哈佛商学院英文参考文献格式

harvard references style参考文献格式引言概述：Harvard引用风格是一种常用的学术写作引用格式，被广泛应用于各个领域的研究论文和学术著作中。

本文将详细介绍Harvard引用风格的参考文献格式，包括正文内容和总结。

正文内容：1. 正文引用格式1.1 书籍：作者姓氏，作者名字的首字母缩写（年份），书名，出版地点，出版社。

1.2 期刊文章：作者姓氏，作者名字的首字母缩写（年份），文章标题，期刊名，卷号（期号），页码。

1.3 学位论文：作者姓氏，作者名字的首字母缩写（年份），论文标题，学位论文类型，学校名称。

1.4 网络资源：作者姓氏，作者名字的首字母缩写（年份），文章标题，网站名称，获取日期，URL链接。

2. 引用的标注方式2.1 书籍：在引用的句子结尾处用括号标注作者姓氏和年份。

2.2 期刊文章：在引用的句子结尾处用括号标注作者姓氏和年份，同时注明页码。

2.3 学位论文：在引用的句子结尾处用括号标注作者姓氏和年份。

2.4 网络资源：在引用的句子结尾处用括号标注作者姓氏和年份，同时注明获取日期。

3. 多作者引用3.1 两位作者：同时标注两位作者的姓氏和年份。

3.2 三位或更多作者：标注第一位作者的姓氏，后加"等"或"et al."，再加年份。

4. 引用同一作者的多个作品4.1 同一年份的多个作品：在年份后加小写字母区分，如(2019a)、(2019b)。

4.2 不同年份的多个作品：分别标注不同的年份。

5. 间接引用和引用页码5.1 间接引用：在引用的句子结尾处用括号标注原作者姓氏和年份，同时注明"引自"和引用的文献。

5.2 引用页码：在引用的句子结尾处用括号标注作者姓氏、年份和页码。

总结：综上所述，Harvard引用风格是一种常用的学术写作引用格式，其参考文献格式包括书籍、期刊文章、学位论文和网络资源。

在引用时，需要注意标注方式和多作者引用的处理。

Referencing your work usingHarvardA printable copy of the on-line referencing toolVersion (1.3 – 30/09/2008)ContentsReferencing Books 3Journals7 Referencing10MediaElectronicReferencingresources 13 ElectronicReferencingReferencing Government and Official Documents 1719ResourcesReferencingOtherSecondary Referencing 23quotes 24 directReferencingBooksJournalsElectronic mediaElectronic resourcesReferencing Government and Official DocumentsOther resourcesSecondary ReferencingIf you are reading a source by one author (in our example McKechnie (1998)) and they cite or quote work by another author (in our example Wing, Lee and Chen (1994)) you may in turn cite or quote the original work (e.g. that of Wing et al. (1994)) as a SECONDARY REFERENCE.It is always best practice to try and locate the original reference and secondary references should only be used if it is difficult to access the original work. You must remember that in a secondary reference you are seeing the original author's work from someone else's perspective.This panel shows you how to reference a secondary or indirect reference type. It should be used in conjunction with the guidelines demonstrated in the referencing tool for the appropriate referencing types used.Direct QuotesThis panel shows you how to reference a direct quotation. It should be used in conjunction with the guidelines demonstrated in the referencing tool for the appropriate referencing types used.Do not confuse quotations with citations. A citation is the practice of referring to the work of other authors in the text of your assignments.A direct quotation is where you copy the exact words used by an author and place them unaltered directly into your work. Direct quotations need to be in quotation marks as shown in the example here.。

参考文献harvard格式参考文献是任何学术论文的必要组成部分。

在学术写作中，参考文献被用来证明你的论点，支撑你的观点，以及为论文提供更多的上下文和信息。

正确的参考文献格式对学术研究的成果和文献传递至关重要。

本文将介绍参考文献 Harvad 格式，并提供相关参考文献的示例。

一、什么是 Harvad 格式Harvad 格式是一种常用的参考文献格式，在学术界使用广泛。

它不仅提供了对作者、出版日期、标题等重要信息的引用，也提供了书籍、文章、电影等不同类型的文献来源的引用方法。

Harvad 格式包括在正文引用时使用括号，以及在参考文献列表中给出更完整的引用。

二、如何使用 Harvad 格式使用 Harvad 格式时，你需要在正文中引用文献，然后在文末提供更完整的引用详细信息。

引用的一般格式是：作者姓氏，出版年份，文章标题，出版物信息。

在正文中，你需要使用如下格式引用文献：（作者姓氏，出版年份）例如：在一篇论文中，你引用了威尔逊（1999）的研究，你的正文引用应该是这样的：“威尔逊（1999）在他的研究中指出……”在参考文献列表中，你需要提供更完整的引用信息，常见的格式包括：1. 书籍：作者姓氏，名字。

出版年份。

标题。

出版地：出版社。

例如：赵明。

2005年。

《小说创作手记》。

北京：人民文学出版社。

2. 文章：作者姓氏，名字。

发表年份。

文章标题。

期刊名，期号，页码。

例如：王东，朱洪涛。

2010年。

《激光在石油钻采中的应用》。

石油学报，31(3)，345-350。

3. 报告：组织。

发表年份。

报告名称。

发表地：发表机构。

例如：国家教育部。

2012年。

《2011年全国教育发展统计公报》。

北京：中国教育出版社。

三、参考文献 Harvad 格式的优点1. 简单易学：Harvad 格式的引用通常简短明了，容易掌握。

2. 资料类型广泛：Harvad 格式可以引用各种类型的参考文献，从书籍到文章、报告和网站等。

3. 规范明确：Harvad 格式提供了明确的格式要求，避免了格式繁琐或者不规范的问题。

A brief guide to the Harvard System∙ A bibliographical reference should contain sufficient information for you or someone else to trace the information sources you have used.∙It indicates that you have considered appropriate authorities and evidence in your work∙It acknowledges the work of others in contributing to your work.∙The same set of rules and grammar (colons and commas) should be followed every time you cite a reference (consistency).∙Note – you ought to follow the convention of referencing dictated by your school or tutor, normally the Harvard system.The Harvard system has two main components. Firstly there is the in-text reference. Fore each item of evidence that you use from an external source (a book, a journal article etc.) there is an entry that includes the author‟s family name and the y ear of the publication (source) that the information comes from. Note that for a quotation there will also be the page number for the page that the quotation came from.This works in conjunction with the second element which is known as a reference list (sometimes known as a Bibliography). This is an alphabetical list (by the author‟s last name) which includes the full bibliographical details of the book which would enable the reader to find that source if they so wished. The in-text reference to the autho r‟s last name can be looked up in this list and the full detail found. As you can see then, the system requires both element of in-text reference and reference list to work. Examples of how to do both elements are shown below.∙All material taken from another writer‟s work should be acknowledged, whether the work is directly quoted, paraphrased or summarised.∙Not referencing = Plagiarism∙Plagiarism = a fancy word for stealingCitations in the text should give th e author‟s name with the year of publication, then all references should be listed in alphabetical order at the end of thepaper/dissertation as laid out below.For a single authorIn a study by Murthoo (1999) treatment compliance was examined…..In a study (Seedhouse, 1997) treatment compliance was examined ….When an author has published more than one cited document in the same year these are differentiated by adding lower cased letters after the year within the brackets.Beattie (2000a) argued that public health issues were igno red…Two authors:In the book by Kearney and Rainwater (2001) ….More than two authors:Singer et al (1996) contend that ….If more than one citation is referred to within a sentence, list them all in the following form, by date and then alphabetically:There are indications that childhood poverty is a strong predictor of later morbidity (Wybourn and Hudson, 2002; Acheson, 1998; Lewis 1998)Online sources:When referencing a web page in your text it should be the Author and Year that you put in brackets and not the web page address or URL. Sometimes the author may be the organisation that publishes the web page, for example the Department of Health: According to the Department of Health (2006) the quality of access to health care is one of their fundamental responsibilities.Use quotation marks and acknowledge the author‟s name, year of publication and page number of the quote in brackets.Short quotations (up to 2 lines) can be included in the body of the text:- Wybourn (1999) states that “being an undergraduate can be a pain” (p.19).Longer quotations should be indented in a separate paragraph:-Smaje (1995) when commenting on transcultural care comments that:“Whereas m ulticulturalism tends to emphasise the existence of different cultural traditions in contemporary Britain and promotes tolerance and understanding, anti-racism places a more political emphasis on the forces that structure and determine access to power in s ociety”If part of the quotation is omitted then this can be indicated using three dots:- Smaje (1995) states “…the existence of different cultural traditions in contemporary Britain and promotes tolerance and understanding…” (p.17)Secondary referencingWhere one author is referring to the work of another and the primary source is not available.You should cite the primary source and the source you have read eg Vygotsky and Piaget, 2002, cited in Wybourn, 2003.∙Secondary referencing should be avoided where possible. Find the original if you can.∙List in alphabetical order by author‟s name and then by date (earliest first),∙If more than one item has been published during a specific year by letter (1995a, 1995b etc.)∙Take information from the title page of a publication and not from the front cover, which may be different.∙Include the elements and punctuation given in the examples below.∙Author‟s forenames can be incl uded if given on the title page but this is not necessary.∙The title of the publication should either be in italics or underlined.A book by a single author:Baggini, J (2002) Making Sense: Philosophy behind the headlines. Oxford:Oxford University Press.A book by two authors:Searle, John and Chomsky, N (1997) The meaning of sense: critique &arguments. 105th edn. London: Wybourn.A book by more than two authorsSinger, Mandela et al. (1995) Health care in a multiracial society. London:Open University PressA book by a corporate author (eg a government department or other organisation):Nursing and Midwifery Council (2003) Patient-centred care: a NMC positionstatement on patient involvement. London: Nursing and Midwifery Council.An edited book:Baumeister, R. (ed.) (1999) The self in Social Psychology: Key readings insocial psychology. Hove: Taylor and Francis.A chapter in a bookBurnard, P. (1997) …The self and self awareness.‟ In:K. Burns et al. (eds.) The Self in Society. London: Stanley Thornes. pp.17-28.An article in a journal:Valkimaki, A. (1993) …Patient information systems.‟British Journal of Nursing, 13(1), pp.43-5.An article in a newspaper:Sabo, M. (2003) …Fear of gun crime rising.‟Guardian, 26 October 2003, p.10. If no author name is given then the publisher should be used instead.Guardian (2003) Public health in decline. Guardian, 24October 2003, p11.An online source:Department of Health (2006) Equality and human rights. Available at:/PolicyAndGuidance/EqualityAndHumanRights/fs/en(Accessed: 15 May 2006).A television programmeJulie through the looking glass. (1992). BBC 2, 4 JulyA video12 Angry Men. (1957) Directed by Sidney Lumet [Videocassette]. Hollywood:MGM EntertainmentCD ROMSInstitute of Cancer Research (2000) A breath of fresh air: an interactive guide tomanaging breathlessness in patients with lung cancer. [CD Rom]. Sutton:Institute of Cancer ResearchGovernment publications∙White Papers contain statements of Government policy∙Green Papers put forward proposals for consideration and public discussion.∙They are cited in the same way.A White paperDepartment for Education and Skills (2002) 14-19 next steps: the future.Cm.3390. London: Stationery OfficeA Green paperDepartment for Education and Skills (2003) Extending Opportunities: raisingstandards. Cm 3854. London: Stationery Office.An Act of ParliamentGreat Britain. Education Act 2002: Elizabeth II. Chapter 25. London: TheStationary Office.。

维基百科，自由的百科全书哈佛参考文献格式[1]是一种罗列引用的方式，它将引用文献的其中一部分用括号包含起来，放在正文之内。

与之相对的是传统的将参考文献标注于文末（尾注）。

[2][3]目录• 1 参考文献o1.1 引用o1.2 书目• 2 延伸阅读• 3 参见引用[编辑]1. ^Harvard System of Referencing Guide. Anglia RuskinUniversity. 21 May 2012 [4 September 2012].2. ^"Author-date system, Chicago Manual of Style,Williams College Libraries, accessed 25 October 2010.3. ^ Pears, R and Shields, G Cite them right : the essentialreferencing guide (2008) ISBN 978-0-9551216-1-6书目[编辑]•American Psychological Association (2001). Citations in Textof Electronic Material, APA Style.•British Standards Institution (1990). Recommendations forciting and referencing published material, 2nd ed., London:British Standards Institution.•Chernin, Eli (1988). "The 'Harvard system': a mysterydispelled", British Medical Journal. October 22, 1988,pp. 1062–1063.•The Chicago Manual of Style (2003), 15th ed.Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN0-226-10403-6 (hardcover). ISBN0-226-10404-4 (CD-ROM).•Council of Science Editors (2006). Scientific Style and Format: The CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, andPublishers, 7th ed. Reston, VA (USA): CSE.ISBN0-9779665-0-X•Mark, Edward Laurens (1881). Maturation, fecundation, and segmentation of Limax campestris, Binney", Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College,Volume 6.•Modern Language Association of America (2009). The MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 7th ed. NewYork: MLA. ISBN 1-60329-024-9•MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing (2008).Modern Language Association, 3rd edition. ISBN0-87352-297-4•Roediger, Roddy (April 2004). "What should they be called", APS Observer,17 (4), 2009, accessed 11 March2009.•"Lamont Libraries Lead RefWorksWorkshops" (2006). Harvard College Library. •"Research Service Libraries Take Part in PilotProject" (2009). Harvard University Library, February 18,2009, accessed 11 March 2009.•Turabian, Kate L., et al. (2007). A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations. 7th ed.Chicago: University of Chicago Press.ISBN 0-226-82336-9•"Citation Tools" at Harvard Libraries (2008) –Includes hyperlinked "Tool Comparisons: RefWorks, EndNote,Zotero".•American Library Association (ALA) (November 2003). ALA Standards Manual.•Anglia Ruskin University Library (updated 2010). "Harvard System of Referencing Guide".•Mullan, W.M.A. (updated 2010). " Harvard referencegenerator for citing references".•Council of Science Editors (CSE), previously named Councilof Biology Editors (CBE) (2009). "Scientific Style andFormat: Introduction" and"Reference Links"–Includessection on "Grammar and Style" with hyperlinked "Citing theInternet: Formats for Bibliographic Citations".)•Duke University Library (last modified, 2 June 2008). "CitingSources: Documentation Guidelines for Citing Sources andAvoiding Plagiarism"–Provides hyperlinked "CitationGuides" pertaining to the most commonly used citationguidelines, including parenthetical referencing; includes:APA, Chicago, CBE, CSE, MLA, and Turabian styleguidelines.•Harvard College Library (2008). "Research Guides".(Compiled by the Staff of Harvard College Library.)•Harvard College Writing Program, HarvardUniversity (2008). Resources for Students: Guides to UsingSources.•University of Leeds Library (2009). "References and citationsexplained", accessed 25 October 2010.•University of Southern Queensland Library (2008). YourGuide to the Harvard AGPS ReferencingSystem and "Harvard Style (AGPS) - Web sources",accessed 25 October 2010.•Victoria University of Technology (2009). Harvard(AGPS) Style: Harvard (AGPS) Style: A Guide toReferencing Sources Used in Assignments], accessed 25October 2010.•ISO 690•文后参考文献著录规则分类：•文献学。

英文参考文献引用格式English:When citing references in an academic paper, there are several commonly used formats, including APA, MLA, Chicago, and Harvard. In APA format, the reference should include the author's last name and initial, the publication year, the title of the work, and publication information. For example, a book citation should follow this format: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work: Subtitle. Publisher. For MLA format, the citation includes the author's name, the title of the source, the title of the container, other contributors, version, number, publisher, publication date, and location. In Chicago style, the citation should include the author's name, the title of the book, the place of publication, the publisher, and the year of publication. In Harvard style, the citation includes the author's name, the year of publication, the title of the work, and publication information. It is important to carefully follow the specific guidelines for each format to ensure that the references are accurately cited.中文翻译:在学术论文中引用参考文献时，有几种常用的格式，包括APA、MLA、芝加哥和哈佛。

emerald group publishing ltd文献格式
Emerald Group Publishing Ltd是位于英国的一家学术出版社，由世界百强商学院Bradford UniversityEmerald Group Publishing Ltd是位于英国的一家学术出版社，由世界百强商学院Bradford University Management Center的50名学者创立。

对于Emerald Group Publishing Ltd的文献格式，有以下一些具体要求：
1. 文章长度：通常在4,000到6,000单词之间。

2. 字体：12号字体，双倍行距。

3. 边距：25mm。

4. 简短的自我介绍：包括全名、单位、职称、Email地址、详细的国际联系方式等。

5. 文章题目需符合Emerald格式之作者指南。

参考文献方面，可以参考哈佛格式，即作者在正文中用圆括号注出所引用文献的作者和出版年。

遵循这些规定将有助于您的稿件符合Emerald Group Publishing Ltd的要求，增加被接受的可能性。

哈佛注释体系（Harvard System），也叫“作者－日期法”(Author-date method)。

根据哈佛体系，每一个引文，无论直接还是间接，都应分别在两处注明：在文中引用处注明；在全书或全文最后的参考书目（bibliography）处注明。

起源哈佛参考文献注释体系起源于美国，20世纪50、60年代开始流行，尤其在物理学和自然科学研究领域使用最多，近年来社会科学中也开始流行。

怎样呈现参考文献参考文献的呈现方式有一定的规范，本文仅就目前较为普遍使用的哈佛体系（Harvard System）作一介绍。

因为我们的学术研究中越来越多地参考英文文献，我们也通过在国外的刊物上发表我们的研究成果而使世界认识我们，这样我们就有必要熟悉它的要求并遵守其规范，否则当我们向国外的学术刊物投稿时，会由于参考文献的不合规范而不被录用，同时，也不能为国内外的读者提供进一步研究的信息。

哈佛注释体系（Harvard System），也叫“作者－日期法”（Author-date method）。

根据哈佛体系，每一个引文，无论直接还是间接，都应分别在两处注明：在文中引用处注明；在全书或全文最后的参考书目（bibliography）处注明。

在文中引用处的注释规范1．当作者姓名在句子中自然出现时，给出作者姓和出版年份，将出版年份放在小括号内。

比如，In a recent study Harvey （1993）argued that ...。

2．当作者姓名不在句子中自然出现时，姓和出版年份都放在括号中，比如，A recent study (Harvey,1993）shows that…。

3．被引用的作者在同一年中出版了两部以上著作或发表了两篇以上的论文，用小写字母 a.b.c等予以区别，放在年份后面，如，Johnson （1989a) discussed the subject…。

4．如果被引用著作有两位作者，要将两位作者的姓同时给出，如，Matthews and Jones （1992）have proposed that…。

中国人写的英文文献引用哈佛
Harvard是一种通常用在美国大学生的学术论文写作中的引用格式。

它主要有两种类型：一种是哈佛参考文献格式（参考书目），另一种是哈佛引用格式（文内引用）。

哈佛参考文献格式
参考文献，同学们应该很熟悉，通常在论文末尾位置会有一个完整的引用列表，其中对所有的引用来源与出处信息，包括作者、出版日期和来源标题等都会详细地罗列出来。

哈佛文内引用格式
论文的主体部分通常会用到文内引用，大多数时候都是用来直接解释引文的来源，完整引用的一部分也包含在其中。

哈佛引用格式：文内引用的不同情况
Harvard文内引用常常用在表明论文的特定部分，这些特定部分是直接解释或引用文章来源中的内容的，一般包含作者的姓氏及文章的发表日期。

下面是文本引用分类的具体情况：
一、作者数量
根据作者数量，哈佛引用格式可分为下面几类：
没有作者
在引用时如果遇到没有作者的情况，那么就要查看是否有相关的负责组织单位。

如果有相关的负责组织单位，那么就可以使用它代替作者。

如果没有相关的负责组织单位，那就要使用斜体的标题。

一个作者
如果要引用的文献只有一个作者，需要把作者姓氏和文章出版年份放在括号中。

两个或三个作者
在引用的文本作者为两个或三个时，要把所有作者的姓氏都标注上。

四个或四个以上的作者
在引用的文本作者为四个或更多时，需要把第一作者的姓名注明，然后用“et al”来表示其他的人。

最后要标注出版年份。

The Harvard System Teaching and Learning Unit Faculty of Economics andCommerceThe Harvard system of referencing is very similar to the APA system of referencing (see TLU Booklet: Basic Referencing Using the APA System) but there are subtle differences in how the reference list is written: •It uses “and” not “&” between multiple authors•The publishers name appears before the place of publication, separated by a comma (in APA itis place of publication then publisher separatedby a colon “:” )•The year of publication need not be enclosedin parentheses (…) though it is on someversions of Harvard•All major items are followed by commas andnot full stops (as in the APA)•“pp” for inclusive page numbers are given forjournal articles in Harvard, but not APA. Sample Harvard Reference ListAbrami, P. C., d'Appollonia, S. and Rosenfield, S. 1997, 'The Dimensionality of Student Rating ofInstruction; What we Know and What we DoNot', in Higher Education: Handbook on Theoryand Research, vol. II, (ed Smart, J. C.) AgathonPress, New York.Abrami, P. C., Dickens, W. J., Leventhal, L. and Perry, R.P. 1980,'Do Teacher Standards for AssigningGrades Affect Student EvaluationsInstruction?,' Journal of EducationalPsychology, vol. 72, pp. 107-118.Boex, J. F. 2000,'Identifying the Attributes of Effective Economics Instructors: An Analysis of StudentEvaluation of Instructor Data', Journal ofEconomics Education, vol. 31, no. Summer, pp.211-226.Braskamp, L. A. and Ory, J. C. 1994, Assessing faculty work: Enhancing individual and institutionalperformance, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco. Cashin, W. E. 1988, 'Student Ratings of Teaching: A Summary of the Research', in IDEA Paper, vol.20, Center for Faculty Evaluation andDevelopment, Manhattan, Kansas: KansasState University.Cashin, W. E. 1990, 'Students do Rate Different Academic Fields Differently', in StudentsRatings of Instruction: Issues for ImprovingPractice: New Directions for Teaching andLearning, vol. 43, (eds Theall, M. and Franklin,J.) Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, pp. 113-121. Cashin, W. E. 1992,'Student Ratings: The Need for Comparative Data,' Instructional Evaluation andFaculty Development, vol. 12, pp. 1-6. Feldman, K. A. 1989a,'The Association between Student Ratings of Specific Instructional Dimensionsand Student Achievement: Refining andExtending the Synthesis of Data fromMultisection Validity Studies,' Research inHigher Education, vol. 30, pp. 583-645. Feldman, K. A. 1989b,'Instructional Effectiveness of College Teachers as Judged by Teachersthemselves, Current and Former StudentsColleagues, Administrators and External(Neutral) Observers,' Research in HigherEducation, vol. 30, pp. 583-645.It is important to realise that there are two kinds of citations needed, whether one uses Harvard or APA. These are in text citations and bibliographic (or reference list) citations. Both are necessary. “In-text” citations occur in the text of an article “bibliographic” citations occur at the end as a reference list (as above). The following rules for in-text and bibliographic citations should be followed.RULES GOVERNING ENTRIES IN THE TEXTRule 1: Use a comma between the year and page (Cashin, 1999, p. 56)Rule 2: Use a semi-colon between multiple citations (Cashin, 1999, p. 56; Boex, 2000, p. 212)NOTE: Multiple citations are listed chronologically from earliest to latestRule 3: When authors’ names are incorporated in the text parentheses are placed around the yearCashin (1999) suggests that …Rule 4: In the case of a work that has more than three authors, use the surname of the first-listed Author [followed by et al (“and others” )]Abrami et. al. (1980) have found...NOTE: You must list ALL authors the first time the citation is made.Abrami, Dickens, Leventhal, and Perry (1980) found …Rule 5: When reference is made to more than one work by the same author, arrange in chronological order [order by least recent to most recent]Cashin (1990, 1990, 1992) was unable to explain…Rule 6: Reference to a number of works published by the same author in the same year should be distinguished by using lower case letters attached to the dateFeldman (1989a, p. 584; 1989b, p. 644) suggested...Rule 7: In the case of two authors with the same surname, use the first given initial to distinguish them.(A.Smith, 1999)(B. Smith, 2001)If the first given initial is the same, use the second initial.NOTE: The Harvard System--like the APA—operates by minimizing the amount of information in the in-text reference. Only use the essential information needed to identify the reference. For most references this is the Author and Date. If there is likely to be confusion, use titles and lower case letters to indicate multiple works by the same author. If there are two authors with the same surname use the given name initial to distinguish them. Only use given name initials in these situations and not at other times.RULES GOVERNING ENTRIES IN THE BIBLIOGRAPHYRule 1: Arrange entries in alphabetical order by the surname of the first author, alphabetise letter by letter, and alphabetise the prefixes M, Mc and Mac literally:“Anderson” is before “Antigone” in an alphabetical list (both begin “An” but “t” is after “d”, etc)Note in the above reference list that:Abrami, P. C., d'Appollonia, S. and Rosenfield, S.is before:Abrami, P. C., Dickens, W. J., Leventhal, L. and Perry, R. P.This is because “d’A” is alphabetically prior to “Di”.Rule 2: Single author entries precede multiple-author entries beginning with the same surname:Kaufman, J.R. 1978, …Kaufman, J.R. and Wrong, D.F. 1978,…Rule 3: References with the same authors in the same order are arranged by year of publication, the earliest first:Kaufman, J.R. and Jones, K. 1977, …Kaufman, J.R. and Jones, K. 1980, …Rule 4: Order of several works by different authors with the same family name are arranged alphabetically by first initial:Eliot, A.L. 1983, …Eliot, G.E. 1980, …Specific Rules for JournalsThe title of the journal article always appears in single quotation marks, and the title of the journal is always underlined or italicised. It is important to provide inclusive page numbers of the journal article (NOT the page number of the in-text citation), and to present them as the final item of the citation, separated from the preceding item by a comma.Boex, J. F. 2000,'Identifying the Attributes of Effective Economics Instructors: An Analysis of StudentEvaluation of Instructor Data,' Journal ofEconomics Education, vol. 31, Summer, pp.211-226.NOTE: Some journals have issue numbers as well as volume numbers. Some have season issues, not issue numbers (e.g., “summer”, “fall”). The issue numbers are sometimes given using the abbreviation No. before the number (see the reference list earlier) and sometimes given in brackets, e.g.: Vol. 1, (4). Either form is acceptableNewspaper Articles and Case StudiesIf a newspaper article or case study has an obvious author, the procedure described for journals should be followed, volume and series information being replaced by the day and month.If the article has no obvious author, it should be identified by means of the title. Such a citation should also be included alphabetically in the list of references.Brandis, G. 1987, ‘The Liberals: Just who is forgetting whom?’, Weekend Australian, 24-25 Jan, p. 19.‘Killing bin Laden won’t end the terror’, 2001, The Age, 19/10/01, p. 26.Legge, K. 1987, ‘Labor to cost the “Keating Factor”’, Times on Sunday, 1st Feb, p. 2. (Financial Review,(1987) 23 Jan, editorial)Edited BooksAn editor is someone who compiles a book from a number of sources. The editor might write a preface to the book, and make small changes to the contributions to the book, but most of the book is written by other people. An editor is identified by means of (ed)]: Cashin, W. E. (ed), 1999, …Article or Chapter in Edited BookPut the name of the chapter in ‘…’ and then identify the book that it appears in as follows:Cashin, W. E. 1990, 'Students do Rate Different Academic Fields Differently', in StudentsRatings of Instruction: Issues for ImprovingPractice: New Directions for Teaching andLearning, vol. 43, (eds Theall, M. and Franklin,J.) Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, pp. 113-121. NOTE: In this case it is a series of books and this is 43 in the series. This is not a journal because the title of the book is italicised and there is no italicised journal name.Multiple Edition BookYura, H. and Walsh, M. B. 1983, The Nursing Process, Assessing, Planning, Implementing, Evaluation,(4th edn), Appleton-Century-Crofts/Norwalk,Connecticut. Film or VideoMaas, J. B. (Producer) and Gluck, D.H. (Director), 1979, Deeper into Hypnosis [Film], Prentice-Hall, NewJersey.Koenig, W. (Producer) and O’Donoghue, A. (Director) 1986, The Old Person’s Friend, [Video], TheNational Film Board of Canada, Montreal.Audio Cassette RecordingClark, K. B. (Speaker) 1976, Problems of Freedom and Behaviour Modification, [Cassette Recording No.7612], American Psychological Association,Washington D.C.Personal CommunicationThis may be letters, memos, telephone conversations, interviews, and other forms of communication that are unpublished and generally not retrievable (you cannot find them again).They are cited in the body of the essay and should appear in the bibliography as well [if they can be found]. If they cannot be found they should NOT be in the bibliography but they should nonetheless appear in the in-text citation. See also Works without an Author’s Name].Material used by lecturers is often accessed from subject texts or weekly specified reading. These should be referenced in preference to the lecture notes.For example:In-text: According to J.O. Reiss, Lecturer in Accounting, ‘There has never been a better time to study accounting’ (Reiss, pers. comm., April 28, 1983).This would appear in the bibliography as:Reiss, J. O. 1983, Subject Handbook for Lectures in Accounting, Department of Accounting, University of Melbourne, 28/4/1983.Dubious Publication DateIf the publication date is dubious, a question mark is used.Quirk, E. (? 1751) …Anonymous WorksThe publication date follows the title. The expressions “Anonymous” or “Anon. 1”. should not be used and these publications should be listed first in your reference list under the title of the publication. For example:Bringing up Parents, 1953, …NOTE: Anonymous works are NOT works which have been published where the author is not listed (for example, Government publications). They are works where the author is unidentifiable, generally because the publication is too old. Works where the author is simply not mentioned should be listed alphabetically by title. Works without an Author’s NameSome authors do not use their name on publications so you cannot list the publication by surname. Examples of this include company reports, brochures and government publications. What should you do? You should always use the title of the publication instead. For example:The Arts Faculty Student Handbook, 2002, Monash University: Clayton.NOTE: In the Reference list or Bibliography you should omit articles (in this case, “The”) for purposes of alphabetical order and list under the first letter of the next word (in this case, “A”)Conference PapersPapers presented at conferences, seminars and meetings are forms of unpublished material.Bowd, D. G. 1957, ‘Richard Fitzgerald, 1772-1840’, Paper presented to Hawkesbury HistoricalSociety, NSW.Suzuki, R. 1982, ‘Workers’ Attitudes Toward Computer Innovation and Organizational Culture: The Casein Japan’, Paper presented to the 10th WorldCongress of Sociology, Mexico City, 16-21 Aug. Government PublicationsWhen citing government publications, the procedure described for books should generally be followed.Such citations often appear complex—for example, some publications have no obvious author, some have a sponsoring organisation and an author, some are the work of a committee.Pamphlets are often published by government departments. Pamphlets are also published by universities.In general list the reference by means of the title UNLESS there is a sponsoring body, in which case identify by the sponsor first. [If there is a sponsoring body it should be clearly stated: “Sponsored by X”].IN SUMMARY:•Identify by surname first, OR•Identify by Title UNLESS there is a sponsor, IN WHICH CASE•Identify by sponsorCiting Online SourcesMany students will want to cite references from the internet. As many good quality journals are now online this is acceptable. You will find detailed information on how to do this at the following location (Quinion, 1998):/words/articles/citation.htmThis kind of referencing requirement is still fairly new, but as a general rule, the following conventions apply.1. In-Text Online CitationsFor the in-text reference, simply identify by either surname and given name initials and year OR the title and year. In other words, the normal Harvard System practice applies. For example, if the website is clearly identified as being written by Bob Smith, the in-text reference should be:(Smith, 2000)•URLs do NOT appear in the text.•Note also that the writer’s name should be given, not the “webmaster”, unless they are thesame person.If the website is clearly identified as being by the Department of Management, which is a Department of the Faculty of Business and Economics, you identify by the title of the page you are citing (not necessarily the “index” or main page). For example:(‘Department of Management’, 2001)OR(Faculty of Business and Economics, 2001)depending on which page you are interested in taking information from.(The former is a ‘Chapter’ of the latter, so the department page is shown by ‘…’ and the main page is shown in italics). The following diagram makes this clear.Of course, using the usual Harvard method, the remaining citation information (publisher and place of publication) is given in the Bibliography.2. Bibliographic Online CitationsFor the bibliographic reference, you identify by surname of author (if available) as usual. If there is no author mentioned, the following conventions apply. Include the following in this order:•‘Name of article/page’ (This is the page you are citing from, not necessarily the “index” or mainpage)•year in brackets (…)•Name of journal/main website page (in italics)•URL: http://etc.--in ROUND brackets—parentheses, (…)•date of creation of site e.g., 14/5/01PLUS:•Accessed: your date of use of the page in SQUARE brackets. […]NOTE: The date of use of the page is usually different from date of creation, and is therefore important for accuracy given that pages are continually updated. e.g.,‘The Department of Management’, (2001) Faculty of Business and Economics, (URL: http:// etc ...) 14/3/01 [Accessed: 30/4/01].NOTE: URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator, which identifies the source of the material. This begins with a code for the type of access involved (“http://”, “ftp://”, “gopher://”, etc). If you wanted to cite the document we are referring to above it would be:Quinion, M., (1999), Citing Online Sources, (URL:/words/articles/citation.htm)[Accessed: 10 March 2001].Make sure you break the lines in a sensible place and never introduce hyphens. NOTE:In terms of managing reference information it is advisable to begin compiling your reference list as soon as you start reading. Add everything you read. Delete as necessary later.Using the Harvard system is made easy by a specific computer program designed for the purpose, e.g. EndNote. This is available for free for students..au/endnote/index.htmlSources:“The Q Manual”. Business and Economics, Monash University, (1998), URL:(.au/publications/qmanual/q-referencing.html#Harvard) (30/7/1998) [Accessed 5/2/04]。

英文论文引用格式：HarvardReference格式----英国翰思教育Harvard Reference格式是英国学校学生用来写英文论文的一种引用格式；使用率相比其它引用格式较普遍一些。

那么如何使用Harvard Reference格式进行引用呢？Hansedu老师带你认识哈佛引用格式。

Harvard Reference格式包括两种类型：1. 直接引用或解释源时，使用正文引用；它们位于作品的正文中，并包含完整引用的片段。

根据来源类型的不同，哈佛大学参考文献中的一些引文可能如下所示：“After that I lived like a young rajah in all the capitals of Europe…”(Fitzgerald, 2004).2. 参考资料列表位于工作结束，显示完整的引用，用于分配中使用的来源。

以下是哈佛参考书目中一本书的完整引用例子：Fitzgerald, F. (2004). The great Gatsby. New York: Scribner.Harvard Reference格式参考列表是为了让读者自己定位原始资料而创建的。

引用列表中的每个引用包括各种信息，包括：作者姓名发表年份标题城市出版出版者引用内容的页码通常，哈佛参考文献列表引用遵循以下格式：姓，首字母。

（发表年份）标题。

城市：出版商，页面。

引文按照作者姓氏的字母顺序列出。

如果同一作者有多个来源，则在出版之日前按照顺序列出引文。

引用两个或两个以上作者的书的Harvard格式引用具有多个作者的引文时，请按照它们在来源上的显示顺序进行排列。

用“和”来分隔名字。

姓，首字母和姓氏，第一首。

（发表年份）标题。

城市：出版商，页面。

例：Desikan, S. and Ramesh, G. (2006). Software testing. Bangalore, India: Dorling Kindersley, p.156.Vermaat, M., Sebok, S., Freund, S., Campbell, J. and Frydenberg, M. (2014). Discovering computers. Boston: Cengage Learning, pp.446-448.Daniels, K., Patterson, G. and Dunston, Y. (2014). The ultimate student teaching guide. 2nd ed. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications, pp.145-151.Harvard Reference格式参考文献列表当同一作者有多件作品时，按年份排列引用次序。

英文参考文献书写格式英文参考文献的书写格式通常遵守下列规范:1. 期刊文章:[期刊名称] (出版年份) 文章名字。

标题副标题[J]. 期刊集刊，年，月，页码.例如:Taylor, S. J. (2017). Global temperatures rise at fastest rate in 140 years. Nature. 543(7685): 47-48.2. 书籍:[作者名字] (出版年份). 书名。

出版地点：出版商，页码.例如:King, C. J. (1998). A history of Western thought. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 350-351.3. 论文集:[论文集名称] (出版年份). 论文集名字。

出版地点：出版商，年，月，页码.例如:Myers, D. G. (2003). What is organizational culture? In G. B.松柏 (Ed.), Culture and organizations (pp. 3-21). Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing, 3.4. 报告:[报告名称] (作者名字). 报告地点：报告日期.例如:NASA Tech Briefs (2016). How to build a spacesuit. 报告地点:NASA Kennedy Space Center, 2016 年 2 月 19 日.5. 其他类型文献:[其他类型文献名称] (作者名字). 文献地点：文献日期.例如:NAS Report (2017). Climate change and extreme weather events. 文献地点:National Academy of Sciences, 2017 年 12 月18 日.注意：不同类型的文献可能会有不同的参考文献书写格式，因此在写作时需要注意是否符合特定类型的规范。

标题：深度解析Harvard参考文献格式及其在LaTeX中的应用在学术圈中，参考文献的格式化和引用规范一直备受重视。

在众多格式中，Harvard风格的参考文献格式以其简洁清晰、易于阅读和使用而备受青睐。

为了更好地掌握这一格式，以及在学术写作中的应用，本文将从Harvard参考文献格式的基本规则、在LaTeX中的实现、以及个人观点和理解等方面展开讨论。

一、Harvard参考文献格式的基本规则1. 作者姓氏+出版年份根据Harvard格式，参考文献的引用通常是将作者的姓氏和出版年份放在括号中，用以标注引用的具体信息。

例如：(Smith, 2010)2. 引用格式在论文或学术著作中，需要按照Harvard格式援引他人观点或研究成果，强调引文标注的准确性和规范性。

此时，要根据作者的姓氏和出版年份将引文放在括号中。

比如：“……(Smith, 2010)认为……”3. 文献列表在参考文献的列举中，需要按照作者的姓氏首字母的顺序进行排列，并包括详细的出版信息。

比如书籍的引用格式为：“Smith, J. (2010). Title. Publisher.”二、Harvard参考文献格式在LaTeX中的应用在LaTeX中，可以通过一些特定的包实现Harvard参考文献格式的自动化管理，极大地提高了写作效率和质量。

其中，最常用的包包括natbib和apacite等。

使用这些包，可以轻松地实现文中引用格式和参考文献列表的自动生成，极大地减轻了作者的工作负担。

三、个人观点和理解在我看来，Harvard参考文献格式以其简洁明了、方便规范的特点在学术写作中发挥着重要作用。

它不仅使得读者能够清晰地了解引用信息的来源和时间，同时也方便了作者对文献进行管理和归纳。

在LaTeX中的应用更是提高了写作效率，使得学术著作更加规范和专业。

总结Harvard参考文献格式作为一种简洁规范的引用规范，在学术写作中扮演着重要的角色。

通过LaTeX的应用，更是使得其在学术著作中的使用变得更加便捷和高效。

Harvard Referencing System GuideMotivation For This DocumentIn academic work, you are expected to follow certain rules of conduct in your study. Specifically, whenever you create an assignment, essay, presentation, group project, or other work which will be submitted for discussion or for evaluation, then your work needs to be of academic standard. Not doing so may cause your grade to be reduced significantly, perhaps even to the point of failure.“Academic standard” is quite a vague term and can be di fferent things to different people. However, for business students you can imagine that your work should try to emulate the work of other people in the field of business. In particular, this includes work which you see in professional journals, the work of your professors and the writers of your textbooks.Of course, you are not expected to be able to produce leading edge content in your work, but the format of your work should follow the same academic standard as professional writers in your field at least in terms of structure, referencing, and layout.This document only discusses the elements of referencing which are required for “Academic standard” work. Other elements of your work such as its structure and layout are also important, but these are not discussed here.Referencing can be done in many ways. For your programme, the standard method of referencing is the “Harvard System of References”. This system is very common world-wide, and is nearly universally understood. However in your professional career or in other other academic programmes, you may be required to use other systems of referencing. You are responsible for being aware of the local standards required in any work which you produce.In most reference systems, the idea is to leave the main text of your work uncluttered, but to still provide clear hints to the reader about where they can look for further information. Thus, most reference systems are actually implemented in two parts: a citation, and a bibliographic entry. A citation is just a shorthand marker that you insert into the body of your work to allow the reader to find a resource such as a book or an article or a television programme or whatever. The format for this is specified by the system of referencing you are using. In the case of the Harvard System, a citation looks like “Smith (2002)”. A bibliographic entry provides a complete description of the actual resource in a standard form. It contains just enough information for readers to find the resource for themselves. Again, the Harvard System of referencing has its own unique way of expressing this information.What This Document IsThis work is taken largely from an online guide to the Harvard System at the University of the West of England website (UWE, 2005).This is a guide to the Harvard System of References and is based on British Standards 1629:1989 and 5605:1990. As these standards do not yet include references to electronic resources we include our own recommendations for these below. These recommendations follow current common practice.This document provides a series of guidelines for citations (also known as attributions) and their accompanying bibliographic entries. These guidelines however are not completely rigid: you have some flexibility in how you do both citations and bibliographic entries. But it is important that you decide, within the flexibility allowed by the guidelines, your specific way of making them. Whatever that way is, you should be absolutely consistent within your work (i.e., within yourassignment/report/presentation). Inconsistency is sloppy and viewed as unprofessional. Of course, if your professor or supervisor imposes other constraints on you, then you should follow those as well.General Comments About Electronic ResourcesThe general recommendation for electronic resources is that you need to include all the usual information for print resources. In addition, you need to indicate that the resource is online, where it was found online, and when it was found online. Details of this are provided below.Furthermore, for any electronic resource which has a printed counterpart (e.g., an electronic book, or electronic newspaper, etc.), you should present the information in a similar way in both cases. For example, if your bibliographic entries to printed books includes the title of the book quoted and in italics (“like this”) then your bibliographic entry to electronic books should also present the title in the same way.Citation in the text of your work.IntroductionA citation is simply a reference to a resource. The resource could be a page in a book, a magazine article, a television programme, or even a telephone call. In the Harvard System, a citation is simply the author's name, plus the date of publication (though in the case of an authour who publishes more than one resource in a given year, you need to add an optional letter “a”, “b”, etc., to distinguish between these resources). This simple method lets you look up the bibliographic entry easily, and also lets you see directly who is being quoted or referenced. The full details of the resource (the title of the book and the publisher, for example) are provided in the bibliography section.Here is an example of a citation:...the work of Jones (1991a) shows that lipids are...When you write a report or give a presentation you include citations for a number of reasons:•As a shorthand method of allowing your readers to understand any background material which may be important in understanding your work.•As a way of giving credit to other people for their ideas, techniques, opinions, or theories•As a way of proving that statements you make have a foundation in reality (e.g., that your quotations were really made by some other persons, that the theories or results that you mention are really published somewhere, that the data you quote is real, etc.)•As a way of giving specific references to other data, ideas, techniques, opinions and theories which you are using in your work, so that other people can evaluate your work and/or compare it to the work of others.When do you create citations in your work? Here are some situations where you should create citations:•Whenever you mention a theory or a definition of a concept, you should provide a reference to the reader so that they can look up exactly what you mean. Ideallythe reference you choose would be one which provides further information onyour theory/concept, but perhaps also a general discussion of the area with othercompeting theories or alternative definitions.•Whenever you quote data that you did not gather yourself through primary research, then you need to say where you got it from, and you do this by citing the source of the data which you mention.•Whenever you mention an opinion or quotation of somebody else, you should provide a reference to the reader so they can look it up.Where do you create citations in your work? The citations you provide in your work are put into the text just after the place where the theory/concept/data/quotation/opinion (or whatever it is that needs explanation)It is important to note that every citation in your work should be linked to a corresponding bibliographic entry at the end of your work. In general, if you wish to cite a particular book at several places in your work (e.g, you reference a theory on p.17 of the book, a quotation from p.39 of the book, and some data from p.82 of the book), then you should:•make individual citations at each place in your work, and noting the page number in the book. e.g.,•...according to the theory of Smith (Smith, 1996, p.17)...•...and Smith (1996, p.39) stated: “economics is a pure science”, by which...•...but other data indicates that only 0.9% (Smith, 1996, p.82) of...•Make a single bibliographic entry describing the book. e.g.,•Smith, J. 1996. “Economics”. Toronto. University of Toronto Press. In general, don't duplicate your references.Primary Resources（第一手资料）Almost all of the time you will reference primary resources. “Primary resources” are simply resources which you have actually seen/heard/read. In the text of your work you make a reference to a primary resource simply by using the author's surname and year of publication. There are a number of equivalent ways to do this, depending on the style you wish to employ.If the author's name occurs naturally in a sentence, then just give the year in brackets:...as defined by Mintzberg (1983)If not, then both name and year are shown in brackets:In a recent study (Handy, 1987) management is described as..If the same author has published more than one cited document in the same year these are distinguished by lower case letters attached to the year of publication:Drucker (1989a)If there are two authors both names should be given before the date:Gremlin and Jenking (1981)...If there are three or more authors only the surname of the first author should be given, followed by 'et al.' (which is the short form of a phrase meaning, “and others”): Kotler et al. (1987)If the author is unknown, use ‘Anon.’ to indicate “anonymous author”:Anon. (1967)Secondary Resources（二手资料）In some cases you may wish to quote some resource that has been referred to in something you have read. This generally happens when the original resource is not available to you. Such resources are called “secondary resources”. Secondary resources should be avoided if at all possible.The general principle to follow in this case is that you must create a bibliographic entry to describe the primary resource (i.e., to the book which you have read). This bibliographic entry is done in the normal way. However, the citation in the body of your work will be a little different: you must cite both the secondary resource and the primary resource you have read.Here are some examples which will make this clearer:Examples:Rowley (1991) cites the work of Melack and Thompson (1971) whodeveloped the McGill Archaeology questionnaire.Melack and Thompson (1971, cited by Rowley 1991) developed the McGill Archaeology questionnaire.Rowley (1991, citing Melack and Thompson 1971) refers to the McGillArchaeology questionnaire.In each of these cases, in your list of references the work by Rowley would be the only one included.Creating Bibliographic References.（建立参考书目格式）Every citation in your work will link to exactly one bibliographic entry. However, onebibliographic entry might be linked to many citations.Where do you put your bibliographic entries? In the Harvard System, they are all placed in one sectio n of your work, usually titled something like “Bibliography” or “References”. The Bibliography section follows the main body of your work.Format of the Bibliography Section（参考书目的格式）The format of the bibliography section is quite simple. It begins with something which announces that this is the bibliography section. For example, a title at the top of the first page, “Bibliography” which is in larger type and centred on the page. Or, a separate page with the title “References” in large type and centre d on the page. In either case, following this section heading are the bibliographic entries.In the Harvard System, the bibliographic entries are listed in sorted order. The sorting is done based on the following elements, in order of importance:•the first author's surname.•The first author's initials.•The date of publication.•An optional letter (a,b,c,d,...) distinguishing different publications by the same author in the same year.You will note that these elements are the same ones which make up the citation which you will use in the body of your work. This makes a clear link between any citation in the body of your work, and the bibliographic entries. Some examples will make this clear:Anderson, B. 2005. “...”Jones, H. 2004. “...”Jones, Q. 1996. “...”Jones, Q., 1999. “...”Jones, Q., 1999a. “...”Jones, Q., 1999b. “...”Smith, A. 1762. “...”Between each bibliographic entry you should normally insert a little space to allow the reader to see where one entry ends and another one begins. For example, a blank line or blank half line between entries would make your bibliography easier to read. All modern word processing software can do this for you.When you are doing research, you should collect references to each kind of material in a consistent way. If there is a resource to which you wish to make a reference, but is of a kind which is not mentioned here, then you should consult a more detailed source. There are many such sources available on the internet.Individual Bibliographic Entries（建立可供读者查阅的参考书目格式）The most important principle in making references is that the reader should be able tolocate the resource solely from the bibliographic information that you have provided. The rest of this section describes what information needs to be provided when creating bibliographic references for different kinds of resources.Note that electronic versions of resources (e.g., electronic books or articles) which can be also found in other media (e.g., printed) are referenced through bibliographic entries which are identical to their non-electronic counterparts, but with a somewhat standard additional part. Thus, an online book would be referenced as for a printed book, but would have in addition to the information needed for a printed book the following: After Title:“[online]”After Remainder of Bibliographic Entry:“Available from:” URLAccessed date.Reference to a book or a report.（书、报告）You need to provide the following information, in order:List of Author(s)for each author: Author's surname, followed by Author's initials.Year of publication.Title. (in italics and/or quoted and/or underlined).Edition. (if not the first).Publisher.Place of publication.Plus for electronic resources the following phrases and data:After Title:“[online]”After Place of Publication:“Available from:” URLAccessed date.Example:（书）HEMINGWAY, E., 2003. Better reading French: a reader and guide toimproving your understanding of written French. : McGraw-Hill.DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. 2002. National service framework fordiabetes: delivery strategy. : Department of Health.Online Examples:HEMINGWAY, E., 2003. Better reading French: a reader and guide toimproving your understanding of written French [online]. : McGraw-Hill.Available from: [Accessed 25 August 2004].DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. 2002. National service framework fordiabetes: delivery strategy [online]. : Department of Health. Available from: /assetRoot/04/03/28/23/04032823.pdf [Accessed 5May 2004].For books without individual authors use ANON.Example:ANON. 1991. Turbo assembler: users' guide version 2.0. , CA: Borland. Reference to a contribution in a book.（注释）The reader needs to know:List of Author(s)for each author: Author's surname, followed by Author's initials.Year of publication.Title of Contribution.“eds.” List o f Editor(s)for each editor: Editor's surname, followed by Editor's initials “in” Title of Book (in italics and/or quoted and/or underlined).Edition. (if not the first).Publisher.Place of publication.Page numbers of contribution.Plus for electronic resources:After Title:“[online]”After Page Numbers:“Available from:” URLAccessed date.Example:（注释）SMITH, C.,1980. Problems of information studies in history. In: S. STONE, ed. Humanities information research. : CRUS, 1980, pp 27-30.WESTMORLAND, L., 2000. Taking the flak: operational policing, fear and violence. In: G. LEE-TREWEEK, ed. Danger in the field: risk and ethics in social research [online]. : Routledge, pp 26-42. Available from:/ [Accessed 25 May 2004].NOTE: When referring to specific pages in a book 'pp' is used. Use 'p' if referring to a single page.Reference to a journal article.（期刊）Some journal articles are published in print only, some in print and online (of which someare exact copies and some will appear in a different format), and some online only. In all cases, the version you cite should be the version that you have seen.The reader needs to know:List of Author(s)for each author: Author's surname, followed by Author's initials.Year of publication.Title of Article.Title of Journal.(in italics and/or quoted and/or underlined).Volume NumberPart Number. (in brackets).Page numbers. (optional)Plus for electronic resources:After Title:“[online]”After Page Numbers:“Available from:” URLAccessed date.Example:（期刊）NICOLLE, L.,1990. Data protection: laying down the law. ManagementComputing, 13(12), pp 48-49, 52.CHRISTENSEN, P., 2004. The health-promoting family: a conceptualframework for future research. “Social Science and Medicine” [online],59(2), pp 223-243. Available from:/science/journal/02779536 [Accessed 5 May 2004].SANDLER, M.P., 2003. The art of publishing methods. “Journal of Nuclear Medicine” [online], 44, pp 661-662. Available from:/content/vol44/issue5/index.shtml [Accessed 5May 2004].C.M., KROESEN, K., et al., 2004. Complementary and alternativemedicine: a concept map. “BMC Complementary and AlternativeMedicine” [online] 4:2 (13 February 2004). Available from:/content/pdf/1472-6882-4-2.pdf [Accessed 5 May 2004].Reference to a newspaper article.（报纸）The reader needs to know:List of Author(s)for each author: Author's surname, followed by Author's initials.Year of publication.Title of Article.Title of Newspaper.(in italics and/or quoted and/or underlined).Date Published.Page numbers. (optional)Plus for electronic resources:After Title:“[online]”After Page Numbers:“Available from:” URLAccessed date.Example:（报纸）BOOTH, J., 2004. Blair plans annual UK-China summit. Guardian [online]11 May, p 6. Available from:/guardian/2004/05/11/pdfs/gdn_040511_brd_6 _2263446.pdf [Accessed 25 May 2004].HASSELL, N., 2004. Gilts investors take profits. Times [online] 10 August.Available from: /xchange-international[Accessed 8 August 2004].Reference to a conference paper.（会议论文）The reader needs to know:List of Author(s)for each author: Author's surname, followed by Author's initials.Year of contribution“in” (in italics)List of Editor(s) of the Conference Proceedingsfor each editor: Editor's surname, followed by Editor's initials.Title of Conference Proceedings.(in italics and/or quoted and/or underlined).Date of Conference.Place of Conference.Publisher (if known)Page numbers.Plus for electronic resources:After Title:“[online]”After Page Numbers:“Available from:” URLAccessed date.Example:（会议论文）SILVER, K.,1989. Electronic mail the new way to communicate. In: D.I.RAITT, ed. 9th International Information Meeting, 3-5 December 1988. :Learned Information, pp 323-330.Reference to an Act of Government.（政府法案）Reader needs to know:Name of Issuing BodyYear of PublicationName of Act (in italics and/or underline and/or quoted)Other Identifier Numbers/Codes/Chapter NumbersPlace of PublicationPublisher.Example:（政府法案）Parliament. 2002. Football (disorder) (Amendment) Act 2002. Chapter 12. : The Stationery Office.Reference to a Command paper.（行政公文）Reader needs to know:Name of Committee/Department/Working Group/CommissionYear of PublicationTitle (in italics and/or underlined and/or in quotes)Place of PublicationPublisher.Other Identifying Codes, if any, in brackets.Example:（行政公文）Department of Trade and Industry. 2001. Productivity and enterprise: aworld class competition regime. : The Stationery Office. (Cm 5233). Reference to a thesis.（论文）Use similar method to a book.Example:LEVINE, D.,1993. A parallel genetic algorithm for the set partitioningproblem. Ph.D. thesis, Illinois Institute of Technology.Reference to a film, video and television broadcast.（电影、视频和电视广播）The reference for films and videos should include: title, year, material designation, subsidiary originator (director is preferred), production details - place: organisation. Example:。

LoginSearch for:Print viewAdministratorsChicago Press, Chicago, IL.Patton, M.Q. (1990), Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods , 2nd ed., Sage, Newbury Park, CA.A chapter from an edited bookSurname, A.N.(year of publication)"Title of chapter"in Editor surname, initials (Ed.)Title of BookEditionPublisherPlace of publicationChapter page numbers.ExampleBourdieu, P.(1977), "The forms of capital", in Richardson, J.G. (Ed.), Handbook of Theory and Researchfor the Sociology of Education, Greenwood Press, New York, NY, pp. 311-56.A translated workSurname, A.N.(year of publication)Title of BookEditionTranslated by Translator name, initialsPublisherPlace of publication.ExampleBourdieu, P. (1977), Outline of a Theory of Practice, translated by Nice, R., Cambridge University Press,Cambridge.Journal articlesSurname, A.N.(year of publication)"Article title"Journal TitleVolume number, Issue number (if it exists)Article page numbers.ExampleBaron, R.M. and Kenny, D.A. (1986), "The moderator-mediator variable distinction in socialpsychological research", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 51, pp. 1173-82.Guthrie, J. and Parker, L. (1997) "Editorial: Celebration, reflection and a future: a decade of AAAJ",Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal , Vol. 10 No.1, pp. 3-8Electronic sourcesNB this refers to a source which is only available electronically, and not to sources which you may have accessed electronically but which are also available in print form, such as an article from an Emerald journal accessed via the Web.These follow the same convention of referencing as for printed sources, but include elements unique to the Web: Name(year of publication)"Article title"available at: full url(accessed date)For the last two elements, please try to remember the following conventions:When giving the url, "http://" should only be included if the address does not include "www"(accessed date) is important because of the lack of permanence of Internet sites.ExampleBetter Business Bureau (2001), "Third-party assurance boosts online purchasing", available at:/about/press/2001/101701.asp (accessed 7 January 2002).Hummingbird (2002), Hummingbird corporate website, available at: (accessed 2January 2002).Leeds Metropolitan University (2002), "Business Start-Up@Leeds Met", available at:/city/bus_startup.htmPitkow, J. and Kehoel, C. (1997), "GVU's WWW user surveys", available at: Ballantyne, D. (2000), "Dialogue and knowledge generation: two sides of the same coin in relationshipmarketing", paper presented at the 2nd WWW Conference on Relationship Marketing, November 1999-February 2000, Monash University and MCB University Press, available at:/services/conferen/nov99/rm/paper3.htmlAn electronic journal would be referenced as follows:Surname, A.N.(year of publication)"Article title"Journal TitleVolume number, Issue numberArticle page numbersAvailable at: url(accessed date)ExampleSwaminathan, V., Lepkoswka-White, E. and Rao, B.P. (1999), "Browsers or buyers in cyberspace? Aninvestigation of electronic factors influencing electronic exchange", Journal of Computer-MediatedCommunication, Vol. 5 No. 2, available at: www. / jcmc/vol5/ issue2/Conference papersSome papers may not be published in journals but may be delivered at a conference and then published as part of the proceedings of that conference, in which case, use one of the following styles as appropriate.ExampleLodi, E., Veseley, M. and Vigen, J. (2000), "Link managers for grey literature", New Frontiers in GreyLiterature, Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Grey Literature, Washington, DC, October4-5, 1999, GreyNet, Amsterdam, pp. 116-34.Naude, P. and Holland, C. (1998), "Marketing in the information domain", in Halinen-Kaila, A. andNummela, N. (Eds), Interaction, Relationships and Networks: Visions for the Future, Proceedings of the14th Annual IMP Conference, pp. 245-62.Stauss, B. and Weinlich, B. (1995), "Process-oriented measurement of service quality by applying thesequential incident technique", paper presented at the Fifth Workshop on Quality Management inServices, EIASM, Tilburg.Strandvik, T. and Storbacka, K. (1996), "Managing relationship quality", paper presented at the QUIS5Quality in Services Conference, University of Karlstad, Karlstad.As you see, some of the above references give the date of the conference, others do not; if in doubt, follow the convention used by the conference.Government or commercial reportsParticularly when writing a case study, you may want to refer to company or government documents. In which case, the organization may become the author and the form of entry would be as follows:Organization name(year of publication)Title of reportPublisher and place of publication (may be same as author).ExampleApollo Enterprises (1993), Annual Report , p. 8.Ernst and Ernst (1978), Social Responsibility Disclosure: 1978 Survey, Ernst and Ernst, Cleveland, OH.Bank of England (2003), Quarterly Report on Small Business Statistics, Bank of England, London.Department for Trade and Industry (DTI) (2002), White Paper on Enterprise, Skills and Innovation, DTI,London.European Commission (1998), Fostering Entrepreneurship in Europe: Priorities for the Future, EuropeanCommission, Brussels.Yorkshire Forward (1999), Regional Economic Strategy, Yorkshire Forward, Leeds...Some guidelines to remember for all source typesIf all the above seems complicated, it's worth remembering that the Harvard system is actually quite logical. Bear in mind the following guidelines:The entry always begins with the author's surname, followed by initials, followed by the date in brackets.Authors' surnames and initials are always inverted, i.e. Other, A.N. (whether you are referring to the author of anarticle/chapter, or the editor of the work within which the work is found).If more than one entry by the same author, put in order of dates.Publications, whether book or journal titles, are always in italic, with significant words only capitalized. Make sure that the journal title is exactly the same, e.g. use of &/and.Excerpts from publications, i.e. book chapters, journal articles, always come in "quotes", with only the first word, proper names, and German nouns, capitalized.The name of the publisher is shown before the place of publication (as it would be in an address). Abbreviations for US states should be in short capitalized form, e.g. CA, MA, rather than Ca., Mass., and should be added as necessary.Electronic references follow the same conventions as printed ones, followed by "available at:" and the URL. Only retain "http://" if the address does NOT include www. Also, state the date when last accessed (accessed ...).Use commas to separate elements of the entry.。

哈佛参考文献格式
哈佛参考文献格式是一种普遍使用的文献格式，它与APA和MLA 不同，因此有了明显的区别。

常见的哈佛参考文献格式构成如下：
1. 出版者信息：包括出版社地址，出版日期，ISBN号等。

2.书名：可以带有题目缩写，如Basson (ed.) (1999) 《中国人传统文化》
3.作者：列出作者全名，包括姓名和初始
4.版本：如果有发行多个版本，要指定使用的版本
5.出版号：ISBN号
6.引用：段落引用的格式，有时也需要按出版号引用某本书的章节或页码
7.附录：可以选择性地添加附录，使引用更加完整
实际使用时，可能会根据具体情况，调整相关信息。

例如，除了几个必备的元素，还可能会附上一些诸如出版者的理解和讨论，也可以把此文献在网上的网址，在文献中进行补充。

以上就是哈佛参考文献的常用格式，以及使用时的一般原则。

哈佛参考文献注明方法Referencing using the Harvard method当你为申报学位而撰写文章、项目、作业、博士论文或硕士论文时，你需要经常参考读过的文献，以证明一个论点、说明一个要点、概括某一理论、报告资料或数据、或是证明你的推论。

你必须通过列出参考信息的方式来说明你所参考的这些作品的出处。

应该在行文中标注，在最后详细列出。

重要的一点是，不可以陈述了其他人的材料或观点但不用列明参考信息的方式说明出处。

若有这样的行为，便是抄袭，一旦发现，将按学院的不轨行为程序执行。

出于以下的原因，提供参考信息是必要的：●证明你对主题进行了研究，你的观点是基于已出版的材料而提出的。

●使你的观点和论点充实；●承认你采用的资料的出处，以及你的观点是由此发展而来；●区别哪些观点是你自己的，哪些是别人的；●让你的读者能找到你的观点的出处，能让他们自行研究这些材料。

哈佛参考文献注明方法的主要方面哈佛参考文献注明方法（即“名称和日期”法）受到广泛应用。

这一体系有两个方面。

首先，在文章主体中借用他人作品之处，用括号标出引用标记。

其二，在作品最后，以“参考文献”为标题按字母顺序列出文中引用的详细情况。

本方法的目的在于确保你的文章正文不会因为有大量的目录信息而给读者造成干扰。

引用标记含有最基本的信息，让读者在参考文献表中找到其位置。

请注意：请各位学生注意，本校学术委员会要求所有学生了解哈佛参考文献注明体系，同时，学生也应注意，有些专业可使用不同的参考文献注明体系。

如果有这种情况，教员将告知学生。

如果有疑问，请询问教员。

在文中标注参考标记参考标记通常是以下的形式：◆用一对括号括起你所参考内容的作者的姓氏，其后是文献的出版年份。

例如：最初结论（Williams，1990）已遭到质疑（Reynolds，1994）。

◆如果作者的名字随着行文出现了，则在括号中只添加年份。

例如：最初结论已遭到Reynolds（1995）和Roberts（1994）的质疑。