1月17日雅思阅读真题(新东方版)

17 年1 月7 日托福考试真题托福阅读Passage One学科分类：历史类题目: Elects Lighting and the American Homes内容回忆:本文共 6 段第一段.讲到19 世纪末,20 世纪切美国工业和交通用电在白天达到顶峰. 电力供应在夜里有剰余,电力企业在寻求会在夜里消费电力的新领域。

虽然线路铺的普及,电网建设成本下降，家庭用电开始兴起，但局限于小范围的富余家庭。

第二段,电力改変了美国的家庭(统领全文主旨句).介绍家庭用电普及之前,美国的家度主要靠燃烧汽灯照明.例举了汽灯的诸多弊端,如,光线昏暗. 燃烧放出烟,放出有毒气体。

然后到了美国家庭的房屋特点,为适应汽灯照明,一般空间較大,房间較多. 然后电力输送成本下降后. 逐新开始有家庭用电来照明.电力照明带来诸多好处,如光线改善,没有有毒气体等等第三段,建造师们观察到了家庭用电帯来的变化,开始设计新的房屋格局以便這应电力照明.虽然成本有下降,但是电力照明的成本相对汽灯偏高. 因此建筑师们开始设计出缩小了的房屋空间.比如设计出了类似我们今天的客厅.餐庁.厨房.跟以前相比, 也缩小了尺寸.合并了一些以前房屋的生活空间。

第四段. 讲到家度用电成本的降低,电力企业发现了家度用电是个新的市场,加大了投入,随着电网的普及.用电成本下降.使得家度用电开始普及.第五段,例举了美国的bungalow 这种房屋.即单层小平房.从1900 年到1920,这种単层小平房数列骤増到700 多万.因为空间較以前的多层大房子小.用电量福施少. 节约了用电量.被大多美国数家庭接受第六段,家庭用电还改变了美国人的生活, 尤其是阅读方面.因为照明条件的改善. 越来越多的美国人喜欢花更多的时间来阅读,成年人也可以花更多的时间陪孩子们阅读,增进了家庭沟通.美国家庭阅读量的増加,从图书馆借出的书籍数量得到了证实词汇题1.properties= characteristics2.substantially= significantly3.allegedly= supposedly4.apparent=obviousPassage Two学科分类：生物类题目：Extinction of the Mammoths内容回忆：本文共8 段第一段. 介绍Mammoths( 猛犸象)生活的时间,和灭绝时间. 猛犸象生活願今180 万年到 1.1 万年期间的更新世( Pleistocene）。

1月17日雅思机经真题回忆浪费食物的原因解决浪费的办法生活水平提升，人们买食物比较随意政府加强监管惩罚力度全球化，网购广告等诱惑人们大量购买食物提升人们节约食物的意识范文：In the current society, with the improving life standard, diet hasbecome ahot topic discussed among citizens who attach importance to what they are goingto eat. As a byproduct of this circumstance, the great amount of wasted food hasbeen an top concern around the world.No one can deny why the waste of food is enormous is because people havingmore money than before are prone to buy more food based on their preferenceinstead of their real needs; as a result, lots of food cannot be consumed, andthe exceeded expense would be one of the main reasons. Meanwhile, taking theglobalization into consideration, the whole world is merging, which means thatvarious products from different areas can be brought to everyone’s life by usingonline shopping, and the sale promotion and advertisements used by the manufacturers are crammed into our daily life; therefore, the increasing temptations and convenience motivate individuals’ curiosity to place orderrepetitively even they do not need, which gradually forms a habit of wasting.However, there is the fact that food is the treasure and is worth to cherishing, so that everyone has the responsibility to save the food. Government, as the maker of all the rules in the society, can formulate the strict principles and implement seriously to prevent people from wasting food,such as improving the supervising system and rising the fine. Besides, comparedwith the punishment, the prevention shouldn’t be ignored. Increasing the awareness of saving food in the society can also contribute to help people tobuild a right concept of consumption, which can be an effective way to solve theproblem from its origin.In conclusion, although the better life offers people more opportunities toexperience new and attractive things, we do need to maintain some good traditions, and the importance of saving food should be noticed.。

雅思（阅读）历年真题试卷汇编17(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1.You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.CLASSIFYING SOCIETIESAlthough humans have established many types of societies throughout history, sociologists and anthropologists tend to classify different societies according to the degree to which different groups within a society have unequal access to advantages such as resources, prestige or power, and usually refer to four basic types of societies. From least to most socially complex they are clans, tribes, chiefdoms and states.ClanThese are small-scale societies of hunters and gatherers, generally of fewer than 100 people, who move seasonally to exploit wild(undomesticated)food resources. Most surviving hunter-gatherer groups are of this kind, such as the Hadza of Tanzania or the San of southern Africa. Qan members are generally kinsfolk, related by descent or marriage. Clans lack formal leaders, so there are no marked economic differences or disparities in status among their members.Because clans are composed of mobile groups of hunter-gatherers, their sites consist mainly of seasonally occupied camps, and other smaller and more specialised sites. Among the latter are kill or butchery sites—locations where large mammals are killed and sometimes butchered—and work sites, where tools are made or other specific activities carried out. The base camp of such a group may give evidence of rather insubstantial dwellings or temporary shelters, along with the debris of residential occupation.TribeThese are generally larger than mobile hunter-gatherer groups, but rarely number more than a few thousand, and their diet or subsistence is based largely on cultivated plants and domesticated animals. Typically, they are settled farmers, but they may be nomadic with a very different, mobile economy based on the intensive exploitation of livestock. These are generally multi-community societies, with the individual communities integrated into the larger society through kinship ties. Although some tribes have officials and even a “capital”or seat of government, such officials lack the economic base necessary for effective use of power.The typical settlement pattern for tribes is one of settled agricultural homesteads or villages. Characteristically, no one settlement dominates any of the others in the region. Instead, the archaeologist finds evidence for isolated, permanently occupied houses or for permanent villages. Such villages may be made up of a collection of free-standing houses, like those of the first farms of the Danube valley in Europe. Or they may be clusters of buildings grouped together, for example, the pueblos of the American Southwest, and the early farming village or small town ofin modern Turkey.ChiefdomThese operate on the principle of ranking—differences in social status between people. Different lineages(a lineage is a group claiming descent from a common ancestor)are graded on a scale of prestige, and the senior lineage, and hence the society as a whole, is governed by a chief. Prestige and rank are determined by how closely related one is to the chief, and there is no truestratification into classes. The role of the chief is crucial.Often, there is local specialisation in craft products, and surpluses of these and of foodstuffs are periodically paid as obligation to the chief. He uses these to maintain his retainers, and may use them for redistribution to his subjects. The chiefdom generally has a center of power, often with temples, residences of the chief and his retainers, and craft specialists. Chiefdoms vary greatly in size, but the range is generally between about 5000 and 20,000 persons.Early StateThese preserve many of the features of chiefdoms, but the ruler(perhaps a king or sometimes a queen)has explicit authority to establish laws and also to enforce them by the use of a standing army. Society no longer depends totally upon kin relationships: it is now stratified into different classes. Agricultural workers and the poorer urban dwellers form the lowest classes, with the craft specialists above, and the priests and kinsfolk of the ruler higher still. The functions of the ruler are often separated from those of the priest: palace is distinguished from temple. The society is viewed as a territory owned by the ruling lineage and populated by tenants who have an obligation to pay taxes. The central capital houses a bureaucratic administration of officials; one of their principal purposes is to collect revenue(often in the form of taxes and tolls)and distribute it to government, army and craft specialists. Many early states developed complex redistribution systems to support these essential services.This rather simple social typology set out by Elman Service and elaborated by William Sanders and Joseph Marino, can be criticised, and it should not be used unthinkingly. Nevertheless, if we are seeking to talk about early societies, we must use words and hence concepts to do so. Service’s categories provide a good framework to help organise our thoughts.Questions 1-7Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this1．There’s little economic difference between members of a clan.A．真B．假C．Not Given正确答案：A解析：利用细节信息“clan”和“economic difference”定位于原文Clan部分的第一个分段落的最后一句话“there are no marked economic differences or disparities in status amongtheir members”。

新东方雅思词汇真题答案解析雅思（IELTS）考试是国际英语能力测试系统，被广泛用于评估非英语国家学生的英语语言能力。

在备考雅思考试中，词汇是重中之重，因为词汇是语言的基础，对于阅读、听力、写作和口语都起到至关重要的作用。

如何有效地学习和掌握雅思词汇，成为考生们关注的焦点。

新东方是中国最大的英语培训机构之一，提供全方位的雅思词汇辅导。

他们经常总结和发布雅思真题，并给出详细的答案解析，帮助考生更好地掌握词汇知识。

下面就针对某次新东方发布的雅思词汇真题答案进行解析，以加深我们对于雅思词汇学习的理解。

题目一：请从以下选项中选出最合适的词语填空，使句子通顺并表达正确的含义。

1. The increase in population has put a ________ on the city's resources.A. strainB. burdenC. pressureD. load答案解析：正确答案为A. strain。

在句子中，根据语境我们可以发现人口的增长对城市资源造成了紧张的局面，因此最适合的词语应该是"strain"。

选项B、C和D都可以用于表达负担的意思，但是在这个句子中并不完全符合语境。

2. The new legislation will ________ greater protection for endangered species.A. ensureB. guaranteeC. provideD. facilitate答案解析：正确答案为B. guarantee。

根据句子意思，新的法规将为濒危物种提供更多的保护，最符合语境的词语应为"guarantee"，表示确保的意思。

选项A、C和D都可以表示提供或确保的意思，但是根据语境选项B更为贴切。

题目二：请从给出的选项中选出与句子意思相反的词语。

1. The teacher's scolding only made the student more________ to succeed.A. determinedB. motivatedC. reluctantD. eager答案解析：正确答案为C. reluctant。

雅思真题第十七册答案解析雅思（IELTS），全称International English LanguageTesting System（国际英语语言测试系统），是由英国文化协会（British Council）、剑桥大学考试委员会（Cambridge Assessment）和澳大利亚考试局（IDP Education Australa）共同创办的一项国际英语语言测试。

许多想要出国留学或移民的人都需要通过雅思考试来证明自己的英语水平。

为了帮助考生更好地备考，雅思官方出版了一系列的备考教材，其中最为知名的就是雅思真题系列。

而在这个系列中，第十七册是考生们备考的重要参考。

首先，让我们来了解一下这本书的特点和结构。

作为一本雅思备考教材，第十七册主要包括了四个部分：听力、阅读、写作和口语。

每个部分都有多个题目，涵盖了各个难度等级和不同的题型。

同时，这本书还配有答案解析，让考生们可以更好地理解答案的原因和解题思路。

在听力部分，第十七册主要通过多个短对话和长对话的形式来考察考生们的听力能力。

其中，对话的内容非常贴近日常生活或是学术领域，并且包括了各种语速和口音。

通过这样的练习，考生们可以更好地适应雅思考试中的听力要求，提高自己的听力水平。

接下来，让我们来看一下阅读部分。

第十七册的阅读材料涵盖了不同的主题和题型，包括文章、图表、图表等。

通过阅读这些材料，考生们可以锻炼自己的阅读理解能力和答题技巧。

同时，考生们还可以通过答案解析了解正确答案的选取依据，进一步提升自己的解题能力。

写作部分是雅思考试中最为重要的一个环节，也是许多考生们最为头疼的一部分。

第十七册的写作部分包括了多个题目，涵盖了常见的各种写作类型。

通过练习这些题目，考生们可以提高自己的写作能力，了解写作的结构和常用表达，更好地应对雅思写作考试。

最后，是口语部分。

雅思口语是考生们展示自己口语能力的重要环节。

第十七册的口语部分提供了多个话题，考生们可以通过这些话题来练习口语表达能力，提高口语流利度和准确性。

雅思真题:雅思考试部分真题汇总Section 1 is about the theft happen in the street. The key words are West Street,where the thieves’car is waiting there. An elderly women was robbed her wallet and in it, fortunately her is unhurt. A witness reported the robbery to policeman.The young thief was 17, curly black hair, tall and slim, whereas the elder thief is 35y/o, the distinguished feature is a small scar in his chins. Section 2 is about the university resources. IN library you can borrow books,cassettes, videos. The other key words are book advance. There are 300 hundred students in the course, but only 150 was new students. Teachers are mainly from United States, South Africa and Australia; this should fill 3 in teachers’nationality.Section 3 is telling the story of Wrighters Brother. Wrighters Brother record can compare the data and found it was completely wrong. They solved two problems: Wind Design by using wind tunnels, and second problem I can’t remember. At same time in Sydney and New Zealand there are similar experiments. Section 4 is about planning the trees. Firstly tell about the benefits of tree: reduce windy, maintain humid, less dangerous etc. It keeps temperature below 20 centigrade. It keeps low noise frequency pass through. It evaporates water. Thee three factors for tree evaporation are sunlight, water and room to grow.听力Verision number 24第一部分：一男一女有关新学校的对话1-2：学校的哪个方面给他们留下的印象最深，3-6：关于他们住的地方有什么不满意的地方，男的是汽车的间隔时间长,离shopping的地方远；女的是和别人共用厨房，浴室7-9：是他们商量在一起吃饭，时间，吃的东西fish，一个电话号码第二部分：四个公园的介绍。

英语的基本句式结构其实很简单：主谓宾和主系表..主谓宾是“谁-做-什么”;例如：比如“羊吃草”;“洁白可爱的小绵羊蹦蹦跳跳欢快活泼地在一望无垠的广阔草原上幸福愉快地吃着鲜嫩碧绿的青草”一样也是主谓宾;只不过多了一些修饰的词;句子的核心意思还是“羊吃草”..主系表是“谁-是-什么”;同主谓宾一样..在阅读中我们要很快的找出核心句子;不用每句话的意思都懂;但要知道这句话要表达的核心意思;即找到主谓宾或主系表的主体..并列平行结构在一个较长的句子中;并列平行的部分可能是几个独立的句子;也可能是几个并列的短语成分或者从句..如果并列平行的部分是几个独立的句子;也叫“并列句“..所以说;“并列平行结构”是一个更广泛的概念..本篇主要讲解并列平行的部分是几个并列的短语成分或者从句的这种情况..中文：进一步展望未来;通过这个新时代所产生的巨大财富和新技术的结合.人类可望在太空建立一个浩大的可供千万人居住的世界..英文：Further ahead; by a combination of the great wealth this new age will bring and the technology it will provide; the construction of a vast; man-created world in space; home to thousands or millions of people; will be within our power.结构分析：Combination of中的of有两个宾语:一是the great wealth;受定语从句this new age will bring的修饰;另一个是the technology;受定语从句it will provide的修饰:主句中的home to thousands or millions of people为world的同位语..中文：但是随着人们重新关注杀虫剂对农产品的影响.以及红外线扫描技术的改进;Paley希望能重操旧业..英文：But with the renewed concern about pesticides on produce; and refinements in infrared scanning; Paley hopes to get back into operation.结构分析：with带两个宾语:renewed concern…和refinements...;整个短语作状语..中文：那位中世纪的学者几乎没有尝试着去调查植物的解剖结构、生长机制;以及它们相互之间是如何联系在一起的..英文：The medieval scholar made almost no attempt to investigate the anatomy of plants; their mechanisms of growth; or the ways in which they are related to one another.结构分析：investigate后所带的宾语是三个平行并列成分.即:A; B; or C;具体来说这三个成分分别是:一the anatomy of plants.2their mechanisms of growth;3or the ways in which they are related to one other..因为该句的谓语带有否定含义词no;所以用or;而不是and来把第三个并列成分和前两个连起来..定语从句;并且会用例句来具体分析句子结构..看完本篇文章你绝对能搞定定语从句..中文：利益是需要.渴望.关注.恐俱.一个人关心或想要的东西..英文：Interests are needs; desires; concerns; fears一the things one cares about or wants.结构分析:one cares about or wants是the things的定语从句..这个句子相对来说还是比较简单的;但其实复杂句也是一样的..中文：另一个基于利益的过程叫做调解;在调解中一个第三方帮助冲突者;即在冲突中的双方.达成一致..英文： Another interests based procedure is mediation; in which a third party assists the disputants; the two sides in the dispute; in reaching- agreement.in which引出的定语从句in which a third party assists the disputants; the two sides in the dispute; in reaching-agreement是对mediation 的解释;在定语从句中;the two sides in the dispute是disputants的同位语;同时也是插人语结构..中文：在一个试验中;从6岁到22岁的实验对象看不同瞳孔大小的女性的脸的图画.并被要求从中选择更高兴的一个..英文：In one experiment; subjects aged 6 to 22 were shown drawings of female faces that had different sized pupils; and asked to choose the one which was "happier".全句主语是subjects;有两个并列谓语were shown和and asked;都是被动语态;that had different sized pupils是定语从句做drawings of female faces的定语;which was “happier”是定语从句做the one的定语;过去分词短语aged 6 to 22是subjects的后置定语..中文：贝斯.以色列医院为每一位病人指派一名责任护士.责任护士要与指派给她的病人做深度交谈;并对病人的身体状况做全面记录.内容包括从病史到病人情绪的一切事情..英文： At Beth Israel each patient is assigned to a primary nurse who visits at length with the patient and constructs a full-scale health account that covers everything from his medical history to his emotional state.主从复合句..主句为At Beth Israel each patient is assigned to a primary nurse; who引导的定语从句修饰nurse.其中两个谓语visit和construct由and连接;that引导的定语从句修饰account;插入语的标志1插人语结构前后用逗号断开.如:The book; I think; doesn't provide informationabout the population in that area.其中.插入语结构I think便是这种特点..2插人语结构前后用破折号断开;如:The paper said the volcano destroyed most-if notall-of the buildings and construction on the island..其中;插入if not all就属于此类结构..对付插人语的办法是先略去不读..插人语常常插在主语和谓语之间.也可以插在句子中其他两个句子成分之间..有的插人语比较长;如果对插人语特别注意;会造成原来句子主要意思的中断;造成理解困难..而插人语常常是不重要的内容;所以应先略去不读.这样被分隔的两个句子成分就接上了..中文：在相互依赖的关系中.例如;劳资关系或在一个家庭或一个组织中;谁更有力量的问题就转换成谁更少依赖于另一方..英文：In relationships of mutual dependence; such as between labor and management or within an organization or a family; the question of who is more powerful turns on who is less dependent on the other.结构分析：such as between labor and management or within an organization or a family是插人语;同时也是举例说明;是不重要的内容.可以先略去不读..全句的谓语是turns on; the question of who is more powerful是主语.宾语从句who is less dependent on the other是turns on的宾语..中文：在发展中国家;在那里;至少有16个城市在近10年之末人口会超过1200万;不优先考虑公共交通是灾难性的..英文：In developing countries; where at least 16 cities are expected to have more than 12 million people each by the end of this decade; failing to give priority to public transport would be disastrous.结构分析：where at least 16 cities are expected to have more than 12 million people each by the end of this decade是插人语;是一个定语从句;修饰developing countries..全句主语是动名词短语failing to give priority to public transport.中文：因此.像木屏风一样;Fanwall屏障可以被建造;不需要昂贵的混凝土的地基;加快了建造时间;降低了费用..英文：Therefore; like the timber barriers; the Fanwall barrier can be built without expensive concrete footings or piles; speeding the construction time up and reducing costs.结构分析：can be built是被动语态;like the timber barriers是介词短语做状语;speeding the construction time up and reducing costs 是分词短语做状语..中文：在希腊失去了独立后;古代奥运会在公元393年被罗马皇帝Theodosius废除了..英文：The ancient Olympics were abolished by the Roman Emperor Theodosius in 393AD; after Greece had lost its independence.结构分析：were abolished是被动语态的过去式形式..after引导一时间状语从句..罗马皇帝不认识;采用首字母提炼法T..中文：假如不那么做;你可能被送上法庭..到时如果你不能向法庭证明你有理由可以不系安全带.你将会被罚款..这一点你必须牢记在心..英文：Remember you may be taken to court for not doing so; and you may be fined if you cannot prove to the court that you have been excused from wearing it.结构分析：本句为一个祈使句:remember的宾语由and连接的两个宾语从句担任;第二个宾语从句为一个主从复合句：if引导一个状语从句;而that引导的从句为prove的宾语..本篇文章将分析雅思阅读难句中的状语从句;并且会用例句来具体分析句子结构..希望对广大考生有所帮助..中文：虽然当对错在法律中正式规定时;通常是很直截了当的;但其他的对错采取的是非书面的、社会接受的行为标准;例如:互惠;先例;平等和资历..英文： Although it is usually straightforward where rights are formalized in law;other rights take the form of unwritten but socially accepted standard behavior; such as reciprocity; precedent; equality; and seniority.结构分析：although引导一个让步状语从句;注意本句的最后有一个such as;是例如的意思;后面的内容往往是举例说明;是属于不重要的内容;可不作为阅读的重点.socially accepted是standards of behavior的前置定语..中文：特别是当父亲们对孩子们的需要负更大责任时;他们又更高的婚姻满意程度..当父亲们参与更多时.他们更高兴..英文：There is also higher marital satisfaction for fathers; sepecially when they take more responsibility for the needs of their children fathers are happier when they are more involved.结构分析：这一句当中两个when都是引导两个时间状语从句..中文：在米兰附近的伊斯普拉的欧共体科学实验室进行太阳能实验的欧洲经济共同体资深科学家认为;只要略为增加欧洲经济共同体在利用太阳能方面的研究经费.就能使这方面的研究提前20年取得突破..英文：A breakthrough in the provision of energy from the sun for the European Economic Community EEC could be brought forward by up to two decades; if an modest increase could be provided in the EEC's research effort in this field; according to the senior EEC scientists engaged in experiments in solar energy at EEC's scientific laboratories at Ispra ;near Milan.结构分析：全句主干为:“A breakthrough... could be brought for ward……;主语breakthrough被介词短语in the provision of……European Economic Community EEC修饰.而provision又被两个介词短语所修饰:一是在逻辑上与之构成直接宾语的of energy from the sun;另一个是目的状语for the European Economic Community..if引导的从句为主句的状语:according to引导的介词短语也作状语;其中过去分词短语engaged in experiments in solar energy at EEC's scientific laboratories at Ispra;near Milan修饰scientists.作定语..1.倒装句最常见的就是以only为首的句型;这种倒装句也会相对简单一点..中文：写美国母亲的书很多;只是最近的文学才开始关注父亲的角色..英文：Although numerous books have been written about American mothers; only recently has literature focused on the role of a father.结构分析：第二个分句由于把only放在句首以强调recently;所以使用了倒装语序..主句的正常语序应为literature has only recently focused on the role of a father.2.以never; little; often; not only; not until; hardly; scarcely 等词引导的句子..中文：我们不仅需要使纸张能被收废纸的人得到.而且纸张需要被分成不同的类别..英文：Not only do we need to make the paper available to collectors but it also needs to be separated into different types.结构分析：not only位于句首;引起前面的句子倒装..正常的语序是we need to make the paper available to collectors;3.so/as或neither/nor引导的句子The average air temperature at the surface of the earth has risen this century; as has the temperature of ocean surface waters.4.某些让步状语从句In addition; difficult as it is to believe; there are desert fishes that can survive through years of drought in the form of inactive eggs.而且;尽管令人难以置信;还是有沙淇鱼类能以非活性卵的形态幸免于多年的干旱..句子中as= although/though;“尽管”;“虽然”所引导的是让步状语从句..实际上.difficult as it is to believe= Although/Though it is difficult to believe.下面新东方网雅思频道为大家整理了雅思阅读：剑桥雅思长难句分析一;供考生们参考;以下是详细内容..1. The scent she carried in her samples and on her body wasa message to the other bees that this was the one they were looking for.剑4; General Training Test B section 3分析：本句的主句为“The scent was a message to the other bees”;“she carried in her samples and on her body”为定语从句;做The scent的定语;关系词在定语从句中做宾语;因此被省掉;“that this was the one they were looking for”为that引导的同位语从句;做a message的同位语;“they were looking for”为定语从句;做the one的定语;关系词在定语从句中做for的宾语;因此被省掉..2. Soon he would also discover a number of other remarkable facts about how bees communicate and; in doing so; revolutionize the study of animal behavior generally.剑4; General Training Test B section 3分析：本句的主句为“he would also discover a number of other remarkable facts about…and revolutionize the study of animal behavior generally”;“how bees communicate”为how引导的宾语从句;做介词about的宾语..3. There had; of course; been dictionaries in the past; the first of these being a little book of some 120 pages; compiled by a certain Robert Cawdray; published in 1604 under the titleA Table Alphabeticall ‘of hard usual English words'.剑5; Test1 passage 1分析：本句主句“There had been dictionaries”;“the first of these being a little book of some 120 pages; compiled by a certain Robert Cawdray; published in 1604 under the title A Table Alphabeticall ‘of hard usual English words'”为独立主格结构;其中“compiled by a certain Robert Cawdray”和“published in 1604 under the title A Table Alphabeticall ‘of hard usual English words'”均为过去分词短语作定语;做a little book的定语..4. It is highly appropriate that Dr Samuel Johnson; the very model of an eighteenth-century literary man; as famous in his own time as in ours; should have published his Dictionary at the very beginning of the heyday of the middle class.剑5; Test 1 passage 1分析：本句的主句为“It is highly appropriate that… ”; 其中it为形式主语;真正的主语为that引导的主语从句;即“that Dr Samuel Johnson; the very model of an eighteenth-century literary man; as famous in his own time as in ours; should have published his Dictionary at the very beginning of the heyday of the middle class”;在主语从句中“the very model of an eighteenth-century literary man”为Dr Samuel Johnson的同位语;“as famous in his own time as in ours”为Dr Samuel Johnson的定语..5. His approach to the problems that had worried writers throughout the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries was intensely practical.剑5; Test 1 passage 1分析：本句的主句为“His approach to the problems was intensely practical”;“that had worried writers throughout the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries”为定语从句;做the problems的定语;关系词为that..6. He was to be paid ￡1;575 in installments; and from this he took money to rent 17 Gough Square; in which he set up his ‘dictionary workshop'.剑5; Test 1 passage 1分析：本句为并列句;“He was to be paid ￡1;575 in installments”和“from this he took money to rent 17 Gough Square; in which he set up his ‘dictionary workshop'.”并列;由and连接;“in which he set up his ‘dictionary workshop'.”为定语从句;做17 Gough Square的定语;关系词为which..7. James Boswell; his biographer; described the garret where Johnson worked as ‘fitted up like a counting house' with a long desk running down the middle at which the copying clerks would work standing up.剑5; Test 1 passage 1分析：本句主句为“James Boswell described the garret as ‘fitted up like a counting house' with a long desk.”;“his biographer”为James Boswell的同位语;“where Johnson worked”为定语从句;做the garret的定语;关系词为where; “running down the middle”为现在分词短语做定语;做a long desk的定语;“at which the copying clerks would work standing up”为定语从句;做long desk 的定语;关系词为which..8. He was also helped by six assistants; two of whom died whilst the dictionary was still in preparation.剑5; Test 1 passage 1分析：本句主句为“He was also helped by sixassist ants”;“two of whom died whilst the dictionary was still in preparation”为定语从句;做six assistants的定语;关系词为whom;在定语从句中;“whilst the dictionary was still in preparation”为whilst引导的时间状语从句..9. The fact that Johnson had taken on the Academies of Europe and matched them everyone knew that forty French academics had taken forty years to produce the first French national dictionary was cause for much English celebration.剑5; Test 1 passage 1分析：本句的主句为“The fact was cause for much English celebration”;“that Johnson had tak en on the Academies of Europe and matched them”为that引导的同位语从句;做The fact 的同位语;括号中部分起到解释说明的作用..10. A few years ago; in one of the most fascinating and disturbing experiments in behavioural psychology; Stanley Milgram of Yale University tested 40 subjects from all walks of life for their willingness to obey instructions given by a‘leader' in a situation in which the subjects night feel a personal distaste for the actions they were called upon to perform.剑5; Test 1 passage 2分析：本句主句为“Stanley Milgram of Yale U niversity tested 40 subjects from all walks of life for their willingness to obey instructions given by a ‘leader' in a situation”;“A few years ago; in one of the most fascinating and disturbing experiments in behavioural psychology”为状语;“in which the subje cts night feel a personal distaste for the actions they were called upon to perform”为定语从句;做a situation的定语;关系词为which; 其中“they were called upon to perform”也为定语从句;做the actions的定语;关系词在该定语从句中做宾语;因此被省掉..11. Milgram told each volunteer ‘teacher-subject' that the experiment was in the noble cause of education; and was designed to test whether or not punishing pupils for their mistakes would have a positive effect on the pupil's ability to learn.剑5; Test 1 passage 2分析：本句的主句为“Milgram told each volunteer ‘teacher-subject' that…”;“that the experiment was in the noble cause of education; and was designed to test whether or not punishing pupils for their mistakes would have a positiveeffect on the pupil's ability to learn.”为宾语从句;做动词told 的宾语;“whether or not punishing p upils for their mistakes would have a positive effect on the pupil's ability to learn”为whether引导的宾语从句;做test的宾语..面新东方网雅思频道为大家整理了雅思阅读：剑桥雅思长难句分析二;供考生们参考;以下是详细内容..1. The teacher-subject was told that whenever the pupil gave the wrong answer to a question; a shock was to be administered; beginning at the lowest level and increasing in severity with each successive wrong answer.剑5; Test 1 passage 2分析：本句的主句为“The teacher-subject was told that…”; “that whenever the pupil gave the wrong answer to a question;a shock was to be administered; beginning at the lowest level and increasing in severity with each successive wrong answer”为that引导的宾语从句;做tell的宾语;在该宾语从句中“a shock was to be administered”为主句;而“whenever the pupil gave the wrong answer to a question”为whenever引导的时间装语从句;在该宾语从句中做时间状语;“beginning at the lowest level and increasing in severity with each successive wrong answer”为现在分词短语做状语;在该宾语从句中做伴随状语..2. Milgram told the teacher-subject to ignore the reactions of the pupil; and to administer whatever level of shock was called for; as per the rule governing the experimental situation of the moment.剑5; Test 1 passage 2分析：本句的主句为“Milgram told the teacher-subject to ignore the reactions of the pupil; and to administer whatever level of shock was called for”; 其中“whateve r level of shock was called for”为whatever引导的宾语从句;做administer的宾语;as per为介词短语;意为依据;根据;“governing the experimental situation of the moment”为现在分词短语作定语;做the rule的定语..3. As the experiment unfolded; the pupil would definitely give the wrong answers to questions posed by the teacher; thereby bringing on various electrical punishments; even up to the danger level of 300 volts and beyond.剑5; Test 1 passage 2分析：本句主句“the pupil would definitely give the wrong answers to questions”; “As the experiment unfolded”为As引导的时间状语从句;做该主句的时间状语;“posed by the teacher”为过去分词短语作定语;做questions的定语;“bringing on various electrical punishments; even up to the danger level of 300 volts and beyond”为现在分词短语作状语;做主句的伴随状语..4. In these situations; Milgram calmly explained that the teacher-subject was to ignore the pupil's cries for mercy and carry on the experiment.剑5; Test 1 passage 2分析：本句的主句为“Milgram calmly explained that…”; “that the teacher-subject was to ignore the pupil's cries for mercy and carry on the experiment”为that引导的宾语从句;做explain的宾语;在该宾语从句中“to ignore the pupil's cries for mercy and carry on the experiment”为不定式做表语..5. If the subject was still reluctant to proceed; Milgram said that it was important for the sake of the experiment that the procedure be followed through to the end.剑5; Test 1 passage 2分析：本句的主句为“Milgram said that …”; “If the subject was still reluctant to proceed”为If引导的条件状语从句;“that it was important for the sake of the experiment that the procedure be followed through to the end.”为that引导的宾语从句;做said的宾语;在该宾语从句“that it was important for the sake of the experiment that the procedure be followed through to the end.”中;it为形式主语;“that the procedure be followed through to the end”为that引导的主语从句;是该宾语从句真正的主语..6. What Milgram was trying to discover was the number of teacher-subjects who would be willing to administer the highest levels of shock; even in the face of strong personal and moral revulsion against the rules and conditions of the experiment.剑5; Test 1 passage 2分析：本句的主句为“What Milgram was trying to discover was the number of teacher-subjects”; “What Milgram was trying to discover”为What引导的主语从句;“who would be willing to administer the highest levels of shock; even in the face of strong personal and moral revulsion against the rules and conditions of the experiment.”为定语从句;做teacher-subjects 的定语;关系词为who..7. Prior to carrying out the experiment; Milgram explained his idea to a group of 39 psychiatrists and asked them to predict the average percentage of people in an ordinary population who would be willing to administer the highest shock level of 450 volts.剑5; Test 1 passage 2分析：本句的主句为“Milgram explained his idea to a group of 39 psychiatrists and asked them to predict the average percentage of people in an ordinary population.”; “Prior to carrying out the experiment”为时间状语;prior to相当于before;“who would be willing to administer the highest shock level of 450 volts.”为定语从句;做an ordinary population的定语;关系词为who..8. The overwhelming consensus was that virtually all the teacher-subjects would refuse to obey the experimenter.剑5; Test 1 passage 2分析：本句主句为“The overwhelming consensus was that …”; “that virtually all the teacher-subjects would refuse to obey the experimenter”为表语从句;做was的表语..9. The psychiatrists felt that ‘most subjects would go beyond 150 volts' and they further anticipated that only four percent would go up to 300 volts.剑5; Test 1 passage 2分析：本句为并列句;“The psychiatrists felt that ‘most subjects would go beyond 150 volts'”和“they further anticipated that only four percent would go up to 300 volts”并列;由and连接;其中“that ‘mos t subjects would go beyond 150 volts'”为that引导的宾语从句;做felt的宾语;而“that only four percent would go up to 300 volts”也为that引导的宾语从句;做anticipated的宾语..10. How can we possibly account for this vast discrepancy between what calm; rational; knowledgeable people predict in the comfort of their study and what pressured; flustered; but cooperative ‘teachers' actually do in the laboratory of real life 剑5; Test 1 passage 2分析：本句主句为“How can we possibly account for this vast discrepancy between…and…”; “what calm; rational; knowledgeable people predict in the comfort of their study”和“what pressured; flustered; but cooperative ‘teachers' actually do in the laboratory of real life”均为what引导的宾语从句..11. One's first inclination might be to argue that there must be some sort of built-in animal aggression instinct that was activated by the experiment; and that Milgram'steacher-subjects were just following a genetic need to discharge this pent-up primal urge onto the pupil by administering the electrical shock.剑5; Test 1 passage 2分析：本句的主句为“One's first inclination might be to…”; “to argue that there must be some sort of built-in animal aggression instinct that was activated by the experiment; and that Milgram's teacher-subjects were just following a geneticneed to discharge this pent-up primal urge onto the pupil by administering the electrical shock.”为不定式做表语;做be的表语;在此表语中“that there must be some sort of built-in animal aggression instinct”和“that Milgram's teacher-subjects were just following a genetic need to discharge this pent-up primal urge onto the pupil by administering the electrical shock”并列;皆为that引导的宾语从句;做argue的宾语;“that was activated by the experiment”为定语从句;做instinct的定语;关系词为that..。

新东方剑雅17-test 1作文答案利弊类大作文，社会类话题It is important for people to take risks, both in their professional lives and their personal lives. Do you think the advantages of taking risks outweigh the disadvantages?1、题目大意人们承担风险是很重要的，无论是在他们的职业生涯还是个人生活中。

你认为承担风险的好处多于坏处吗？2、思路解析这是一道利弊类大作文，讨论的是承担风险的利弊问题。

利弊类文章需要强调在论证上体现合理性，即在具体的分析中，明确能体现出一边的论述的确是大于另一边，或是利弊均等，而利弊是否有说服力并不取决于观点的数量，而是内容是否有说服力。

审题的时候要注意，题目提到了“professional lives”和“personal lives”，因此两者都需要提及。

很多同学可能觉得“承担风险”这个点比较抽象不好写，建议可以落到“物质”和“精神”两个层面进行讨论，下面月半鸭和大家一起来看下具体观点。

首先来看承担风险的坏处。

职业生涯角度来说，人们会面临财产损失的风险。

当人们拿出存款或者借款进行创业和投资时，判断失误、工作疏忽或是一些外部不利条件的发生都可能会使得人们赔掉本金甚至是陷入负债的境地，造成当事人经济上的损失。

个人生活角度来看，可能会面临健康的风险。

比如，喜欢极限运动或旅游探险的人，可能会遇到摔伤、骨折等等问题，这些都会给当事人造成极大的痛苦和不便。

此外，失败的风险还会加重个人负担，无论是对于失败的恐惧还是失败后的挫败感，都会给当事人造成精神上的负担，不利于其身心健康。

然后来看承担风险的好处。

虽然成功和收益往往都会伴随着风险，但是一旦获得成功往往能带来丰富的物质回报或精神回报。

比如投资成功能够赚取丰厚的利润，野外徒步旅行能够看到独特的风景，这些都是非常诱人的，而对于不愿承担风险的人来说很难收获到同样的回报。

2014年1月17日托福真题解析（北美）【阅读】第一篇TOPIC：Cinema讲述早期电影的产生及其特点，提到有声电影和无声电影。

解析：本文属艺术类话题，谈到大家比较喜欢的电影话题，尽管谈的是早期电影，但依然会让我们读起来感觉相对轻松愉悦。

文章内容与TPO12的一篇文章Transition to Sound in Film很对应，甚至举例都很相似，值得大家精读研究。

Transition to Sound in FilmThe shift from silent to sound film at the end of the 1920s marks, so far, the most important transformation in motion picture history. Despite all the highly visible technological developments in theatrical and home delivery of the moving image that have occurred over the decades since then, no single innovation has come close to being regarded as a similar kind of watershed. In nearly every language, however the words are phrased, the most basic division in cinema history lies between films that are mute and films that speak.Yet this most fundamental standard of historical periodization conceals a host of paradoxes. Nearly every movie theater, however modest, had a piano or organ to provide musical accompaniment to silent pictures. In many instances, spectators in the era before recorded sound experienced elaborate aural presentations alongside movies' visual images, from the Japanese benshi (narrators) crafting multivoiced dialogue narratives to original musical compositions performed by symphony-size orchestras in Europe and the United States. In Berlin, for the premiere performance outside the Soviet Union of The Battleship Potemkin, film director Sergei Eisenstein worked with Austrian composer Edmund Meisel (1874-1930) on a musical score matching sound to image; the Berlin screenings with live music helped to bring the film its wide international fame.Beyond that, the triumph of recorded sound has overshadowed the rich diversity of technological and aesthetic experiments with the visual image thatwere going forward simultaneously in the 1920s. New color processes, larger or differently shaped screen sizes, multiple-screen projections, even television, were among the developments invented or tried out during the period, sometimes with startling success. The high costs of converting to sound and the early limitations of sound technology were among the factors that suppressed innovations or retarded advancement in these other areas. The introduction of new screen formats was put off for a quarter century, and color, though utilized over the next two decades for special productions, also did not become a norm until the 1950s.Though it may be difficult to imagine from a later perspective, a strain of critical opinion in the 1920s predicted that sound film would be a technical novelty that would soon fade from sight, just as had many previous attempts, dating well back before the First World War, to link images with recorded sound. These critics were making a common assumption—that the technological inadequacies of earlier efforts (poor synchronization, weak sound amplification, fragile sound recordings) would invariably occur again. To be sure, their evaluation of the technical flaws in 1920s sound experiments was not so far off the mark, yet they neglected to take into account important new forces in the motion picture field that, in a sense, would not take no for an answer.These forces were the rapidly expanding electronics and telecommunications companies that were developing and linking telephone and wireless technologies in the 1920s. In the United States, they included such firms as American Telephone and Telegraph, General Electric, and Westinghouse. They were interested in all forms of sound technology and all potential avenues for commercial exploitation. Their competition and collaboration were creating the broadcasting industry in the United States, beginning with the introduction of commercial radio programming in the early 1920s. With financial assets considerably greater than those in the motion picture industry, and perhaps a wider vision of the relationships among entertainment and communications media, they revitalized research into recording sound for motion pictures.In 1929 the United States motion picture industry released more than 300 sound films—a rough figure, since a number were silent films with music tracks, or films prepared in dual versions, to take account of the many cinemas not yet wired for sound. At the production level, in the United States the conversion was virtually complete by 1930. In Europe it took a little longer, mainly because there were more small producers for whom the costs of sound were prohibitive, and inother parts of the world problems with rights or access to equipment delayed the shift to sound production for a few more years (though cinemas in major cities may have been wired in order to play foreign sound films). The triumph of sound cinema was swift, complete, and enormously popular.第二篇TOPIC：Eocene warming讨论Eocene warming 产生的原因解析：本文属地质学话题，谈到Eocene始新世这样一个历史时期，这是在TPO里从未考过的一个历史阶段。