the Univer-sity of Munich),superconducting circuits(by groups including the Schwab groupat Caltech,the Lehnert group at JILA,theCleland group at UCSB,and the Teufelgroup at National Institute of Science andTechnology,Boulder),and cold atoms(by groups including the Kimble group atCaltech,the Stamper-Kurn group at theUniversity of California,Berkeley,andthe Treutlein group at the University ofBasel).Cavity optomechanics has beenfeatured as the most recent milestone inphoton history in Nature.The researchin cavity optomechanics is importantto both fundamental physics studiesand the applied sciences.First,cav-ity optomechanics provides a uniqueplatform for the study of fundamentalquantum physics,including macroscopicquantum phenomena,decoherence,and quantum–classical transitions.Thefield offers the best test bed to studyeffects like gravity-induced decoherence,which is important to the understandingof macroscopic quantum phenomena.Second,cavity optomechanics is promis-ing for high-precision measurements ofsmall forces,masses,displacements,andC The Author(s)2014.Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of China Science Publishing&Media Ltd.All rights reserved.For Permissions,please email:journals. permissions@10Natl Sci Rev ,2015,Vol.2,No.1PERSPECTIVESYear (a)(b)N u m b e r o f p u b l i c a t i o n sN u m b e r o f c i t a t i o n s200200200200200201201201201Year200200200200200201201201201Figure 2.Numbers of publications (a)and citations (b)per year in the period from 2005to 2013with the keyword ‘cavity optomechanics’,retrieved from the Web of Science.accelerations,and is considered to be capable of surpassing the standard quan-tum limit.Third,cavity optomechanics provides resources for both classical and quantum information processing.For instance,optomechanical devices can serve as information storage devices and act as interfaces between light beams with different wavelengths or even microwaves.In the last few years,researchers have made considerable efforts to put mechanical systems into their quan-tum ground states [5].Recent efforts have demonstrated optomechanically induced transparency [6],normal-mode splitting [7],quantum-coherent coupling [8],wavelength conversion [9],and measurements performed below the standard quantum limit [10].Future de-velopments will aim to integrate different quantum systems to form hybrid quan-tum devices,e.g.hybrid optomechanical and electromechanical systems.In this way,we can enable phonons,photons,and electrons to work together in the quantum world.Recent years have seen rapidly grow-ing interest in the field of cavity optome-chanics.As shown in Fig.2,the publica-tions and citations in this field have grown exponentially.The now booming devel-opment in this field will turn the dream of manipulating macroscopic mechani-cal systems in a quantum manner into reality.Yong-Chun Liu and Yun-Feng Xiao ∗School of Physics,Peking University,China;Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter,China∗Corresponding author.E-mail:ycliu@REFERENCES1.Kippenberg,TJ and Vahala,KJ.Science 2008;321:1172–6.2.Aspelmeyer,M,Kippenberg,TJ and Marquardt,F.2013;arXiv:1303.0733.3.Liu,YC,Hu,YW and Wong,CW et al.Chin Phys B 2013;22:114213.4.Braginsky,VB and Manukin,AB.Sov Phys-JETP 1967;25:653–5.5.Chan,J,Alegre,TPM and Safavi-Naeini,AH et al.Nature 2011;478:89–92.6.Weis,S,Rivi`e re,R and Del´e glise,S et al.Science 2010;330:1520–3.7.Gr¨o blacher,S,Hammerer,K and Vanner,MR et al.Nature 2009;460:724–7.8.Verhagen,E,Del´e glise,S and Weis,S et al.Nature 2012;482:63–7.9.Dong,C,Fiore,V and Kuzyk,MC et al.Science 2012;338:1609–13.10.Gavartin,E,Verlot,P and Kippenberg,TJ.Nat Nanotechnol 2012;7:509–14.doi:10.1093/nsr/nwu050Advance access publication 21August 2014IMMUNOLOGYTargeting the immune system:a new horizon of cancer therapiesChen DongINTRODUCTIONThe immune system is our trustworthy army of defense against invasion of mi-croorganisms.As the first line in this army,the innate immune system,com-posed of myeloid cells (dendritic cells and macrophages),some lymphocytes (NK cells and innate lymphocytes as well as some types of T lymphocytes such as NKT cells and γδT cells)and other cells in our body,can quickly mountinflammatory responses after the spe-cific receptors in these cells recognize the pathogen-associated pattern molecules inside or outside host cells.The adap-tive immune system,consisting of B and T lymphocytes,is slower in their acti-vation,but it is more specific in their antigenic recognition and long-lasting,owing to the generation of memory lym-phocytes.Two major types of T lym-phocytes that carry αβT cell receptorshave different functions—those express the CD4molecule secrete cytokines to regulate immune function and are called helper T cells,while those express CD8co-receptor are called cytotoxic T lym-phocytes (CTL)and can directly kill cells infected by viruses.The immune system has an intimate relationship with cancer.Immune cells,such as myeloid cells and lymphocytes,are frequently found in the tumor。

GISSF-HF试验：一项随机、双盲、安慰剂对照试验探究n-3多不饱和脂肪酸对于治疗慢性心衰患者的疗效GISSF-HF研究员*概要背景众多流行病学和实验研究表明，n-3多不饱和脂肪酸（n-3 PUFA）治疗包括心律失常在内的动脉粥样硬化心血管疾病的效果良好。

为验证n-3 PUFA是否能降低该类疾病的发病率和死亡率，我们在众多因任何原因而出现心衰症候的人群中展开了一项调查研究。

方法在意大利的326家心脏病学中心和31所内科医学中心，我们进行了一项随机、双盲、安慰剂对照试验。

该试验不考虑引起心衰的原因和左心室射血分数等因素，将纽约心脏协会（NYHA）心功能II~IV级的患者用一台隐蔽的、由计算机控制的电话随机系统分组，患者随机每日服用1g n-3 PUFA （n=3494）或安慰剂（n=3481），并在随后3.9年中位随访期内（四分位距为3.0~4.5）接受随访观察。

试验的主要终点为总生存期（首次用药到因任何原因死亡的时间），和总生存期或因心血管疾病入院的时间。

采用意向治疗分析。

此项研究已在临床试验网（网址为：）登记注册，编号为NCT00336336。

研究发现我们对所有随机选取的患者进行分析，其中n-3 PUFA组和安慰剂组中分别有955名（27%）和1014名（29%）患者因任何原因出现死亡（校正后的风险比[HR]为0.91，[95.5% CI 0.833–0.998]，P=0.041）。

两组中分别还有1981名（57%）和2053名（59%）患者因心血管疾病死亡或入院（校正后的HR为0.92，[99% CI 0.849–0.999]，P=0.009）。

按绝对值计算，56名患者需要接受中位随访期为3.9年的治疗才能预防一例死亡，或是44名患者需要接受中位随访期为3.9年的治疗才能预防一例如心血管疾病导致的死亡或入院。

两组中出现的主要不良反应均为肠胃功能紊乱，这一比例在n-3 PUFA 组中为3%（96人），而安慰剂组也为3%（92人）。

Clouding behaviour in surfactant systemsPartha Mukherjee a ,Susanta K.Padhan a ,Sukalyan Dash b ,Sabita Patel c ,Bijay K.Mishra a ,⁎a Centre of Studies in Surface Science and Technology,School of Chemistry,Sambalpur University,Jyoti Vihar,768019,Indiab Department of Chemistry,Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology,Burla,768018,India cDepartment of Chemistry,National Institute of Technology,Rourkela,769008,Indiaa b s t r a c ta r t i c l e i n f o Available online 12January 2011Keywords:SurfactantCloud point technology MicellesMicroemulsions Preconcentration ExtractionPhase behaviourA study on the phenomenon of clouding and the applications of cloud point technology has been thoroughly discussed.The phase behaviour of clouding and various methods adopted for the determination of cloud point of various surfactant systems have been elucidated.The systems containing anionic,cationic,nonionic surfactants as well as microemulsions have been reviewed with respect to their clouding phenomena and the effects of structural variation in the surfactant systems have been incorporated.Additives of various natures control the clouding of surfactants.Electrolytes,nonelectrolytes,organic substances as well as ionic surfactants,when present in the surfactant solutions,play a major role in the clouding phenomena.The review includes the morphological study of clouds and their applications in the extraction of trace inorganic,organic materials as well as pesticides and protein substrates from different sources.©2011Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.Contents1.Introduction ..............................................................602.Clouding phenomena in surfactant solutions ...............................................603.Methods for cloud point determination ..................................................604.Clouding phenomenon of ionic and nonionic surfactants ..........................................604.1.Anionic surfactants ........................................................604.2.Cationic surfactants ........................................................624.3.Nonionic surfactant ........................................................625.Clouding phenomenon of microemulsions ................................................626.Effect of structure of nonionic surfactants on their cloud point .......................................637.Effect of additives on cloud point .....................................................647.1.Effect of electrolytes .......................................................647.2.Effect of organic additives .....................................................667.3.Effect of ionic surfactant .....................................................687.4.Effect of nonelectrolytes .....................................................688.Morphological study of clouding .....................................................699.Application of clouding behaviour of surfactant ..............................................719.1.Extraction of inorganic ions ....................................................729.2.Preconcentration of organic substrates ...............................................759.2.1.Preconcentration of pesticides ..............................................769.2.2.Preconcentration of proteins ...............................................7610.Application of cloud point technology as reaction media ..........................................7611.Conclusion ...............................................................76Abbreviations .................................................................77Acknowledgements ..............................................................77References............................ (77)Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 162(2011)59–79⁎Corresponding author.Tel.:+916632431078;fax:+916632430158.E-mail address:bijaym@ (B.K.Mishra).0001-8686/$–see front matter ©2011Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.cis.2010.12.005Contents lists available at ScienceDirectAdvances in Colloid and Interface Sciencej o u r n a l h o me p a g e :w w w.e l sev i e r.c o m /l oc a t e /c i s1.IntroductionSurfactants are amphiphilic compounds having versatile applications in solubilization of substrates,which are insoluble,both in aqueous and non-aqueous media.The amphiphilic characteristics of surfactants have extensively been utilized in the preconcentration of metal ions,solvent extraction,mobility of drugs in aqueous and lipid media,probing of biological systems,synthesis of nano-materials etc.Such compounds aggregate to form various organized assemblies like monolayers,micelles, vesicles in aqueous media;emulsion and micro emulsion both in aqueous and organic solvents,and reversed micelles in organic solvents.Nonionic surfactants in micellar or microemulsion media have propensity to undergo clouding on heating,followed by the formation of two coexisting isotropic phases[1–4].Manifestation of clouding behaviour has also been observed for concentrated aqueous salt solutions of certain zwitterionic and ionic surfactants[5–9].Clouding behaviour of some polyethylene oxide type surfactants in room temperature ionic liquids[10]and acid-induced clouding in anionic surfactants[11]have recently been reported.2.Clouding phenomena in surfactant solutionsClouding behaviour,also known as lower consolute behaviour or coacervate phase behaviour,is a typical physical change in the homogeneous solutions of amphiphilic substances,due to which the solution separates into a surfactant-rich and a surfactant-poor phase at a definite temperature.The temperature,at which phase separation occurs, i.e.the threshold temperature of clouding,is known as the cloud point (CP)or lower consolute temperature(LCT),an important character of nonionic surfactants.Clouding is ascribed to the efficient dehydration of hydrophilic portion of micelles at higher temperature condition.The clouding phenomenon is due to the interaction of nonionic surfactant micelles via an attractive potential,whose well-depth increases with temperature[12].These micelles attract each other and form clusters[13] with the approach of the cloud point.However,the mechanism behind the lower consolute behaviour of nonionic surfactant systems still remains obscure.Earlier,the phase separation was attributed to the micellar growth,the micellar coacervation,or the changes in poly (oxyethylene)chain conformations with temperature[14–16];however, recent experimental and theoretical investigations put forth the view that the formation of the connected micellar network[17–19]or the strongly orientation-dependent interactions(H bonds)between water and the surfactant molecules could be responsible for the lower consolute behaviour.The roles of oscillation in the critical concentration,and of micellar growth as mechanisms for the clouding phenomenon are still controversial[20–22].The value of CP depends on the structure and concentration of the surfactant and the presence of additives[9,23,24].Aqueous solutions of several nonionic and zwitterionic surfactants, when heated or cooled,exhibit clouding phenomena,which depend on the nature and concentration of the amphiphiles.The original surfactant solution separates into a surfactant phase of small volume,which is evidenced from the disproportionate distribution of organic substrates or inorganic analytes into a rich surfactant phase and a bulk diluted aqueous phase[24–26].The clouding may also occur with the change in pressure[27,28]or due to the presence of some additives.Micelles are aggregates of surfactants loosely bound due to hydrophobic force at a critical concentration,referred to as critical micelle concentration (CMC).With the increase in temperature,the CMC increases and thus a micelle collapse.In nonionic surfactants the phase separation is weak, and the formation of a cloud and a pseudo-phase of concentrated surfactant medium is assumed beyond the CP.In the phase diagram (Fig.1)C0refers to the surfactant concentration at room temperature which is more than CMC of the surfactant.When the solution is heated above the T C up to T w,phase separation occurs.C2is the concentration of the surfactant in the surfactant rich liquid where the analytes are accumulated,whereas C1is the concentration of the surfactant in the bulk aqueous phase,which is below the CMC of the surfactant.Tetrabutylammonium perfluorooctanoate(TBPFO),an ionic surfac-tant,exhibits two cloud points[29].When the temperature was increased,the solution turned from a homogeneous phase to a liquid–liquid two-phase system,then to another homogeneous phase,and finally to another liquid–liquid two-phase system.In thefirst homogeneous phase region,the aggregates of TBPFO were rod-like micelles and the solution was a Newtonianfluid;while in the second homogeneous phase region,the aggregates of TBPFO were large wormlike micelles,and the solution behaved as pseudoplasticfluid that also exhibited viscoelastic behaviour.Thefirst cloud point is due to the“bridge”effect of the tetrabutylammonium counterion between the micelles and the second one is by the formation of the micellar network.3.Methods for cloud point determinationPhase separation is generally observed by visual inspection.However, various physical methods such as refractometry,viscometry,laser beam scattering etc have been applied to detect phase separation in a more appropriate way.Mohsen-Nia et al.have reported the cloud point temperatures and phase separation of a mixture of water,polyethylene glycol and salts like K3PO4,K2HPO4,Na2HPO4,or Na2CO3,by refractometry method[30],which shows a difference up to±1°C with visual inspection and are in agreement with those obtained by viscometry and laser beam scattering methods.Applying the Flory–Huggins polymer solution theory to the salt-induced liquid–liquid separation and correlating the measured CP with linear temperature composition-dependent interaction param-eter(χ),a good agreement between the measured and calculated CPs with deviation less than0.61°C has been achieved.A recently developed novel technique for ultralow shear viscometry permits to measure the viscosity in a sealed glass tube with a temperature precision of±0.01K [31,32].Viscosity shows an abrupt decrease above CP due to the demixing of the sample.These experiments have been performed under computer control and can only be used for samples with high relative viscosity. Besides,UV–Vis spectrophotometric technique has also been used to determine cloud point of surfactant solutions.Akbas et al.have determined the cloud points of a mixture of TX-100and cationic Gemini surfactant by monitoring the UV spectra of TX-100.An increase of the CP value is observed on addition of Gemini surfactant.[33].4.Clouding phenomenon of ionic and nonionic surfactants4.1.Anionic surfactantsSodium dodecyl sulphate(SDS),an anionic surfactant,exhibits clouding phenomena in micellar solution in the presence of symmetrical quaternary bromides like tetra-n-butyl ammonium/phosphonium and tetra-n-amyl ammonium bromides[9].This extraordinary behaviour of SDS was explained in the light of van der Waals attraction,electrical Fig.1.Phase diagram of an aqueous surfactant solution.(Reprinted with permission from Ref.[25].Copyright1995IUPAC.)60P.Mukherjee et al./Advances in Colloid and Interface Science162(2011)59–79repulsion,penetration effect and solvation.Out of these forces,van der Waals attraction and the penetration effect are responsible for the attraction of two micelles together,while the electrical repulsion and the solvation effect prevent the micellar contact.Due to geometrical restrictions the quaternary alkyl bromide ion,R 4N +,orients in two directions in micellar solution of SDS:one is toward the water phase,and the other protrudes towards the micellar core [34].The alkyl chains toward the water phase may interact with the alkyl chains of other counterions attached to another micelle leading to the micelle –micelle closer contact.With the rise in temperature progressive dehydration of the ionic heads of the surfactant monomers [1](and hence of the overall micellar surface)enhances the interaction between the anionic heads and R 4N +.As a consequence,energy barrier is lowered due to neutralisation of negative micellar charge and increase in hydrophobic interaction between micellar core and alkyl chain of salt.Thus,the suf ficient lowering of the barrier at CP results in collapsing of the micelles due to which the CP decreases with the increase in quaternary salt concentration.An increase in CP is observed with an increase in the surfactant concentration.With the increase in the alkyl chain length of the quaternary salt,the interaction among the micelles enhances strongly due to increased hydrophobic interactions as well as replacement of more structured water with a concomitant appearance of the CP at lower concentrations.The replace-ment of the N atom with a P atom in the quaternary salt also shifts the occurrence of the CP phenomenon toward lower salt concentration.The lower consolute behaviour of anionic surfactant tetrabutylam-monium dodecyl sulfate (TBADS)was investigated and compared with tetrabutylammonium tetradecyl sulfate (TBATS)[35].The CP of TBADS solution was found to decrease with the increase in surfactant concentration (Fig.2).The CP of TBADS solutions has been found to be about 4–5°C higher than for TBATS solutions in the whole range of composition up to a surfactant content of 64wt.%.The depression of CP was noticed with the addition of tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBABr)[36].CP for TBADS in the absence and presence of TBABr (Table 1)is found to be a function of the total concentration of TBA +for samples with and without added TBABr.For the decrease in CP upon increasing the concentration of either TBADS or TBABr,in conformity with similar observations [9,37–40],many explanations are given;one of them being the presence of hydrophobic counterions [41],which might render the slightly charged micelles pseudo-nonionic.A second layer of TBA +might have been loosely attached outside the polar shell of the TBADS micelle because steric restrictions did not appear to allow enough available volume to house a suf ficient number of counterions to yield the values of dissociation constant (α)[42].If this second layer is in fact available,the cross-linking between micelles could take place between butyl groups of the TBA +ions in the second layer.This possibility is supported by the tendency of TBA +ions to self-associate [43–47].A model was proposed to explain the foregoing findings similar to that postulated by Yu et al.[7,48,49]with noted difference the TBA +ions may be involved in connecting two micelles.According to this model a second layer of bound TBA +ions around TBA alkyl sulfate micelles and/or by TBA +ions bound to this layer leads to an enhancement in intermicellar interaction.Thus TBA +ions are farther out of solution.Again,increase in temperature or surfactant concentration results in micellar lenghening and increase in the micelle aggregation number.As a consequence,TBA +ions in the second layer remains farther away from the micelle surface and participate in micelle bridging (Fig.3).Subsequently multiple bridging continues until the occurrence of lower consolute behaviour leading to phase separation.The clouding phenomenon of sodium linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (NaLAS),an anionic surfactant,in the presence of various quaternary organic salts such as tetrabutyl-and benzyltributylammonium halides has been reported [50].At low salt concentration,CP linearly increases with the concentration of NaLAS,while at high salt concentration CP was independent of NaLAS amount.On the other hand,increase in salt concentration decreases the CP.Benzyltributylammonium chloride (C 6H 5Bu 3NCl)was more effective in decreasing CP than either TBABr or TBACl.Structural orientation of the organic salts in micellar system is responsible for the unusual clouding phenomenon of the anionic surfactant.The hydrophobic effect of the alkyl chains of the quaternary salts embedded between monomers of micelle or penetrated into the micellar core,leads to an enhancement in the intermicellar attraction resulting in the expulsion of water molecules between micelles.Such dehydration behaviour leads to the appearance of clouding.As the bulky benzene ring has higher hydrophobic volume,hence it was found more effective in inducing CP.No substantial variation in CP between TBABr and TBACl indicates that counterions do not play any signi ficant role in the CP of the NaLAS micellar system.TBPFO being an anionic fluorinated surfactant exhibits the lower consolute behaviour above its CMC,at 2.3mM,at 25°C.However,the novelty of this surfactant is the manifestation of two cloud points [29]inFig.2.Variation of the cloud temperature TC of TBADS (●)and TBATS (o)solutions with the surfactant concentration in wt.%.(Reprinted with permission from Ref.[35].Copyright 2004American Chemical Society.)Table 1Cloud point temperatures for TBADS.[TBADS],mM [TBABr],mM CP °C 469.00.00025.5306.00.00028.5148.30.00032.877.800.00036.337.030.00040.719.960.00045.711.370.00050.6264.667.6024.719.82 3.57340.719.5410.4135.536.349.24535.334.7231.2030.675.1017.3431.670.4147.4728.2Fig.3.Schematic representation of the bridging between dodecyl sulphate micelles by TBA +ions.(Reprinted with permission from ref.[35].Copyright 2004American Chemical Society.)61P.Mukherjee et al./Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 162(2011)59–79aqueous solution beyond a certain critical concentration at approxi-mately15mM,like some nonionic surfactant[51].With the rise in temperature TBPFO solution turned from a transparent homogeneous phase to a liquid–liquid two-phase,then to another homogeneous phase, andfinally to another liquid–liquid two phase.TBPFO solution in thefirst homogeneous phase region(at low temperature)was a Newtonian Fluid while it behaved as a pseudoplasticfluid in the second homogeneous phase region(at high temperature)as evident from their viscosity measurement.Dynamic/static light scattering(DLS/SLS)study in thefirst homogeneous phase region(TBPFO100mM,T=10°C),showed the aggregates of TBPFO to be narrowly distributed,and the average apparent hydrodynamic radii(R h)were about10nm.Conversely,the aggregates of TBPFO were widely distributed and the range of R h was from several nanometers to several micrometers in the second homogeneous phase region(TBPFO100mM,T=25°C)leading to the conclusion that aggregates of the TBPFO might be mainly rodlike micelles in thefirst homogeneous phase region while wormlike micelles in the second.The phase separation at thefirst cloud point may be due to penetration of TBA+into the micellar interior by hydrophobic interaction[7,36]resulting in the reduction in the effective charge on the micellar surface as well as the inter micellar repulsions.However,the phase separation at the second cloud point can be ascribed to the entanglement or branching of wormlike micelles to form a connected network resulting in an enhancement in the hydrophobic interaction between TBA+[35,52].4.2.Cationic surfactantsCationic surfactants also exhibit clouding.Erucyl bis(hydroxyethyl) methylammonium chloride(EHAC),a cationic surfactant,displayed clouding behaviour in the presence of a salt with a hydrophobic counterion,such as sodium tosylate(NaTos),sodium salicylate(NaSal)[41],etc.Coexistence(cloud point)temperatures have been found to bea function of concentration of NaTos(C NaTos)passing through minima for two different EHAC concentrations of40and100mM(Fig.4).A slightly higher salt concentration has been needed to exhibit clouding phenomena with the increase in C EHAC from40to100mM.However, coexistence temperatures have been visualized as a function of C NaSal at above and around150mM NaSal for a C EHAC of40mM(Fig.5).Viscosity measurement,cryo-TEM,light and neutron scattering studies have been done to explain this unprecedented clouding phenomena of cationic surfactant,EHAC,in the presence hydrophobic salt.The phenomenon is attributed to the microstructural changes occurring as a function of composition and temperature,as indicated by rheological measurements.The link between the rheology and the phase transitions can be further rationalized,as they are both being driven by the same microstructural changes.Addition of hydrophobic salt to EHAC solutions initially causes linear growth of micelles(and an increase in viscosity),followed by micellar branching at higher salt contents(and a decrease in viscosity).The branching proceeds until all the free ends are connected and a saturated network forms,leading to phase separation. Incidentally,surfactant packing arguments suggest that a strongly binding salt such as NaSal,which incorporates into the micellar body, can promote the branching of micelles[53,54].Branched micelles are thus postulated to be the characteristic microstructure in a number of cloud point systems[17,55],with phase separation as a natural outcome when networks are saturated.Variation of a parameter that promotes branching(such as salt concentration or temperature)can potentially cause phase separation as well.Moreover,as branching proceeds,the viscosity drops,and the tendency for phase separation increases.4.3.Nonionic surfactantIn case of some nonionic surfactant solutions having a narrow temperature range of clouding,preclouding behaviour is observed.TX-114,a nonionic surfactant,exhibits an unexpected and interesting preclouding behaviour,preceding conventional clouding in the presence of intermediate SDS concentrations[56].This phenomenon wasfirst reported by Maclay[57]in1956,and20years later it was noted by Nishikido et al.[58].The manifestation of preclouding was observed during the gradual heating of these solutions as the cloud point was approached:a colloidal phase,displaying a strong Tyndall effect appeared before the solutions clouded in the conventional sense. Considering aggregation number of TX-114as80,it was estimated that the preclouding occurs when the SDS inclusion ratio varied from0to 0.2(0–2SDS molecules per10micelles)while clouding occurs at higher SDS concentrations having inclusion ratio0.61[59].However the mechanism of this unusual behaviour is yet to be explained.5.Clouding phenomenon of microemulsionsMicroemulsions are thermodynamically stable systems composed of water,oil and surfactant,and,in some cases,an alcohol can be added as cosurfactant[60–63].Their behaviour is similar to the one of polar organic solvents and,although apparently homogeneous under visual observa-tion,they are actually microheterogeneous systems formed of particles with diameters in the order of5to100nm suspended in a continuous phase[64–67].The transparency showed by these systems is due to the fact that the size of the particles is much smaller than the wavelengths of radiation in the visible region[68].Oil in water microemulsions,formed due to the mixture of surfactant,cosurfactant,oil and water,may be considered as swollen micelles i.e.oil incorporated in the micellar core. These systems provide multiple microphases of different polarity to solubilize both polar and nonpolar substrates[69–72].Microemulsions Fig.4.Coexistence(cloud point)temperatures of EHAC as a function of[NaTos]. (Reprinted with permission from Ref.[41].Copyright2002American ChemicalSociety.)Fig.5.Cloud point as a function of[NaSal].(Reprinted with permission from Ref.[41]. Copyright2002American Chemical Society.)62P.Mukherjee et al./Advances in Colloid and Interface Science162(2011)59–79form clouds with variation in temperature as well as by addition of electrolytes.Dynamic light scattering techniques have been employed to study the nature of phase transition in a single-phase microemulsion system near the cloud point temperature which shows a close parallelism between the critical phenomena and the cloud point transition[73].Mendonca et al.[74]carried out a study on the clouding behaviour of water in soybean oil microemulsion systems which were prepared with sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS)as surfactant and amyl or isoamyl alcohol, as cosurfactants.Cloud point measurements were performed by visual inspection in the temperature range from9to70°C in steps of3°up to 25°C and afterwards in steps of5°,for5min,in a thermostated bath. When the samples reach the cloud point temperature of9°C,they become turbid and cease to show the transparency due to starting of separation of a new phase.The microemulsion systems having composition of amyl or isoamyl alcohol in the ratio1:4[SDS]:[alcohol] with40.0%oil,43.2%alcohol,10.8%SDS and6.0%water,m/m are found to possess high thermodynamic stabilities and hence have been used for electrochemical measurements.Chen et al.[75]have studied a three-component microemulsion system,AOT/water/decane,to understand the electrical percolation phenomenon observed in the microemulsion system.They proposed that the percolation line observed in the phase diagram is due to the formation of transient polydispersed fractal clusters resulting from short-range attraction between microemulsion droplets,which increases with temperature.The study has been useful in explaining the overall feature of the phase diagram,including the cloud point curve and the percolation line.Solvent induced clouding behaviour of AOT stabilized water-in-oil microemulsions using heptane/dodecane,decane/dodecane,octane/ dodecane,and nonane/undecane blends at25°C were recently studied by Myakonkaya et al.[76].The effect of solvent blending was explored by inducing the clouding phenomena of microemulsions of AOT as a function of dodecane mole fraction in C7/C12mixture and in C10/C12mixtures.An increase in the mole fraction of dodecane causes rapid clouding.The clouding phenomenon was attributed to the strong attractive interactions [77,78]leading to enhanced droplet aggregation and a catastrophic loss of the microemulsion confirmed from the decrease of the absolute scattering intensities in the SANS spectra near the CP.The phenomenon of clouding in microemulsion has been used to remove the non-aqueous phase liquid(NAPL)contamination from subsurface environments through single-phase microemulsion(SPME)flood[79].The microemulsion involves Brij-97,a nonionic surfactant with a cloud point of around70°C and phase inversion temperature (PIT)of50°C without cosurfactant.Increasing the temperature of the microemulsion system led to an increased partitioning of the nonionic Brij97surfactant into the organic-rich separated phase alongwith more than95%of NAPL by mass.Residual amounts of the surfactant in the separated aqueous-rich phases were attributed the hydrophilic portion of Brij97,which remained more soluble in the aqueous-rich phase than the organic-rich phase after separation.Product separation and recovery of nonionic surfactant have been achieved through microemulsion separation process in cloud point systems.A large number of microbial transformations carried out in cloud point systems containing nonionic surfactants and separation of their products as well as recovery of the surfactants have recently been reported[80–83].6.Effect of structure of nonionic surfactants on their cloud pointThe effect of oxyethylene unit(j)and carbon chain length(i)on the CP of nonionic surfactant was reported[32]through the study of a series of nonionic surfactants of n-alkyl polyglycol ether type C i E j)with varying alkyl chain length i,as well as the number of ethylene oxide groups,j(Table2).Increase in oxyethylene unit(j),keeping carbon chain length(i)constant,led to the elevation in CP.However,a depression was observed with the increase in carbon chain length(i), keeping j a constant.The CP of tetra(ethylene oxide)n-dodecyl amide(TEDAd)was determined and compared with the poly(ethylene oxide)n-alkyl ethers C12E5,C10E5,and C12E4[84]in order to investigate the effect of structure of surfactant on the CP.The cloud point(CP)for a1.0wt.% solution of TEDAd was52°C,compared to27°C for C12E5,44°C for C10E5,4°C for C12E4,and21°C for C10E4[85].Therefore,the CP should be between27and44°C for C11E5and between4and21°C for C11E4. The CP for C11E5(C=1wt.%)has been reported to be27°C[86],and predicted values of the lower critical solution temperature are11 (C11E4)and34°C(C11E5)[87].Comparison of these CP values clearly elucidates the elevation of CP in the presence of dipolar amide group. The amide group is more hydrophilic than the ethylene oxide group. Hence,the elevation of CP may be ascribed to the incorporation of an amide group into the surfactant headgroup rendering the surfactant more hydrophilic.Yao et al.[88]undertook a quantitative structure–property relationship(QSPR)study to predict the CP of some nonionic surfactants by using several structural,electronic,spatial,and thermodynamic properties as descriptors.They could predict the CP successfully by using multiple regression analysis.Colombian et al.[89]recently investigated the clouding phenom-ena of new functional thermoreversible metal complexing surfactants consisting of a chelating amino acid residue(acetyl lysine)grafted to the tip of a nonionic surfactant[alkyl poly(oxyethylene)C i E j]or in a branched position to examine the role of surfactant structure on CP with the comparison of CP data of the synthesized surfactant to their precursors.CP was raised from6°C(C12E4at1%,w/w)to57°C (C12LE4:1at20%,w/w;minimum of the clouding curve)when the lysine block was grafted as a pendant group.This is equivalent to a temperature increase that would result from the addition of two to three ethoxyethylene groups.However,the CP rose from30°C(C12E5 at1%,w/w)to48°C(C12E5L:2at10%,w/w;minimum of the clouding curve),when the lysine block was grafted to the extremity of C12E5L. This CP rise corresponds to a temperature jump resulting from the addition of one ethoxyethylene group.The elevation of CP for both the synthesized amino acid surfactants,C12LE4and C12E5L from their precursors C12E4and C12E5respectively,may be attributed to the increase in hydrophilicity of the surfactants due to incorporation of more hydrophilic amide group[than that of ethylene oxide(EO) group][90]into theirprecursors.Table2Cloud point of nonionic surfactants.Surfactant CP in°CC12E644.7C12E529.7C8E555.6C10E416.6C8E437.4C8E3 6.263P.Mukherjee et al./Advances in Colloid and Interface Science162(2011)59–79。

生物冷光英语Bioluminescence: Nature's Captivating Light ShowBioluminescence, the natural production of light by living organisms, is a mesmerizing phenomenon that has captivated the human imagination for centuries. This remarkable ability, found in a diverse array of marine creatures and terrestrial organisms, is a testament to the remarkable adaptations and evolutionary strategies developed by nature. From the glowing plankton that illuminate the ocean's surface to the enchanting fireflies that dance in the night sky, bioluminescence is a captivating display of nature's ingenuity and the intricate interconnectedness of life.At its core, bioluminescence is a chemical reaction that occurs within the organism, involving the interaction of a light-emitting molecule called luciferin and an enzyme called luciferase. When these two components come together, they produce a burst of light, which can be used for a variety of purposes, such as attracting mates, deterring predators, or illuminating the surrounding environment. The specific mechanisms and adaptations of bioluminescence vary greatly across different species, reflecting the diverse evolutionary paths that have led to this remarkable phenomenon.One of the most captivating examples of bioluminescence can be found in the marine realm. Phytoplankton, tiny single-celled organisms that form the foundation of the ocean's food web, are capable of producing a mesmerizing display of bioluminescent light. When these microscopic creatures are disturbed, they release a burst of light, creating a dazzling display that can be seen from the surface of the ocean. This bioluminescent display is not only visually stunning but also serves an important ecological function, as it can deter predators and attract prey.Another remarkable example of bioluminescence can be found in the deep ocean, where many species of fish, squid, and other marine creatures have developed the ability to produce light. In the pitch-black depths of the ocean, bioluminescence plays a crucial role in communication, predation, and defense. Some species use their bioluminescent capabilities to attract prey, while others use it to camouflage themselves or confuse predators.Bioluminescence is not limited to the marine environment, however. On land, one of the most well-known examples of bioluminescence is the firefly, a small beetle that can produce a mesmerizing display of blinking lights. Fireflies use their bioluminescence to attract mates, with each species having its own unique pattern of flashing lights. The synchronous flashing of fireflies, where entire populationscoordinate their light displays, is a truly awe-inspiring sight to behold.Beyond its visual captivation, bioluminescence has also found practical applications in various fields, from medicine to biotechnology. The luciferin-luciferase system that powers bioluminescence has been harnessed for medical research, allowing scientists to track the progression of diseases and monitor the effectiveness of treatments. In biotechnology, bioluminescent proteins have been used as reporters to study gene expression and cellular processes, revolutionizing our understanding of the fundamental mechanisms of life.As we delve deeper into the study of bioluminescence, we continue to uncover the remarkable adaptations and evolutionary strategies that have led to this captivating phenomenon. From the glowing plankton that illuminate the ocean's surface to the enchanting fireflies that dance in the night sky, bioluminescence is a testamentto the incredible diversity and complexity of the natural world. By understanding and appreciating the wonders of bioluminescence, we can gain a deeper appreciation for the interconnectedness of all living things and the incredible ingenuity of nature.。

2019年8月A 第6卷/第22期Aug. A. 2019 V ol.6, No.227实用妇科内分泌电子杂志Electronic Journal Of Practical Gynecologic Endocrinology缩宫素静脉滴注与宫体注射欣母沛防治剖宫产术后出血的效果观察方文静（四川省广安市武胜县妇幼保健院，四川 广安 638400）【摘要】目的 分析并研究缩宫素静脉滴注与宫体注射欣母沛防治剖宫产术后出血的效果。

方法 将2017年10月～2018年10月我院妇产科临床接收并单纯使用缩宫素静脉滴注进行治疗的55例剖具有剖宫产指征以及存在产后出血危险因素的产妇作为本次研究的常规组，同时接收并实施缩宫素静脉滴注联合宫体注射欣母沛进行治疗的55例同样特征产妇为研究组，对其疗效。

结果 研究组产妇产后2小时内的出血量与产后24小时内平均出血量及产后出血发生率均低于常规组差异显著；两组产妇在治疗后均出现面部潮红、血压升高、恶心呕吐等不良反应，比较无明显差异；研究组产妇的用药起效时间低于常规组，两组比较有统计学意义。

结论 缩宫素静脉滴注与宫体注射欣母沛联合使用能够有效的预防剖宫产术后出血，减少患者术后出血量，且不良反应发生率较低。

【关键词】缩宫素；静脉滴注；宫体注射；欣母沛；剖宫产；术后出血；效果观察【中图分类号】R714 【文献标识码】A 【文章编号】ISSN.2095-8803.2019.22.7.03Observation on the effect of oxytocinin travenous driP and intrauterine injection of XinmuPei in Preventing and treating hemorrhage after cesarean sectionFang Wen-jing(Maternal and Child Health HosPital, Wusheng County, Guangan City,Sichuan Province, Sichuan Guangan 638400,China)【Abstract 】Objective To analyze and study the effect of oxytocin intravenous injection and uterine injection XinmuPe on Prevention and treatment of bleeding after cesarean section. Methods From October 2017 to October 2018, 55 Patients with cesarean section indications and risk factors for PostPartum hemorrhage were treated with oxytocin intravenous infusion. In the routine grouP of the study, 55 Patients with the same characteristics who received the oxytocin intravenous infusion combined with uterine injection XinmuPei were included in the study grouP. Results The bleeding volume within 2 hours after delivery and the average bleeding volume and PostPartum hemorrhage rate in the study grouP were significantly lower than those in the conventional grouP. The two grouPs of women had facial flushing, elevated blood Pressure, nausea and vomiting after treatment. There were no significant differences in adverse reactions. The onset time of the women in the study grouP was lower than that in the conventional grouP, and the two grouPs were statistically significant. Conclusion Intravenous infusion of oxytocin and intrauterine injection of XinmuPei can effectively Prevent PostoPerative cesarean section bleeding, reduce PostoPerative bleeding, and have a lower incidence of adverse reactions..【Key words 】 Oxytocin; Intravenous driP; Intrauterine injection; XinmuPei; Cesarean section; PostoPerative bleeding; Effect observation产后出血指的是产妇在分娩后的24小时内出血量大于500 ml 的情况，是一种常见的产科并发症，一旦发作，若不能及时止血，会严重威胁到产妇的生命，致使其死亡，其发病率为分码数的3%左右[1]。

老年医学与保健2021年第27卷第2期Geriatr Health Care,2021,Vol.27.No.2品管圈活动对老年肿瘤化疗患者焦虑、抑郁、睡眠质量和心理健康的干预效果观察徐雅敏1，赵丽蓉2，施展11.复旦大学附属华东医院日间化疗病房，上海200040；2.复旦大学附属华东医院神经内科，上海200040[摘要]目的观察品管圈活动对老年肿瘤化疗患者焦虑、抑郁、睡眠质量和心理健康的干预效果，为改善患者的负性精神状况提供方法。

方法选取2019年7月~2020年1月于复旦大学附属华东医院日间化疗病房接受化疗的肿瘤患者120例，根据数字表法随机分为试验组（=60）和对照组（=60）。

对照组患者接受常规护理干预，试验组患者在与对照组相同常规护理基础上,增加品管圈活动干预。

分别采用焦虑自评量表（SAS）、抑郁自评量表（SDS）、匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表（PSQI）和症状自评量表（SCL-90）,对2组干预前后的焦虑、抑郁、睡眠质量和心理健康程度进行评分和比较。

结果干预前，2组的SAS评分、SDS评分、PSQI各项因子评分和SCL-90各项指标评分差异均无统计学意义（>0.05）；干预后，2组的SDS评分、SDS评分、PSQI各项因子评分和SCL-90各项指标评分均明显低于同组干预前（<0.05），且试验组均显著低于对照组（<0.05）。

结论品管圈活动可明显改善老年化疗患者的焦虑和抑郁程度、睡眠质量和心理健康，具有一定的临床应用价值。

[关键词]老年；肿瘤；化疗；品管圈；不良反应；焦虑；抑郁；睡眠质量；心理健康Observation on the intervention effect of quality control circle's activities on anxiety,depression,sleep quality and mental health of elderly cancer patients undergoing chemotherapyXu Yamin1，Zhao Lirong2*，Shi Zhan11.Day Chemotherapy Ward,Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University,Shanghai,200040,P.R.China;2.Department of Neurology,Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University,Shanghai,200040,P.R.China*Corresponding author:Zhao Lirong,E-mail:To observe the intervention effects of quality control circle's activities on anxiety,depression, sleep quality and mental health of elderly cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy,and to provide a method for improving patients'negative mentalstatus.A total of120cancer patients who received chemotherapy in the Daily Chemotherapy Ward of Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University from July2019to January2020were randomly divided into experi-mental group (=60)and control group (=60).The patients in the control group received routine nursing intervention, and the patients in the experimental group received the intervention of quality control circle's activities based on the same routine nursing as the control group.The Self-Rating Anxiety Scale(SAS)and Self-Rating Depression Scale(SDS)scores,Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index(PSQI)scores and the Symptom Checklist-90(SCL-90)scores were used to evaluate anxiety,depression, sleep quality,and mental health and compare between the two groups before and afterintervention.Before the in-tervention,there was no significant difference in the SAS,SDS,PSQI,and SCL-90scores between the two groups (>0.05).After the intervention,the SAS,SDS,PSQI of each factor and SCL-90scores of the two groups were significantly lower than those of the same group before the intervention (<0.05),and the above scores of the experimental group were significantly lower than those of the control group (<0.05).Quality control circle's activities can effectivelyimprove anxiety,depression,sleep quality,and mental health of cancer patients treated with chemotherapy,and have certain clinical applicationvalue.elderly;tumor;chemotherapy;quality control circle;adverse effects;anxiety;depression;sleep quality;mental health化疗是临床恶性肿瘤治疗的主要手段之一，但多数肿瘤化疗药物在杀死肿瘤细胞的同时，还会对正常组织和器官造成损害，甚至导致患者死亡。

文章主要亮点有：①“科学界应重视发表那些负向或失败的研究结果”观点不同寻常，有助于科学界深思；②论证手法多样（对比，因果，引用等）；③结构明确，按照“提出观点（第一段）——论证观点（第二至五段）——分析观点所涉错误现象产生的原因（第六段）——总结收篇，重申观点（第七段）”的脉络展开论述。

【原文】ⅠHypothesis-driven research is at the heart of scientific endeavor, and it is often the positive,confirmatory data that get the most attention and guide further research. But many studies produce non-confirmatory data—observations that refute current ideas and carefully constructed hypotheses. And it can be argue d that these “negative data,” far from having little value in science, are actually an integral part of scientific progress that deserve more attention.ⅡAt first glance, this may seem a little nonsensical; after all, how can non-confirmatory results help science to progress when they fail to substantiate anything? But in fact, in a philosophical sense, only negative data resulting in rejection of a hypothesis represent real progress. As philosopher of science Karl Popper stated: “Every refutation should b e regarded as a great success; not merely a success of the scientist who refuted the theory, but also of the scientist who created the refuted theory and who thus in the first instance suggested, if only indirectly, the refuting experiment.”ⅢOn a more practical level, Journal of Negative Results in Biomedicine (JNRBM) was launched on the premise that scientific progress depends not only on the accomplishments of individuals but requires teamwork and open communication of all results—positive and negative. After all, the scientific community can only learn from negative results if the data are published.ⅣThough not every negative result will turn out to be of groundbreaking significance, it is imperative to be aware of the more balanced perspective that can result from the publication of non-confirmatory findings. The first and most obvious benefits of publishing negative results are a reduction in the duplication of effort between researchers, leading to the acceleration of scientific progress, and greater transparency and openness.ⅤMore broadly, publication of negative data might also contribute to a more realistic appreciation of the “messy” nature of science. Scientific endeavors rarely result in perfect discoveries of elements of “truth” about the world. This is largely because they are frequently based on methods with real limitations and hypotheses based on uncertain premises.ⅥIt is perhaps this “messy” aspect of science that contributes to a hesitation within the scientific community to publish negative data. In an ever more competitive environment, it may be that scientific journals prefer to publish studies with clear and specific conclusions. Indeed, Daniele Fanelli of the University of Edinburgh suggests that results may be distorted by a “p ublish or perish” culture in which the progress of scientific careers depends on the frequency and quality of citations. This leads to a situation in which data that support a hypothesis may be perceived in a more positive light and receive more citations than data that only generate more questions and uncertainty.ⅦDespite the effects of this competitive environment, however, a willingness to publish negative data is emerging among researchers. Publications that emphasize positive findings are of course useful, but a more balanced presentation of all the data, including negative or failed experiments, would also make a significant contribution to scientific progress.【词汇短语】1.hypothesis [haɪˈpɒθəsɪs] n.假设2.confirmatory [kən'fɜ:məˌtərɪ] a.证实的，确实的3.refute [rɪˈfju:t] v.驳斥4.negative [ˈnegətɪv] a.否定的5.integral [ˈɪntɪgrəl] a.构成整体所必须的6.nonsensical [nɒnˈsensɪkl] a.荒谬的7.substantiate [səbˈstænʃieɪt] v.证明8.rejection [rɪ'dʒekʃn] n.拒绝，驳回unch [lɔ:ntʃ] v.发射，发起，推出10.premise ['premɪs] n.前提11.accomplishment [əˈkʌmplɪʃmənt] n.成就munity [kəˈmju:nəti] n.团体，界13.groundbreaking [ˈgraʊndbreɪkɪŋ] a.创新的14.significance [sɪgˈnɪfɪkəns] n.意义15.imperative [ɪmˈperətɪv] a.必要的16.duplication [ˌdju:plɪ'keɪʃn] n.双重，重复17.acceleration [əkˌseləˈreɪʃn] n.加速18.transparency [trænsˈpærənsi] n.透明度19.contribute to 增益，有助于20.appreciation [əˌpri:ʃiˈeɪʃn] n.欣赏，评论21.messy [ˈmesi] a.散乱的22.endeavor [ɪn'devə] n.努力23.hesitation [ˌhezɪ'teɪʃn] n.犹豫24.distort [dɪˈstɔ:t] v.扭曲25.perish [ˈperɪʃ] v.毁灭26.frequency [ˈf ri:kwənsi] n.频率27.emerge [iˈmɜ:dʒ] v.出现，显露【翻译点评】Ⅰ①Hypothesis-driven research is at the heart of scientific endeavor, and it is often the positive, confirmatory data that get the most attention and guide further research. ②But many studies produce non-confirmatory data—observations that refute current ideas and carefully constructed hypotheses. ③And it can be argued that these “negative data,” far from having little value in science, are actually an integral part of scientific progress that deserve more attention.翻译：假设驱动型研究对于科学事业至关重要, 且经常是那些正向的、验证性数据最受关注并引导深入研究。