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19.The Principles of International Trade国际贸易原理1.International trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in one country for goods and services produced in another country.There are several reasons why international trade exists.1、国际贸易是一个国家所生产的商品和服务和另一个国家所生产的商品和服务之间的交换。
这样做的原因是多方面的（可译为：国际贸易存在的原因是多方面的）。
2.The distribution<分配，分布>of natural resources around the world is somewhat haphazard<偶然的>:some nations possess<拥有>natural deposits in excess of<超过>their own requirements while other nations have none.For example,Britain has large reserves<储备> of coal<煤>but lacks many minerals<矿物质>such as nickel<镍>,copper<铜>,aluminum<铝>,etc.,w hereas the Arab states have vast oil deposits but little else.In the cultivation<栽培，培植>of natural products climate plays a decisive role.Some products will only grow in tropical<热带的> climates whereas others,such as citrus<柑橘类植物> fruits，require a Mediterranean<地中海的> climate.Moreover<此外>,some nations are unable to produce sufficient quantities of a particular product to satisfy a large home demand.For example,Britain does not produce enough wheat<小麦>to meet the needs of its population.These are the reasons why international trade first began.2、世界自然资源的分布是带有随意性的。
4 How to Negotiate<谈判> with Americans如何与美国人谈判1.美国是一个富有吸引力的市场。
它给世界带来的诸如“股东价值”和“首次公开募股”的商业文化近几年来一直引导着商业思想，并且在未来几年内还将保持。
但是无论是谁，想要在美国取得成功，都必须记住游戏的规则。
2.美国的商业，在《纽约，纽约》这首歌的歌词中是这样描述的：“如果你能在这里取得成功，你就能在别的任何地方取得成功!” 但是愉快的做生意的方法是绝对不够的。
虽然在美国的商业沟通是愉快的和自在的，但是它同时也因为不讲情面而成为焦点。
3.沟通是美国人与生俱来的才能。
双方谈判的时候，闲聊和微笑是很重要的。
美国人比英国人更幽默也更直接。
（that 引导定语从句，可以译为：美国人自由地使用幽默感，这种幽默感比英国人更加直接。
）如果你和美国人谈话，要很放松并且要准备很多笑话来吸引听众的注意力。
4.美国人不拘礼节。
商业伙伴不会在他们的名片上写他们的毕业院校。
会议期间会提供一些用塑料瓶或盒子装的三明治和饮料。
你的生意伙伴很可能会在办公室随意地做一些事情或聊他们的家庭。
5.“时间就是金钱”这种态度在美国的生意场上的影响力比其他任何领域都强。
在简单的寒暄之后，美国谈判双方很快地切入主题，甚至社会上举办的联欢会都会被利用来讨论生意。
6.美国人做生意很注重实效，他们就是想赢。
相比之下，发展与商业伙伴的个人关系（与得到的谈判结果相比）就不是那么重要了。
7.而且美国谈判者想最快地获得结果。
金融情况时刻受到关注（或直译为“财务业绩每季上报”），这对在短期内保证收益很重要。
因此，许多美国契约在前言里面包含“时间就是生命”这一条款。
所以美国人谈判很性急，但这不应该被理解为无礼，而是因为“时间就是金钱”的理念在起作用。
8.因为战略合作和其他的长期项目都是以其潜在的快速投资回报率来进行评价的，这种态度会对谈判有很大的影响。
(本句也可译为：“时间就是金钱”的这种态度对谈判具有很大的影响，因为，战备合作和其他的长期项目都是以获得快速投资回报的潜能来进行评价的。
中石油职称英语考试2016年真题及参考答案解析I. VocabularySection ADirections: There are some sentences in this section. Below each sentence are four other words or phrases. You are to choose the one word or phrase which would best keeping the meaning of the original sentence if it were substituted for the underlined word or phrase. Then mark your answer on the answer sheet.1、In most countries, the crime of murder carries harsh penalties.A. unconsciousB. thriveC. severeD. prudent【参考答案】C【释义】harsh adj.残酷的；严酷的；严厉的；恶劣的unconscious adj.无知觉的；昏迷的；不省人事的；无意识的thrive v.繁荣；茁壮成长；蓬勃发展；兴旺发达severe adj.极为恶劣的；十分严重的；严厉的；苛刻的prudent adj.谨慎的；慎重的；精明的2、I tell my mother about my trials at work and brag about the kids.A. lieB. boastC. secretiveD. feel awkward【参考答案】B【出处】2016版《通用选读》第28课That "Other Woman" in My Life第8段。
【释义】brag v.吹嘘；自吹自擂lie v.躺；说谎；撒谎；在于boast v.自夸；自吹自擂；有（值得自豪的东西）secretive adj.（思想、情感等）不外露的；惯于掩藏自己的；有城府的feel awkward 为难；作难；犯难3、The employee had to break off the conversation in order to wait on his manger.A. continueB. hurryC. beginD. discontinue【参考答案】D【出处】MBA联考大纲英语词组。
2016新版中石油职称英语水平考试《通用英语选读》培训笔记（考过的大题已标出）目录1.SIX GOLDEN RULES FOR MEETING MANAGEMENT主持会议六大准则（2016新增） (2)2. NETWORK SECURITY 网络安全(2013新增)【2013阅读题】 (4)3 .ALL I LEARNED IN KINDERGARTEN 幼儿园所学的 (8)4. HOW TO NEGOTIATE WITH AMERICANS 如何与美国人谈判(2013新增) (11)5.CARBON-BASED ALTERNATIVE 碳基替代燃料 (16)6. AUTOMATIC AUTO: A CAR THAT DRIVES ITSELF 无人驾驶汽车(2013版新增) (19)7. OUR FAMILY CREED 家族的信条（2007版） (23)8. THE ART OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 公共演讲的艺术(2007版) (26)9. OIL AND GAS GENERATION油气生成（2016版新增） (30)10.THE DRESS CODE FOR OFFICE LIFE办公室的着装礼仪（2016版新增） (34)温馨小语：每篇“学习笔记”将可能涉及到的“考点”做了重点标记，它们基于“职称考试”的四个主要方面，即词汇、语法、阅读和翻译，所以在学习中要认真体会，找到自己要重点学习的内容。
跳过每一段英文原文，只通篇看下“带有英文”的中文部分。
是不是感觉清楚了课文大致要说的内容？熟悉中文意思，在考试中也是很有帮助的，特别是在回答阅读类的选择题时，如果它恰好又是你在此读过的一篇课文，你一定会用最短的时间，找到正确的答案。
考试的题量可不小，要在此处抢得先机。
过段时间，再来温习下吧。
1.Six Golden Rules for Meeting Management主持会议六大准则（2016新增）If you are asked to chair【主持，椅子】 a meeting, remember the following six golden rules for meeting management【管理，regulation】.如果要求你主持一个会议，记住以下有关主持会议的六大准则。
2016新版中石油职称英语水平考试《通用英语选读》培训笔记（考过的大题已标出）目录31 PETROLEUM GEOLOGY AND OTHER SCIENCES 石油地质学与其它科学(2007版) (2)32 THE CALIFORNIA GOLD RUSH加利福尼亚淘金热 (2016新增) (6)33 WHAT DO PARENTS OWE THEIR CHILDREN 父母欠子女什么？ (11)34 SHOULD YOU GO ORGANIC? 你应该“有机”吗？（N2016新增） (15)35 YOU BET YOUR LIFE 以命相赌 (20)36 TO BE CONTENT WITH ONE'S LOT乐天知命 (24)37 I DIDN'T KNOW HOW TO TEACH UNTIL I MET YOU 直到遇到你我才知道怎么教学 (30)38 RESERVOIR PRODUCTION MECHANISMS油藏开采机理（2016新增） (34)39 A $210,000 WALLET 价值21万美元的钱包 (38)40 FUNDAMENTAL TECHNIQUES IN HANDLING PEOPLE 处理人际关系的基本技巧 (42)温馨小语：每篇“学习笔记”将可能涉及到的“考点”做了重点标记，它们基于“职称考试”的四个主要方面，即词汇、语法、阅读和翻译，所以在学习中要认真体会，找到自己要重点学习的内容。
跳过每一段英文原文，只通篇看下“带有英文”的中文部分…，是不是感觉清楚了课文大致要说的内容？熟悉中文意思，在考试中也是很有帮助的，特别是在回答阅读类的选择题时，如果它恰好又是你在此读过的一篇课文，你一定会用最短的时间，找到正确的答案。
考试的题量可不小，要在此处抢得先机。
过段时间，再来温习下吧。
31 Petroleum Geology and Other Sciences 石油地质学与其它科学(2007版)【2007版，2010版，2013版，2016版】【2011年第7、8段翻译】1. Petroleum geology is the application【应用，接to】of geology (the study of rocks) to the exploration【勘探】for and production【生产】of oil and gas. Geology itself is firmly 【牢牢地】based on 【建立在…基础上】chemistry, physics, and biology, involving【包括】the application【后接to】of essentially【本质上】abstract【adj.抽象的，n.文摘】concepts to observed【观察的】data【资料】. In the past these data were basically【基本上】observation 【观察】and subjective【主观的】, but they are now increasingly physical and chemical, and therefore【因此】more objective【客观的】. Geology, in general【总的来说】, and petroleumgeology, in particular【特别，尤其】value judgements based on experience and an assessment【评估】of validity【有效性】among the data presented.1、石油地质学是地质学（岩石研究）在油气勘探开发和生产中的应用。
3 All I Learned in Kindergarten幼儿园所学的1.Most of what I really need to know about how to live and what to do and how to be, I learned in kindergarten<幼儿园>.Wisdom<智慧> was not at the top of the graduate<研究生、研究院>mountain,but there in the sandpile<（n.供儿童玩的）沙堆>at nursery school<n.幼儿园nursery<苗圃>>．1.大部分在生活中真正需要的，包括怎样生活，该做些什么，又该怎样去做，这些都是我在幼儿园时学会的。
智慧不在研究生院的山巅之上，而在幼儿园的沙堆里。
2.These are the things I learned：Share everything. Play fair．Don’t hit people．Put things back where you found them. Clean up<清理>your own mess<自己的烂摊子mess<混乱>>．Don’t take things that aren’t yours．Say you’re sorry when you hurt somebody. Wash your hands before you eat. Warm cookies<饼干> and cold milk are good for you．Live a balanced<平衡的>life．Learn some and think some and draw and paint and sing and dance and play and work everyday some．2.以下就是我从幼儿园中学到的。
16. Unconventional Oil and Gas非常规油气1.One of the universally<普遍地>accepted definitions<定义>for unconventional<非传统的> oil and gas is that they are extracted<开采、萃取>using techniques other than the conventional method.In terms of<依据，在某方面>the chemical composition,unconventional oil and gas are identical to<与…相同，identical同一的，同样的> conventional.Unconventional oil consists of<包含>oil sands,extra heavy oil and shale oil,which need advanced<先进的> technology to be extracted.Unconventional gas is found in highly compact<致密的，紧凑的>rock or coalbeds and requires a specific set of production techniques.1.非常规油气的一个广为接受的定义是它们是以非常规手段开发的油气。
从化学成分上来看，非常规油气和常规油气是相同的。
非常规石油包括油砂、超重石油和页岩油，但需要先进技术开采。
非常规天然气存于高度致密的岩石或煤层中，需要使用特殊开采技术才能获得。
2.Oil Sands2.油砂3.Tar sands <焦油砂>are a combination of<结合> clay,sand,water,and bitumen<沥青>,a heavy black viscous oil<粘性油>.Tar sands can be mined<开采>and processed<加工>to extract the oil-rich bitumen,which is then refined<精制，精练> into oil.The bitumen in tar sands cannotbe pumped<注入>from the ground in its natural state<自然状态>;instead tar sand deposits are mined,usually using strip mining<露天开采> or open pit<采石场，露天开采> techniques,or the oil is extracted by underground heating with additional upgrading.3.焦油砂是一种粘土、砂、水和沏青（一种重质黑色稠油）的混合物。
47 Managing In a Global Environment在全球环境中进行管理1. Assume for a moment<此刻>that you're a manager going to work for a branch of<分支> a global organization in a foreign country. You know that your environment will differ from the one at home, but how? What should you be looking for?1. 此刻假设你是一位美国经理，你准备到一家全球组织的国外分支机构工作。
你知道你的环境将与国内的不同，但二者的差异会达到什么程度呢？你应当注意些什么？2. Any manager who finds himself or herself in a foreign country faces new challenges. In this section, we'll look at<考察> some of those challenges and offer guidelines<指导> for responding. Although our discussion is presented<展开> through the eyes of a U.S. manager, our analytical framework could be used by any manager who has to manager in a foreign environment, regardless of national origin.2.任何一位发觉自己处于一个陌生国家的管理者都面临着新的挑战。
目录中石油职称英语教材_2013年版1. The Value of Time时间的价值 (3)2.English is a Crazy Language 英语是一门疯狂的语言 (4)3.All I Learned in Kindergarten 幼儿园所学的 (6)4. How to Negotiate with Americans如何与美国人谈判 (7)5. Network Security网络安全 (9)6.Carbon-based Alternative 碳基替代燃料 (11)7. Automatic Auto: a Car That Drives Itself无人驾驶汽车 (13)8.Our Family Creed 家族的信条 (15)9．The art of public Speaking 公共演讲的艺术 (16)10. Sweep a Fuel Craft Invest Fever清洁能源行业投资热潮 (18)11.Smoking and Cancer 吸烟和癌 (19)12. The Positive Meanings of Love爱的真谛 (21)13. Does Exercise Have Unexpected Benefits? 运动有奇效吗？ (24)14.Taking chances, Making chances 抓住机遇，制造机遇 (26)15.The Province of Alberta 阿尔伯达省 (27)16. The American Way: Family美国人的家庭观 (29)17. Computers Give Big Boosts to Productivity计算机技术极大提高生产效率 (30)18. The Principles of International Trade国际贸易原理 (32)19. A World without Oil 假如世界没有石油 (34)20.The Germanic Languages日耳曼语系 (36)21.How Americans Eat and Drink 美国人的饮食 (38)22.The Delights of South Island 南岛之乐 (40)23.A Sandpiper to Bring You Joy 矶鹞带来快乐 (42)24.An Introduction to Distillation 蒸馏概述 (46)25. Hints to Improve Spoken English 提高英语口语须知 (48)26.The Moon-Riddle from the Past月球-来自远古之谜 (50)27.The Delight of Books 书之乐趣 (52)28.The Magic of Energy 能的魔力 (54)29. How to Reduce Employee Turnover如何减少员工流失 (57)30. That "Other Woman" in My Life 我生命中的“另一个女人” (59)31.Geography of USA 美国地理概况 (61)32. The Old Man and the Sea (Excerpt) 参考译文：老人与海(节选) (64)33.Petroleum Geology and Other Sciences 石油地质学与其它科学 (66)34.What Do Parents Owe Their Children 父母欠子女什么？ (68)35. Trends for 21st Century 21世纪的趋势 (70)36.You Bet Your Life 以命相赌 (73)37. Radiation and Human Health辐射与人体健康 (75)38. To Be Content with One's Lot 乐天知命 (77)39.I Didn't Know How to Teach Until I Met You 直到遇到你我才知道怎么教学 (80)40. An Introduction to Petrochemicals 石油化工产品概述 (82)41. The Subject of Smiling 微笑问题 (85)42. A $210,000 WALLET1价值21万美元的钱包 (88)43. What's Your Best Time of Day? 何时是你一天中最佳的时间？ (90)44. Fundamental Techniques in Handling People 处理人际关系的基本技巧 (94)45. Happiness Index幸福指数 (96)46. Becoming Wealthy: It's Up to You 致富取决于你自己 (99)47. Oil（油） (101)48. Ocean Plant Life in Decline海洋植物数量锐减 (104)49. Cultural Taboos文化禁忌 (106)50.Managing In a Global Environment 在全球环境中进行管理 (108)51.Not Quite Ready to Retire1 退休为时尚早 (111)52.Sales Promotion 产品促销 (114)53.Another Happiness 另一种快乐 (117)54.Why To Mark a Book 怎样在书上做标记 (119)55.Earth's Last Frontier: The Sea 海洋，地球最后的待开发疆域 (122)56.Why Antarctica Is Being Explored 为什么要勘探南极洲 (125)57.Listening Faults 聆听的误区 (128)58.Your Are What You Think 你认为自己是什么样的人，就是什么样的人 (132)59.The Audacity of Hope1有希望则无所畏惧 (135)60. Future of Energy能源的未来 (139)1. The Value of Time时间的价值【2013年新增加文章】1. "Time" says the proverb "is money". This means that every moment well-spent may put some money into our pockets. If our time is usefully employed,it will either produce some useful and important piece of work which will fetch its price in the market, or it will add to our experience and increase our capacities so as to enable us to earn money when the proper opportunity comes. There can thus be no doubt that time is convertible into money. Let those who think nothing of wasting time remember this; let them remember that an hour misspent is equivalent to the loss of a banknote; and that an hour utilized is tantamount to so much silver or gold; and then they will probably think twice before they give their consent to the loss of any part of their time.1．谚语说：“时间就是金钱。
59. Forest Fires: a Major Disaster森林大火：可怕的灾难1.The United States Forest Service<林业局>defines a wildfire<野火，山火> as “any fire that b urns uncontrolled in vegetative<adj植物的> or associated flammable<adj易燃的，可燃性的>matter,”and it divides the causes of wildfire into nine general categories:lightning<闪电>,campfire<篝火>,smoking,debris<n碎片，残骸> burning(fires from clearing land or from burning trash<垃圾>，range<n山脉，范围，动植物分布区>，stubble<n断株，茬，牧场>，meadow<草地牧场>,rights-of-way<通行权，开路权，破路权>,logging slash<n 采伐剩余物，森林采伐遗迹>,etc.),incendiary<adj纵火的，煽动的n纵火犯，煽动者>(fires willfully<adv任性固执地，蓄意地>set),equipment use(except railroad),railroad,children(under 12),and miscellaneous<其他adj混杂的>.1.美国林务局如此定义山火：“任何在有植物或是相关的易燃物品上燃烧并无法控制的火灾”。
山火的原因被分为九类：闪电、篝火、抽烟、废物燃烧（为了清除土地上的树木，或是燃烧垃圾、烧荒、开路、燃烧植物断株和砍伐剩余物等而引起的大火）、纵火（故意所为）、设备使用（不包括铁路火车）、铁路、儿童（12岁以下）以及其它。
53. Oil Refining石油炼制1.Primary Refining1.粗炼2.Petroleum refining is the process of separating the many compounds<混合物> present<目前的> in crude petroleum.This process is called fractional distillation<分馏>where the crude oil is heated;the various compounds boil at different temperatures and change to gases;and are later recondensed<v再浓缩，再凝结> back into liquids.The primary refining processes are the distillation<n.（蒸馏（过程）;蒸馏物;蒸流;升华>of the feedstock<n给料，进料>into its basic fractions<馏分>,and then the re-distillation of these,in separate towers,into highly concentrated<浓缩的，浓度的>intermediates<n媒介，半成品adj中间的>.2.石油炼制是将原油中的多种混合物进行分离的过程。
原油经过加热后，其中的不同组分将在不同的温度下沸腾并气化，随后又经冷凝浓缩转化为液体，这个过程称为分馏。
粗炼工序是将进料蒸馏成为其基本组分，然后再将这些组分在单独的炼塔中再蒸馏成为高浓度的半成品。
3.Distillation is the start of the refining process where the crude oil is split<分开，分裂>into a number of parts or cuts.The separation is made on the basis of boiling-point and groups of hydrocarbons boiling within a certain range are produced. The theory of distillation is very easy.The longer the carbon chain,the higher the temperature at which the compounds will boil.When crude oil boils,it sends out vapor<蒸汽> and condenses<冷凝>.All the different hydrocarbons in crude oil are at different temperatures.And their vapors all make separate liquids (fractions).The split are usually grouped into three categories:light distillates(LPG<液化石油气>,gasoline<汽油>,naphtha<n石脑油>),middle distillates(kerosene<煤油>,diesel<柴油>),heavy distillates and residuum<n剩余，残渣>(heavy fuel oil,lubricating oils<润滑油>,wax<蜡>,asphalt<n沥青>).3.蒸馏是炼油工艺流程的开始。
7 Our Family Creed<n.信条>家族的信条1. They are the principles on which my wife and I have tried to bring up our family. They are the principles in which my father believed and by which he governed<管理> his life. They are the principles, many of them, which I learned at my mother's knee.1、这些是我和我太太在教育子女的时候所尽力倚仗的信条，这些是我父亲所深信并以之为人生律条的信条，这些信条中的大部分是我从母亲的膝下秉承而来的。
2. They point the way to usefulness and happiness in life, to courage and peace in death.2、这些信条告诉人们如何快乐而有所作为地活着，也告诉人们如何勇敢而安详地面对死亡。
3. If they mean to you what they mean to me, they may perhaps be helpful also to our sons for their guidance<n.指导> and inspiration<n.鼓舞人心的事或人>. 3、假如这些信条于诸位的意义如同它们于我的意义，那么也许它们可以有效地指导和鼓舞我们的儿女们。
4. Let me state<vt.陈述，说明> them:4、让我说出这些信条：5. I believe in the supreme<adj.极度的，极大的，至高的，最高的> worth of the individual and in his right<n.权利> to life, liberty<n.自由>, and the pursuit<n.追赶，追求，追寻，追击> of happiness.5、我相信，个人拥有无上的价值，拥有生存、自由和追求幸福的权利。
中石油2016通用英语选读课文1111 Smoking and Cancer 吸烟和癌1. Americans smoke six thousand million<百万>cigarettes<香烟，纸烟>every year (1970 figures). This is roughly<大致上，大体，大约> the equivalent<相等的> of 4,195 cigarettes a year for every person in the country of 18 years of age or more. It is estimated that<据估计> 51% of American men smoke compared with 34% of American women.1、美国人每年抽烟60亿支(1970年的统计数字)。
这大致等于每个18岁以上的人一年要吸4195支烟。
据估计，美国有51％的男性吸烟，而女性吸烟的比例则为34％。
2. Since 1939, numerous<数不清的，许多的，大量的> scientific studies have been conducted to determine whether smoking is a health hazard<冒险，危险>. The trend of the evidence<证据> has been consistent<一致的> and indicates that there is a serious health risk. Research teams have conducted studies that show beyond all reasonable doubt<毫无疑问的，不容置疑的> that tobacco<烟草> smoking, particularly cigarette smoking,is associated with<与…有关> shortened life expectancy<预期，期望>.2、1939年以来，为了确定抽烟是否有害健康进行了大量的科学研究。
57 Earth's Last Frontier<尚待开发的领域>:The Sea海洋，地球最后的待开发疆域1. "We've all gone a little crazy about the outer space business," says Vice Admiral C.B. Momsen. "The ocean is the place where we should be putting our efforts in order to provide for future generations<代>.''1、“我们都对那些外太空的事情有些狂热，”海军上将C.B.Momsen说，“为了供养子孙后代，海洋才是我们应该投入努力的地方。
”2. Seventy-one percent of the earth's surface is covered by water. An observer, looking at the earth from another planet<行星>, would be likely to call it Oceanus<n海洋之神>. If all the continents<大陆> and mountains were bulldozed<v威吓，欺负> flat, the earth would be covered by water more than 12,000 feet deep.2、地球表面的71%被水覆盖。
一个观测者从另一个行星看地球将可能称其为海洋之神。
如果所有的大陆和山脉被推平，那么地球表面将被一层超过12000英尺深的水所覆盖。
3. Sea and air are divide d by a viscous<粘性的> curtain; beneath the curtain is an element<元素，成分> weighing 800 times as much as air, utterly<adv完全地，绝对地，彻底地> dark a few fathoms<n长度单位（6英尺）vt测量深度> down, and with pressures that would pulp<n果肉，纸浆vt使化成浆> a man at 3,000 feet. Yet<然而> we know that many animals live in the deeps at pressures of 15,000 pounds per square inch.3、海洋和空气被一种粘性的“帘布”分开，“帘布”之下是一种比空气重800倍的成分，深入其下一、二十英尺就变得完全黑暗，在3000英尺深处的压力会把人压成肉酱。
2016新版中石油职称英语水平考试《通用英语选读》培训笔记（考过的大题已标出）目录41. Happiness Index幸福指数 (1)42 Becoming Wealthy: It's Up to You 致富取决于你自己 (5)43 Oil 石油 (9)44 Job Satisfaction工作满意度（2016新增） (12)45. How to Become a Scientist怎样才能成为一名科学家（2016新增） (17)46. Cultural Taboos文化禁忌 (20)47 Managing In a Global Environment 在全球环境中进行管理 (24)48. The Conscious Use of the Subconscious Mind对潜意识的有意识利用（2016新增）2849. The British through My Eyes我眼中的英国人（2016新增） (32)50 Not Quite Ready to Retire 退休为时尚早 (36)41. Happiness Index幸福指数(index n. 索引；偏意：指数)1. In terms of happiness, your spouse—if you have one—is worth $100,000 a year.1、就幸福而言（in terms of 依据；按照），你的配偶(spouse)——如果你有的话——值10万美元一年（a year）。
2. That's the finding of two economists who have tried to put a monetary value on happiness by measuring the emotional value of everything from religion to racial discrimination in dollars.2、这就是两位经济学家研究的结果（finding n. 发现；调查的结果; economist n. 经济学家），他们试图从金钱的角度来衡量幸福，以美元为单位（in dollars），对从宗教到种族歧视等各种情感进行估价（who 引导的定语从句修饰two economists; try to do sth. 试图做某事；monetary value 货币价值；emotional value 情感价值；religion n. 宗教；信仰；racial discrimination 种族歧视）。
58. Our Many Responses<反应> to Pain 痛感反应1.Of all the body senses,pain is perhaps the most vital<至关重要> because it warns of bodily injury and triggers<vt引起，引发，触发n扳机> protective reflexes<反应，反射>.But not always.1.疼痛也许是身体的感觉之中最重要的，因为它可以警示身体受到的伤害并且引发身体的保护性反射。
但情况并非总是如此。
2.Drs. F. R. Ford and Lawson Wilkins of Johns Hopkins Hospital have reported cases of persons being born without pain sensibility<感觉>.A person who does not feel pain will not jerk<n性情古怪的人，急推，猛拉，肌肉收缩vt猛拉> his hand away from a flame<火焰>.He won’t know he’s been cut unless he sees his blood.If he gets a cinder<n煤渣，灰烬>in his eye,he won’t know it is there.2.约翰霍普金斯医院F•R•福特博士和劳森•威尔金斯博士曾经报告过天生就没有痛感的病例。
当触碰到火焰时，没有痛感的人不会把手缩回来，他要看到流血才知道自己受了伤，他甚至感觉不到眼睛里进了灰尘。
3.Normally,such a necessary sensation<感觉>as pain might be expected to be proportional<adj比例的，成比例的，相称的，均衡的>to the extent of injury.But pain—a very personal experience<体验>—is modified<改变>by a person’s experience,heredity<n遗传>,mood<心情>,and emotional state<兴奋状态>.3.正常情况下，类似疼痛这样必需的感觉会根据受伤的程度分成不同级别。
2016新版中石油职称英语水平考试《通用英语选读》培训笔记（考过的大题已标出）目录51. THOSE FASCINATING NORTHERN LIGHTS 迷人的北极光（2016新版） (2)52 SALES PROMOTION 产品促销 (7)53. OIL REFINING 石油炼制（2016新增） (7)54 ANOTHER HAPPINESS 另一种快乐 (15)55. IT’S NEVER TOO L ATE FOR SUCCESS成功不分早晚（2016新增） (20)56 WHY TO MARK A BOOK 怎样在书上做标记 (25)57 EARTH'S LAST FRONTIER:THE SEA 海洋，地球最后的待开发疆域 (30)58. OUR MANY RESPONSES TO PAIN <NEW> (36)59. FOREST FIRES: A MAJOR DISASTER <NEW> (42)60 WHY ANTARCTICA IS BEING EXPLORED 为什么要勘探南极洲 (48)温馨小语：每篇“学习笔记”将可能涉及到的“考点”做了重点标记，它们基于“职称考试”的四个主要方面，即词汇、语法、阅读和翻译，所以在学习中要认真体会，找到自己要重点学习的内容。
跳过每一段英文原文，只通篇看下“带有英文”的中文部分。
是不是感觉清楚了课文大致要说的内容？熟悉中文意思，在考试中也是很有帮助的，特别是在回答阅读类的选择题时，如果它恰好又是你在此读过的一篇课文，你一定会用最短的时间，找到正确的答案。
考试的题量可不小，要在此处抢得先机。
过段时间，再来温习下吧。
51. Those Fascinating Northern Lights迷人的北极光（2016新增）1. At 10:00 p.m. on March 23，1969, the Bowater Power Water Company in Deer Lake, Newfoundland experienced a disturbance on its system. The frequency converter at Comer Brook tripped off, shutting down half of the big paper mill. There was a radio blackout over most of the Atlantic Provinces. And accompanying these activities was a magnificient display of northern lights — boiling up out of the north and hanging in bundles of long rays like draperies across the sky. Ninety-three million miles away, a rather ugly looking sunspot was making its way across the disc of the sun.1. 1969年3月23曰晚上10点，保华特水电公司（the Bowater Power Water Company)位于纽芬兰（Newfoundland)鹿湖的设备系统出现了异常；科纳布鲁克（ComerBrook)的变频器跳间，使得一半的大造纸厂停产；大西洋沿岸各省的无线电中断。
59. Forest Fires: a Major Disaster森林大火：可怕的灾难1.The United States Forest Service<林业局>defines a wildfire<野火，山火>as “any fire that b urns uncontrolled in vegetative<adj植物的>or associated flammable<adj易燃的，可燃性的>matter,”and it divides the causes of wildfire in to nine general categories:lightning<闪电>,campfire<篝火>,smoking,debris<n碎片，残骸> burning(fires from clearing land or from burning trash<垃圾>，range<n山脉，范围，动植物分布区>，stubble<n断株，茬，牧场>，meadow<草地牧场>,rights-of-way<通行权，开路权，破路权>,logging slash<n采伐剩余物，森林采伐遗迹>,etc.),incendiary<adj纵火的，煽动的n纵火犯，煽动者>(fires willfully<adv 任性固执地，蓄意地>set),equipment use(except railroad),railroad,children(under 12),and miscellaneous<其他adj混杂的>.1.美国林务局如此定义山火：“任何在有植物或是相关的易燃物品上燃烧并无法控制的火灾”。
山火的原因被分为九类：闪电、篝火、抽烟、废物燃烧（为了清除土地上的树木，或是燃烧垃圾、烧荒、开路、燃烧植物断株和砍伐剩余物等而引起的大火）、纵火（故意所为）、设备使用（不包括铁路火车）、铁路、儿童（12岁以下）以及其它。
2.Wildfires in this country occur at the rate of hundreds per day,and they destroy tens of millions of acres<英亩>of productive<肥沃的，多产的>land in any given year.Direct damage<直接损失>to timber<木材>and property<特性，财产>is reckoned in<计入，将…计算在内> the hundreds of millions of dollars per year,but no monetary value<币值，货币价值> can be assigned<指定的，赋值的> to the loss of human life and of wildlife that often accompanies<伴随…同时发生，陪伴> wildfires.2.美国每天都有几百起的森林火灾发生，烧毁了几百万公顷的肥沃土地，对于伐木业和财产造成的损失每年高达几百万美元，然而它对人类和野生动物造成的生命损失是无法用金钱来衡量。
ernment statistics<统计>for a typical five-year period<周期>are both interesting and revealing<adj有启迪作用的>.They can be broken down to show many aspects of the wildfire problem,among<其中> them two which are especially significant<重要>:the leading causes of wildfire and the total acreage<n英亩数，面积> burned by wildfire.3.官方以五年为周期进行统计，其结果很有趣，也揭示了一些问题。
这些数字可以从多个方面展示森林大火的问题，其中有两点非常关键：森林火灾的主要原因以及火灾烧毁的土地面积。
4.The two leading causes of wildfire,by regional groups,are as follows:Pacific Group — lightning 22%;miscellaneous 18%Rocky Mountain Group — lightning 40%;debris burning 12%North Central Group — debris burning 32%;incendiary 20%Eastern Group — children 27%;incendiary 25%Southern Group — incendiary39%;debris burning 26%4.森林火灾的两个主要原因如下，按照不同地区排列：太平洋地区——闪电22%;其他原因18%落基山地区——闪电40%,废弃物燃烧12%中北部地区——废弃物燃烧32%，纵火20%东部地区——儿童27%，纵火25%南部地区——纵火39%，废弃物燃烧26%5.What ranks<地位> as a leading cause of wildfire in a region is not,however,always the cause of the greatest damage suffered by that region,as the following statistics<统计> will indicate.They show the total acreage burned,according to causes,in the same regions for the same five-year period:Pacific —lightning 58%;incendiary 10%;miscellaneous 10%; equipment use 8% Rocky Mountain—lightning 36%;equipment use 19%;miscellaneous 15%;debris burning 11%North central—incendiary 40%;debris burning 21 %;lightning 12%;equipment use 7%; railroad 6%Eastern—incendiary 47%;debris burning 13%;miscellaneous 10%;children 8%; smoking 7%;railroads 7%Southern—incendiary 54%;debris burning 21%;smoking 8%5.下面这些数字显示，某一地区最主要的山火原因并不一定就是损失最大的原因。
在相同的五年期间，不同原因的山火烧毁的面积为：太平洋地区——闪电58%;纵火10%;其他原因10%;设备使用8%落基山地区——闪电36%;设备使用19%;其他原因15%;废弃物燃烧11%中北部地区——纵火40%;废弃物燃烧21%;闪电12%;设备使用7%;铁路6%东部地区——纵火47%;废弃物燃烧13%;其他原因10%;儿童8%;抽烟7%;铁路7% 南部地区——纵火54%;废弃物燃烧21%;吸烟8%6.The great majority of forest fires especially in the East and South,are “surface fires,”burning mostly in the duff<n半腐烂的落叶堆> or leaf litter<落叶层litter n垃圾，干草、树叶> on the forest floor.Promptly<立即地，敏捷地，迅速地> attacked with adequate manpower<充足的人力> and equipment,such fires are fairly easy to control.But nearly every small forest fire is potentially<潜在地，可能地> a big one.If a combination of<事物的综合> dry weather and high winds occurs,a forest fire may spread with explosive<adj.爆炸的;易爆炸的;突增的;暴躁的;n.爆炸物，炸药;[语言学]爆破音> violence<n.暴力，强暴，暴虐;猛烈，激烈;歪曲（事实），曲解（意义）;冒渎，不敬>,roaring through the trees faster than a man can run,generating<产生的> waves of heat and gas that fan<vt.扇动;吹拂> the flames to even greater fury<n狂怒，狂暴，激烈，狂怒的人>.A really bad forest fire is a terrifying<令人恐惧的> thing. It will destroy nearly everything in its path<路程，路线>.6.东部和南部地区绝大多数的森林火灾都属于“表面火灾”，即森林表面的陈年落叶的燃烧。
如果有足够的人力和设备，迅速处理就可以很快控制火势。
但每一次小的火灾都有可能发展成大火。
如果再碰上干旱的天气和大风，山火就会猛烈地蔓延，它咆哮在树林间，蔓延的速度远远超过人的移动速度，产生的灼热气浪又会引发更大的火势。
凶猛的森林火灾非常可怕，它所及之处一切都被毁灭。
7.That was what happened when the Peshtigo fire in Wisconsin in 1871 wiped out whole settlements and killed 1,500 persons;when the great Idaho fires of 1910 wiped our several million acres of virgin timber<原始树林>in a few days.It happened when the Tillamook fire in Oregon in 1933 killed as much timber as was cut in the entire<全部的> United States the preceding year<上一年度>.It happened in Maine in 1947 when forest fires destroyed more than 800 homes.And it’s still happening today.A series of<一连串的>dry years recently provided the fuel for some of the most devastating<adj破坏性的，全然的> forest fires in our history,particularly<尤其是> in the western part of the country.7.1871年发生在威斯康星州的佩什第革火灾就是如此，它烧毁了所有的居民区，使1500人丧生；1910年的爱达荷州火灾在几天之内就烧毁了几百万公顷的原始树林；1933年发生在俄勒冈州的提拉穆克火灾烧毁的树林相当于上一年全美国的树林砍伐量；1947年发生在緬因州的火灾毁灭了800个家庭。
