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物理专业英语词汇 Q 物理专业英语词汇q物理专业英语词汇(q)qbranch q分支qmeter q值计qnumber q数qswitch q开关qswitchedlaser q控制器激光器qvalue q值quadrantelectrometer 象限静电计quadraticform 二次形式quadrupole 四极quadrupolecoupling 四极耦合quadrupoledeformation 四极畸变quadrupoleinteraction 四极相互酌quadrupolemagnet 四极磁铁quadrupolemoment 四极矩quadrupolemomentum 四极矩quadrupolequadrupoleforce 四极四极力quadrupoleradiation 四极电磁辐射quadrupoleresonance 四极共振quadrupoletransition 四极光子quadrupolevibration 四极振荡qualitativeanalysis 定性分析quantacon 光电倍增管quantitativeanalysis 定量分析quantitativespectralanalysis 定量光谱分析 quantity 量quantityofelectricity 电量quantityofflow 量thermocouplepyrometer热电偶高温计quantityofheat 热量quantityoflight 光量quantityofmotion 动量quantityofstate 状态量quantization 量子化quantizedfield 量子场quantizedsystem 量子化系统quantizedvortex 量子旋涡quantumanomaly 量子反常quantumbiology 量子生物学quantumchemistry 量子化学quantumchromodynamics 量子色动力学quantumcondition 量子条件quantumcosmology 量子宇宙学quantumcreationoftheuniverse 宇宙的量子产生 quantumdefect 量子筐quantumdefecttheory 量子筐理论quantumdisorderedsystem 量子无序系quantumefficiency 量子产额quantumelectrodynamics 量子电动力学quantumelectronics 量子电子学quantumenergy 量子能量quantumfield 量子场quantumfieldtheory 量子场论quantumfluctuation 量子涨落quantumfluid 量子铃quantumgravitation 量子引力quantumgravitationalfluctuation 量子引力差值 quantumgravity 量子引力quantumgroup 量子群quantumhalleffect 量子霍尔效应quantumhilbertspace 量子希耳伯空间quantumhypothesis 量子假说quantuminversescatteringmethod 量子逆反射法 quantumjump 量子跃迁quantumlatticemodel 量子图形模型quantumliquid 量子液体quantumlogic 量子逻辑quantummechanics 量子力学quantummontecarlomethod 量子蒙特卡罗法quantumnoise 量子噪声quantumnumber 量子数quantumoptics 量子光学quantumorbit 量子轨道quantumphysics 量子物理学quantumsizeeffect 量子尺寸效应quantumsolid 量子液态quantumsoliton 量子孤立子quantumstate 量子状态quantumstatisticalmechanics 量子统计力学 quantumstatistics 量子统计数据quantumtheory 量子论quantumtheoryoffield 量子场论quantumtheoryofgravity 引力场的量子论quantumtransition 量子光子quantumwell 量子势阱quantumwellopticalwaveguide 量子势阱光波导 quantumyield 量子产额quantumbrowwidth18fieldeng 量子quark 夸克quarkatom 夸克偶素quarkcondensate 夸克凝聚quarkconfinement 夸克禁锢quarkflavor 夸克味quarkgluonplasma 夸克胶子等离子体quarkleptonsymmetry 夸克轻子对称quarkmodel 夸克模型quarkstar 夸克星quarkonium 夸克偶素quarterwaveplate 四分之一波片quartet 四重态quartz 水晶quartzclock 石英钟quartzfibreelectroscope 石英丝验电器quartzglass 石英玻璃quartzmonochromator 水晶单色仪quartzoscillator 石英振荡器quartzplate 水晶片quasar 类星体thermocouplepyrometer热电偶高温计quasicrystal 科东俄晶体quasielasticforce 准弹性力quasielasticscattering 科东俄弹性散射quasiergodichypothesis 准脯历经假说quasifouriertransformhologram 科东俄傅里叶转换全息图 quasimolecularresonance 准分子共振quasimonochromaticlight 科东俄单色光quasistaticporcess 准静态过程quasistationaryelectriccurrent 准稳电流quasistationarystate 准稳态quasistellarobject 类星体quasistellarsource 类星射电源quasiviscouseffect 科东俄表面张力效应 quasianisotropy 类蛤异性quasimode 准模quasimolecule 准分子quasiparticle 科东俄粒子quasiparticletunnelling 准粒子隧道效应 quenching 点燃quenchingcircuit 熄灭电路quiescentprominence 宁静日珥quietsun 宁静太阳quintet 五重态。
万有引力定律-万有引力理论的历史牛顿在古代和中世纪，万有引力被认为是位置的一种性质，而不是物质的性质。
从公元前4世纪的希腊哲学家亚里士多德(Aristotle)起，历史上对万有引力就有着众多的猜想或解释。
亚里士多德认为没有起因就没有结果，因此没有力的作用的运动是不存在的。
他推断在水晶球模型中，所有物体都有朝它们正确的位置靠近的趋势，并且物体按他们自身的重量的比例向地球的中心坠落。
在公元628年，印度天文学家婆罗摩笈多(Brahmagupta)首先认识到重力是一种吸引力的作用。
他解释说：“物体向地球坠落是因为地球对物体自然地吸引，就如同水自然地流动一般”(bodiesfalltowardstheearthasitisinthenatureoftheearthtoattractbodies,justasitisinthenatureofwatertoflow)。
他用了一个梵语术语“gruhtvaakarshan”代表重力，在发音上，与英语中的“gravity”相像，并且都表示同一个意思“吸引力”。
婆罗摩笈多亦坚持阿里亚哈塔(Aryabhata)于公元499年提出的以万有引力维持的太阳为中心的太阳系观点。
因此，他理解到了太阳和地球之间存在着一种吸引力的作用。
从17世纪起，科学家把万有引力看作是物质的一个属性。
一个物体吸引另一个物体的力量大小，视物体所含物质的多少和隔开它们的距离而定，这种力量是相互作用的。
哥白尼(NicolausCopernicus)认为万有引力是物质集聚的一种方式，万有引力的中心是一个几何性质的点。
1600年威廉•吉尔伯特(WilliamGilbert)提出磁力可能是维持太阳系存在的原理。
他设想万有引力就是地球这块庞大磁石作用于周围物体的磁力，而且遍及整个太阳系，成为宇宙的外膜。
吉尔伯特证明，磁石对一块铁的吸力大小视磁石的大小而定，磁石越大，对铁块的吸力也越大。
而且吸引是互相作用的，磁石吸铁，铁也同样吸引磁石。
量子纠缠的数学原理Quantum entanglement is one of the most fascinating phenomena in quantum mechanics. It refers to the strong correlation that exists between particles even when they are separated by large distances. This phenomenon was famously described by Albert Einstein as "spooky action at a distance," highlighting its counterintuitive nature.量子纠缠是量子力学中最令人着迷的现象之一。
它指的是即使粒子相距很远，它们之间仍存在强烈的相关性。
爱因斯坦曾将这一现象形象地描述为“鬼魅般的遥远作用”，突显其反直觉的本质。
One of the key mathematical principles that underpin quantum entanglement is superposition. In simple terms, superposition allows a quantum system to exist in multiple states simultaneously until it is measured or observed. This property is crucial for understandinghow entangled particles can be in a state of flux, with their properties being intrinsically linked regardless of the distance between them.支撑量子纠缠的关键数学原理之一是叠加原理。
有关量子力学的英语作文Quantum mechanics, a fundamental theory in physics, has been a subject of fascination and debate since its inception in the early 20th century. It describes the behavior of matter and energy at the smallest scales, where the classical laws of physics no longer apply. This essay aims to explore the key principles of quantum mechanics, its implications for our understanding of the universe, and the ongoing challenges it presents to scientists and philosophers alike.Firstly, the concept of wave-particle duality is central to quantum mechanics. This principle posits that all particles, such as electrons, can exhibit both wave-like and particle-like properties. This duality is demonstrated in the famous double-slit experiment, where particles create aninterference pattern when not observed, but act as discrete entities when measured. The act of observation, therefore, plays a critical role in determining the state of a quantum system.Secondly, the superposition principle is another cornerstone of quantum mechanics. It states that a quantum system can exist in multiple states simultaneously until it is measured. This is exemplified by the thought experiment known asSchrödinger's cat, where a cat in a sealed box is considered to be both alive and dead until the box is opened and thecat's state is observed.Entanglement, a phenomenon where particles become interconnected and the state of one instantaneously influences the state of another, regardless of the distance between them, is another intriguing aspect of quantum mechanics. This has led to the development of quantum computing, which promises to revolutionize information processing by performing calculations at speeds unattainable by classical computers.However, quantum mechanics also presents significant challenges. The interpretation of quantum theory is a subject of ongoing debate. The Copenhagen interpretation suggeststhat the act of measurement collapses the wave function, determining the outcome, while the many-worlds interpretation proposes that all possible outcomes of a quantum event exist in separate, non-interacting parallel universes.Moreover, the reconciliation of quantum mechanics with general relativity, the theory of gravity, remains an unsolved problem in physics. The two theories operate under fundamentally different principles, and finding a unified theory that encompasses both has been a holy grail for physicists.In conclusion, quantum mechanics has reshaped our understanding of the microscopic world and has profound implications for technology, philosophy, and the very fabric of reality. As research continues, it is likely that the mysteries of quantum mechanics will continue to inspire awe and provoke thought about the nature of existence itself.。
量子引力的路径积分理论Path Integral Theory of Quantum Gravity本文讨论量子力学与广义相对论的结合问题，旨在通过以经典广义相对论的作用量为基础得出量子引力的路径积分形式.This paper discusses the combination between quantum mechanics and general relativity, aiming to obtain the path integral formulation of quantum gravity based on the action of classical general relativity.关键词：量子引力，路径积分，作用量Key words: quantum gravity, path integral, actionPACC: 0460，0455，03651.引言Introduction自量子力学和广义相对论诞生以来，把两者结合成为既具有量子特征，又能描述弯曲时空的量子引力理论是人们追求的理想.然而，引力的特殊性造成了这一问题的复杂.其主要原因是来自于引力的自作用引起的波函数的非线性，这一方面破坏了量子力学的基础——态的叠加原理；另一方面，也导致了量子引力论缺乏相应的背景时空.引力量子化的这些早期尝试所遭遇的困难反映了一个很基本的事实，那就是许多不同的量子理论可以具有同样的经典极限，在一个本质上是量子化的物理世界中，理想的做法应该是从量子理论出发，在量子效应可以忽略的情形下对理论作“经典化”，而不是相反. 类似于量子力学，量子引力理论也应该有正则量子化、协变量子化和路径积分三种形式.霍金早在上世纪70年代就曾指出，路径积分或许是通向量子引力理论的捷径.但作为路径积分的核心，时空坐标和作用量的选择至关重要.下面的分析指出，选择合适的作用量和“时空间”坐标，可以避免以上困难，得出令人满意的结果.It has been a pursuing ideal since the birth of quantum mechanics and general relativity to combine them to form quantum gravity theory with the feature of quantum characteristics as well as the description of curved space-time. However, the particularity of gravitation makes this problem complex. The main reason is the non-linearity of wave function caused by gravitationalself-interaction, which on the one hand breaks the basis of quantum mechanics, that is the superposition principle; on the other hand leads to the lacking of corresponding space-time background. All the difficulties encountered in the early experience of gravity quantization reflect a basic fact that numbers of different quantum theories may have the same classical limit. The ideal method is to make the theories classic under the condition of ignoring quantum effects starting from quantum theories, but not the reverse. Being similar to quantum mechanics, quantum gravity theory should have three forms as well, that are, canonical quantization, covatiant quantization, and path integral. Hocking pointed that path integral may be the shortcut to quantum gravity theory as early as in the 1970s. But the selection of space-time coordinates and actions are most important, which are the cores of path integral. It will be indicated in the following analysis that selecting an appropriate action and space-time coordinate can avoid above difficulties and reach satisfying results.2. 作用量和时空坐标的选择Selections of Actions and Space-time Coordinates在广义相对论中存在两种作用量：There are two actions in general relativity,一种是标量作用量：（1）one is scalar quantity action,其中（2）in which是引力场的作用量.式中R是黎曼曲率标量，d∑是四维度量空间的体元；（3）is gravitational field action. In the formula, R represents the scalar quantity of Riemannian Curvature; d∑represents volume element in the four-dimension metric space.是物质场的作用量. is material field action式中的m L 是物质场的拉格朗日函数。
Chapter 1 Introduction（引言）§1.1 Space and Time（空间与时间）universe宇宙object物体measurement 测量kinematics运动学motion of objects 物体的运动mass point/particle质点center of mass 质心space and time 时空rotation 旋转subject研究的对象phenomena 现象intergalactic星系间的submicroscopic 亚微观的dimension尺度uniform均匀的isotropic各向同性的continuous连续的direction方向graininess 颗粒性location位置frame of reference 参考系specify确定、规定simultaneously 同时地inconsistent with与…不一致define/definition 定义platinum-iridium铂铱合金atomic standard 原子标准transition 跃迁meridian子午线general conference on weights and measures 国际计量大会vacuum真空former standard of length米原器atomic energy level原子能级isotope cesium 铯同位素krypton 氪angstrom埃§1.2 Coordinate Systems and Frames of Reference（坐标系与参考系）frame of reference 参考系coordinate system坐标系rectangular Cartesian coordinates直角笛卡儿坐标系axis / axes (pl.)（坐标）轴origin坐标原点at rest静止dimension维mutually perpendicular 互相垂直intersection 交点§1.3 Idealized Models（理想模型）idealized model 理想模型simplified version简化方式neglect忽略particle质点air resistance 空气阻力vacuum真空in terms of 利用rigid body刚体insulator绝缘体§1.4 Vectors（矢量）vector矢量scalar标量magnitude大小velocity速度acceleration 加速度momentum动量proportional to正比于parallel平行position vector位置矢量§1.5 Properties of Vectors（矢量的特点）resultant/net vectoradditionsubtractionequivalenttranslatehead-to-tail methodparallelogram method diagonalcommutative lawscalar productdot productdistributive lawmultiplicationcross product vector productarearight-hand ruleparallelmultiplyfunctionsome variable§1.6 Components of a Vector（矢量的分量）component分量absolute value绝对值projection投影perpendicular 垂线rectangular component正交分量§1.7 Unit Vectors（单位矢量）unit vector单位矢量dimensionless 无量纲的unit magnitude单位大小respectively分别地Chapter 2 Kinematics: Motion in Two and Three Dimensions （运动学：二维与三维运动）§2.1 Kinematical Function of a Point（质点的运动函数）position vector位置矢量trigonometry 三角学§2.2 Displacement and Velocity（位移与速度）trajectory轨迹displacement vector位移矢量velocity速度ratio比值，比率straight line直线approach趋近、接近limit极限average velocity 平均速度instantaneous velocity瞬时速度slope斜率chord弦limiting process 求极限过程curved path弯曲路径derivative导数magnitude and direction大小和方向speed速率scalar components标量分量limiting value极限值limiting process 求极限过程tangent相切、切线change增量、改变量differential n.微分differentiate v. 微分、求导integrate v.积分integration n.积分coefficient系数module (矢量的)模successively 连续地square root 平方根§2.3 Acceleration（加速度）acceleration 加速度average acceleration 平均加速度instantaneous acceleration 瞬时加速度second derivative二阶导数positive正的negative负的respectively 分别地one-dimensional motion一维运动uniform circular motion匀速圆周运动projectile motion抛体运动§2.4 Motion with Constant Acceleration（匀加速运动）无§2.5 Linear Motion with Constant Acceleration（匀加速直线运动）linear线性的one-dimensional一维的corresponding对应的eliminate消去freely falling bodies自由落体air resistance 空气阻力acceleration due to gravity 重力加速度altitude高度vertical direction 竖直方向negative sign 负号latitude经度regardless of与.无关maximum value最大值minimum value最小值§2.6 Projectile Motion （抛体运动）projectile抛体trajectory轨迹assumption 假设negligible可忽略的rotation 转动air friction 空气摩擦parabola抛物线parabolic trajectory 抛物线轨迹initial初始的horizontal水平的independent 独立的superposition叠加flight time飞行时间horizontal range射程maximum height最大高度horizontal surface水平面a body projected horizontally平抛物体vertical竖直的firing angle抛射角§2.7 Circular Motion（圆周运动）circular motion 圆周运动uniform circular motion匀速圆周运动circular motion with varying speed变速圆周运动centripetal向心的arc length 弧长angular displacement 角位移instantaneous angular velocity（瞬时）角速度radian(s) 弧度dimensional有量纲的counterclockwise 逆时针clockwise顺时针circle圆center of a circle圆心vectorially矢量地angular acceleration 角加速度tangential acceleration 切向加速度center-seeking 向心resolve （矢量）分解centripetal acceleration 向心加速度normal acceleration 法向加速度perpendicular to垂直于radial径向的radius半径§2.8 Relative Motion（相对运动）relative velocity相对速度relative acceleration 相对加速度observer观察者outcome结果measurement 测量stationary 静止的differentiate求微分Galilean transformation equation伽利略变换valid有效的special theory of relativity狭义相对论as it turns out结果是relative to相对于heading due north头朝北right triangle直角三角形upstream逆流hypotenuse直角三角形的斜边Chapter 3 Newton’s Laws of Motion（牛顿运动定律）§3.1 Newton’s First Law（牛顿第一定律）at rest静止net external force/ resultant force合外力inertial frame of reference 惯性参考系inertia惯性act on = exert（力）作用于approximation近似inertial mass 惯性质量interact (n. interaction)相互作用resultant external force合外力momentum动量unless stated otherwise 除非另有说明§3.2 Newton’s Second Law（牛顿第二定律）nonzero非零的mass质量momentum动量rate of change变化率directly proportional to正比于inversely proportional to反比于§3.3 Newton’s Third Law（牛顿第三定律）interact相互作用opposite相反、相对isolated 孤立的action force 作用力reaction force反作用力§3.4 Applications of Newton’s Laws（牛顿运动定律的应用）tension 张力diagram示意图isolate 隔离free-body diagram受力图unknown未知量Atwood’s Machine阿特伍德机light string轻绳vertically 竖直地frictionless 无摩擦的incline斜面pulley滑轮balanced平衡的block 木块、滑块wedge楔、斜铁plane 平面horizontal surface水平面§3.5 International Units and Dimensions（国际单位制与量纲）physical quantity物理量fundamental unit基本单位universally普遍scientific community科学界luminous intensity光强度abbreviation缩写lowercase小写的uppercase大写的rectangle矩形§3.6 Introduction to Some Common Forces（几种常见力）electromagnetic电磁的lean against 倚靠compress 压mattress spring 床垫弹簧normal force 法向力、支持力stiffness倔强性stretch 拉伸frictional force / force of friction 摩擦力viscous medium粘滞媒质（介质）resistance 阻力force of static friction 静摩擦力maximum force of static friction最大静摩擦力is proportional to正比于proportionality constant比例常数coefficient of static friction 静摩擦系数coefficient of kinetic friction 滑动摩擦系数variation变化§3.7 The Four Fundamental Forces（四种基本力）gravitational force 引力universal gravitational constant万有引力常数electromagnetic force电磁力bind约束Coulomb’s law库仑定律charged particle带电粒子strong nuclear force 强力hydrogen氢nucleus (pl. nuclei or nucleuses)原子核neutron 中子proton质子counteract抵抗repulsive排斥的strength强度weak nuclear force弱力short-range force 短程力radioactivity放射性radioactive decay 放射性衰变nucleons核子massless 无质量的action at a distance远程作用hypothesis 假设field场Chapter 4Linear Momentum and Angular Momentum （动量与角动量）§4.1 Linear Momentum and Impulse（动量与冲量）(linear) momentum动量impulse 冲量impulse-momentum theorem动量定理time-average force 平均冲力§4.2 Impulse-momentum Theorem for Particles System（质点系的动量定理）particles system 质点系internal forces 内力external forces 外力§4.3 Conservation of Linear Momentum（动量守恒定律）momenta（pl.）动量§4.4 Center of Mass（质心）vector notation矢量表示continuous object连续物体element of mass 质元§4.5 Motion of the Center of Mass（质心的运动）conserved 守恒的isolated system 孤立系统§4.6 Angular Momentum of a Particle（质点的角动量）conserved 守恒的isolated system 孤立系统§4.7 Conservation Law of Angular Momentum（角动量守恒定律）Kepler 开普勒ellipse椭圆Chapter 6 Rotation of a Rigid Body about a Fixed Axis （刚体的定轴转动）§6.1 Motion of a Rigid Body（刚体的运动）rigid body刚体parallelogram rule 平行四边形法则translation 平动an extended body 空间实体rotation 转动nondeformable 不变形的resultant motion 合运动parallel平行fixed axis 固定轴counterclockwise motion 逆时针运动angular acceleration 角加速度clockwise motion顺时针运动separation 间隔translation 平动angular velocity 角速度trajectory 轨迹§6.2 Law of Rotation of a Rigid Body about a Fixed Axis（刚体定轴转动定律）moment of inertia 转动惯量rotation axis 旋转轴torque 力矩proportionality constant比例常数element of mass 质元line of action of force 力的作用线analogue 类似；相似perpendicular distance垂直距离distribution of mass 质量分布pivot about 围绕…旋转；以…为轴旋转moment arm 力臂is proportional to与…成正比§6.3 Calculation of Moments of Inertia for Rigid Bodies（转动惯量的计算）an extended body 延续实体hoop圆环spherical shell薄球壳solid sphere实心球spherical cavity球腔linear density线密度§6.4 Application of Law of Rotation of a Rigid Body about a Fixed Axis（刚体定轴转动定律应用）orientation 方向；方位atwood’s machine伍德机brake制动器，刹车pedal踏板sprocket链轮齿bearing轴承pulley滑轮nonslip 无滑动§6.5 Conservation of Angular Momentum with Respect to the Fixed Axis（对定轴角动量守恒）resultant external torque合外力矩isolated隔离的valid 有效；适用pin 销；轴hapter 7Electric Fields of Stationary Electric Charges（静止电荷的电场）§7.1 Charge（电荷）Electricity电学magnetism磁学accelerator 加速器interatomic原子间的amber琥珀magnetite磁铁矿electrification充电magnet磁铁charge 电荷quantized量子化的quantization量子化proton质子electrically charged带电的charged body带电体conservation守恒uncharged不带电的§7.2 Coulomb’s Law（库仑定律）Coulomb’s Law库仑定律inversely proportional to相反地separating 分开的permittivity介电常数hydrogen氢opposite sign符号相反§7.3 The Electric Field（电场）electric field 电场test charge检验电荷distribution分布X-ray X-射线lightning闪电electronic电子的intermolecular分子间的rub摩擦magnesia氧化镁electromagnetism电磁学plastic rod塑料棒repel排斥attract 吸引suspend悬挂neutron中子electron电子neutral中性的integer整数integral multiple整数倍proportional to正比于square平方product乘积repulsive排斥Coulomb constant库仑常数superposition principle叠加原理electric field (intensity) 电场强度source charge场源电荷radio waves无线电波atmosphere大气thundercloud 雷雨云§7.4 Calculation of Electric Field（电场的计算）stationarydenominatorelectric dipoleelectric dipole moment spherically symmetriccontinuous charge distributioncharge elementstrategy静止的分母电偶极子电偶极矩球对称电荷连续分布元电荷策略bisector平分线manipulation处理linear charge density电荷线密度surface charge density 电荷面密度volume charge density电荷体密度ring charge带电圆环charged disk带电圆盘infinite plate of charge无限大带电平面§7.5 Electric Field Lines and Electric Flux（电场线和电通量）electric field lines电场线electric flux电通量infinity无穷远visualize形象化strength强度penetrate穿过qualitative定量的closed surface闭合曲面align排列thread线intersection 相交cross交叉§7.6 Gauss’s Law（高斯定理）Gauss’s law 高斯定理arbitrary shape 任意形状gaussian surface 高斯面electric flux电通量principle 原理practice实际§7.7 Application of Gauss’s Law（高斯定理的应用）algebraic代数的rearrange重新整理charge distribution电荷分布spherical symmetry 球对称cylindrical symmetry 柱对称plane symmetry 平面对称symmetric对称的spherical shell球壳infinite length无限长infinite plane无限大平面Chapter 8 Electric Potential（电势）§8.1 Conservativity of Electrostatic Field（静电场的保守性）line integral线积分conservative force field 保守力场closed path闭合路径conservative保守的circuital theorem for electrostatic field静电场环路定理§8.2 Potential Difference and Electric Potential（电势差和电势）potential difference电势差electric potential电势infinity无穷远electrostatic potential energy 静电势能volt伏特voltage电压electron volt电子伏特battery电池§8.3 Calculation of Electric Potential（电势的计算）equipotential surface等势面broken lines虚线semicircular半圆的insulating绝缘的infinite无限的dashed lines虚线extend延伸solid lines实线finite有限的arbitrary任意的function函数curved surface曲面§8.4 Electric Potential Gradient（电势梯度）gradient梯度notation符号potential Gradient电势梯度maximum最大值right angle 直角sketch勾画§8.5 Electrostatic Potential Energy（静电势能）electrostatic potential energy 静电势能vicinity附近Chapter 9 Conductor in Electrostatic Field（静电场中的导体）§9.1 Conductors in Electrostatic Equilibrium（导体的静电平衡）isolated conductor 孤立导体electrostatic equilibrium静电平衡equipotential body等势体radius of curvature曲率半径electrostatic shielding静电屏蔽neutralize电中和sharp point discharge尖端放电lightning rod 避雷针cosmic rays 宇宙射线lightning stroke雷击glow discharge 辉光放电ion离子corona discharge电晕放电shrink收缩cavity 空腔grounding接地curved surface 曲面conducting wire导线collision碰撞thunderstorm雷暴induced charge 感应电荷insert插入guarantee保证contradiction 矛盾§9.2 Calculation of Electrostatic Field with Conductors Nearby （有导体存在时静电场的分析与计算）conducting slab 导电板lateral area侧面uncharged conductor不带电导体edge effect边缘效应redistribute 重新分配external外部Chapter 10 Capacitors and Dielectrics in Electrostatic Field （电容器和静电场中的电介质）§10.1 Capacitance and Capacitors（电容和电容器）Leyden jar 莱顿瓶flash 闪光灯capacitance电容coaxial同轴的capacitor电容器coaxial cable同轴电缆parallel-plate capacitor 平行平板电容器concentric同心的cylindrical capacitor圆柱形电容器parallel combination 并联spherical capacitor 球形电容器series combination串联submultiple因数farad 法拉microfarad 微法拉picofarad 皮法拉rectify 调整inductance 自感应ignition 点火sparking打火花metallic金属(性)的combination联合、组合equivalent相当的§10.2 Dielectrics and Electric Field（电介质与电场）dielectric电介质relative dielectric constant 相对介电常数voltmeter 伏特计insulating绝缘的dielectric breakdown介质击穿dielectric strength介电强度§10.3 Polarization of Dielectrics（电介质的极化）polarize极化polar molecules极性分子polarization 极化nonpolar molecules非极性分子induced dipole moments 感应电矩permanent electric dipole moments 固有电矩surface charge表面电荷align排成一线orient取向bound charge束缚电荷homogeneous 均匀的free charge 自由电荷microwave 微波oven 烤箱vibrate 振动tune 调整resonate 共振oscillate 振荡§10.4 Gauss’s Law for Electric Displacement Vector （高斯定律）electric displacement 电位移dielectric constant介电常数deliberately故意地the flux of D(r) D(r) 的通量permittivity电容率§10.5 Energy Stored in a Charged Capacitor（电容器的能量）transfer转移electrostatic potential energy 静电势能battery电池electrostatic field energy 静电场能increment 增量energy density能量密度transformation转化maximum operating voltage 最大工作电压terminal 终端deliver递送dissipate消散pathway路径Chapter 11 Magnetic Force (磁力)§11.1 Nature of Magnetic Force(磁力的本质)magnetite磁铁矿石bar magnet条形磁铁interaction 相互作用magnetic pole磁极electric current loops of molecules分子环形电流§11.2 Magnetic Field and Magnetic Field Vector(磁场和磁感应强度)magnetic field磁场magnetic field vector=magnetic induction =magnetic flux density磁感应强度magnetic force 磁场力Lorentz force 洛仑兹力B-line磁感(应)线magnetic flux磁通量tesla(T)特（斯拉）weber韦伯§11.3 Motion of a Charged Particle in a Magnetic Field(带电粒子在磁场中的运动)cyclotron period回旋周期magnetic focusing磁聚焦helix螺旋线pitch螺距magnetic lens磁镜magnetic confinement 磁约束a magnetic bottle磁瓶the mass spectrometer 质谱仪schematic drawing示意图ion离子precision 精确度proton质子deuteron 氘核bombard 轰击cyclotron 加速器dees D型盒evacuate抽成真空shield屏蔽oscillate 振动plasma等离子体nuclear fusion核聚变Van Allen belts范阿仑辐射带§11.4 The Hall Effect(霍尔效应)the Hall voltage 霍尔电压the drift velocity漂移速度§11.5 Magnetic Force on a Current-carrying Conductor(载流导体在磁场中受力—安培力)current-carrying conductor/wire载流导体/导线current loop in a uniform magnetic field匀强磁场中的载流线圈linear element 线元current element vector 电流元矢量loop 环, 回路magnetic moment of a current loop载流线圈磁矩rectangular loop矩形回路a wire segment 一段导线strip 条；带Chapter 12 Source of Magnetic Field（磁场的源）§12.1 The Magnetic Field of Moving Point Charges（运动点电荷的磁场）permeability of free space真空磁导率§12.2 The Biot-Savart Law（毕奥-萨伐尔定律）the Biot-Savart Law毕奥-萨伐尔定律permeability of free space真空磁导率Gauss’law in magnetism磁场的高斯定律magnetic monopoles磁单极solenoid螺线管turn匝current-carrying wire 载流导线encircle环绕current element电流元diverge发散converge聚合magnetic pole磁极magnet磁铁magnetic flux磁通量§12.3 Ampere Circuital Theorem （安培环路定理）penetrate穿过bounded by以…为边界finite point 有限点line integral线积分§12.4 Application of Ampere Circuital Theorem（安培环路定理的应用）current-carrying wire 载流导线circumference 周长cylindrical shell圆柱形壳toroid螺绕环inner radius 内径outer radius外径spherical conductor 球形导体§12.5 Magnetic Field due to Varying Electric Field（与变化的电场相联系的磁场）displacement current位移电流generalized Ampere’s Law广义安培环路定理conduction current传导电流magnetic monopole磁单级postulate假设total current全电流steady current恒定电流§12.6 The Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel Current-carryingWires（平行电流间的相互作用力）antiparallel反平行Chapter 13 Magnetic Media in Magnetic Field（磁场中的磁介质）§13.1 Effect on Magnetic Field Caused by Magnetic Media（磁介质对磁场的影响）magnetic medium磁介质diamagnetic medium抗磁质paramagnetic medium顺磁质ferromagnetic material 铁磁质magnetic moment 磁矩paramagnetism 顺磁性partial alignment部分取向electron spin 电子自旋magnetic dipole 磁偶极子ferromagnetism 铁磁性diamagnetism抗磁性induced magnetic moment感生磁矩permanent magnetic moment固有磁矩§13.2 Atomic Magnetic Dipole Moments（原子磁矩）magnetization磁化atomic原子的magnetic dipole moment磁矩orbital magnetic moment 轨道磁矩quantum theory量子理论intrinsic spin angular momentum内禀自旋角动量§13.3 Magnetization（磁介质的磁化）magnetization n.磁化、磁化强度magnetize . 磁化atomic current loopamperian currentcross-sectional area分子环流v安培电流横截面积induced magnetic dipole moments感生磁矩surface magnetization current/ bound current 面磁化电流(面束缚电流)applied magnetic field外加磁场magnetic susceptibility磁化率relative permeability相对磁导率bismuth 铋Bohr magneton玻尔磁子superconductor超导体emf电动势§13.4 Ferromagnetic Materials（铁磁质）iron铁cobalt钴nickel镍alloy 合金ferromagnetism 铁磁性magnetic domain磁畴critical temperature临界温度Curie temperature居里温度thermal agitation热扰动end effect边界效应magnetic saturation磁饱和reversible 可逆的magnetic hysteresis磁滞效应hysteresis loop 磁滞回线magnetization curve磁化曲线initial magnetization curve起始磁化曲线remnant magnetization剩磁coercive force矫顽力memory 记忆能力magnetize磁化demagnetize去磁，退磁transformer 变压器motor 电动机secondary coil副线圈cycle循环irreversible process 不可逆过程hard ferromagnetic materials硬磁性材料soft ferromagnetic materials软磁性材料hysteresis loss磁滞损耗（铁损）Curie point居里点permanent magnet永久磁体, magnetic tape磁带，memory unit记忆元件iron cores铁芯galvanometer 电流计rr§13.5 Circuital Theorem for H （H 的环路定理）magnetic intensity磁场强度magnetization current 磁化电流free current自由电流isotropic各向同性的permeability磁导率relative permeability相对磁导率Chapter 14 Electromagnetic Induction（电磁感应）§14.1 Faraday Law of Electromagnetic Induction（法拉第电磁感应定律）electromagnetic induction 电磁感应induction current感应电流emf (electromotive force) 电动势induction emf 感生电动势weber韦伯Lenz Law楞次定律polarity极性§14.2 Motional emf（动生电动势）motional emf 动生电动势§14.3 Induced emf and Induced Electric Field（感生电动势和感生电场）nonelectrostatic force非静电力induced emf 感生电动势induced electric field感生电场vortex field涡旋场eddy currents 涡流nonconservative field 非保守场time-varying field时变场alternate变化alternative 交流电的，交变的laminated叠片（组成）的§14.4 Mutual Induction（互感现象）mutual induction互感现象mutual inductance互感系数emf by mutual induction互感电动势orientation 方位§14.5 Self-induction（自感现象）self-induction自感现象self-inductance 自感系数inductor电感self-induced emf 自感电动势is proportional to正比于§14.6 Energy of Magnetic Field（磁场的能量）magnetic energy density磁场能量密度energy due to mutual induction互感磁能Chapter 15 Maxwell’s Equations and Electromagnetic Waves （麦克斯韦方程组组与电磁波波）§15-1 Maxwell’s Equations（麦克斯韦方程组）§15-2 Electromagnetic Waves（电磁波）propagation传播in phase同相、同步transverse waves横波wavelength波长visible spectrum可见光谱infrared waves 红外波radiation 辐射ultraviolet ray紫外线Poynging vector 坡印亭矢量§15-3 The Wave Equation for Electromagnetic Waves（电磁波的方程）wave function波函数wave equation波的方程wave number 波数angular frequency 角频率plane wave平面波Chapter 16 Temperature and the Kinetic Theory of Gases（温度与气体运动论）§16.1 Thermal Equilibrium and Temperature （热平衡及温度）temperature 温度hotness热coldness冷thermometric property热力学特性thermal contact热接触the average internal molecular kinetic energy 分子内平均动能thermal equilibrium热平衡electrical conductor 导电器the zeroth law of thermodynamics热力学第零定律temperature scale温标§16.2 The Celsius and Fahrenheit Temperature Scales（摄氏温标与华氏温标）thermometer温度计temperature scale温标the ice-point temperature冰点温度freezing point冰点steam-point沸点normal boiling point标准沸点the steam-point temperature 气化点温度the Celsius temperature scale摄氏温标the Fahrenheit temperature scale华氏温标§16.3 Gas Thermometers and the Absolute Temperature Scale（气体温度计和绝对温标）calibrate 校对、校准discrepancy差异volume 体积density密度sufficiently low 足够低sulfur硫a constant-volume gas thermometer等容气体温度计triple point of water 水的三相点ideal-gas temperature scale理想气体温标absolute temperature scale绝对温标nitrogen氮hydrogen氢oxygen氧recalibrate再校准extrapolate外推，向外延长triple point 三相点coexist共存helium氦liquefy液化in terms of 利用rigid body刚体insulator绝缘体Kelvin scale 开尔文温标§16.4 The Ideal-Gas Law（理想气体定律）Boyle’s law玻意耳定律constant volume 等体Boltzmann’s constant玻耳兹曼常量mole摩尔Avogadro’s number 阿伏伽德罗常量carbon atom碳原子universal gas constant普适气体常量ideal gas理想气体equation of state状态方程state variable状态参量standard condition标准条件subscript 下标§16.5 The Kinetic Theory of Gases（气体分子运动论）macroscopic state variable宏观状态变量microscopic quantity微观量walls of a container容器壁translational kinetic energy平动动能root mean square (rms) speed方均根速率order of magnitude量级piston活塞redistribute 再分布partition 分配equipartition theorem（能）均分定理classical statistical mechanics经典统计力学degree of freedom自由度monatomic 单原子的bond键diatomic 双原子的polyatomic 多原子的vibration振动mean free path平均自由程air current 气流convection 对流diffuse扩散reciprocal倒数frequency频率§16.6 Maxwell Speed Distribution Function（麦克斯韦速率分布函数）probability概率abscissa横坐标normalization condition 归一化条件most probable distribution最概然分布Chapter 17 Heat and the First Law of Thermodynamics （热及热力学第一定律）§17.1 Heat Capacity and Specific Heat（热容与比热）atomist 原子学家thermal energy 热能manifestation 表现形式molecular motion 分子运动thermal contact热接触caloric a.热的n.热（质）internal energy 内能heat capacity热容量phase相heat conduction热传导calorie卡（路里）molar mass摩尔质量Law of conservation of energy能量守恒定律The first law of thermodynamics 热力学第一定律be proportional to和…成正比molar specific heat摩尔比热solar heating system太阳能热系统coolant冷却液§17.2 Change of Phase and Latent Heat（相变与潜热）heat capacity热容量phase change相变vaporization汽化，蒸发fusion 熔化melting融化condensation 凝聚sublimation升华carbon dioxide二氧化碳crystalline a. 结晶的、晶状的n.结晶体average translational kinetic energy平均平动动能latent heat潜热§17.3 Joule’s Experiment（焦耳实验）thermally insulated绝热的mechanical equivalence of heat热功当量§17.4 The Internal Energy of an Ideal Gas（理想气体内能）internal energy 内能real gas实际气体§17.5 Work and the PV Diagram for a Gas（功与气体PV图）quasi-static process准静态过程piston活塞isobaric等压的isothermal 等温的§17.6 The First Law of Thermodynamics（热力学第一定律）§17.7 Heat Capacities of Gases（气体的热容）infinitesimal无穷小的§17.8 The Quasi-Static Adiabatic Process for an Ideal Gas（理想气体准静态绝热过程）compression 压缩Poisson formula 泊松公式process equations 过程方程。
关于阿基米德发现浮力定律的英语作文Title: Archimedes and the Discovery of the Buoyancy PrincipleIntroduction:One of the most significant discoveries in the field of physics is the buoyancy principle, which was first documented by the ancient Greek mathematician and inventor, Archimedes. This principle, also known as Archimedes' Principle, explains why objects float or sink in a fluid. It has numerous applications in various fields, including engineering, shipbuilding, and submarine design. This essay aims to explore Archimedes' contributions and elaborate on his discovery of the buoyancy principle.The Life and Contributions of Archimedes:Archimedes was born in Syracuse, a Greek colony in Sicily, around 287 BC. He made groundbreaking contributions to mathematics, physics, engineering, and many other fields. His notable works include the invention of the Archimedes' screw, development of hydrostatics, and pioneering studies in the science of levers.The Discovery of Buoyancy Principle:The story behind Archimedes' discovery of the buoyancy principle is widely known. According to historical records, the King of Syracuse ordered a golden crown to be made for himself. However, he had doubts about the purity of the gold and sought Archimedes' assistance to determine whether the crown was made of pure gold or if other metals had been mixed in.Archimedes pondered over this problem for some time but was unable to find a direct solution. It was during one of his visits to the public bathhouse that he observed an interesting phenomenon - the water level rose as he entered the tub. This observation sparked an idea in Archimedes' mind, leading him to the discovery of the buoyancy principle.The Buoyancy Principle Explained:Archimedes realized that the upward force exerted on an object submerged in a fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object. This meant that an object submerged in a fluid experiences an upward buoyant force equal to the weight of the displaced fluid. If this upward force is equal to or greater than the object's weight, it floats. If the weight of the object exceeds the upward force, it sinks.Significance and Applications:Archimedes' discovery of the buoyancy principle had a profound impact on various fields. In shipbuilding, understanding buoyancy is crucial for designing vessels that can stay afloat in water. This principle also plays a vital role in naval architecture and submarine design. Furthermore, engineers rely on the buoyancy principle when designing structures that will be partially or entirely submerged, such as dams and underwater support systems.Conclusion:Archimedes' discovery of the buoyancy principle remains one of his greatest contributions to science and engineering. His remarkable observation and subsequent understanding of this principle have had a lasting impact, revolutionizing several fields. The buoyancy principle is still studied and applied today, demonstrating the enduring significance of Archimedes' work.。
高二英语物理现象与科学原理单选题50题1. When you see a rainbow in the sky, it is mainly due to which physical phenomenon?A. ReflectionB. RefractionC. DiffractionD. Interference答案：B。
解析：彩虹出现在天空主要是由于折射现象。
当阳光穿过雨滴时，光线发生折射，将太阳光分解成不同颜色，从而形成彩虹。
Reflection是反射，主要涉及光线遇到物体表面返回的现象；Diffraction是衍射，一般指波在遇到障碍物或小孔时发生的弯曲现象；Interference是干涉，是两列或多列波叠加形成新的波形的现象，均不符合彩虹形成的原理。
2. In the experiment of pushing a box on a flat surface, if the box moves at a constant speed, which force is equal to the pushing force?A. GravityB. FrictionC. Elastic forceD. Magnetic force答案：B。
解析：当在平面上推动箱子并使其匀速运动时，根据牛顿第二定律，推力与摩擦力大小相等、方向相反。
Gravity是重力，方向竖直向下，与水平方向的推力和摩擦力无关；Elastic force是弹力，在此场景中没有涉及弹性物体产生弹力；Magnetic force是磁力，该场景不存在磁场，没有磁力的作用。
3. A mirror can form an image. What kind of physical phenomenon is this mainly based on?A. DispersionB. ReflectionC. AbsorptionD. Polarization答案：B。
