商务英语阅读：中国市场的日本汽车商务英语,日本汽车.doc

2018年考研英语阅读材料之日本汽车制造商Japanese carmakers日本汽车制造商Lots of oomph活力无穷Japan's small-car firms are defying the industry'sget-big-or-die imperative日本的小厂商们正在与“要么大，要么死”这一条金科玉律抗争ONE of the conundrums of the car business is thatfive smaller Japanese firms continue to prosper alongside three giants, Toyota, Nissan andHonda. In theory, those in the second division—Mazda, Mitsubishi, Suzuki and Subaru—shouldlong ago have merged with rivals at home or abroad, or fallen by the wayside. Daihatsu isalready controlled by Toyota, which has a 51% stake in the firm. They all sell 1m-2m vehicles ayear. Sergio Marchionne, boss of Fiat Chrysler, once said that 6m was the minimum required forcarmakers to have a hope of turning a profit.目前，汽车产业里有着这样一个费解的情况：在三大巨头(丰田Toyota、日产Nissan和本田Honda)的身旁，五家较小的日本公司能够持续地取得出色业绩。

理论上来说，这些第二梯队成员(马自达Mazda、三菱Mitsubishi、铃木Suzuki和斯巴鲁Subaru)应该早已被国内或国外的对手所兼并，或是退出历史长河。

Unit11. After months of researching Northwestern on the Web and grilling friends, teachers and advisers who had gone there, Maxine pinned her hopes on getting accepted.经过数月在网上搜索并研究NW大学和仔细询问到访过NW大学的朋友、老师和顾问，Maxine 最终希望自己能被NW大学录取。

2. For students like Maxine who are applying to college for next fall, that dream is turning out to be frustratingly unobtainable. It turns out the odds of getting into a selective college have never been worse.对于像Maxine一样正在申请秋季入学的学生来说，他们会沮丧地发现这一梦想难以实现。

考入一所名校的机会从未如此渺茫。

3. But admissions directors are already worrying about the shrinking pool of future applicants, especially the sliver of those who can afford to foot the $40,000 annual tab.---但是招生主管们已经开始担忧申请者数量缩减的问题，尤其是为数不多的每年有能力支付4万美元的那部分申请者。

4. Those who left private schools in the 1980s and 1990s can expect to earn 35% more in life than the average product of a state school, they found, around half of which can be attributed to education, not background.20世纪80年代和90年代中期的私立学校毕业生能够期望一生的收入比国立中学的普通毕业生多35%，他们发现这其中大约一半可以归因于他们所受的教育，而非背景。

Unit 8 Crisi‎s Manag‎e ment‎Text AA Crisi‎s Made in Japan‎In Japan‎there‎is a prove‎r b, 'If it stink‎s, put a lid on it.' Alas, this seems‎to have been Toyot‎a's appro‎a ch to its burge‎o ning‎safet‎y crisi‎s, initi‎a lly denyi‎n g, minim‎i zing‎and mitig‎a ting‎the probl‎e ms invol‎v ing brake‎s that don't brake‎and accel‎e rato‎r s that have a mind of their‎own. Presi‎d ent Akio Toyod‎a, grand‎s on of the found‎e r, was MIA for two weeks‎and the compa‎n y has appea‎r ed less than forth‎c omin‎g about‎criti‎c al safet‎y issue‎s, riski‎n g the trust‎of its custo‎m ers world‎-wide.日本有句谚‎语：“要是闻着发‎臭，那就盖上盖‎子。

”（眼不见为净‎。

）丰田汽车公‎司(Toyot‎a)似乎就在以‎这种方式处‎理其日益凸‎现的汽车安‎全问题。

对于不能刹‎车的刹车以‎及颇有“主见”的油门，丰田起初是‎否认，然后想大事‎化小，后来又百般‎推托。

公司总裁丰‎田章男（Akio Toyod‎a)是丰田创始‎人的孙子，在危机发生‎的头两周成‎了失踪人员‎，公司对重大‎汽车安全问‎题的反应似‎乎不再那么‎积极，有负全球消‎费者对其的‎信任。

1.日本，大阪——像许多日本中产阶级一样，小企业主正人华20年前享有的富裕生活为世人所艳羡。

他购买了一套价值50万美元的公寓，时常去夏威夷度假，其座驾是一辆老款的奔驰轿车。

2.但慢慢地，他的生活水平随同日本的整体经济状况一道，逐渐走向崩溃。

刚开始时，他被迫减少了去国外旅行的次数，后来就彻底不去了。

随后，他卖掉了奔驰，换了一款更便宜的国产轿车。

去年，他卖掉了他的公寓——售价仅为17年前购房款的三分之一，还不及依然背负的按揭贷款。

3.“过去的日本，光鲜且乐观，而现如今的人们不得不静悄悄地压低生活质量，紧缩度日，”49岁的正人华说。

在接受采访时，他要求记者不要披露其全名，因为他依然无力偿付拖欠的11万美元按揭贷款。

4.在近代史中，没有几个国家的经济财富像日本这样，经历了如此惊人的扭转。

上世纪80年代，借助位居史上最大规模之列的股市投机及房产泡沫，日本一举成为第一个挑战西方长期霸权的亚洲国家，谱写了一曲源自亚洲的成功故事。

5.但这些泡沫最终于80年代晚期和90年代初期爆裂，日本旋即陷入了一个缓慢但不间断的衰落进程，庞大的预算赤字和海量流动性的涌入都无法扭转这一趋势。

在迄今差不多一代人的时间里，这个国家一直深陷通货紧缩泥沼（低增长，物价螺旋式下落），不能自拔。

在此过程中，这只昔日的经济猛兽已雄风不再，失去了在全球经济中的傲人地位。

6.如今，随着美国和其他西方国家正竭力摆脱债务及其自身的房产泡沫，越来越多的经济学家将日本当下的黯淡处境视为上述国家的未来走向。

甚至在美联储主席伯南克酝酿新一轮非常规措施，以刺激经济之际，对美国和许多欧洲经济体的忧虑依然与日俱增。

许多人担心，这些经济体将面临长期的低增长，甚至有可能出现持续的通货紧缩——这是自大萧条以来，在日本之外的主要经济体中所从未见过的一幕。

7.许多经济学家依然颇具信心地认为，美国将避免日本式停滞，这主要是因为美国的政治制度具有更强的反应性，美国人对于资本主义的创造性破坏具有更大的容忍度。

王关富《商务英语阅读（第二版）》参考答案Unit 1Why China WorksExercises1. Answer the questions on the text:1) How does the author view the Chinese economy?It is the most important bright spot in the world economy under the global recession, the only major economy that is likely to show significant growth this year, and the only one that routinely breaks every rule in the economic textbook. 2) According to the author, why can the Chinese economy perform so well?Because of:(1) the capacity for state control by the Chinese government.(2) its rejection of exotic financial innovations that are the melting core of the global credit crisis.(3) the integration of its economic policies between traditional market tools and state control measures.3) In what way does the author imply that western economists are erroneous in their bias toward “China’s market economic system”?The United States and Europe are moving toward state control by nationalizing their banking and car industries, and imposing heavy new regulation on the financial industry.4) What is the view of Stephen Roach on the Chinese economy system?Investment is the backbone of sustainable growth in the Chinese economy, which works more effectively than other market based systems in times of economic stress.5) Why can China work in the eye of the author?It has followed a radical pragmatism focusing on a slow but steady shift toward freer markets.6) What is regarded as the strategic thinking of the Chinese leaders in market reforms?They understand even under the serious financial crisis that it can stabilize the Chinese market and economy to introduce more sophisticated forms of securitization, including stock index funds, corporate bonds and other debt products. They also realize that, in the course of doing this, they should learn from the mistakes the westerners have made.7) What is the example given to illustrate the steadiness of the Chinese leaders in their policy execution?They continue to allow the value of yuan to rise despite of the American charges and the need for export competitiveness by their own enterprises.8) What is “shock therapy”?It is the economic policy adopted in Russia from 1991 to 1992 that totally deregulated prices and lead to a runaway inflation. It proved to be all shock and no therapy.9) In what ways does the Chinese economic system work efficiently?It can get things done quickly, move in a coherent manner, and marshal its people and resources to a common target: economic growth and prosperity.11) What are the Internet and public opinion used for?For putting pressure on local officials and influencing policy decisions.2. Fill in each blank of the following sentences with one of the phrases in the list given below. Make changes when necessary.1)At a time when the need is growing for mental health services, many countries are unfortunately cutting back on itsspending.2)There is an increasing number of people out of work. But the western media often unfairly label them as lazy andreliable.3)Now that the flow of oil has been stopped by BP, the impact of all the spilled oil and natural gas is still beingmeasured.4)Once again its ability to steer economic policy will be tested against the ability to deliver on services and projectsaimed at growing the economy and jobs.5)Housing prices are incredibly high today. But he bought his house for a song about five years ago.6)As people are complaining high prices, especially those related to daily necessities, the government feels rather urgentto hold down inflation rate immediately.7)Under the new economy policy investors are invited to buy into state-owned enterprises.8)Since a serious gun shooting occurred in Arizona last week, security concerns have trickled down to all places,including residential buildings.9)Social unrest is a daily occurrence in the country nowadays. It is in the last place when it comes to investment formultinational companies.10)Efforts to ban smoking in China are so effective yet. Some chain smokers never think of quitting while many othershave battled in vain to quit.3. Match the terms in column A with the definitions in column B:A_______________________ B__________________________________1)financial innovation A) A reduction in the general availability of loans (orcredit) or a sudden tightening of the conditionsrequired to obtain a loan from the banks.72)stimulus package B) A non-bank entity or organization such asinvestment companies and mutual funds thatinvests in large quantities. 83)overheating C)A legal entity created by a government to undertakecommercial activities on its behalf. 64)stamp tax D) The trading of a corporation's stock or othersecurities (e.g. bonds or stock options) byindividuals with potential access to non-publicinformation.9E) An industry that requires large amounts of capital, machinery and equipment toproduce goods. 55)capital-intensive sector F) Generation of new and creative approaches tosecurities, money management or investing. 16)state-run firm G) An economy that is expanding so rapidly that toomuch money is chasing too few goods andeconomists fear a rise in inflation . 37)credit crisis H) tax levied on certain legal transactions such as thetransfer of a property such as building, copyright,land, patent, and securities. 48)institutional investor I) A plan or a series of measures taken by agovernment to jump-start its ailing economy,generally as a part of its fiscal policy. 210) insider trading4. Translate the following passage into Chinese.我们所面临的来自中国的真正挑战并不是他们向我们大量销售的货物，而恰恰相反，是他们正在提升的价值链。

Unit 5Japan Goes From Dynamic to DisheartenedExercises1. Answer the questions on the text:1)What were the two major factors comprising Japan’s economic bubble in the1980’s?# speculative stock# property bubbles2)What were the methods Japanese government adopted to stimulate itseconomy, but turned out to be a failure?# budget deficits# flood of easy money3)What does “economic Godzilla” mean in the text?It means economic giant with enormous power. It is so quoted because it is a Japan cultural icon.4)What are the reasons that the U.S. would not follow Japan’s suit, accordingto some economists?# the greater responsiveness of the American political system# Americans’ greater tolerance for capitalism’s creative destruction5)What are the specified steps in the “deflationary trap”?Demand decreases→supply decreases→unemployment/reluctance in investing→less spending→less demand.6)What are the factors contributing to Japan’s even dimmer future?# the wo rld’s largest government debt (around 200% of GDP)# a shrinking population# rising rates of poverty and suicide7)Why do people today refer to the Japanese youth as “herbivore s”?Because: under the background of long-term economic stagnation, younger generation of Japan become pessimistic and fatalistic, and they lack ambitions that their parents once valued and become mildly tempered and behaved in both career and sex.8)What do you think of Japan’s real estate industry?During the period of deflation, property keeps losing its value, and people then refuse to buy new houses and house-owners are burdened with large sums of loan.They have to come up with different ways to cut expenses, which sabotages people’s expectations towards a better future.9)Why is Mr. Kaiami expecting inflation to come back again?Because the Japanese economy has been depressed and sluggish for so long. If inflation comes back he expects to see vibrancy of the Japanese economy again. 10)According to the article, how would you explain “destructive destruction”?On the contrary to creative destruction, which describes the chaotic changes that occur when a new product (i.e., technology) or service is introduced into the market, and entrepreneurs can make great profit by innovation, destructive destruction here means people’s pessimistic expectation renders them making their living by cutting expenses and selling current property rather than risking creating new fortune.11)What can we learn from this article to enlighten China’s economy?#####China must be alert to Japan’s lessons, not to bubble its economy by overinvesting in certain fields like real estate and securities. In the period of fast growth, China must both stress the proper use of entity capital like resources, finance, technology and labor, and value the social capital composed of social trust, morals and interpersonal relationship.2. Fill in each blank of the following sentences with one of the phrases in the list given below:1)I have discovered that paying down your loan can result in being cash poor whena need or emergency arises.2)The road to recovery is a long one, so the politicians must wake up to therecession, accept it and get us where we need to go.3)All signs point to Apple’s iPad sales as the recovery of tablet PCs and futurespending boom.4)During this urgent period, journalists were told to hold back on some stories incase they might do damage to the delicate administration.5)According to some analysts, BP Plc's oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico will drivedown rental prices for deep- sea drilling vessels by about 20 percent.6)Consolidation is likely to increase since no one player controls more than 10percent of the market, there’s a golden opportunity for big fish to gobble up smaller businesses.7)According to a survey, teachers and lawyers are put in the most overtime, theytoil for ten hours a week unpaid.8)They also added that they would not surrender the future of their children to afew people who are bent on enslaving them for life.9)China's top legislature is to deliberate about the draft amendment to the personalincome tax law, a major move that is meant to narrow the widening gap between the country's rich and poor.10)We must bridge the gap between the supply and demand of power if we are toachieve higher rates of economic growth on a sustainable basis in the next decade.3. Match the terms in column A with the explanations in column B:A B1) budget deficit a) A procedure which, in certain jurisdictions,allows an individual to declare bankruptcy. 102) stagnation b) The highest-ranking corporate administratorin charge of total management of anorganization. 93) price war c) The amount by which a government,company, or individual's spending exceeds itsincome over a particular period of time. 1 4) speculative stock d) A procedure with rapid increases invaluations of real estate until they reachunsustainable levels relative to incomes andother economic elements, followed by areduction in price levels. 85) deflation e) Commerce money that can be borrowed ata low interest rate. 76) gross domestic product f) A period of time in which an economyexperiences difficulties and achieves little orno growth. 27) easy money g) Market situation in which (usually two)Powerful competitors try to usurp eachother's market share by progressivelyreducing prices until one of them retreats, atleast temporarily. 38) property bubble h) The monetary value of all the finishedgoods and services produced within acountry's borders in a specific time period. 6 9) chief executive officer i) A general decline in prices, often caused by areduction in the supply of money or credit. 5 10) personal bankruptcy j) a stock with high risk relative to any potentialpositive returns. 44.Translate the following into Chinese:自2008年经济震荡以来酋长国城市迪拜遭受了负面宣传。

商务英语阅读习题及答案⼀.docII) Match each one on the left with its correct meaning on the right1. motivation2. pursue3. mark up4. procurement5. intangible6. cargoroyalty商务英语阅读习题（⼀）I) Comprehension1. What is international trade?2. What are the major motivations for private firm to operate international business?3. What measures do most companies usually adopt to avoid wild swings in the sales and profits?4. Pleas give the four major modes chosen by most companies when entering into international trade.5. Could you find any difference between Direct Investment and Portfolio Investment? If you can, please tell the main reasons.6. What is MNE? What are its synonyms?7. What limits a firm's sales?A. tomake continual efforts to gain sth. B. the action of obtaining, esp. by efforts of carefulattention. C. which by is its nature can not be known by senses, not clear and certain, not real. D. the goods (freight) carried by a ship, plane or vehicle.E. the amount by which a price is raised.F. profit, interest-G. the net value of assets or interest, invest.8. equity 股本，资产净值 H. not needing other things or people, taking decisions alone.9. yield I. a share of the profits.10. independent J. need or purpose.2. A3.E4.B5. C6.D7.18.G9.F 10.HHI) Fill in the blanks with the words or expressions given below and if necessary, put the word in the right form.A. orientationB. diversifyC. seek outD. differentiate...fromE. take advantage ofF. undergoG. bring aboutH. correspond L abandon J. amount to K. Come after L. approach1. That factory is trying to B its products to sell in different markets.2. A successful businessman is always skilled in E every possible opportunity.3. Reforming and opening to the world has G great changes in our lives.4. Can you D this kind of operating the others?5. Private firm going in for international business have a profit A6. He I his company and family and went away with all the money.7. The L of winter brings cold weather.8. The manager's words J a refusal to the proposal./doc/045460db492fb4daa58da0116c175f0e7dd11956.html pany is always C the best way to gain more while cost less.10.The city has F many changes during the last ten years.11.Direct investment usually K a firm has experience in exporting or importing.12.There goods don't H to the list of these I ordered.IV)Translate the following terms and phrases into Chinese;1.purchasing power lO.recovery2.sales potentials 11, recession3.mark-up 13. portfolio investment4.domestic markets 12. tangible goods5.finished goods 13. visible exports and imports6.profit margin 14. revenue and expenditure7.market share 15- excess capacity8.trade discrimination9.business cycles 16. licencing agreementsV)Translate the following sentences into Chinese;If the exporting market price exceeds the one at the importing country, a dumping margin exists on that particular sale. Then Under Article VI of GATT( General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) 1994, and the Anti-Dumping Agreement, WTO Members can impose anti-dumping measures, if, after investigation in accordance with the Agreement, a determination is made (a) that dumping is occurring, (b) that the domestic industry producing the like product in the importing country is suffering material injury, and (c) that there is a causal link between the two. Typically anti-dumping action means charging extra import duty on the particular product from the particular exporting country in order to bring its price closer to the “normal value" or to remove the injury to domestic industry in the importing country.VI)Translate the following sentences into English;1.国际贸易有助于所有的国家促进经济的发展。

ラーメン、ビール、ソースときて、次はノコギリだという。

米系投資フゔンド、ステゖール・パートナーズ・ジャパンが買収を仕掛けた日本企業である。

利益をため込んだ会社には増配要求も連発している。

いわゆる、物言う株主だ。

面条、啤酒、沙司，据说下一家企业是锯厂。

这些是美系投资基金Steel Partners Japan 着手收购的日本企业。

该基金还接连向积存了高收益的企业提出增加派发股息要求。

这就是所谓股东发言权。

主要企業の０７年３月期決算は好業績に沸いたが、いい時ほど外資が目をつける。

豊かな不動産や独自の技術があればなおさらだ。

外資に支配されるのが嫌なら、高株価や増配で旧来の株主を満足させ続けるしかない。

企業は大急ぎで防衛策を講じている。

★ぞう-はい[0] 【増配】（名）スル株式などの配当や配給量をふやすこと。

⇔減配「利益の大幅増により―する」日本龙头企业07年3月份的决算报告捷报频传，而企业业绩越好，就越易吸引外资目光。

如果再有丰富的不动产和专利技术，那就更好了。

如果不愿意被外资控制，就只有通过提高股价或增加派息来获得老股东满意和继续支持。

日本企业正在加紧研究并购防御对策。

買収の新手として、今月から三角合併も解禁された。

外資は日本に設立した子会社を通じて、狙った企業の株主に自社株を差し出せばよく、現金を用意する必要がない。

自社株の時価総額が大きい米欧の大企業に有利な制度だ。

从本月开始，日本解除对于并购新手段三角并购的禁令。

允许外资通过在日本设立的子公司将母公司股票与并购目标企业的股票进行置换，实现控股，而不必准备现金。

这个的制度对于公司股票市值高的欧美大企业有利。

これで対日投資が盛んになり、国際競争力も高まるという期待の一方、手続きが複雑で使いにくいとの見方もある。

脅威の黒船か、チャンスの宝船か、ただの幽霊船か。

三角形の輪郭はぼやけている。

于是，外资对日投资热情高涨，对此有人期待提高日本企业国际竞争力，另一方面，也有观点认为手续复杂，难以操作。