Chapter 1--Introduction(1)

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTIONDefinition : linguistics can be defined as the scientific or systematic study of language 。

It isalways guided by thethree cannons of science ：exhaustiveness, consistency and economy.LinguisticsLinguistics versus traditional grammar ：Scope Microlinguistics Phonetics Phonology Morphology Syntax Semantics PragmaticsMacrolinguistics Sociolinguistics Psycholinguistics Neurolinguistics StylisticsDiscourse analysis Computational linguistics Cognitive linguisticsDefinition:Ding-Dong Theory: human speech developed from primitive man giving vocal expression to theobjects he encountered.Sing-Song Theory: language developed from primitive ritual songs of praise 。

Pooh-Pooh Theory ： language came from interjections ， which express he speaker ’semotions 。

Origins Yo-He —Ho Theory: language came from the cries uttered ， during strain of work.Ta —Ta Theory ： language came from the combination of certain gestures and tonguesmovements.Bow —Wow Theory ： language came from imitation of animal cries and other sounds heard inLinguistics describes languages and does not lay down rules of correctness while traditional grammar emphasizes correctness 。

书虫分享年中每一章总结英文回答：Chapter 1: Introduction.In the first chapter of "Bookworm Shares: Mid-Year Summary," I will provide an overview of the book and its main themes. This chapter serves as an introduction to the entire book, setting the stage for the subsequent chapters.Chapter 2: Character Development.The second chapter delves into the importance of character development in literature. It explores howauthors create well-rounded and relatable characters, and the impact these characters have on the reader's experience. Additionally, it discusses different techniques used by authors to bring characters to life.Chapter 3: Plot and Structure.Chapter 3 focuses on the crucial elements of plot and structure. It examines the various narrative structures employed by authors, such as linear, nonlinear, and episodic. The chapter also explores the different plot devices and techniques authors use to engage readers and create compelling storylines.Chapter 4: Setting and Atmosphere.In Chapter 4, we explore the significance of setting and atmosphere in literature. It discusses how authors use descriptive language and imagery to transport readers to different times and places. The chapter also examines the role of atmosphere in creating mood and enhancing the overall reading experience.Chapter 5: Themes and Symbolism.Chapter 5 delves into the exploration of themes and symbolism in literature. It discusses how authors use symbols to convey deeper meanings and messages. The chapteralso explores the importance of identifying and analyzing themes to gain a deeper understanding of the text.Chapter 6: Writing Style and Language.The focus of Chapter 6 is on the writing style and language used by authors. It examines different writing techniques, such as figurative language, dialogue, and narrative voice. The chapter also discusses how an author's writing style can impact the reader's engagement with the text.Chapter 7: Reader's Perspective.In Chapter 7, we shift our attention to the reader's perspective and the role of interpretation in literature. It explores how readers bring their own experiences, beliefs, and biases to the reading process. The chapter also discusses the importance of critical thinking and analysis in understanding and appreciating literary works.Chapter 8: Conclusion and Reflection.The final chapter of the book serves as a conclusion and reflection on the topics covered in previous chapters. It summarizes the key points discussed and encourages readers to continue exploring and engaging with literature. The chapter also provides some final thoughts and insights on the transformative power of books.中文回答：第一章，引言。

Chapter 1: Introduction1.Linguistics:语言学It is generally defined as the scientific study of language.( Linguistics studies not any particular language ,but it studies language in general)2.General linguistics:普通语言学The study of language as a whole is called general linguistics.(language is a complicated entity with multiple layers and facets )nguage:Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.4.descriptive (描述性):A linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use.5.prescriptive(规定性): It aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard”　behaviors.i.e. what they should say and what they should not to say.6.synchronic(共时语言学): the description of language at some point of timein hiatory7.diachronic (历时语言学):the description of language as it changes throughtime3) speech（口语）Writing（书面语）These the two media of communication. Modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written. (speech is prior to writing)ngue(语言): refers to abstract linguistic system shared by all the membersof the speech community.It is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to abideby. Such as: In English sentence must have subject and predicate.9.parole(言语):refers to the realization of langue in actual use.It is concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules. (Saussure )petence(语言能力): the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language11.performance(语言应用):the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. (Chomsky)traditional grammar and modern linguistics1.linguistics is descriptive,while traditional grammar is prescriptive2.modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary,not the writer.3. also in that it does not force languages into a latin-based framework.Functions of language.1.the descriptive function.2. the expressive function3.the social functionChapter 2: Phonology音系学phonetics:the study of the phonic medium of language;it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’ s languages9.The three branches of phonetics(1).Articulatory phonetics (发音语音学) (longest history)(2.)Auditory phonetics（听觉语音学）(3)Acoustic phonetics (声学语音学）2. Speech organs: three important areas⑴Pharyngeal cavity咽腔---- the throat;⑵The oral cavity口腔---- the mouth;⑶Nasal cavity –鼻腔--- the nose.The principle source such modifications is the tongue.The tongue is the most flexible.International Phonetic Alphabet [IPA]:the basic principle of the IPA isusing one letter selected from major European languages to represent onespeech sound.Broad transcription宽式音标. The transcription of speech sounds with lettersymbols only.Narrow transcription窄式音标The transcription of speech sound with letterssymbols and the diacritics.Aspirated and unaspirated1). phonology: 音系学It aims to discover how speech sounds in a language formpatterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguisticcommunication.4. Phone, phoneme, allophoneA phone音素is a phonetic unit or segment.The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication areall phones. Phones do not necessarily distinguish meaning, some do, somedon’t, e.g. [ bI:t ] & [ bIt ], [spIt] & [spIt].A phoneme音位is a phonological unit;it is a unit of distinctive value; an abstract unit, not a particular sound, but it isrepresented by a certain phone in certain phonetic context, e.g. the phoneme/p/ can be represented differently in [pIt], [tIp] and [spIt].Allophones音素变体---- the phones that can represent a phoneme indifferent phonetic environmentssequential rule,⑴Sequential rule(序列规则): rule governing the combination of sounds in aparticular language.⑵Assimilation rule（同化规则）: rule assimilating one sound to another bycopying features of sequential phoneme,thus making the two phones similar.⑶Deletion rule（省略规则）: rule governing the deletion of a sound in acertain phonetic context although it is represented in spelling.6. Suprasegmental features（超切分特征）⑴StressWord stress and sentence stress⑵Tone声调Tones are pitch variations,which are caused by the differing rates of vibrationof the vocal cords.English is not a tone language, but Chinese is.⑶Intonation语调When pitch, stress and length variations are tied to the sentence rather thanto the word, they are collectively known as intonation.English has three types of intonation that are most frequently used:falling tone (matter of fact statement)rising tone (doubts or question)the fall-rise tone (implied message)the frise-fall tone (not frequently used)For instance, “That’s not the book he wants.Chapter 3: Morphology1). Morphology形态学: refers to the the study of the internal structure of wordsand the rules by which words are formed2). Morpheme词素: It is the smallest meaningful unit of language.3). Free morpheme自由词素:a morpheme can be a word by itself.4). Bound morpheme.黏着词素: a morpheme that must be attached to anotherone.5). Allmorphs词素变体:the variant forms of a morphemeChapter 4: SyntaxSyntax句法学: Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies the rules thatgovern the formation of sentences.Word-level categories1,Major lexical categories2. minor lexical categoriesTo determine a word’s categorie,three critera are usually employed1.meaning2.inflection3.distribution.Phrase:syntactic units that are built around a centain word categorycomplementizers words which introduce the sentence complementcomplement clause the sentence introduced by the cmomplementizersD-structure:formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’ssubcategorization propertiesS-structure:corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence whichresults form appropriate transformation .Chapter 5: SemanticsSemantics: 语义学can be simply defined as the study of meaning.1）The naming theory(命名论)Oldest notions concering meaning.most primitive one.It was proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato.words are just names or labels for things.2）The conceptualist view（意念论）It holds that there is no direct link between a lin-guistic form and what it refersto. In the interpretation of meaning, they are linked through the mediation ofconcepts in the mind.3)Contextualism（语境论）①Meaning should be studied in terms of situation, use, context—elements closely linked with language behavior. Two types of contexts are recognized:②Situational context: spatiotemporal situation-occurrence or collocation.③Linguistic context: the probability of a word’s co④For example, “black”　in black hair & black coffee, or black sheep differs in meaning; “The president of the United States” can mean either the president or presidency in different situation.4) Behaviorism（行为主义论）Bloomfield①Behaviorists attempted to define meaning as “the s ituation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer”．②The story of Jack and Jill:Jill JackS_________r--------s_________R3. Sense and reference①Sense---- is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It isthe collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de-contextualized.②Reference----what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; itdeals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.4. Major sense relationsSynonymy（同义关系）Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning.Words that are close in meaning are called synonyms. 同义词complete synonyms, i.e. synonymy that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances, are rareHomonymy（同音/同形异义）Homonymy: Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having differentmeanings have the same form,（1)Homophones（同音异义）: When two words are identical in sound, they are called homophones.e.g. rain/reign.（2)Homographs(同形异义): When two words are identical in spelling, they are homographs.e.g. tear v. / tear n.（3)Complete homonyms(同音同形异义):When two words are identical in both sound and spelling, they are called complete homonyms.e.g. fast v. / fast adj.; scale v. /scale. n.Hyponymy（下义关系）Hyponymy: Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general,more inclusive word and a more specific word.eg.superordinate: flowerhyponyms: rose, tulip, carnation, lilyAntonymy（反义关系）the term antonymy is used for oppositeness of meaning1) Gradable antonyms（等级反义词）----there are often intermediate formsbetween the two members of a pair, e.g. old-young, hot-cold, tall-short …　2) Complementary antonyms（互补反义词）----the denial of one member ofthe pair implies the assertion of the other, e.g. alive-dead, male-female …3) Relational opposites（关系反义词）----exhibits the reversal of therelationship between the two items, e.g. husband-wife, father-son, doctor-patient, buy-sell, let-rent, employer-employee, give-receive, above-below …　2) There are two aspects to sentence meaning:1.grammatical meaning2. semantic meaning, e.g.selectional restrictions.Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by ruleseg. constraints on what lexical items can go with what othersPredication analysis---- a way to analyze sentence meaning (British G.Leech).Chapter 6: Pragmatics1). P ragmatics:语用学the study of how speakers of a language use sentences toeffect successful communication.Pragmatics and semantics are both linguistic studies of meaning.s is whether the What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmaticcontext of use is considered in the study of meaningIf it is not considered, the study is confined to the area of traditional semantics;if it is considered, the study is being carried out in the area of pragmatics.⑴Austin’s new model of speech actsUtterance meaning:the meaning of an utterance is concrete, and context-dependent. Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simplyin a context.Cooperative Principle(CD):Paul Grice.His idea is that to converse with each other, the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate; otherwise,it would not be possible for them to carry on the talk.3）Principle of conversation (Paul Grice)The maxim of quantity （数量准则）Make your contribution as informative as required (for the current purpose of the exchange). （使自己所说的话达到当前交谈目的所要求的详尽程度。

Chapter 1: Introduction1.1 产业组织理论研究的范围（Scope of the IO）产业组织理论研究的范围很广。

广义地讲，产业组织研究在产业的框架下企业的所有活动及其后果。

例如，企业在不同市场结构下的定价与产出行为，企业营销、研发活动，企业的融资、投资，并购活动，以及委托-代理理论、激励理论等。

狭义地说，产业组织理论是市场结构与企业行为(market structure and firm behavior)。

主要讨论不同市场结构下的企业行为。

例如定价行为(pricing)，营销策略(marketing strategies)。

以及这些行为的后果(outcome of these activities)。

这些后果往往从两个方面看：企业的营利情况(profit of the firm)以及社会福利状况(social welfare)。

产业组织理论也研究政府行为对企业的影响，例如法律与政府管制对企业行为的影响及其后果。

市场结构：竞争(competition)、垄断(monopoly)、寡头(oligopoly)、垄断竞争(monopolistic competition)。

不同市场结构下的企业行为是不同的。

政府政策在不同的市场结构下所导致的后果也是不同的。

本课程主要从狭义的角度探讨产业组织理论。

有关企业理论不在本课程重点讨论范围之内。

1.2 产业组织理论研究中的学派与研究方法(school of the thought and themethodology)主要的学派有哈佛学派与芝加哥学派。

分别使用的研究方法是：结构—行为—绩效方法（structure-conduct-performance）;价格理论分析方法（Price Theory）。

70年代以后发展了新的方法：即博弈论（Game Theory）。

产业组织理论产生的历史比较短。

起源于本世纪30年代。

与现代企业理论（1937年源于科斯）大致同时产生。

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION1．TYPES OF BUSINESS OWNERSHIPAs with types of businesses, the way in which the accounting information is reported will depend on the type of ownership. The main types of ownership are: Sole proprietorThis is one person in business on his or her own. The owner gets to make all the decisions but has has no no no other other other owner owner owner of of of the the the business business business to consult to consult if if needed. needed. The The owner owner owner also also also gets gets gets to to to keep keep keep all all all the the profits profits but, but, but, if if if the the the business business business should should should fail, fail, fail, the the the owner owner owner not not not only only only loses loses loses the the the business business business but but but all all all his his his or or or her her personal possessions as well until the debts are satisfied. A sole proprietor has unlimited liability. It It is is is also also also more more more difficult difficult difficult to to to obtain obtain obtain finance finance finance for for for a a a sole sole sole proprietor proprietor proprietor business. business. Nevertheless, Nevertheless, most most businesses begin life under sole proprietor ownership. PartnershipUnder this type of ownership, two or more people decide to pool their skills and resources and go into business together. A partnership, like a sole proprietorship, has unlimited liability. Indeed, one partner may be responsible for getting the partnership into debt but another partner may have to to pay pay pay those those those debts debts debts out out out of of of their their their personal personal personal funds. funds. A partnership partnership type type type of of of ownership ownership ownership is is is common common among lawyers and doctors as they are bound by the ethics of their profession to suffer unlimited liability. Accountants can now form companies, with the exception of Auditors. CompanyAn important feature of a company is that it is a a separate separate legal entity from its owners (shareholders). Since the company is a legal entity in its own right, it is responsible for its own debts and losses. This means that once the shareholders have paid what they agreed to pay for the the shares, shares, shares, their their their obligation obligation obligation to to to the company the company and and the company’s creditors the company’s creditors i s satisfied. is satisfied. This This is is is of of great importance to the shareholders since they know their liability is limited.Another feature of a company is that its life is not limited by the life of the shareholders. Shares may be sold by an existing shareholder to another person who wishes to become a shareholder. When a shareholder dies, tha t person’s shares pass to the beneficiary of his or her estate.COMPARISON OF OWNERSHIP Sole Proprietor Partnership Company Legal Status of Not a separate Not a separate Separate legal Business Entity legal entity legal entity entity Risk of Owner’s pe rsonal Partners’ personal Limited liability Ownership assets at risk assets at risk Duration Expires by owner’s Expires by choice Perpetual of Life choice or death of or withdrawal of succession owner partner Transferability If proprietor sells Partnership share Usually of Ownership his interest, the cannot be sold transferable Interests business is without agreement reconstituted of other partners:under new new partnership ownership formed Sources of Owner’s funds and Partners’ funds Shares, Finance loans and loans debentures, loans Profit All accrue to Shared according Dividends Sharing owner to partnership declared by agreement or directors Partnership Act 1908 Ownership One owner Two or more One or more Capital Provided by Partners contribute Divided into owner according to shares partnership agreement Liability for Unlimited Unlimited Limited to firm’s debts the amount outstanding on share capital Management Owner Each partner Appointed by shareholders 2. USERS OF FINANCIAL INFORMATIONInternal Usersn Managers who plan, organize and run a business n Marketing managersn Production supervisorsn Finance directorsn Company officersExternaln Investors n Creditors n Others n Regulatory agencies n Tax authorities n Customers n Labor Unions n Economic planners 3. TYPES OF BUSINESS ACTIVITYFinancing Activities n Borrowing creates liabilitiesn Bank loans n Debt securitiesn Goods on credit or payables n Selling stock creates sto ckholders’ equityInvesting Activities n Obtaining resources or assets to operate the business n Land n Buildings n Vehicles n Computers n Furniture n Equipment Operating Activities n Primary activity of business Selling goods Providing services Manufacturing Cost of Sales Advertising Paying employees Paying utilities Operating Activities Revenues are the increases in assets resulting from the sale of a product or service Expenses are the cost of assets consumed or services used in generating revenue. If revenue > expense =Net IncomeIf revenue < expense =Net Loss!4. CONTENT AND PURPOSE OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTSn Accountants communicate with users through four financial statements The Objective of Financial Statementsn The objective of financial statements is to provide information about the financial position, performance and changes in financial position of an enterprise that is useful to a wide range of users in making economic decisions. Four Financial Statements n Income Statement n Retained Earnings Statement n Balance Sheet n Statement of Cash Flows INCOME – EXPENSES = PROFIT (LOSS) FOR THE PERIOD IncomeExpenses can be classified as RETAINED EARNINGS STATEMENT (ALSO CALLED CHANGES IN EQUITY)nShows changes in retained earnings for period: month, quarter, year n Beginning balance n Add Net Income from income statement. n Deduct Dividends nEnding balance For a Sole Proprietor, The Capital, or Equity, that shows on the Trial Balance is the OPENING Capital. Transactions Transactions occur occur occur during during during the the the financial financial financial year year year that that that will will will affect affect affect the the the Equity, Equity, Equity, causing causing causing it it it to to have increased or decreased by the end of the financial year. The change from Opening to Closing Capital is usually shown within the Equity section at the bottom of the Balance Sheet, as shown in the following example for Richard’s Rhubarb Shop:EXAMPLE:Accounts Payable 35,000 Accounts Receivable 45,000 Bank Loan Long Term 175,000 Bank Overdraft 21,000 Land (cost) 195,000 Inventory 213,000 Cash on hand 2,000 Shares in other Companies 8,000 Goodwill 5,000 Capital (opening) 238,800 Drawings 10,200 Other Information:Profit for the year ended 31 March 2016 was $8,400 Required:Complete a fully classified Balance Sheet Current Assets213,000 Non-Current Assets5,000 208,000 Total AssetsCurrent Liabilities35,000 Non-Current Liabilities175,000 Total Liabilities$ 237,000 8,400 10,200 $ 237,000THE BALANCE SHEETTHE PURPOSE OF THE BALANCE SHEETThe The purpose purpose purpose of of of the the the Balance Balance Balance Sheet Sheet Sheet is is is to to to show show show the the the financial financial financial position position position of of of a a a business business business at at at a a a particular particular point of time. It reports the assets of the business and how these assets have been funded. The assets can be funded by liabilities (external funding) or owner’s equity (internal funding). Therefore we can say that the value of the assets will be the same as the combined value of the liabilities and the owners equity. This gives ris e to the short accounting equation: Assets = Liabilities + Owners’ EquityUSES OF THE BALANCE SHEETThe Balance Sheet helps users gain knowledge of the financial strength of the business, through providing information about: · Solvency and liquidity (can the business meet it’s short -term obligations?) · Financial Structure (what proportion of the business is funded by liabilities and what proportion is funded by owners?) · Utilisation of assets (how effectively are the assets being used?) · Financial flexibility (does the business have the ability or leverage to borrow further funds?) · Return on Investment (is the business able to pay out cash to the owners as a reward for investing their funds?) We will look at the Balance Sheet in two forms: ‘T’ form (side-by-side) A = L + E and Vertical A – L = E ‘T’ FormO BBLE T RADE RS B ALANC E S H EET AS AT31M ARCH 20XX$000 $000 $000 $000 Assets LiabilitiesCurrent Assets Current LiabilitiesCash 40 Accounts Payable 80 Accounts Receivable 100 Inventory 150 Non-Current LiabilitiesPrepayments 10 300 Bank Loan 320 Non-Current Assets400 Property, Plant and Equipment Land 80 EquityBuildings 150 W Obble, Capital 160 Less deprn 50100 Vehicles 40 Less deprn 2020 200 Investments Term Deposit account 50 Intangibles Goodwill 10 Total Assets$560 Total Liabilities & Owner’s Equity$560 Current Assets10 Non-Current AssetsProperty, Plant and Equipment 50 20 20 Investments Intangibles Current LiabilitiesNon-Current Liabilities400 $160 $160(X) (X) (X) X XXThe IASB Framework addresses general purpose financial statements that a business enterprise n Explains uncertainties and contingencies Auditor’s Reportn Certified Public Accountant – CPA n Auditor (CPA) conducts independent examination of financial statements n Fair representation? n Follow generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP)? n Unqualified opinion 。

Chapter 1 - I ntroductionEcho sounding is a technique for measuring water depths by transmitting acoustic pulses from the ocean surface and listening for their reflection (or echo) from the sea floor. This technique has been used since the early twentieth century to provide the vital depth input to charts that now map most of the world’s water-covered areas. These charts have permitted ships to navigate safely through the world’s oceans. In addition, information derived from echo sounding has aided in laying trans-oceanic telephone cables, exploring and drilling for off-shore oil, locating important underwater mineral deposits, and improving our understanding of the Earth’s geological processes. Until the early 1960s most depth sounding used single-beam echo sounders. These devices make a single depth measurement with each acoustic pulse (or ping) and include both wide and narrow beam systems. Relatively inexpensive wide-beam “unstabilized” sounders detect echoes within a large solid angle under a vessel and are useful for finding potential hazards to safe navigation. However, these devices are unable to provide much detailed information about the sea bottom. On the other hand, more expensive narrow-beam “stabilized” sounders are capable of providing high spatial resolution with the small solid angle encompassed by their beam, but can cover only a limited survey area with each ping. Neither system provides a method for creating detailed maps of the sea floor that minimizes ship time and is thus cost-effective. The unstabilized systems lack the necessary spatial resolution, while the stabilized systems map too little area with each ping.In 1964, SeaBeam Instruments—at the time the Harris Anti-Submarine Warfare Division of General Instrument Corporation—patented a technique for multiple narrow-beam depth sounding. The first such systems to use this technique were built by SeaBeam for the US Navy and were known as Sonar Array Sounding Systems (SASS). SASS employed two separate sonar arrays oriented orthogonal to one another—one for transmitting and one for receiving—an arrangement called a Mills Cross Array. The arrays and the associated analog electronics provided 90 1°-wide unstabilized beams. Roll and pitch compensation produced 60 1°-wide stabilized beams, which permitted mapping a 60° “fan” of the sea floor with each ping. This system allowed survey vessels to produce high-resolution coverage of wide swaths of the ocean bottom in far less ship time than would have been required for a single-beam echo sounder, greatly reducing the costs of such mapping endeavors.Figure Chapter 1 - -1: Contour Map of Perth CanyonMost multibeam bathymetry systems still use the Mills Cross technique for beam forming. However, as faster computers and Large Scale Integrated (LSI) digital chips have become available, most of the signal processing, including beam forming, moved from analog signal processing into the digital (discrete) signal processing (DSP) domain using digital signal microprocessor (DSPµP) chips. The availability of fast DSPµPs has also permitted the implementation of sophisticated detection algorithms. As a result, survey vessels today can do on-board real-time multibeam processing and display of bathymetry data in a manner impossible only a few years ago. Figure Chapter 1 - -1 shows a sample of a high-quality ocean floor map produced by a SEA BEAM 2100 Multibeam Survey System, the latest generation of multibeam sonar from SeaBeam Instruments.The SEA BEAM 2100 system represents the culmination of over a third of a century of design, development, and production experience by SeaBeam Instruments in the area of multibeam bathymetric systems. With added sophistication, this latest generation multibeam sonar system has added capabilities and complexity. It is necessary to have a basic theoretical understanding of the way multibeam bathymetry systems in general, and the SEA BEAM 2100 in particular, work in order to both:•Operate the system in a manner that maximizes coverage and data quality•Evaluate the system performance for signs of system degradationOrganization of this DocumentThis manual provides a general explanation of the way a multibeam sonar system works and describes in detail the implementation of multibeam technology represented by the SEA BEAM 2100 system.Chapter 2, “Sonar Concepts,” introduces the concepts and definitions involved in echo sounding, using a description of a simple single-beam echo sounder as an example. Characteristics of the creation and transmission of acoustic pulses in water and their echoes off the ocean bottom are discussed. This chapter also explains some of the limitations of a single-beam sonar.Chapter 3, “Introduction to Multibeam Sonar: Projector and Hydrophone Systems,” describes the Mills Cross technique, including the processes of beam forming and beam steering and how it is applied to sonar and to the SEA BEAM 2100 in particular. The chapter discusses how systems that employ the Mills Cross technique can make up for many of the short-comings of single-beam echo sounders.Chapter 4, “Detection Processing and Range Calculation,” describes how the SEA BEAM 2100 extracts signals and determines the location of the sea floor from multibeam echoes. The processes used for ship motion compensation and the formation of stable beams and the implementation of sound velocity profiles are discussed.Chapter 5, “Sidescan Sonar,” discusses sea floor imaging using sidescan sonars and how the SEA BEAM 2100 can be used simultaneously as a depth-finding and sidescan sonar.A glossary of the terminology of multibeam sonar technology is included as an appendix. Scope of this DocumentMultibeam technology involves a number of disciplines including underwater acoustics, digital signal processing, and detection theory statistics. Many excellent texts are available that provide in-depth mathematical treatment of each of these fields. The purpose of this document is not to cover all related topics in rigorous mathematical detail, but instead to present you with a simple, clear understanding of the fundamental concepts required to develop the full potential of a multibeam sonar system. Ideas are presented in a graphical and descriptive way, with minimal use of complex mathematics. Where appropriate, references to texts are provided so you can pursue topics in greater detail. While directed at users of the SEA BEAM 2100 system in particular, most of the concepts explained in this document are common to all multibeam sonars, so much of this information can be applied to any commercially available multibeam system.。