哈佛参考文献列表引用排序

哈佛引用体系1. 前言在学术界，引用是十分重要的一环。

若我们没有能准确表达自己观点的能力，我们就需要参考其他人的研究成果，以达成更为完整的阐述。

而不同的学科领域采用着不同的引用体系。

今天，我们将来谈一谈哈佛引用体系。

2. 什么是哈佛引用体系？哈佛引文体系（Harvard Referencing System）又称作哈弗德引用法、学术会诊法、一般性认证法。

这种引用体系在全球的高等教育机构以及学术出版物中都得到了广泛的应用。

哈佛引用体系主要通过引用作者和出版年份来标识作品来源。

同时它还要求在文末的参考文献列表中，按照字母顺序排列所有参考文献。

3. 如何在文中引用？在文中引用的格式化是可以根据所引用的资料的类型进行变化的。

当我们引用一篇科学论文时，一般遵循以下格式：a. 直接引用如果我们要直接引用一段文字，我们需要在引用的文本之后加上作者或编辑的姓名、出版年份以及对应的页码。

<b>例如：</b>牛津大学在12-15世纪的发展是由战争形势和谷价波动所促使的（Souter, 2011, p. 50）。

b. 非直接引用如果我们想就一个特定的观点进行讨论，而非直接引用，我们可以这样：<b>例如：</b>Souter (2011) 指出，在12-15世纪的英国，牛津大学的快速发展是由国内战争以及谷物价格的波动所推动的。

4. 如何在文末列出参考文献？在你的论文的最后，你要列出你所有的参考文献。

哈佛引用体系需要按照字母顺序排列。

在这些书籍和论文的前面，必须要有作者的姓名，他们的出版日期，以及出版社的名称。

如果你参考的是一个网站，你就需要包括网站的名称、作者、日期、URL以及访问日期。

<b>例如：</b>Souter, A. (2011). The Development of Oxford University. Oxford University Press.5. 结论哈佛引用体系是学术界应用最为广泛的引用体系之一。

哈佛模式下的引证规范什么是哈佛引用？哈佛引用是一种著名的文献引用格式，也叫作标号引用、脚注引用或作者——日期引用。

它比较常见于人文学科，即所谓“哈佛参考文献”系统。

哈佛引用也常常被科学家采用。

其格式要求如下：1）对非出版文献(实验数据库或网络文献)：非出版文献使用“文献名称/说明，取得日期，（访问日期）”。

2）对书籍：书籍使用“作者，书名（出版地：出版社，出版年 e版）”，或使用缩写“作者，书名，出版年”。

3）对期刊文章：“作者，文章名，期刊名称，出版年，卷（期）号：起始页-结束页”或“作者，文章名，期刊名称，出版年，发布第几版（或发布季节），起始页-结束页”。

4）对会议记录：“作者，文章名，会议及出版物总揽（出版地：出版社，出版年），起始页-结束页”。

对于上述引用类型，本地大学图书馆及计算机中心一般有以下细节说明：一、缩写：*出版社的缩写必须符合标准的缩写规则（包括统一的缩写日期）；*期刊文章的发布第几版/季节只有大写英文字母（A、B、C等）；*期刊文章发布季节写出来也可以是有意义的词汇，比如Winter、Spring等。

二、标点符号：*如果不是最后一个引用，一律加“逗号”；*文章名及后面出版信息中间夹着一个“冒号”；*不同作者名时，使用“分号”连接；*期刊文章起始及结束页码中，起始页码与结束页码中间使用短横线“-”，有多个页码的用逗号隔开；*卷号，季节号，起始及结束页码后面使用句号“ .”来结束；*双引号使用“02”而不是“22”。

三、年份：*书籍引用中，需要把末尾的“年”字加上，书籍出版社及出版年份中间用逗号隔开；*期刊文章引用中，出版集、期刊或会议名称后直接跟上4位数的出版年份；*数据库/网络文献最后一个“取得日期”要写4位数的全数字出版年份。

四、大小写字母：本格式系统指定标题全部用大写字母，文章/图书作者及期刊/会议名称全部用小写字母。

例如：*文章/图书作者：James Smith*期刊/会议名称：journal of medical sciences五、分句标记：所有引用记录都要按照规定的格式进行协调，且以句号“ .”结束。

harvard文献引用哈佛文献引用是一种常用的学术引用格式，它通常用于引用学术论文、研究报告和其他学术出版物。

下面我将从多个角度全面介绍哈佛文献引用的要点。

首先，哈佛文献引用的基本格式是作者姓氏、出版年份和页码。

具体的引用格式如下：对于书籍引用：姓氏, 名字. (出版年). 书名. 版本. 出版地点: 出版社.对于期刊文章引用：姓氏, 名字. (出版年). 文章标题. 期刊名, 卷号(期号),页码.对于网页引用：姓氏, 名字. (出版年). 文章标题. 网站名. 可获取的URL.其次，当引用文献时，应该注意以下几点：1. 如果文献有多个作者，应该列出所有作者的姓氏和名字的首字母，用逗号分隔。

如果有超过三个作者，可以只列出第一个作者的姓氏和名字的首字母，然后加上"等"字。

2. 出版年份应该用括号括起来，并紧跟在作者名字之后。

3. 如果引用的是书籍，应该包括书名、版本、出版地点和出版社信息。

4. 如果引用的是期刊文章，应该包括文章标题、期刊名、卷号和期号。

5. 如果引用的是网页，应该包括文章标题、网站名和可获取的URL。

此外，还有一些特殊情况需要注意：1. 如果引用的是同一作者在同一年份发表的多篇文章，可以在出版年份后面用小写字母a、b、c等来区分。

2. 如果引用的是多个连续的页码，可以用短横线表示，例如，pp. 20-25。

3. 如果引用的是多个非连续的页码，可以用逗号分隔，例如，pp. 20, 30, 40。

最后，为了保证引用的准确性和规范性，建议使用参考文献管理软件来管理和生成引用。

常见的参考文献管理软件包括EndNote、Zotero和Mendeley等。

总结起来，哈佛文献引用是一种常用的学术引用格式，它包括作者姓氏、出版年份和页码。

在引用文献时，应该注意格式的准确性和规范性，同时使用参考文献管理软件可以提高引用的效率和准确性。

哈佛注释法（Harvard Referencing System）是一种常见的文献引用格式，被广泛应用于学术写作中。

该方法规定了文献引用的方式和顺序，使得读者可以准确地找到被引用的信息来源。

下面是关于哈佛注释法中中文文献和英文文献顺序的详细介绍：
1.中文文献的引用顺序：
在哈佛注释法中，中文文献的引用顺序是按照作者姓氏的首字母进行排序。

如果两篇文献的作者姓氏首字母相同，那么就按照作者名字的拼音进行排序。

中文文献的引用格式包括作者、题目、刊物名称、发表时间等，具体格式可能因不同学科而有所差异。

1.英文文献的引用顺序：
英文文献的引用顺序是按照作者的姓氏进行字母顺序排序。

如果两篇文献的作者姓氏相同，那么就按照作者名字的首字母进行排序。

英文文献的引用格式包括作者、题目、刊物名称、发表时间等，具体格式可能因不同学科而有所差异。

需要注意的是，在哈佛注释法中，无论中文文献还是英文文献，都应该在文献列表中按照引用顺序进行排序，并且每个文献都需要在正文中进行相应的引用和标注。

同时，不
同的学科和出版社可能会有不同的文献引用格式要求，因此在实际应用中应该根据具体情况进行调整。

如何引用参考文献哈佛格式
在引用参考文献时，哈佛格式要求在文中引用处注明，并在全书或全文最后的参考书目处注明。

以下是一些具体的引用步骤：
1.在文中引用处注明：在文中引用处，需要提供作者姓名和出版年份。

如果作者姓名
已经在句子中出现，只需要在括号内给出出版年份。

如果作者姓名没有在句子中出现，需要先给出作者姓名，再在括号内给出出版年份。

2.在全书或全文最后的参考书目处注明：在全书或全文最后的参考书目处，需要按照
规定的格式提供更为详细的信息，包括作者姓名、发表年份、标题、出版社、页码等。

具体格式可能因不同的学科领域而有所差异，建议查阅相关领域的引用格式规范。

需要注意的是，哈佛格式要求参考文献列表中的引用按照作者姓氏的字母顺序排列。

如果同一作者有多个来源，按照发表时间顺序排列；如果同一来源在不同时间多次出版，按照版本的时间顺序排列；如果同一来源同时出版，按照标题的字母顺序排列。

以上信息仅供参考，具体情况可能会因具体领域和格式要求而有所不同，建议咨询相关人士获取帮助。

在引用参考文献时，哈佛格式要求在文中引用处注明，并在全书或全文最后的参考书目处注明。

以下是一些具体的引用步骤：。

havard引用格式Harvard引用格式是一种常用的引用格式，广泛应用于学术论文、报告和书籍等文献的撰写中。

它不仅有助于提高写作的严谨性和准确性，还可以让读者更容易理解和跟踪所引用的资料来源。

在本文中，我们将详细介绍Harvard 引用格式的基本结构、正确使用方法以及常见问题解答。

1.Harvard引用格式的基本结构Harvard引用格式主要包括以下几个部分：- 序号：在正文中，对引用的文献进行编号，如[1]，[2]等。

- 引用文献的作者姓名：按照姓氏首字母排序，并列出所有作者的姓名。

如果作者人数超过两个，可以只列出前三个作者，后面用“等”字表示。

- 出版年份：用括号括起，放在作者姓名后的斜杠后面。

- 文献类型：可用缩写表示，如期刊文章、书籍、会议论文等。

- 出版地：用括号括起，放在出版年份后的斜杠后面。

- 出版社：放在出版地后的括号内。

- 文献页码：如果引用的是书籍或期刊文章的某一章节，需要列出章节页码。

2.如何正确使用Harvard引用格式以下是一些使用Harvard引用格式的示例：- 书籍：[1] 李明，张晓晓.2010.计算机网络基础[M].北京：清华大学出版社.- 期刊文章：[2] 王红，李伟.2015.基于机器学习的文本分类研究[J].计算机科学与技术，30（2）：120-125.- 会议论文：[3] 张华，陈晨，杨洋.2017.面向物联网的数据挖掘技术[C]//全国计算机科学与技术大会.上海：华东师范大学，100-105.3.常见问题及解答- 问题1：如何处理多个作者的文献引用？解答：按照作者姓氏首字母排序，并列出所有作者姓名。

如：[1] 张三，李四，王五.2010.计算机网络基础[M].北京：清华大学出版社.- 问题2：如何省略作者姓名？解答：当同一文献被多次引用时，可以在第二次及以后的引用中省略作者姓名，只保留序号。

如：[1]；[2]。

- 问题3：如何引用无作者文献？解答：在序号后直接列出文献类型和出版信息，如：[1]．4.结论Harvard引用格式是学术写作中不可或缺的一部分。

哈佛大学（Harvard University）的论文引用格式为一种著名的文献引用格式，广泛应用于学术研究、论文写作和期刊发表等领域。

它是一种著录引用法，用于标注论文中所引用的外部文献来源，并在文末列出完整的引用文献列表，以便读者查证原始资料。

哈佛大学论文引用格式严格规范，注重细节和准确性，因而受到学术界的高度重视。

现代科研和学术写作中，引用他人的成果和观点是非常普遍的行为。

这有助于强调作者的学术严谨性和文献立论的可信度；另也可以使读者在阅读原著资料时，更容易找到相关引用部分，方便追溯原始资料。

由于哈佛大学论文引用格式的灵活性和易用性，它已经成为了许多高等教育机构和期刊编辑所推荐的引用格式之一。

关于哈佛大学论文引用格式的具体要求和标准，主要包括作者尊称、出版年份、文章题目、期刊名、卷号、页码等。

在引用的需要在文中作出相应的标注，并且在文末列出详细的文献引用列表。

通过这样的规范引用方式，可以清晰地展示出作者引用他人观点和成果的真实性和透明度，同时也给读者提供了充分的查找和验证引用来源的便利。

在学术写作中，准确并规范的引用格式是至关重要的。

它不仅体现了作者的学术诚信和严谨态度，也是对他人智慧和劳动成果的尊重和致谢。

而哈佛大学论文引用格式恰恰满足了这些要求，为科研工作者和学术界提供了一个权威且易用的引用标准。

哈佛大学论文引用格式是一种学术界公认的引用标准，在学术写作和期刊发表中广泛使用。

它的颁布和实施，对于规范学术研究、保障学术诚信和促进学术交流都起到了积极的作用。

我们在学术写作中应该严格遵守哈佛大学论文引用格式，并且要深入理解其背后的学术道德和知识交流的重要性。

哈佛大学论文引用格式作为学术界公认的引用标准，具有其独特的特点和优势。

它要求在引用他人观点和成果时，注重作者尊称、出版年份、文章题目、期刊名、卷号、页码等细节信息，这样可以确保引用的准确性和完整性。

与此哈佛大学论文引用格式还要求在文中进行相应的标注，并在文末列出详细的文献引用列表，这样读者可以方便地查找和验证引用来源，保证论文的可信度和权威性。

维基百科，自由的百科全书哈佛参考文献格式[1]是一种罗列引用的方式，它将引用文献的其中一部分用括号包含起来，放在正文之内。

与之相对的是传统的将参考文献标注于文末（尾注）。

[2][3]目录• 1 参考文献o1.1 引用o1.2 书目• 2 延伸阅读• 3 参见引用[编辑]1. ^Harvard System of Referencing Guide. Anglia RuskinUniversity. 21 May 2012 [4 September 2012].2. ^"Author-date system, Chicago Manual of Style,Williams College Libraries, accessed 25 October 2010.3. ^ Pears, R and Shields, G Cite them right : the essentialreferencing guide (2008) ISBN 978-0-9551216-1-6书目[编辑]•American Psychological Association (2001). Citations in Textof Electronic Material, APA Style.•British Standards Institution (1990). Recommendations forciting and referencing published material, 2nd ed., London:British Standards Institution.•Chernin, Eli (1988). "The 'Harvard system': a mysterydispelled", British Medical Journal. October 22, 1988,pp. 1062–1063.•The Chicago Manual of Style (2003), 15th ed.Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN0-226-10403-6 (hardcover). ISBN0-226-10404-4 (CD-ROM).•Council of Science Editors (2006). Scientific Style and Format: The CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, andPublishers, 7th ed. Reston, VA (USA): CSE.ISBN0-9779665-0-X•Mark, Edward Laurens (1881). Maturation, fecundation, and segmentation of Limax campestris, Binney", Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College,Volume 6.•Modern Language Association of America (2009). The MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 7th ed. NewYork: MLA. ISBN 1-60329-024-9•MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing (2008).Modern Language Association, 3rd edition. ISBN0-87352-297-4•Roediger, Roddy (April 2004). "What should they be called", APS Observer,17 (4), 2009, accessed 11 March2009.•"Lamont Libraries Lead RefWorksWorkshops" (2006). Harvard College Library. •"Research Service Libraries Take Part in PilotProject" (2009). Harvard University Library, February 18,2009, accessed 11 March 2009.•Turabian, Kate L., et al. (2007). A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations. 7th ed.Chicago: University of Chicago Press.ISBN 0-226-82336-9•"Citation Tools" at Harvard Libraries (2008) –Includes hyperlinked "Tool Comparisons: RefWorks, EndNote,Zotero".•American Library Association (ALA) (November 2003). ALA Standards Manual.•Anglia Ruskin University Library (updated 2010). "Harvard System of Referencing Guide".•Mullan, W.M.A. (updated 2010). " Harvard referencegenerator for citing references".•Council of Science Editors (CSE), previously named Councilof Biology Editors (CBE) (2009). "Scientific Style andFormat: Introduction" and"Reference Links"–Includessection on "Grammar and Style" with hyperlinked "Citing theInternet: Formats for Bibliographic Citations".)•Duke University Library (last modified, 2 June 2008). "CitingSources: Documentation Guidelines for Citing Sources andAvoiding Plagiarism"–Provides hyperlinked "CitationGuides" pertaining to the most commonly used citationguidelines, including parenthetical referencing; includes:APA, Chicago, CBE, CSE, MLA, and Turabian styleguidelines.•Harvard College Library (2008). "Research Guides".(Compiled by the Staff of Harvard College Library.)•Harvard College Writing Program, HarvardUniversity (2008). Resources for Students: Guides to UsingSources.•University of Leeds Library (2009). "References and citationsexplained", accessed 25 October 2010.•University of Southern Queensland Library (2008). YourGuide to the Harvard AGPS ReferencingSystem and "Harvard Style (AGPS) - Web sources",accessed 25 October 2010.•Victoria University of Technology (2009). Harvard(AGPS) Style: Harvard (AGPS) Style: A Guide toReferencing Sources Used in Assignments], accessed 25October 2010.•ISO 690•文后参考文献著录规则分类：•文献学。

如何生成harvard参考文献格式哈佛参考文献格式是一种常用的学术写作引用格式，它使用著者-日期引用体系，即在引用的同时标注作者姓名和出版日期。

以下是如何生成哈佛参考文献格式，并给出相关参考内容的指南。

首先，哈佛参考文献格式要求将参考文献按照字母顺序列出，每个参考文献的格式基本相同。

参考文献的基本结构包括：作者姓名，出版日期，文章或书名，以及可能需要的其他元素，如出版商或期刊名称。

1. 书目参考格式：作者姓，作者名. (出版年). 书名. 出版地：出版商。

以下是一个书目参考格式的示例：Smith, J. (2010). The Power of Habit. New York: Random House.2. 期刊文章参考格式：作者姓，作者名. (出版年). 文章标题. 刊物名称，卷号(期号)，页码。

以下是一个期刊文章参考格式的示例：Johnson, L. A., & Smith, P. (2017). The Effects of Exercise on Mental Health. Journal of Health Psychology, 26(2), 135-142。

3. 网页参考格式：网站作者名. (发布日期). 文章标题. 网站名称。

检索日期，来源链接。

以下是一个网页参考格式的示例：Brown, A. (2019). The Importance of Sleep for Students. Health Education Online. Retrieved June 20, 2021, from [来源链接]。

请注意，在生成哈佛参考文献格式时应遵循以下要求和规则：1. 书目和期刊文章引用中的作者姓名按照以下顺序排列：姓，名字首字母。

如果有多个作者，用“&”符号隔开。

2. 在书目和期刊文章引用中，书名或文章标题应用斜体或引号括起来。

3. 书目中的出版地和出版商，文章中的卷号和期号，以及网页中的发布日期和检索日期，都需要用括号括起来。

Information Resources Harvard systemIn-text references,reference lists and bibliographiesStyle manual for authors,Harvard SystemContentsDefinitions4 Annotated bibliography4 Bibliography4 Citation4 Endnote4 Footnote4 In-text reference4 Periodicals5 Reference list5 Introduction5Steps to referencing6Organising a bibliography or reference list7 Writing a bibliography or reference list7 Collecting references7 In-text references8 Using volume and page numbers8 Dates8 One author or one organisation as author8 More than one work9 More than three authors9 Parts of a work written by someone other than the author9 More than one work by the same author9 No author or authoring body—neither a person nor an organisation10 One author citing another author10 Encyclopedias and dictionaries10 Audiovisual material (films,videos,television and radio programs) and CD-ROMs10 Web pages10 Unpublished works11 Personal communications,including email11Reference lists and bibliographies11 Books111.Book with one author122.Book with two or three authors123.Book with organisation as author124.Book with government department as author125.Book with more than three authors126.Book with no author127.Book with an editor138.Book in a series139.Book known by a short title e.g.The Henderson report1310.More than one place of publication1311.Chapter or article from a book1312.Entries in an encyclopedia13Periodicals141.Articles with an author142.Articles with no author143.Individual volumes/issues14plete run of a periodical155.Newspaper articles156.Reviews of books,films,television,performances etc.157.Annual reports16Conference papers—published proceedings16 Australian Bureau of Statistics documents16 Acts of Parliament16 Standards17 Audiovisual material171.Videorecording e.g.videotapes172.Sound recording e.g.discs,tapes,reels,cassettes173.Slides174.Kit binations of media such as audiocassette plus printed material185.Radio and television broadcasts18Pamphlets,leaflets etc.18 Unpublished sources of information191.Unpublished documents:diaries,personal papers,reports etc.192.Personal letters,interviews,conversations19Electronic resources20 Page numbers on the web20 Dates20 Articles in online databases201.Article with an author212.Article without an author213.Conference paper21Articles from online journals21 Reports from online databases22 Articles from online encyclopedias22 Extract from an online book22 Table from an online book22 Web pages221.Web document with an author232.Web page without an author233.Web page of a company or organisation234.Australian standards online235.Australian Bureau of Statistics documents online23Email241.Email with permission to cite the email address242.Email without permission to cite the email address24Other electronic resources24 Personal bibliographic software25 Cite while you write25 Webpages25 Management of qualitative data and electronic text25 Nvivo home page25 Further reading26 Standard abbreviations used in referencing27DefinitionsAnnotated bibliographya bibliography in which each citation is accompanied by a note that describes,explains orevaluates the publication referred to.Annotations may cover such characteristics as scope, level,bias,style,relevance and credibility.Bibliographya list of books,articles and other sources of information having some relationship to eachother—usually those which you have consulted and found useful in your research.It mayinclude items which you have not referred to directly in the text of your essay or report.Citationformal description of a book,article or other information source containing all details essential for correct identification of the item.Sometimes called a ‘reference’ by the Harvard system.Abbreviated citations are used for in-text references.Endnotelike a footnote,but placed at the end of the essay,report or chapter.Footnotea note placed at the bottom of a page on which a reference or citation occurs in the text.A number is placed in the text to indicate the cited work and again at the bottom of the samepage in front of the footnote.In the Harvard system footnotes may be used for explanatory additions to the main text but are not used to give bibliographic information.In the Footnote/endnote system,footnotes are used to acknowledge the sources of specific pieces of information,both direct quotations from the source or statements in your own words that paraphrase the author’s ideas.In-text referenceused in the Harvard system to give a brief acknowledgment of the source of a specific piece of information within the main text of an essay or report.It may be placed in bracketsimmediately following the relevant passage,or fully integrated into the text.In-text references must be accompanied by a reference list giving complete details of the works cited.Periodicalspublications that are produced at regular intervals,such as magazines,journals and newspapers.Reference lista list of books,articles and other information sources that you have referred to directly (cited)in the text of your essay or report.This is used with the Harvard system.No additional items are included in a reference list,even those you found broadly relevant to your research.Note:Sometimes you may provide both a reference list and a bibliography (or annotatedbibliography) with your essay or report.IntroductionThis guide is designed to help you document the sources of information you use for yourassignments.The style used in this guide is the Harvard system,which is also sometimes called the author-date system or the name-year system.It is based on the AustralianGovernment style guide,Style manual for authors,editors and printers2002,revised bySnooks and Co,6th edn,John Wiley & Sons,Milton,Qld which can give you furtherinformation and more examples.There are many different citation styles.You can viewa guide to some online resources on the Library’s infogate Styles for reference lists andbibliographies at:.au/lib/infogate/citing.htmYour department may give you instructions about how to cite resources,but if not,you can follow the guidelines given here.There are several important reasons for citing sources of information you have used:1.You must acknowledge any ideas or information you have obtained from other writers.If you do not let your reader know that ideas or information presented in your workare actually the work of other people,this is plagiarism for which you can bepenalised.2.Ideas and information that originally appeared in other works will help you tosubstantiate the statements you make in your assignment.3.Your readers may wish to find out more about the subject of your work by readingsome of the books,articles and other information sources you have used.Steps to referencingStep 1:When you are collecting information,you should record all bibliographic details.In the case of a book,bibliographic details refer to information like author or editor,date of publication,title,edition (if not the first),volume number (if from a multi-volume work), publisher and place of publication.In the case of a journal article,it refers to author of the article,year of publication,title of the article,journal title,volume number,issue number and page number on which the article appears.Step 2:Cite the reference at the appropriate place within the text of the assignment.Step 3:Provide either a bibliography or a reference list at the end of the assignment.Steps 2 and 3 involve listing citations using an accepted format.This guide tells you which information you need to include in citations (references) for most sources of information (books,articles,audiovisual material,web pages etc.) and how to set out that information by following the examples given.One widely used format,the Harvard system,is described in this guide.Ask your instructor if your school or department prefers this system.Remember,if you are having any problems with writing reference,ask for help from:I the librarian at the Consultation DeskI your teacher or supervisor in the relevant subjectsI language support teachers at the Access Department.Organising a bibliography or reference listWriting a bibliography or reference listAlways be consistent.The following points may seem pedantic details but they can beimportant in interpreting a reference.a)Always assemble the information (e.g.author,title,publisher etc.) in the same order.b) Be consistent in your use of punctuation.c)Be consistent in your use of capital letters.d)Observe the conventions on italics,underlining etc.which help to distinguish booksfrom articles:I italics for the title of a book (or videotape,periodical or recording)I enclose the title of an article in single quotation marksNote: Underlining may be used instead of italics,however,using italics is now usuallypreferred because of the predominance of wordprocessors and personal computerswhich produce clear unambiguous italics.Underlined references can be confused withhypertext links on the Internet.Underlining is mostly used with handwritten ortypewritten material.e) Arrange your list of references in a clearly distinguishable order.A single sequencearranged alphabetically by the first letter of each item (author’s name or title) is themost common.Alternatives include:I alphabetical within groups according to subject (e.g.a bibliography on mass mediadivided into general,television and radio)I alphabetical within groups according to form (e.g.books,periodicals,audiovisual)Collecting referencesAs you find your information sources it is a good idea to record the references in full.It takes less time to write out the reference in full the first time,even if you decide not to use it,than to find the necessary information at the last minute when your assignment is due.If you have used several libraries it is a good idea to note where you found your source,as well as its call number in that library.This information is not included in the bibliography or reference list with your assignment,but will help you to find the material again if necessary.Staff and post-graduate students should read about Personal bibliographic software on p.25,and Management of qualitative data and electronic text on p.25.In-text referencesIn the Harvard system,you place brief references in the text of your essay or report toacknowledge the source of the information you have quoted or discussed.These briefreferences are called in-text references,or sometimes they are called in-text citations,textual references or textual citations.In-text references must be accompanied by areference list that gives full details of the works cited.The reference list comes at the end of your essay or report and is headed ‘References’.Generally,an in-text reference comprises the author’s surname and the year of publication.Additional details such as page numbers,volume numbers and authors’ initials should be used when necessary to avoid confusion.Direct quotations should always be acknowledged with a page number.e.g.David Miller asks,‘what does each of us,individually,owe to other human beings,regardless of their cultural make-up,or their citizenship,or their place of residence?’(Miller 2000,p.174)Using volume and page numbersIf it is necessary to specify a volume or page in an in-text reference—for example if the work is very long,these may be useful for a reader—add these details after the publication year: (Barr 1977,p.77)Barr (1995,p.29) described…(Russell 1969,vol.3,p.138)See note on Page numbers on the web on p.20.DatesSometimes a publication year cannot be found.As the Harvard system is based on thecombination of author and date,one of the following substitutes should be used:n.d.=no known datec.1995 = circa 1995 (i.e.an approximate date)?1995 = a dubious dateforthcoming = a work to be published shortlyOne author or one organisation as authorThe name and year may be placed in brackets at the end of the relevant clause or sentence.e.g.These changes were noticed more than a decade ago (Barr 1995).Alternatively,the author’s surname may be integrated into the text,followed immediately by the year,in brackets.e.g.Barr (1995) was one of the first to draw attention to these changes.If the author is an organisation,use the name of the organisation.e.g.The management of medications for the elderly in aged care facilities receivedgreater attention in 2000 (Australian Pharmaceutical Advisory Council 2000).More than one workMore than one work may be cited in a single reference:(Parsaye & Chignell 1988; Simons 1985)Note the authors are presented in alphabetical order—P before S.or Parsaye and Chignell (1988),and Simons (1985) describe how…Note that when two authors of a work are incorporated in the text the word ‘and’ is used rather than an ampersand (&).More than three authorsWhen a work has more than three authors,the in-text reference shows the name of the first listed author and then the abbreviation ‘et al.’,which means ‘and others’:(Gajski et al.1993)However,the names of all the authors should be given in the reference list.Parts of a work written by someone other than the authorWhen someone other than the author writes part of a work,such as a preface or introduction, give both names.Block (in Gallway 2000) claimed…(Block,in Gallway 2000)In the reference list show details of the work in which the contribution,or part of the work, appeared.In this case it would be:Gallway,WT 2000,The inner game of work,Random House,New York.More than one work by the same authorWhen you refer to more than one work by the same author,list the publication years in chronological e lower-case letters to distinguish between works published in the same year (also include these in the list of references).e.g.(Barr 1977,1995)(Robertson 1988a,1988b)Robertson (1984,1988b) showed that…No author or authoring body—neither a person nor an organisationSometimes a work has no identifiable author.In this case,substitute the title of the book, article or web page for the author’s name—don’t use ‘Anonymous’ or ‘Anon’.e.g.…in seventeenth century England (On travelling to London1683)(Age11 Oct.1989,p.10)Reform to drug laws was discussed but rejected by the Harm Minimisation Committee (Drugs and the law,2002)In Drugs and the law(2002) it was claimed that reform to drug laws…One author citing another authorWhen one author cites another author’s work,use all the authors’ names.e.g.Chambliss and Ryther (cited in Liazos 1985) reported…(Chambliss & Ryther,cited in Liazos 1985)‘English as Charlton Laird has noted,is the only language that has,or needs,books of synonyms like Roget’s Thesaurus.“Most speakers of other languages are not awarethat such books exist.”’ (Laird cited in Bryson 1990)In the reference list give details of the citing author:Liazos A 1985 Sociology:a liberating perspective,Allyn and Bacon,London.Encyclopedias and dictionariesIf there is an author for an article from an encyclopedia,use the author-date method already described.For a dictionary entry or an encyclopedia article with no author,provide in-text information like this:The Macquarie dictionary(2001) defines it as…(The Australian Oxford English dictionary1999)Audiovisual material (films,videos,television and radio programs) and CD-ROMs Provide the title of the item in italics and the datee.g.(Japanese language and people1991)In the film Charlotte Grey(2002) the French Resistance fighters were portrayed…Web pagesIf there is an author for a web page,use the author-date method already described.e.g.(Done 2002)If there is no author,use the title of the web page.e.g.(The senior dogs project2002)Unpublished worksIf there is an author for an unpublished work,use the author-date method already described.e.g.(Florey 1925)If there is no author,use the title of the unpublished work.e.g.(Using online databases 2002)Personal communications,including emailPersonal communications include conversations,interviews,telephone calls,emails andletters.As personal communications may not appear in a reference list unless your essay or report is based mainly on personal communications,your in-text reference should make it clear what kind of communication you have usede.g.In a letter dated 29 May 1986,AD Francis,wrote…The bus came to rest at the bottom of the hill on top of Mr HG Birtles (AD Francis1986,pers comm.,29 May).In an email dated 15 January 2003,Annette Steere wrote…The pie eating competition was a great success (A Steere 2003,email,15 January)Reference lists and bibliographiesIn the Harvard system the author and the publication year form the link between in-textreferences and the reference list.In the list of references the same citation details as in a bibliography are included.The citation details are arranged to clarify the link with in-textreferences.BooksFor books,the following information is given,in this order:a)Author(s)—either a person or an institution—or editor(s)b) Year of publicationSee note on Dates on p.8c) Title—plus the subtitle if there is oned) Title of series and volume number—if applicablee) Edition—if it is not the firstf) Publisherg) Place of publication—cityYou can find this information on the imprint page of the book itself (i.e.the page immediately following the title page) or from the entry in the library catalogue.The following examples illustrate how to set out references for a variety of books in a reference list or bibliography.Usually the author’s name comes first.Put the family name (surname) first,then initials of the given or personal names.No full stops and no spaces are used with people’s initials.Book titles are e minimal capitalisation for book titles.You should use only the author’s initials in your reference list,regardless of how his or her name is presented in the book.Sometimes you can use an author’s full name if it will help your readers to recognise the author e.g.Phillip Adams could appear in a reference list as Adams,Phillip.Use an ampersand (&) between two authors’ names rather than the word ‘and’.If you know some information for a reference,but it is not on the item itself,you can include it in a square bracket e.g.[Sydney].You may find this sort of information in a library catalogue.1.Book with one authorler,D 2000,Citizenship and national identity,Polity,Cambridge.2.Book with two or three authorse.g.Brown,PH & Broeske,PH 1996,Howard Hughes:the untold story,Dutton,New York.3.Book with organisation as authore.g.Australian Society of CPAs 1993,Accounting software in Australia 1993:the CPAsguide to accounting software,Prentice Hall of Australia,Sydney.4.Book with government department as authore.g.Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade 2002,Australia-China:a photographic record:to commemorate the 30th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relationsbetween Australia and the People’s Republic of China:1972–2002,Department ofForeign Affairs and Trade,Canberra.5.Book with more than three authorsNames should be cited in the order they appear on the title page.Gajski,DD,Vahid,F,Narayan,S &Gong,J 1994,Specification and design ofembedded systems,PTR Prentice Hall,Englewood Cliffs,New Jersey.6.Book with no authorUse the title of the work.Training Australians:a better way of working:27 case studies from leading Australian organisations of their best training strategies1990,Business Council of Australia,Melbourne.7.Book with an editore.g.Brown,C (ed.) 1996,Indonesia:dealing with a neighbour,Allen & Unwin in associationwith Australian Institute of International Affairs,St Leonards,NSW.8.Book in a seriesList the name of the series after the title of the work.Stoddard,KM 1983,Saints and shrews:women and aging in American popular film,Contributions in women’s studies,no.39,Greenwood Press,Westport,Connecticut.9.Book known by a short title e.g.The Henderson reportThe reference list must contain a cross-reference to the formal author of the work,and the full document information must be given under the formal entry.e.g.Henderson report—see Commission of Inquiry into Poverty 1975Commission of Inquiry into Poverty 1975,Poverty in Australia,first main report,(Prof.RF Henderson,chairman),Australian Government Publishing Service,Canberra.10.More than one place of publicationIf more than one place of publication is listed,use only the first-listed place.11.Chapter or article from a bookGive the details of the chapter or article first,then the details of the publication in which it appeared.Enclose the title of the chapter or article in single quotation marks.e.g.Hesketh,B & Rounds,J 1995,‘International cross-cultural approaches to careerdevelopment’,in WB Walsh & SH Osipow (eds),Handbook of vocational psychology:theory,research,and practice,2nd edn,Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.,Mahwah,New Jersey.12.Entries in an encyclopediae.g.Tran,M 2001,‘Swedish massage’,The Gale encyclopedia of alternative medicine,vol.4,Gale Group,Farmington Hills,Michigan,pp.1668–1670.‘Puma’ 1998,The new encyclopaedia Britannica,15th edn,vol.9,EncyclopaediaBritannica,Chicago,p.796.For an example of an article in an online encyclopedia see p.22.PeriodicalsMaximal capitalisation is used for the titles of periodicals.For all other titles,capitalisationis minimal.Periodical titles are italicised.In general you will find that all the issues of a magazine or journal published in one year are collectively called a volume and may be given a volume number.An issue number or the name of a month or season may identify each issue within that volume.Inspect the periodical carefully as it may have an entirely individual numbering system.1.Articles with an authorFor articles in journals and magazines,include the following information:a) Author(s)—if givenb) Year of publicationc) Title of article—enclose title in single quotation marksd) Title of periodicale) Place of publication (city)—only if there are 2 or more periodicals with the same titlef) Volume and/or issue numberg) Day,month and season—if applicableh) Page number(s)e.g.Salusinszky,I1995,‘Thomas Keneally:my part in his downfall’,Quadrant,vol.39,no.10,October,pp.23–26.2.Articles with no author‘Calcium levels control human vision’ 1988,New Scientist,no.1636,29 October,p.34.3.Individual volumes/issuesFor a single issue or a limited run,the following details are sufficient:a) Title—plus subtitle if there is oneb) Year of publicationc) Volume and/or issue number(s)d) Month and day of month or season—if applicablee.g.Overland,1983,no.93,December.Futures:the Journal of Forecasting and Planning,1986–1989,vols.18–21.plete run of a periodicalIf you need to write a reference for a complete run of a currently published periodical, include the following information:a) Title—plus subtitle if there is oneb) Date(s) of publicationc) Name of publisherd) Place of publication (city,state)e) Volume and/or issue number(s)f) Frequency of publicatione.g.The Australian Accountant,1936–,Australian Society of Certified PracticingAccountants,Melbourne,vol.1–,Monthly.‘1936–’ and ‘vol.1–’ means that the first issue appeared in 1936 and the periodical is still being published.5.Newspaper articlesReplace the volume/issue number by the day and month:e.g.Hogan,R1996,‘Investors weigh implications for $A’,Australian Financial Review,1August,p.6.‘A welcome lowering of rates’ 1996,The Australian,1 August,p.10.6.Reviews of books,films,television,performances etc.Include:a) Name of reviewerb) Yearc) Title of the reviewd) Description of what is being reviewed and its authore) Periodical in which the review appearedf) Day and month—if applicableg) Page numberse.g.Carroll,S 2002,‘The stuff of theatre’,review of Double act:a life of Tom Stoppardby Ira Nadel,The Age,28 September,Saturday Extra,p.8.‘Saturday Extra’ before the page number indicates a special independently numbered section of the newspaper.7.Annual reportsThese are not periodicals in the usual sense,but are important regular publications ofgovernment bodies,companies and other organisations.A reference for an annual report should include:a) Name of organisationb)Date of publication—if applicablec)Short descriptive titled)Year(s) coverede.g.Department of Transport and Regional Services 2001,Annual report 2000–2001,Canberra.Foster’s Brewing Group 1998,Annual Report 1998.For an example of an online annual report,see p.23 under 3.Web page of a company or organisation.Conference papers—published proceedingsPapers presented at conferences and similar gatherings are often collected and published by the organisation that arranged the conference.A reference to a published conference paper is similar to one for a chapter or article from a book.Note that the place and year that the papers were published is included,while the place and date that the conference was held are omitted (unless these form part of the title of the proceedings).DuPont,B 1974,‘Bone marrow transplantation in severe combined immunodeficiency with an unrelated MLC compatible donor’,Proceedings of the third annual meeting of theInternational Society for Experimental Hematology,International Society for Experimental Hematology,Houston,Texas,pp.44–6.Pockley,P 1987,‘National programs for promoting public understanding of science and technology:progress,problems and prospects’,ANZAAS Congress Papers,no.56,paper 76.Australian Bureau of Statistics documentsInclude the ABS catalogue number after the title.Australian Bureau of Statistics 1991,Work patterns of women,cat.no.6204.2,ABS,Canberra. For examples of Australian Bureau of Statistics documents online see p.23.Acts of ParliamentAdd the name of the jurisdiction in brackets after the title of the act.Electoral Act 2002(Vic).StandardsStandards Australia defines a standard as ‘a published document which sets out technical specifications or other criteria necessary to ensure that a material or method will consistently do the job it is intended to do’.For standards,the following information is given,in this order:a)Author(s)b)Year of publicationc)Titled)Standard Numbere)Publisherf)Place of publicatione.g.Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 1987,IEEE standard for software userdocumentation,(ANSI/IEEE 1063–1987),IEEE,New York.Standards Association of Australia 1992,Marking of overhead cables for low-levelflying,(AS 3891.2–1992),Standards Australia,Homebush,NSW.For an example of an online Australian standard see p.23.Audiovisual materialYou may need to write a reference for a videotape,DVD,TV program etc.It is similar to a book e the label on the item or the library catalogue to find the information you need. Include the following details:a) Author (if there is one)b) Year of productionc) Titled) Format (use a general term such as ‘sound recording’)e) Name of producer/directorf) Place of production1.Videorecording e.g.videotapese.g.Murnau,FW 1984,Nosferatu the Vampire (Dracula)[videorecording],Video Yesteryear,Sandy Hook,Conn.2.Sound recording e.g.discs,tapes,reels,cassettese.g.Jane Knowles1996 [sound recording],ABC Radio Tapes,Sydney.3.Slidese.g.Birnstihl,H 1980,Emotions[slide],Northside Productions,North Melbourne.。

英文论文引用格式：HarvardReference格式----英国翰思教育Harvard Reference格式是英国学校学生用来写英文论文的一种引用格式；使用率相比其它引用格式较普遍一些。

那么如何使用Harvard Reference格式进行引用呢？Hansedu老师带你认识哈佛引用格式。

Harvard Reference格式包括两种类型：1. 直接引用或解释源时，使用正文引用；它们位于作品的正文中，并包含完整引用的片段。

根据来源类型的不同，哈佛大学参考文献中的一些引文可能如下所示：“After that I lived like a young rajah in all the capitals of Europe…”(Fitzgerald, 2004).2. 参考资料列表位于工作结束，显示完整的引用，用于分配中使用的来源。

以下是哈佛参考书目中一本书的完整引用例子：Fitzgerald, F. (2004). The great Gatsby. New York: Scribner.Harvard Reference格式参考列表是为了让读者自己定位原始资料而创建的。

引用列表中的每个引用包括各种信息，包括：作者姓名发表年份标题城市出版出版者引用内容的页码通常，哈佛参考文献列表引用遵循以下格式：姓，首字母。

（发表年份）标题。

城市：出版商，页面。

引文按照作者姓氏的字母顺序列出。

如果同一作者有多个来源，则在出版之日前按照顺序列出引文。

引用两个或两个以上作者的书的Harvard格式引用具有多个作者的引文时，请按照它们在来源上的显示顺序进行排列。

用“和”来分隔名字。

姓，首字母和姓氏，第一首。

（发表年份）标题。

城市：出版商，页面。

例：Desikan, S. and Ramesh, G. (2006). Software testing. Bangalore, India: Dorling Kindersley, p.156.Vermaat, M., Sebok, S., Freund, S., Campbell, J. and Frydenberg, M. (2014). Discovering computers. Boston: Cengage Learning, pp.446-448.Daniels, K., Patterson, G. and Dunston, Y. (2014). The ultimate student teaching guide. 2nd ed. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications, pp.145-151.Harvard Reference格式参考文献列表当同一作者有多件作品时，按年份排列引用次序。

reference list的格式
参考文章1和2提供了两种不同的reference list格式，分别是Harvard和Chicago。

这两种格式在引用方式和参考文献的组织上有所不同。

在Harvard格式中，参考文献列表是按作者字母顺序排列的。

如果没有作者，则按标题引用，并按照标题的第一个重要单词列在按字母顺序排列的列表中。

该列表通常放在作品的末尾，使用逗号来分隔每个引用项目。

对于同一作者的多个作品，会按时间顺序列出，从最早出版的作品开始。

对于电子来源，使用尖括号将Web地址/URL与引用的其余部分隔离开来。

在Chicago格式中，正文中会按引用先后顺序连续编排序号，并在该页底以脚注（Footnotes）或在文末以尾注（Endnotes）形式注明出处，或在文末单列参考文献项，以Bibliography为标题。

这种格式也要求至少有4个或5个参考文献（对于1000字的文章），而2000字的文章需要10个左右参考文献。

以上内容仅供参考，建议查阅专业文献获取更准确的信息。

APA引用格式说明一、正文中引用标注格式要求● 正文中引用的内容后标注为（作者姓，出版年，页码），如：Even Einstein recoiled from the implication of quantum mechanics that reality is an illusion (Gribbin, 1984, p.2) .注：如文内已出现作者名，括号里就只要加出版年和页码，如In a recent study Harvey (1993, p.2) argued that ...● 当直接引用的原话超过三行以上时，引文须另起一行，左右各缩进3个字符，并用斜体书写，不需用引号，在引文结束处将页码放入小括号内。

比如，Paine etal.(1983) added that good praise follows the “if-then” rule:The “if-then rule” states that if thestudent is doing something you want toencourage—something youwant to see the student do again or domore oftenin the future (and if you aresure that that is what the student is doing)—then(and onlythen) you should praise the student for it(p.46).二、文尾 References页格式要求● 按作者姓的首字母顺序排列引用，网页引用放在最后● References页不会添加的话，请在如下网址自动生成。

MLA引用格式说明一、正文中引用标注格式要求● 正文中引用的内容后标注为（作者姓页码），如Naiman et al. (49-52) found a similar relationship, although in this case ‘ effort’ on the part of the learners was also associated withinstrumental motivation (Ellis 512).注意：MLA 格式不加年代，只加作者姓和页码，没有逗号。

harvard 中文文献引用格式
哈佛引文格式是一种常用的引用格式，它要求在文中引用时使
用作者姓氏和出版年份的方式，并在文末列出完整的参考文献。

对
于中文文献的引用，哈佛格式的一般规则如下：
在正文中引用时，应该使用作者姓氏和出版年份的方式，例如，“据李明（2010）的研究显示……”或者“……（李明，2010）”。

在参考文献列表中，中文文献的格式应包括作者的姓氏和名字
的缩写，出版年份，文章或书名，期刊名或书名，卷号，期号，页码。

例如：
书籍引用格式：
姓氏，名字缩写（出版年）书名。

出版地，出版社。

期刊文章引用格式：
姓氏，名字缩写（出版年）文章题目。

期刊名，卷号（期号），页码。

网页引用格式：
姓氏，名字缩写（出版年）文章题目。

网站名。

取自网址。

需要注意的是，参考文献列表中的中文文献应按照作者姓氏的拼音顺序排列，如果同一作者有多篇文献，应按照出版年份进行排序。

总之，哈佛格式的中文文献引用需要在正文中使用作者姓氏和出版年份的方式引用，同时在参考文献列表中按照一定的格式列出完整的引用信息。

希望这些信息能够帮助到你。

哈佛引用格式会议
说明具体内容的应用格式之前，哈佛引用格式还有一些基本要求。

1、文中引用与参考文献
所有在文章中引用的文献（除字典与百科全书之外），都需要在最后的参考文献列表中附上来源信息，包括作者、出版日期、来源标题等。

2、是否大写
哈佛引用格式并不强制要求参考文献作者姓名大写，大写与否取决于个人习惯。

但是为了保持文章一致，如果采用大写形式，所有的作者姓名都要大写，反之亦然。

3、斜体和下划线
文献的标题可以采用斜体或是下划线形式，两者中任选一个都行。

同理，选择了其中一个，所有的标题也要用相同的形式。

在后面的实例中，学姐就统一采用了斜体的形式。

4、文献排序问题
参考文献列表的排序按照作者姓名的首字母顺序排列，假如没有作者，按来源标题进行排序。

注意，如果标题第一个单词是a、an或the这三个，以第二个单词首字母为准。

如果同一作者有多本作品，则按发表日期排序；如果同一年份中的作品，则按标题字母顺序排列，并在日期之后附上字母（a、b、c等）表示先后
5、文献之间空行
最后的参考文献列表中，不同文献之间需要空一行。

哈佛引用中文文献
哈佛引用是一种参考文献的注释体系，起源于美国学术界，常用于社会科学和人文学科的论文中。

在哈佛引用体系中，对于中文文献的引用需要注意以下几点：
1.作者姓名：中文文献的作者姓名需要按照中文的习惯进行排列，即姓前名后，例如“李华”应该写为“华李”。

2.出版年份：出版年份需要用括号括起来，并紧跟在作者姓名后面，例如“(2008)”。

3.文献标题：文献标题应该用斜体表示，并在标题后面加上句点。

4.刊物名称：刊物名称需要用斜体表示，并在名称后面加上句点。

5.卷号和页码：如果文献有卷号和页码，需要在刊物名称后面加上卷号和页码，并用括号括起来。

下面是一个哈佛引用中文文献的示例：
李华.(2008). 中国经济发展研究. 《经济研究》(3), 56-62.。

英文参考文献著录常用格式伦敦模式《英文参考文献著录常用格式伦敦模式》是一种常见的参考文献著录方式，也称为哈佛模式或作者-日期模式。

该模式最初由伦敦大学学院图书馆发明，现已成为国际上广泛采用的参考文献著录方式之一。

本文将详细介绍该模式的基本规则及其应用。

一、基本规则1. 书写格式伦敦模式要求在文中引用参考文献时，必须注明作者姓名和出版年份，如(作者, 出版年份)。

如果引用的是直接引语，则还需注明引用页码，如(作者, 出版年份, 页码)。

在参考文献列表中，按照作者姓氏的字母顺序排列，同一作者的多篇文献按照出版年份顺序排列，出版年份相同的按照标题字母顺序排列。

2. 作者姓名在伦敦模式中，作者姓名的格式为：姓氏+名字缩写。

如果是多个作者，则用“and”连接，如果是三个或以上的作者，则只需列出第一个作者的姓名，后面加上“et al.”。

如果没有作者，则使用出版机构或组织名称代替。

3. 出版年份在伦敦模式中，出版年份必须标明，一般放在作者姓名后面，用括号括起来。

如果没有出版年份，则用“无日期”代替。

4. 文献类型在伦敦模式中，不同类型的文献有不同的著录格式，如书籍、期刊、报纸、网页等。

一般来说，书籍的著录格式为：作者.书名.出版地：出版社，出版年份。

期刊文章的著录格式为：作者.文章标题.期刊名，出版年份，卷号(期号)：页码。

其他类型的文献也有相应的著录格式。

二、应用范围伦敦模式广泛应用于学术论文、科研报告、学位论文等文献中。

在这些文献中，经常需要引用其他文献，以支持自己的观点或证明自己的研究成果。

因此，正确地使用伦敦模式，可以使引用的文献更加规范、准确，也可以避免抄袭和侵权的问题。

三、注意事项1. 引用时要注意准确性在使用伦敦模式时，要注意引用的文献必须准确无误。

特别是对于期刊文章等多作者文献，要仔细核对每个作者的姓名和出版年份，避免出现错误。

2. 参考文献列表要精细排版在参考文献列表中，要注意精细排版，包括字体、字号、行距、缩进、间距等方面。