2010年3月27日新托福阅读考题回顾

0308 托福试题阅读( 55minutes )Question 1-11 seen in putrefying materials .He did (10) this by passing air through guncotton filters, the fibers of which stop solid particles. Afterthe guncotton was dissolved in a mixture of alcohol and ether, the particles that it had trapped fell to the bottom of the liquid and were examined on a microscope slide .Pasteur found that in ordinary air these exists a variety of solid structures ranging in size from0.01 mm to more than 1.0 mm .Many of these bodies resembled the reproductive(15) structures of common molds, single-celled animals, and various other microbial cells .As many as 20 to 30 of them were found in fifteen If food is allowed to stand for some time,putrefies .When the putrefied material is examinedmicroscopically ,it is teeming with bacteria. Where do these bacteria come from , since they are fresh food? Even until the mid-nineteenth century, many people believed microorganisms originated by spontaneous (5 ) generation ,a hypothetical living organisms develop from nonliving matter. The most powerful spontaneous generationmicrobiologist Louis showed that structures present in air closelyfound not that itto be seen in suchprocess by which of the theory of French chemist andopponentwas the Pasteur(1822-1895).Pasteur resemble the microorganismsnecked flask in which putrefying materials could he heated to boiling, but aircould reenter. The bends in the neck prevented microorganisms from getting in the flask.. Material sterilized in such a flask did not putrefy.1, W hat does the passage mainly discuss?(a) Pasteur 's influence on the development of the microscope. (b) The origin of the theory of spontaneous generation .(c) The effects of pasteurization on food.(d) Pasteur 's argument agai nst the theory of spontaneous generation .2, T he phrase “teeming with ”in line 2 is closest in meaning to (a) full of liters of ordinary air ,and they couldnot be distinguished from the organisms found in much larger numbers in putrefying materials .Pasteur concluded that the organisms found materials originated from the organized bodies present postulated that these bodies are constantly (20) being deposited on all objects.Pasteur showed that if a nutrient sealed in a glass flask and heated toboiling to destroy all the living contaminating it, it never putrefied .The proponents of spontaneous generation declared was necessary for spontaneous generation and that sealed flask was affected in some way (25) by heating so that it would spontaneous generation. Pasteur in putrefying in the air .He solution was organisms the that air fresh airinside thelonger supportno constructed a swan-(b) developing into(c) resistant to(d) hurt by3, W hich of the following questions did the theory of spontaneous generation attempt to answer?(a) What is the origin of the living organisms are seen on some food?(b) How many types of organisms can be found on food?(c) What is the most effective way to organisms for microscopic examination?(d) How long can food stand before it putrefies?6,The author mention “1.0mm ”in line 14 in describing the (a) thickness of a layer of organisms that deposited on an object(b) diameter of the fibers that were in the guncotton filters (c) thickness of the microscope slides that were used(d) size of the particles that that were collected prepare living 4,The word “resemble ”meaning to(a)benefit from(b)appear similar to(c)join together with(d)grow fromin line 9 is closest in 5,The purpose of the paragraph 2 was to (a)trap particles for analysis (b)slow theprocess of putrefaction (c)increase theairflow to the microscopic slide (d)aid themixing of alcohol and etherguncotton ”mentioned inwasword “postulated ”in line 19 is closest to(a) analyzed(b) doubted(c) persuaded(d) suggestedobjects that Pasteut removed from the experimentwere remarkable because they were(a) primarily single-celled organisms(b) no different from objects found in materials(c) fairly rare(d) able to live in a mixture of alcohol and etherword “it ” in line 22 refers to(a) a nutrient solution(b) a glass flask(c) boiling(d) spontaneous generationto paragraph 3,proponents of spontaneous believedthat which of the following was important for theprocess to succeed ?(a) A sealed container(b) Fresh air(c) Heat(d) The presence of nutrients can be inferred from paragraph 3 that Pasteur employed a swam-necked flask to(a) store sterilized liquids for use in future experiments (b) prevent heat from building up in a solution(c) disprove a criticism of his conclusions(d) estimate the number of organisms in a liter of air in meaning air in his putrefying generationQuestions 12-20In the early decades of the United agrarianmovement promoted the farmeras society 's hero. In the minds thinkers andwriters ,the farmer was whose well-being thehealth of the depended .The period between theRevolution, which ended in 1783,and the CivilWar ,which ended in 1865 ,was the age of (5 )the farmer in the United States .Agrarianphilosophers ,represented most eloquently byThomas Jefferson, celebrated farmers extravagantly for their supposed centrality in a goodsociety, their political virtue ,and their Superiormorality .And virtually all policy makers, theysubscribed to the tenets of the philosophy held byJefferson or not, recognized agriculture key componentof the economy .Consequently ,government at government trade policies facilitated the exporting ofagricultural products.For their part ,farmers seemed to meet the social States ,theof agrarian a person on new country whether as the American(10) all levels worked to encourage farmers social groupand agriculture as economic enterprise.Both the national and state governments developedtransportation infrastructure,building canals, roads,bridges,and railroads as a ,and.Theanimal ,deepening from navigable imported plant harbors streams and removing obstructions national varieties and (15) launched exploring farmlands in the West .Inaddition ,government expeditions intoprospectiveexpectations agrarian philosophershad for them ,as their broader horizons and greater self-respect, both products of the Revolution ,were reflected to some degree in their behavior .Farmers seemed to become(20) more scientific ,joining agricultural societies and reading the farm newspapers that sprangup throughout the country .They began using improved implements, tried new crops andpure animal breeds , and became more receptive modern theories of soil improvement .They also responded to inducements by national and stategovernments .Farmersstreamed to the West ,filling frontier lands stunningrapidity .But farmers responded (25) less to the expectations of government inducements than to opportunities .European demand for United States seemed insatiable.industrialization , and urbanization all kept demand high in Europe . United States cities and industries grew as well; even industries not directly related to farming thrived because of the market, money ,and labor that agriculture provided .does the passage mainly discuss?(a) The agrarian philosophy of Thomas Jefferson(b) The role of the national government in the development of agriculture(c) Improvements in farming techniques(d) The impact of the increased importance of the farmerword “depended ” in line 3 is closest in meaning toto withand market agrariansgrowingfood from the War,(a) improved(b) relied(c) demanded(d) explainedauthor mentions Thomas Jefferson in paragraph 1 as an example of (a) a leader during the Revolution(b) an inventor of new farming techniques(c) a philosopher who believed farmers were essential to the creation of a good society(d) a farmer who guided the agrarian movement toward an emphasis on economic developmentphrase “subscribed to ” in line 8 is closest meaning to (a) contributed to(b) agreed with(c) thought about(d) expanded onof the following statements is supported by information in paragraph 1?(a) All government policy makers accepted Jefferson views of agriculture and farmers.(b) Agricultural production declined between 1783 1861.(c) The majority of farmers worked for the government.(d) Agriculture was a vital part of the nation economy.to the passage , the national and state governments did all of the following EXCEPT(a) build roads(b) import new plant varieties(c) give farmers money for their crops inthe andword “stunning ” in line 24 is closest in meaning to (a) predictable(b) impressive(c) famous(d) gradualof the following statements is best supported by paragraph 4? (a) Agricultural development contributed to development in other parts of the economy.(b) European agricultural products were of a higher quality than those produced in the United States.(c) The growing settlement of the West led to a decrease in agricultural production.(d) Farmers were influenced more by government policies than by market opportunities.Question 21-29The wide variety of climates in North America has helped spawn a complex pattern ofsoil regions. In general, the realm 's soils also(d)developproducts policies that helped farmers export theirof the farmers ' philosophers EXCEPT (a)obtaining information from farm newspapers (b)accumulating personal wealth (c)plantingnew crops (d)becoming more scientific followingmeeting are the mentioned as expectationsexamples of of agrarianreflect the broad environmental partitioninginto “humid America ” and “arid America. ” Where annual precipitation exceeds 20 inches(50 centimeters),soils in humid areas tend to be acidic in chemical content, Sincecrops (5 ) do best in soils in acid content)content).fertilization of the Great Plains. Glaciation also enhanced the rich legacy of fertile soils in the centralUnited States,both from the deposition of mineralrich glacial debris left by meltwater (15) and from thick layers of fine material, called loess, in and around themiddle Mississippi Valley.Natural vegetation patterns on a mapof North America, but the enormous humanmodification of environment in modern times hasall but reduced this regionalization scheme to the level of the hypothetical. Nonetheless, (20) the humid America-arid America dichotomy is still that are neither acidic(higher noralkaline(higher is in salt necessary to achieve thedesired level of neutrality between the two. Arid America 's soils are typically and mustbe fertilized back toward neutrality by adding acidiccompounds. many of these dryland soils, particularly in the Great Plains, are quite fertile, settlers learnedover a century ago that (10) water is the main missing ingredient in achieving their agricultural potential.In the1970's, certain irrigation methods were and finallyprovided a real opportunityto expand more intensive farming westCentral Lowland into the drier portions alkaline Although European perfected from the wind-blown glacialcould be displayed the North Americana valid generalization: the naturalvegetation of areas receiving more than 20 inches of water yearly is forest, whereas thedrier climates give rise to a grassland cover. The forests of North America tent to makea broad transition by latitude. In the Canadian North, needle-leaf forests dominate, butthese coniferous trees become mixed with broadleaf deciduous trees as one crosses the (25) border into the Northeast United States. As oneproceeds toward the Southeast, broadleaf vegetation becomes dominant. Arid America mostly consists of short-grass prairies orstepper. The only areas of true desert are in the Southwest. 21 What aspect of North America does the passage mainly discuss?(A)(B)(C)22 The word “spawn ” in line 1 is closest in meaning to(A)(B)(C) The wide variety of climatesSoil types and vegetation patternsImproved irrigation methods and the expansion ofagriculture(D) The change in precipitation patternsdistinguish eliminateprotectcreate(D)The word “partitioning ” in line 2 isclosest in 23 meaning to (A) division (B) modification28 The word “transition ” meaning to (A)elevation(C) opening(D)circulating24 According to the passage, acidic soils tent to beassociated with (A) a high salt content(B) an increase in farming(C) large amounts of rain(D)glacial meltwater25 The word “enhanced ” in line 13 is closest inmeaning to (A) implied(B) increased(C) indicated(D)informed26 How did glacial meltdown affect the soil in NorthAmerica? (A) It redistributed the soil types(B) It added salt to the soil(C) It made the soil more neutral in content(D)It added minerals to the soil27 The phrase “this regionalization scheme ” in line19 refers to the (A)movements of glacial deposits(B) patterns of natural vegetation(C) human modification of the North American between environment (D) distinction Americaand arid humid America in line 23 isclosest inchange advantage condition 29 statements? (A) Arid America is not necessarily characterized by the presence of deserts(B)Most of Canada and the northeastern United States consists of short-grass prairies wherever natural vegetation has not been modified by humans (C) The accumulation of loess is primarily the result of irrigation(D)Glaciation removed the fertile layer of soil from much of the Mississippi Valley photographic film, paper, or glass---will, however, record much shorter bursts of light. A(5 ) photographic flash can therefore be used to capture high-speed movement on film as wellas to correct deficiencies of the normal surrounding lighting. Photoflash is now generated electronically, but the earliest form, first paper bag containing magnesium wireand some such as potassium chlorate.Whenthe bag was ignited, the metal flash. A contemporary observer reported(B) (C)(D) The passage supports which of the followingQuestions 30-40Most sources of illumination over an appreciable period, and indeed if an object is lit for a very brief 1/25 second), the human eye will not react in time to see the object. emulsion---that is, a light-sensitivegenerate lighttime(less that A photographiccoating onused in 1864, was a oxygen-rich substance, burned with an intensecapable ofbeing ignited in an atmosphere of pure oxygen at low pressure, were introduced only in the 1920's. In the earliest type, the metal(15) was separated from the oxygen by a thin glass bulb. The flashwas fired by piercing thebulb and allowing the oxygen to come into with the metal, which ignitedspontaneously. Later bulbs were fired by an electric battery, which heated the wire bypassing a small current through it. combinations, such as the pairing of oxygendifluoride with zirconium, have also been each case enough energy is given out to (20) heat the oxidizable metal momentarily to a white-hot emission of visible light. The smoke particles are so small that they cool rapidly; but since they are white, theycontribute to the brilliance by reflecting the light from their stillglowing neighbors. A slightly bigger form of the metal will burn for a longer time.30 What does the passage mainly discuss? (A) (B) (C)(10) that “this quite unsafe device seems to have done nothing worse that engulf the room in dense smoke and lead to pictures quality and odd poses. ” The evolution of the photoflash flashbulbs, containing fine wire made of a metal, such as magnesium or aluminum,of dubiouswas slow, contactOther used. In(D) 31 According to the passage,1/25 second is the minimumThe history of the photoflashTheories about how the eye reacts tolight The technology of modernphotography The dangers of using theamount of time required for the (A) (B) (C) (D) recording of an image on film generation of artificial light creation of a photographic emulsion human eye to react to light 32 photoflash is that it (A) (B) (C)(D)According to the passage, an advantage can produce repeated bursts of light intensities colors in photographs is short enough not to bother human eyes supplements existing lighting33 meaning to (A) (B) (C) (D)The word “ignited ” in line 9 set on fire cut into openedshaken34 paragraph 1?(A)” (B)” (C)” (D)” Which of the following phrases appreciable period ”(line 1) photographic emulsion ”(line 3) high - speed movement ”(line 5) odd poses ”(line 11)35 The word “evolution ” in line 12 meaning to (A) (B) (C) (D)publicity adoption development manufactureis is is of usingclosestdefined closest ininin36 was toThe function of the glass in the first flashbulbsQuestions 41-50(D) keep the metal and oxygen apart before the flash 37 The word “it ” in line 18 refers to (A) oxygen (B) battery (C) wire (D)current38 The word “momentarily ” in line 20 is closest in meaning to (A) effortlessly (B) briefly (C) electronically (D)gradually39 According to the passage, the white color of the smoke particles generated by a flashbulb contributes to(A) rapid cooling (B) bright illumination (C) electrical conductivity (D)intense heat40 According to the passage, a flashbulb can be made to burn longer by using (A) thicker wire (B) more oxygen(C) thinner glass(D)continuous electricitythe (A) (B)(C) flashproduce the spark that initiated the flash magnify the light produced by the flash protect the photographerfrom the heat ofinnovation in paining known as began in the 1870's. The wanted to depict what they saw in they were inspired to portrayThe stylistic Impressionism Impressionists nature, but fragmentary moments by the increasingly fast pace ofmodern life. They concentrated on the play of light overobjects, people, and nature, breaking up seemingly solid surfaces,(5 ) stressing vivid contrast between colors in sunlight andshade, and depiction reflected lightin all of its possibilities. Unlike earlier artists, they did not want to observe the world from indoors. They abandoned the studio, painting in the open air and recording spontaneous Impressions of their subjects instead of making outside sketches and then moving indoors to complete the work form memory.(10)Some of the Impressionists ' painting methodswere affected by technologicaladvances. For example, the shift from the studio to the open air was made possible inpart by the advent of cheap rail permitted easy and quick access to the countryside or seashore, as well developed chemical dyes and oils that led to collapsible paint tubes, whichto finish their paintings on the spot.(15) Impressionism acquired its supporters but from angry artlovers whotravel, which as by newlyenabled artists name not fromfelt threatened by the new painting.“Impressionism ” was born in 1874,whena group of artists who had been working organized an exhibition of theirpaintings in order to draw public attention to their work. Reaction from the public andThe termtogetherpress was immediate, and derisive. Among the 165 paintings exhibited was one called (20)Impression: Sunrise, by1926),Viewed through hostile eyes, Monet 'spainting of a risingwatery scene seemedmessy, slapdash, and an affront title, art “I■ ・戈， “Impressionism ”Monet and his 29 fellow artists in the exhibit adopted the same name as a badge of their unity, despite individual differences.(25) From then untilzeal of a “church ”put it. Monet was faithful to creed until his death, althoughmany of the others moved on to new styles.41 What aspect of painting in the does the passage mainly discuss?(A)The impact of some artists ' fast pace of life (B)The differences between two major styles of art(C)A technological advance in the materials used by artists (D)A group of artists with a new technique and approach to art 42 The word “depict ” in line 2 is closest in meaning to (A) (B) (C) (D)Claude Monet(1840-sun over a misty,to good taste. critics extended the to theentire exhibit. In response,Borrowing Monet 'sterm 1886 Impressionism had all the , as the painter Renoir the Impressionist nineteenth century resistance to thereorganize deform represent justify43 According to the passage, which of the following was one of the distinguishing characteristics of Impressionist painting? (A) The emphasis on people rather than nature scenes (B) The way the subjects were presented from multiple angles The focus on small solid objectsThe depiction of the effects of light and colorWhich of the following is a significant way in were differentfrom the artists They began by making sketches of theirsubjects They painted their subjects out-of-doorsThey preferred to paint from memory They used subjects drawn from modern lifeThe word “advent ” in line 12 is closestachievement acceptance arrival advantage The exhibition of paintings organized inattracting attention from the public a negativereaction from the press an immediate demand for the paintings exhibited creating a name for a newstyle of painting The word “affront ” in line 22 is closest insult encouragement return(C)(D) 44which Impressionists that preceded them? (A) (B) (C) (D)45 meaning to(A)(B) (C) (D) 46resulted in all of the following EXCEPT (A) (B) (C) (D) 47 meaning to (A) (B) (C)in 1874in(D) creditfor their work(D) was in favor of a traditional style of painting 50 The word“others ” in line 27 refers to art critics fellow artists individual differences new stylesABADBCCCBABDDCCDCDBADACCBDBCACDACBABABDCBCAADCDABA CACCB CDBCB DACCC ABCDA CDCDC BDCDC BCDDC DBACB DAABADDBABCDBCBDCBBABDACBDDBAADDABCDCBBADCDBC CADCB 48 The rejection of the Impressionist exhibition critics was caused by which of the following?(A) (B) (C)byThe small number of paintings on displayLack of interest in exhibitions by young artists The similarity between all exhibited (D) Anger about seemingly poorly painted art the paintings 49 The author mentions Renoir in line exampleof an artist who(A)(B)(C)became as famous as Monet was consistently praised by art critics described the enthusiasm of the 25 to give an Impressionists(A)(B)(C) (D) 0308 答案。

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Children Food Promotion and Advertising（3月27日阅读考试第1篇题源文章）Over the past 20 years rates of obesity in children have risen greatly in many countries, leading some researchers to speak of an ‘international epidemic of obesity’ (Dietz, 1998; Baur, 2002). It is estimated that one in five Australian children and adolescents are now overweight or obese (Baur, 2002). Amongst Australian children, the rate of overweight and obesity combined has more than doubled, and the rate of obesity trebled in all age groups and for both sexes, in the 10 year period from 1985 to 1995 (Magarey et al., 2001).Obese children have a 25–50% chance of progression to adult obesity (Must and Strauss, 1999) with 80% of overweight adolescents continuing to be overweight into adulthood (Dietz, 2004). The significant risk for childhood overweight and obesity to continue into adulthood and the associatedlong-term health implications confirm the importance of preventive action.A joint report prepared by the World Health Organization and the Food and Agriculture Organization concluded that the heavy marketing of fast food and energy-dense micronutrient-poor foods and beverages is a ‘probable’ causal factor in weight gain and obesity in children (World Health Organization, 2003). Six techniques are commonly employed by food companies to market their products: television advertising, in-school marketing, sponsorship, product placement, internet marketing and sales promotions on food packaging (Hawkes, 2004).The marketing of such foods contributes to an obesity promoting environment that makes healthy food choices difficult and less appealing, especially for children. Children are a vulnerable market and are far less likely to be aware of the health implications of a diet high in fat, sugar and/or sodium (Hastings et al., 2003).Sales promotions on food packaging are a marketing tool used to entice consumers to buy a product or service at the point-of-sale. Food companies use a range of sales promotion techniques to market food products including premiums, prizes and price discounts. Sales promotions form a large part of the marketing environment. In the United States alone, US $233 700 million was spent on consumer sales promotions in 2002, compared with US $211 700 million on advertising in the same year (Hawkes, 2004).Children's food promotion is dominated by television advertising (Morton, 1990; Dibb, 1996; Hill and Radimer, 1997; Young Media Australia, 1997; Wilson et al., 1999; Zuppa et al., 2003; Morton and McDermott, 2004; Morton et al., 2005; Neville et al., 2005). The use of premium offers andcross-promotions with popular television, movie and sports celebrities is also now appearing as a popular way to market packaged foods to children. For example, in the US, US $3 billion is spent on packaging designed specifically for children (Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, 2004). Today's supermarket shelves contain numerous products that use children's favourite characters to market fooddirectly to children. Research has shown this ploy to be particularly effective in assisting children's slogan recall and ability to identify the product (The Henry J Kaiser Family Foundation, 2004).In September 2003, the UK Food Standards Agency published a systematic review on the topic of food promotion to children (Hastings et al., 2003). The review found that food promotion does affect the food choices and dietary habits of children, particularly in the context of food preferences and purchase behaviour (Hastings et al., 2003). They also reported that these effects operate at both brand (e.g. which chocolate bar) and category level (e.g. confectionery versus fruit) (Hastings et al., 2003). Themes of fun and fantasy or taste were commonly used to promote particular foods to children, rather than health and nutrition (Hastings et al., 2003).Although the causes and solutions of childhood obesity are multifactorial, the direct marketing of food to children is one area of concern where action is needed. The various strategies used by food manufacturers to market food products to children shape food preferences and cultivate brand loyalty that will affect future purchases (Coon and Tucker, 2002; Hastings et al., 2003).相关词汇：obesity 肥胖 adolescent 青少年 overweight 超重 adulthood 成人期contribute to 导致vulnerable 脆弱的、易受影响的 implication 牵连、影响dominate主导、支配specifically 特定的、具体的 preference偏爱 purchase 购买nutrition 营养systematic 系统的Jupiter（3月27日阅读考试第2篇题源文章）Jupiter is the largest planet in the solar system. Itsdiameter is 88,846 miles (142,984 kilometers), morethan 11 times that of Earth, and about one-tenth that ofthe sun. It would take more than 1,000 Earths to fill upthe volume of the giant planet. When viewed fromEarth, Jupiter appears brighter than most stars. It isusually the second brightest planet -- after Venus.Jupiter is the fifth planet from the sun. Its mean(average) distance from the sun is about 483,780,000miles (778,570,000 kilometers), more than five timesEarth's distance. Ancient astronomers named Jupiterafter the king of the Roman gods.Astronomers have studied Jupiter with telescopesbased on Earth and aboard artificial satellites in orbitaround Earth. In addition, the United States has sentsix space probes (crewless exploratory craft) toJupiter.Astronomers witnessed a spectacular event in July 1994, when 21 fragments of a comet named Shoemaker-Levy 9 crashed into Jupiter's atmosphere. The impacts caused tremendous explosions, some scattering debris over areas larger than the diameter of Earth.Physical features of JupiterJupiter is a giant ball of gas and liquid with little, if any, solid surface. Instead, the planet's surface is composed of dense red, brown, yellow, and white clouds. The clouds are arranged in light-colored areas called zones and darker regions called belts that circle the planet parallel to the equator.Orbit and rotationJupiter travels around the sun in a slightly elliptical (oval-shaped) orbit. The planet completes one orbit in 4,333 Earth days, or almost 12 Earth years.As Jupiter orbits the sun, the planet rotates on its axis, an imaginary line through its center. The axis is tilted about 3¡. Scientists measure tilt relative to a line at a right angle to the orbital plane, an imaginary surface touching all points of the orbit. The layers of dense clouds around Jupiter appear in a photograph of the planet taken by the Voyager 1 space probe. The large, oval-shaped mark on the clouds is the Great Red Spot. The spot is believed to be an intense atmospheric disturbance. Image credit: Jet Propulsion LaboratoryJupiter rotates faster than any other planet. It takes 9 hours 56 minutes to spin around once on its axis, compared with 24 hours for Earth. Scientists cannot measure the rotation of the interior of the giant planet directly, so they have calculated the speed from indirect measurements. They first calculated the speed using an average of the speeds of the visible clouds that move with interior currents, except for a more rapid zone near the equator.Jupiter sends out radio waves strong enough to be picked up by radio telescopes on Earth. Scientists now measure these waves to calculate Jupiter's rotational speed. The strength of the waves varies under the influence of Jupiter's magnetic field in a pattern that repeats every 9 hours 56 minutes. Because the magnetic field originates in Jupiter's core, this variation shows how fast the plant's interior spins.Jupiter's rapid rotation makes it bulge at the equator and flatten at the poles. The planet's diameter is about 7 percent larger at the equator than at the poles.Mass and densityJupiter is heavier than any other planet. Its mass (quantity of matter) is 318 times larger than that of Earth. Although Jupiter has a large mass, it has a relatively low density. Its density averages 1.33 grams per cubic centimeter, slightly more than the density of water. The density of Jupiter is about 1/4 that of Earth. Because of Jupiter's low density, astronomers believe that the planet consists primarily of hydrogen and helium, the lightest elements. Earth, on the other hand, is made up chiefly of metals and rock. Jupiter's mix of chemical elements resembles that of the sun, rather than that of Earth.Jupiter may have a core made up of heavy elements. The core may be of about the same chemical composition as Earth, but 20 or 30 times more massive.The force of gravity at the surface of Jupiter is up to 2.4 times stronger than on Earth. Thus, an object that weighs 100 pounds on Earth would weigh as much as 240 pounds on Jupiter.The atmosphere of Jupiter is composed of about 86 percent hydrogen, 14 percent helium, and tiny amounts of methane, ammonia, phosphine, water, acetylene, ethane, germanium, and carbon monoxide. The percentage of hydrogen is based on the number of hydrogen molecules in the atmosphere, rather than on their total mass. Scientists have calculated these amounts from measurements taken with telescopes and other instruments on Earth and aboard spacecraft.These chemicals have formed colorful layers of clouds at different heights. The highest white clouds in the zones are made of crystals of frozen ammonia. Darker, lower clouds of other chemicals occur in the belts. At the lowest levels that can be seen, there are blue clouds. Astronomers had expected to detect water clouds about 44 miles (70 kilometers) below the ammonia clouds. However, none have been discovered at any level.Jupiter's most outstanding surface feature is the Great Red Spot,a swirling mass of gas resembling a hurricane. The widestdiameter of the spot is about three times that of Earth. The colorof the spot usually varies from brick-red to slightly brown. Rarely,the spot fades entirely. Its color may be due to small amounts ofsulfur and phosphorus in the ammonia crystals.The edge of the Great Red Spot circulates at a speed of about225 miles (360 kilometers) per hour. The spot remains at thesame distance from the equator but drifts slowly east and west. The zones, belts, and the Great Red Spot are much more stable than similar circulation systems on Earth. Since astronomers began to use telescopes to observe these features in the late1600's, the features have changed size and brightness but have kept the same patterns.TemperatureThe temperature at the top of Jupiter's clouds is about -230 degrees F (-145 degrees C). Measurements made by ground instruments and spacecraft show that Jupiter's temperature increases with depth below the clouds. The temperature reaches 70 degrees F (21 degrees C) -- "room temperature" -- at a level where the atmospheric pressure is about 10 times as great as it is on Earth. Scientists speculate that if Jupiter has any form of life, the life form would reside at this level. Such life would need to be airborne, because there is no solid surface at this location on Jupiter. Scientists have discovered no evidence for life on Jupiter.Near the planet's center, the temperature is much higher. The core temperature may be about 43,000 degrees F (24,000 degrees C) -- hotter than the surface of the sun.Jupiter is still losing the heat produced when it became a planet. Most astronomers believe that the sun, the planets, and all the other bodies in the solar system formed from a spinning cloud of gas and dust. The gravitation of the gas and dust particles packed them together into dense clouds and solid chunks of material. By about 4.6 billion years ago, the material had squeezed together to form the various bodies in the solar system. The compression of material produced heat. So much heat was produced when Jupiter formed that the planet still radiates about twice as much heat into space as it receives from sunlight.The impact of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9In March 1993, astronomers Eugene Shoemaker, Carolyn Shoemaker, and David H. Levy discovered a comet near Jupiter. The comet, later named Shoemaker-Levy 9, probably once orbited the sunindependently, but had been pulled by Jupiter's gravity into an orbit around the planet. When the comet was discovered, it had broken into 21 pieces. The comet probably had broken apart when it passed close to Jupiter.The planet Jupiter's Great Red Spot is ahuge mass of swirling gas. At its widest,it is about three times the diameter of the Earth. Image credit: NASACalculations based on the comet's location and velocity showed that the fragments would crash into Jupiter's atmosphere in July 1994. Scientists hoped to learn much about the effects of a collision between a planet and a comet.Astronomers at all the major telescopes on Earth turned theirinstruments toward Jupiter at the predicted collision times.Scientists also observed Jupiter with the powerful Hubble SpaceTelescope, which is in orbit around Earth; and the remotelycontrolled space probe Galileo, which was on its way to Jupiter.The fragments fell on the back side of Jupiter as viewed fromEarth and the Hubble Space Telescope. But the rotation ofJupiter carried the impact sites around to the visible side afterless than half an hour. Scientists estimate that the largestfragments were about 0.3 to 2.5 miles (0.5 to 4 kilometers) indiameter. The impacts were directly observable from Galileo,which was within about 150 million miles (240 million kilometers) from Jupiter. However, damage to certain of the probe'sinstruments limited its ability to record and send data.The impacts caused large explosions, probably due to thecompression, heating, and rapid expansion of atmosphericgases. The explosions scattered comet debris over large areas,some with diameters larger than that of Earth. The debris gradually spread into a dark haze of fine material that remained suspended for several months in Jupiter's upper atmosphere. If a similar comet ever collided with Earth, it might produce a haze that would cool the atmosphere and darken the planet by absorbing sunlight. If the haze lasted long enough, much of Earth's plant life could die, along with the people and animals that depend on plants.相关词汇：planet 行星solar 太阳的astronomer 天文学家spectacular 壮观的crash 猛撞、横冲直撞explosion 爆炸compose 组成、构成rotate 旋转interior 内部的magnetic 磁性的satellite 卫星collision 碰撞Scars from the crash of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 appear on Jupiter'ssurface as a series of maroon blotches in this photo. The comet broke into 21 pieces before it hit Jupiter in 1994. Image credit: Hubble Space Telescope Comet Team and NASA。

最权威的国际教育服务平台
资料来源：教育优选 /
2010年3月27日新托福写作考题回顾 考试日期：
2010.03.27 Task 1
INTEGR AED
综合写作 阅读文章的要点：在伊拉克挖掘出的一件古代容器不可能是古人用的电池一，如果是电池的话一定有导线，可是没发现有导线。

二，电池的结构和另一个地区发现的容器结构很相似，而另一个地区发现的容器是为了存放丝织物的卷轴，而不是当电池用。

三，电池对古人没有用，因为他们没有电器。

讲座的要点： 一，没有引线是有可能是因为当地人不像考古学家一样专业，当时发现了引线也没注意就当普通东西没上交。

二，瓶子的发明可能是为了装别的东西，但是很有可能人们在使用的途中意识到了它的特殊功效，并且之后把它当做电池用。

三，这个东西虽然用途与现代电的用途不同，但它可以用作其它用途，比如电别人来让别人以为你有超人力量；或者是医疗用途，比如说治疗肌肉疼痛。

Task 2 INDEPENDENT 独立写作
话题类别
生活类 考题文字： Do you agree or disagree with the statement that in order to a chieve the happiness of yourself, you have to try to make othe r people happy? Use specific details and examples.
本次写作考试点评：综合写作难度适中，听力的第2，3点不容易记。

这次听力讲座教授是一一反驳阅读文章的三个观点的；独立写作属于常规生活类话题，较简单，选择一方面进行单边的论述，难度不大。

2010年考研英语答案试题解析——阅读理解Text 1①Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century,perha ps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.考点分析（the most）本句的意思是"过去这些年英语报纸上所发生的最有影响力的变化的可能是艺术评论的在报道范围和严肃性的堕落".①It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. ②Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper revi ews.③To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.考点分析①to the point of "到...地步" ②转折常考，出21题。

2010年考研英语真题及解析(1)一、阅读理解Passage 1题目In every age, humans have felt compelled to follow fashion. We do it for different reasons, according to who we are and who we want to be. The trend-following masses, driven by their need to fit in and be accepted, are easily taken in. Like sheep, they follow the leader to the next trendy diet, fashion, or craze. But, once in a while, a computer scientist gets into the fashion business. And then things get interesting.解析This passage discusses the phenomenon of trend-following and the influence of computer scientists in the fashion industry. The author points out that people follow fashion for various reasons, such as the need to fit in and be accepted. However, when a computer scientist enters the fashion business, it brings a new perspective to the industry.Passage 2题目It is often said that swimming is the best exercise. And rightly so. When you swim you use all the body’s muscles and you keep them working. Scientists and doctors say the advantages of swimming over exercising on land are many. One is that the water supports your body weight, so there is no strain on your joints and muscles. Working out in the water gives you even more muscle tone than exercising on land with the same amount of effort. Also, exercising in water is especially good for people with arthritis(关节炎) and muscular problems because the muscle resistance of the water helps to build up your muscles without pain or strain. So, even if you have been away from exercising for a long time or have health problems that prevent exercising on land, swimming is wonderful exercise.解析This passage discusses the benefits of swimming as an exercise. The author states that swimming utilizes all the body’s muscles and keeps them working. The water supports the body weight, reducing strain on the joints and muscles. Exercising in water also allows for more muscle tone compared to land exercises with the same effort. The author highlights that swimming is especially beneficial for people with arthritis and muscul ar problems because the water’s resistance helps build muscles without pain or strain.二、翻译原文China has a long history of tea drinking, tracing back to the Tang Dynasty more than 1,000 years ago. China is the largest producer and consumer of tea in the world. The Chinese tea ceremony is an important part of Chinese culture, emphasizing the art of preparing and serving tea. There are different types of Chinese tea, including green tea, black tea, oolong tea, and white tea. Each type has its unique flavor and health benefits. Green tea is known for its antioxidants and aiding in weight loss, while black tea is believed to improve heart health. Oolong tea is known for its distinctive fragrance and taste, and white tea is valued for its delicate flavor.解析茶叶饮用在中国有着悠久的历史，可以追溯到1000多年前的唐代。

新托福考试阅读理解模拟试题及答案3The observation of the skies has played a special part in the lives and cultures of peoples since the earliest of times. Evidence obtained from a site known as the Hole in the Rock, in Papago Park in Phoenix, Arizona, indicates that it might have been used as an observatory by a prehistoric people known as the Hohokam.The physical attributes of the site allow its use as a natural calendar/clock. The "hole" at Hole in the Rock is formed by two large overhanging rocks coming together at a point, creating a shelter with an opening large enough for several persons to pass through. The northeast－facing overhang has a smaller opening in its roof. It is this smaller hole that produces the attributes that may have been used as a calendar/clock.Because of its location in the shelter's roof, a beam of sunlight can pass through this second hole and cast a spot onto the shelter's wall and floor. This spot of light travels from west to east as the sun moves across the sky. It also moves from north to south and back again as the Earth travels around the Sun, the west－to－east movement could have been used to establish a daily clock, much like a sundial, while the north－to－south movement could have been used to establish a seasonal calendar.The spot first appears and starts down the surface of the wall of the shelter at different times of the morning depending on the time of the year. The spot grows in size from its first appearance until its maximum size is achieved roughly at midday. It then continues its downward movement until it reaches a point where it jumps to the floor of the shelter. As the Sun continues to move to the west, the spot continues to move across the shelter floor and down the butte, or hill, toward a group of small boulders. Ifa person is seated on a certain one of these rocks as the spot reaches it, the Sun can be viewed through the calendar hole. This occurs at different times in the afternoon depending on the time of year.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?（A） observations of the stars by ancient people（B） rock formations of Arizona（C） a site used by ancient people to measure time（D） the movement of the earth around the Sun2. The word "obtained" in line 2 is closest in meaning to（A） acquired（B） transported（C） covered（D） removed3. The word "attributes属性,特征" in line 5 is closest in meaning to （A） changes（B） characteristics（C） locations（D） dimensions4. The word "its" in line 10 refers to（A） roof（B） beam（C） hole（D） spot5. The word "establish" in line 15 is closest in meaning to（A） create（B） locate（C） consult（D） choose6. Which of the following is NOT true of the spot of light?（A） It is caused by sunlight passing through a hole.（B） It travels across the roof of the shelter.（C） Its movement is affected by the position of the Sun.（D）It movement could have been used to estimate the time of day.7. From which of the following can be the time of year be determined? （A） The movement of the spot of light from west to east（B） The speed with which the spot of light moves（C） The movement of the spot of light from north to south （D） The size of the sport of light at midday8. The word "roughly粗糙地" in line 18 is closest in meaning to（A） finally（B） harshly（C） uneasily（D） approximately9. The passage mentions that the Hole in the Rock was used as all of the following EXCEPT（A） a calendar（B） a home（C） a clock（D） an observatory10. Which of the following can be inferred from the fourth paragraph? （A） The boulders are located below the rock shelter.（B） The person seated on the rock cannot see the shelter.（C）After it passes the boulders, the spot of light disappears.（D） The spot of light is largest when it first appears.答案:CABCA BCDBA。

2010 年T1 24. The three Ds mentioned in the last paragraph are _______.2010 something t 124. 最后一段提到的三个d 是。

题目问的文中提到的“3D”指的是什么？是一道细节题/词汇推断题What makes this slump different from the last, he says, is that there are still buyers in the market. Almost everyone who was interviewed for this special report said that the biggest problem at the moment is not a lack of demand but a lack of good work to sell. The three Ds—death, debt and divorce—still deliver works of art to the market. But anyone who does not have to sell is keeping away, waiting for confidence to return.他表示，这次衰退与上次不同之处在于，市场上仍有买家。

几乎所有接受本次特别报道采访的人都表示，目前最大的问题不是需求不足，而是缺乏好的销售工作。

死亡、债务和离婚这三个 d 仍然在向市场投放艺术品。

但任何不必出售的人都在躲避，等待信心的回归。

选项如下：Options are as follows:A. auction houses' favorites //拍卖行最爱，文章似乎未提及B. contemporary trends // 干扰文中并未提及//或者说C才是最佳答案C. factors promoting artwork circulation 促进艺术品流通的因素D. styles representing impressionists //和印象派无关其他内容干扰方法漏洞：文章个别句子没有读明白，过于关注不认识的词汇方法论：①上下文找同义改写②比较法排除答案文章讲的是艺术品市场和拍卖行，选和主旨有关的2010 年 T2 29. Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of this text? 29. 下列哪一项最能概括本文的主要思想？中心思想题A. The moral decaying deserves more research by sociologists.道德沦丧值得社会学家进行更多的研究。

0308 托福试题阅读（ 55minutes）Question 1-11If food is allowed to stand for some time, itputrefies .When the putrefied materialis examined microscopically ,it is found to be teeming withbacteria. Where do thesebacteria come from , since they are not seen in fresh food? Even until the mid-nineteenthcentury, many people believed that such microorganisms originated by spontaneous(5 ) generation ,a hypothetical process by which living organisms develop from nonlivingmatter.The most powerful opponent of the theory of spontaneous generation was the French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur(1822-1895).Pasteur showed that structurespresent in air closely resemble the microorganisms seen in putrefying materials .He did(10)this by passing air through guncotton filters, the fibers of which stop solid particles. Afterthe guncotton was dissolved in a mixture of alcohol and ether,the particles that it hadtrapped fell to the bottom of the liquid and were examined ona microscope slide .Pasteurfound that in ordinary air these exists a variety of solidstructures ranging in size from0.01 mm to more than 1.0 mm .Many of these bodies resembledthe reproductive(15)s tructures of common molds, single-celled animals, and various other microbial cells .As many as 20 to 30 of them were found in fifteen liters of ordinary air ,and they couldnot be distinguished from the organisms found in much larger numbers in putrefying materials .Pasteur concluded that the organisms found in putrefying materials originatedfrom the organized bodies present in the air .He postulated thatthese bodies are constantly(20)being deposited on all objects.Pasteur showed that if a nutrient solution was sealed in a glass flask and heated toboiling to destroy all the living organisms contaminating it, it never putrefied .The proponents of spontaneous generation declared that fresh air was necessary forspontaneous generation and that the air inside the sealed flaskwas affected in some way(25)by heating so that it would no longer support spontaneousgeneration. Pasteur constructed a swan-necked flask in which putrefying materials could he heated to boiling, but aircould reenter. The bends in the neck preventedmicroorganisms from getting in the flask.. Material sterilized insuch a flask did not putrefy.1,What does the passage mainly discuss?(a)Pasteur’ s influence on the development of the microscope.(b)The origin of the theory of spontaneous generation .(c)The effects of pasteurization on food.(d)Pasteur’ s argumentnstagaithe theory of spontaneous generation . 2,The phrase “ teeming with ” in line 2 is closest in meaning to (a)full of(b)developing into(c)resistant to(d)hurt by3,Which of the following questions did the theory of spontaneous generation attempt to answer?(a)What is the origin of the living organisms are seen on some food?(b)How many types of organisms can be found on food?(c)What is the most effective way to prepare living organisms for microscopic examination?(d)How long can food stand before it putrefies?4,The word“ resemble” in line 9 is closest in meaning to(a)benefit from(b)appear similar to(c)join together with(d)grow from5,The purpose of the “ guncotton ” mentioned in paragraph 2 was to (a)trap particles for analysis(b)slow the process of putrefaction(c)increase the airflow to the microscopic slide(d)aid the mixing of alcohol and ether6,The author mention “ 1.0mm” in line 14 in describing the(a)thickness of a layer of organisms that was deposited on an object(b)diameter of the fibers that were in the guncotton filters(c)thickness of the microscope slides that were used(d)size of the particles that that were collected7.The word “ postulated ” in line 19 is closest in meaning to(a)analyzed(b)doubted(c)persuaded(d)suggested8.The objects that Pasteut removed from the air in his experimentwere remarkable because they were(a)primarily single-celled organisms(b)no different from objects found in putrefyingmaterials (c)fairly rare(d)able to live in a mixture of alcohol and ether9.The word“ it” in line 22 refers to(a)a nutrient solution(b)a glass flask(c)boiling(d)spontaneous generation10.According to paragraph 3,proponents of spontaneous generation believed that which of the following was important forthe process to succeed ?(a)A sealed container(b)Fresh air(d)The presence of nutrients11.It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that Pasteur employed a swam-necked flask to(a)store sterilized liquids for use in futureexperiments (b)prevent heat from building up in asolution (c)disprove a criticism of his conclusions(d)estimate the number of organisms in a liter of airQuestions 12-20In the early decades of the United States ,the agrarian movement promoted the farmeras society ’heros. In the minds of agrarian thinkers andwriters ,the farmer was a person on whose well-being the health of the new country depended .The period between theRevolution, which ended in 1783,and the Civil War ,whichended in 1865 ,was the age of(5 )the farmer in the United States .Agrarianphilosophers ,represented most eloquently byThomas Jefferson, celebrated farmers extravagantly for their supposed centrality in a goodsociety, their political virtue ,and their Superior morality .Andvirtually all policy makers, whether they subscribed to the tenets of the philosophy held by Jefferson or not, recognized agriculture as the key component of the American economy .Consequently ,government at(10)all levels worked to encourage farmers as a social group and agriculture as economicenterprise.Both the national and state governments developed transportation infrastructure,building canals, roads, bridges, and railroads ,deepening harbors ,and removing obstructions from navigable streams .The national government imported plant and animal varieties and(15)launched exploring expeditions into prospective farmlands in the West .In addition ,government trade policies facilitated the exporting of agriculturalFor their part ,farmers seemed to meet the social expectations agrarian philosophershad for them ,as their broader horizons and greater self-respect, both products of the Revolution ,were reflected to some degree in their behavior .Farmers seemed to become(20)more scientific ,joining agricultural societies and reading the farm newspapers that sprangup throughout the country .They began using improved implements, tried new crops andpure animal breeds , and became more receptive to modern theories of soil improvement .They also responded to inducements by national and state governments .Farmersstreamed to the West ,filling frontier lands with stunningrapidity .But farmers responded(25)less to the expectations of agrarians and governmentinducements than to growing market opportunities .European demand for food from the United States seemed insatiable . War, industrialization , and urbanization all kept demand high in Europe . United States citiesand industries grew as well; even industries not directlyrelated to farming thrived becauseof the market, money ,and labor that agriculture provided .12.What does the passage mainly discuss?(a)The agrarian philosophy of Thomas Jefferson(b)The role of the national government in the development of agriculture(c)Improvements in farming techniques(d)The impact of the increased importance of the farmer13.The word “ depended ” in line 3 is closest in meaning to(a)improved(b)relied(c)demanded(d)explained14.The author mentions Thomas Jefferson in paragraph 1 as an(a)a leader during the Revolution(b)an inventor of new farming techniques(c)a philosopher who believed farmers were essential to thecreation of a good society(d)a farmer who guided the agrarian movement toward an emphasison economic development15.The phrase“ subscribed to” incloslinest8 inis meaning to(a)contributed to(b)agreed with(c)thought about(d)expanded on16.Which of the following statements is supported by the information in paragraph 1?(a)All government policy makers accepted Jefferson’views of agriculture and farmers.(b)Agricultural production declined between 1783 and 1861.(c)The majority of farmers worked for the government.(d)Agriculture was a vital part of the nation’ s economy.17.According to the passage , the national and state governmentsdid all of the following EXCEPT(a)build roads(b)import new plant varieties(c)give farmers money for their crops(d)develop policies that helped farmers export their products18.All of the following are mentioned as examples of farmers ’ meeting the expectations of agrarian philosophers EXCEPT (a)obtaining information from farm newspapers(b)accumulating personal wealth(c)planting new crops(d)becoming more scientific19.The word“ stunning” in line 24 is closest in meaning to(a)predictable(b)impressive--WORD格式---可编辑---(c)famous(d)gradual20.Which of the following statements is best supported by paragraph 4?(a)Agricultural development contributed to development in other parts of the economy.(b)European agricultural products were of a higher quality than those produced in the United States.(c)The growing settlement of the West led to a decrease in agricultural production.(d)Farmers were influenced more by government policies than by market opportunities.Question 21-29The wide variety of climates in North America has helped spawn a complex pattern ofsoil regions. In general, the realm ’ s soils also reflect the broad environmental partitioninginto “ humid America ”and “ arid America. ”Where annual precipitation exceeds 20 inches(50 centimeters),soils in humid areas tend to be acidic in chemical content, Since crops(5 ) do best in soils that are neither acidic(higher in acid content) noralkaline(higher in salt content).fertilization is necessary to achieve the desired level of neutrality between thetwo. Arid America ’soils are typically alkaline and must be fertilized back towardneutrality by adding acidic compounds. Although many ofthese dryland soils, particularlyin the Great Plains, are quite fertile, European settlers learned over a century ago that(10)water is the main missing ingredient in achieving their agricultural potential. In the1970’ s,certain irrigation methods were perfected and finally provided a real opportunityto expand more intensive farming west from the Central Lowland into the drier portionsof the Great Plains. Glaciation also enhanced the rich legacy of fertile soils in the centralUnited States,both from the deposition of mineral-rich glacial debris left by meltwater(15)and from thick layers of fine wind-blown glacial material, called loess, in and around themiddle Mississippi Valley.Natural vegetation patterns could be displayed on a map of North America, but theenormous human modification of the North American environment in modern times hasall but reduced this regionalization scheme to the level of the hypothetical. Nonetheless,(20)the humid America-arid America dichotomy is still a valid generalization: the naturalvegetation of areas receiving more than 20 inches of water yearly is forest, whereas thedrier climates give rise to a grassland cover. The forests of North America tent to makea broad transition by latitude. In the Canadian North, needle-leaf forests dominate, butthese coniferous trees become mixed with broadleaf deciduous trees as one crosses the(25)border into the Northeast United States. As one proceedstoward the Southeast, broadleaf vegetation becomes dominant.Arid America mostly consists of short-grass prairies orstepper. The only areas of true desert are in the Southwest.21 What aspect of North America does the passage mainly discuss?(A)The wide variety of climates(B)Soil types and vegetation patterns(C)Improved irrigation methods and the expansion of agriculture(D)The change in precipitation patterns22 The word“ spawn” in line 1 is closest in meaning to(A)distinguish(B)eliminate(C)protect(D)create23 The word“ partitioning” in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A)division(B)modification(C)opening(D)circulating24 According to the passage, acidic soils tent to be associated with(A) a high salt content(B)an increase in farming(C)large amounts of rain(D)glacial meltwater25 The word“ enhanced” in line 13 is closest in meaning to(A)implied(B)increased(C)indicated(D)informed26 How did glacial meltdown affect the soil in North America?(A)It redistributed the soil types(B)It added salt to the soil(C)It made the soil more neutral in content(D)It added minerals to the soil27 The phrase“regionalizationthis scheme” in line 19 refers to the(A)movements of glacial deposits(B)patterns of natural vegetation(C)human modification of the North American environment(D)distinction between humid America and arid America28 The word“ transition” in line 23 is closest in meaning to(A)elevation(B)change(C)advantage(D)condition29 The passage supports which of the following statements?(A)Arid America is not necessarily characterized by the presenceof deserts(B)Most of Canada and the northeastern United States consists ofshort-grass prairies wherever natural vegetation has not been modified by humans(C)The accumulation of loess is primarily the result of irrigation(D)Glaciation removed the fertile layer of soil from much of theMississippi ValleyQuestions 30-40Most sources of illumination generate light over an appreciable period, and indeed ifan object is lit for a very brief time(less that 1/25 second),the human eye will not reactin time to see the object. A photographic emulsion---that is, alight-sensitive coating on photographic film, paper, or glass--- will, however, record much shorter bursts of light. A(5 ) photographic flash can therefore be used to capture high-speed movement on film as wellas to correct deficiencies of the normal surrounding lighting.Photoflash is now generated electronically, but the earliest form, first used in 1864, was a paper bag containingmagnesium wire and some oxygen-rich substance, such as potassium chlorate. When thebag was ignited, the metal burned with an intense flash. A contemporary observer reported(10)that “ this quite unsafe device seems to have done nothing worse that engulf the room indense smoke and lead to pictures of dubious quality and odd poses. ”The evolution of the photoflash was slow, flashbulbs, containing fine wire made of ametal, such as magnesium or aluminum, capable of beingignited in an atmosphere of pure oxygen at low pressure, were introduced only in the 1920’arliest.Inthetype, the metal (15)was separated from the oxygen by a thin glass bulb. Theflash was fired by piercing thebulb and allowing the oxygen to come into contact with the metal, which ignitedspontaneously. Later bulbs were fired by an electric battery, which heated the wire bypassing a small current through it. Other combinations, such as the pairing of oxygendifluoride with zirconium, have also been used. In each case enough energy is given out to(20) heat the oxidizable metal momentarily to a white-hot emissionof visible light. The smoke particles are so small that they cool rapidly; but since they are white, theycontribute to the brilliance by reflecting the light from their still-glowing neighbors. A slightly bigger form of the metal will burn for a longer time.30 What does the passage mainly discuss?(A)The history of the photoflash(B)Theories about how the eye reacts to light(C)The technology of modern photography(D)The dangers of using the early photoflash31 According to the passage,1/25 second is the minimum amount of time required for the(A)recording of an image on film(B)generation of artificial light(C)creation of a photographic emulsion(D)human eye to react to light32 According to the passage, an advantage of using a photoflash is that it(A)can produce repeated bursts of light(B)intensities colors in photographs(C)is short enough not to bother human eyes(D)supplements existing lighting33 The word“ ignited” in line 9 is closestni n gmeato(A)set on fire(B)cut into(C)opened(D)shaken34 Which of the following phrases is defined in paragraph 1?(A) ” appreciable period” (line 1)(B) ” photographic emulsion” (line 3)(C)” high-speed movement” (line 5)(D)” odd poses” (line 11)35 The word“ evolution” in line 12 is closest in meaning to(A)publicity(B)adoption(C)development(D)manufacture36 The function of the glass in the first flashbulbs was to(A)produce the spark that initiated the flash(B)magnify the light produced by the flash(C)protect the photographer from the heat of the flash(D)keep the metal and oxygen apart before the flash37 The word“ it” in line 18 refers to(A)oxygen(B)battery(C)wire(D)current38 The word“ momentarily” in line 20 is closest iningmeanto(A)effortlessly(B)briefly(C)electronically(D)gradually39 According to the passage, the white color of the smokeparticles generated by a flashbulb contributes to(A)rapid cooling(B)bright illumination(C)electrical conductivity(D)intense heat40 According to the passage, a flashbulb can be made to burn longer by using(A)thicker wire(B)more oxygen(C)thinner glass(D)continuous electricityQuestions 41-50The stylistic innovation in paining known as Impressionism began in the 1870’ sThe. Impressionists wanted to depict what they saw in nature, but they were inspired to portray fragmentary moments by the increasingly fast pace of modern life. Theyconcentrated onthe play of light over objects, people, and nature, breaking up seemingly solid surfaces,(5 ) stressing vivid contrast between colors in sunlight and shade, and depiction reflected lightin all of its possibilities. Unlike earlier artists, they did not want to observe the world from indoors. They abandoned the studio, painting in the open air and recording spontaneous Impressions of their subjects instead of making outside sketches and thenmoving indoorsto complete the work form memory.(10) Some of the Impressionists painting’ methods were affected by technologicaladvances. For example, the shift from the studio to the openair was made possible inpart by the advent of cheap rail travel, which permitted easy and quick access to thecountryside or seashore, as well as by newly developed chemical dyes and oils that ledto collapsible paint tubes, which enabled artists to finishtheir paintings on the spot.(15)Impressionism acquired its name not from supporters but from angry art lovers whofelt threatened by the new painting. The term “ Impressionism ” was born in 1874,whena group of artists who had been working together organizedan exhibition of theirpaintings in order to draw public attention to their work. Reaction from the public andpress was immediate, and derisive. Among the 165 paintingsexhibited was one called(20)Impression:Sunrise, by Claude Monet(1840-1926),Viewedthrough hostile eyes,Monet ’ spainting of a rising sun over a misty, watery scene seemed messy, slapdash,and an affront to good taste. Borrowing Monet s title, art critics’extended the term “ Impressionism to”the entire exhibit. Inresponse, Monet and his 29 fellow artists inthe exhibit adopted the same name as a badge of their unity, despite individual differences.(25)From then until 1886 Impressionism had all the zeal of a“ church” , as the painter Renoirput it. Monet was faithful to the Impressionist creed until his death, although many of theothers moved on to new styles.41 What aspect of painting in the nineteenth century does the passage mainly discuss?(A)The impact of some artists’ resistance to the fast pace of life(B)The differences between two major styles of art(C)A technological advance in the materials used by artists(D) A group of artists with a new technique and approach to art42 The word“ depict” in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A)reorganize(B)deform(C)represent(D)justify43 According to the passage, which of the following was one ofthe distinguishing characteristics of Impressionist painting?(A)The emphasis on people rather than nature scenes(B)The way the subjects were presented from multiple angles(C)The focus on small solid objects(D)The depiction of the effects of light and color44 Which of the following is a significant way in which Impressionists were different from the artists that preceded them?(A)They began by making sketches of their subjects(B)They painted their subjects out-of-doors(C)They preferred to paint from memory(D)They used subjects drawn from modern life45 The word“ advent” in line 12 is closest in meaning to(A)achievement(B)acceptance(C)arrival(D)advantage46 The exhibition of paintings organized in 1874 resulted in allof the following EXCEPT(A)attracting attention from the public(B)a negative reaction from the press(C)an immediate demand for the paintings exhibited(D)creating a name for a new style of painting47 The word“ affront” in line 22 is closest in meaning to(A)insult(B)encouragement(C)return(D)credit48 The rejection of the Impressionist exhibition by critics was caused by which of the following?(A)The small number of paintings on display(B)Lack of interest in exhibitions by young artists(C)The similarity between all the paintings exhibited(D)Anger about seemingly poorly painted art49 The author mentions Renoir in line 25 to give an example ofan artist who(A)became as famous as Monet(B)was consistently praised by art critics(C)described the enthusiasm of the Impressionists for their work(D)was in favor of a traditional style of painting50 The word“ others” in line 27 refers to(A)art critics(B)fellow artists(C)individual differences(D)new styles0308 答案ABADB CCCBA BDDCC DCDBA DACCB DBCAC DACBA BABDC BCAAD CDABACACCB CDBCB DACCC ABCDA CDCDC BDCDC BCDDC DBACBDAABA DDBAB CDBCB DCBBA BDACB DDBAA DDABC DCBBA DCDBC CADCB。

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Predator-Prey CyclesHow do predators affect populations of the prey animals?The answer is not as simple as might be thought.Moose reached Isle Royale in Lake Superior by crossing over winter ice and multiplied freely there in isolation without predators.When wolves later reached the island,naturalists widely assumed that the wolves would play a key role in controlling the moose population.Careful studies have demonstrated,however,that this is not the case.The wolves eat mostly old or diseased animals that would not survive long anyway.In general,the moose population is controlled by food availability,disease and other factors rather than by wolves.捕食者是怎样影响被捕食者的数量呢?答案并不是想象中那么简单。

麋鹿通过穿越冬天的冰层到达了在苏必略湖的罗亚尔岛，并由于没有捕食者而自由繁殖。