2019年雅思阅读模拟试题：流程图题(1)

2019年雅思写作小作文流程图解析及范文：废纸回收The chart below shows the process of waste paper recycling.范文：The flow chart shows how waste paper is recycled. It is clear that there are six distinct stages in this process,from the initial collection of waste paper to the eventual production of usable paper.At the first stage in the paper recycling process, waste paper is collected either from paper banks, where members of the public leave their used paper, or directly from businesses. This paper is then sorted by hand and separated according to its grade, with any paper that is not suitablefor recycling being removed. Next, the graded paper is transported to a paper mill.Stages four and five of the process both involve cleaning. The paper is cleaned and pulped, and foreign objects such as staples are taken out. Following this, all remnants of inkand glue are removed from the paper at the de-inking stage. Finally, the pulp can be processed in a paper making machine, which makes the end product： usable paper.(160 words, band 9)。

2019年雅思阅读模拟试题：流程图题(2) The Search for the Anti-aging PillIn government laboratories and elsewhere, scientists are seeking a drug able to prolong life and youthful vigor.Studies of caloric restriction are showing the wayAs researchers on aging noted recently, no treatment onthe market today has been proved to slow human aging - the build-up of molecular and cellular damage that increases vulnerability to infirmity as we grow older. But one intervention, consumption of a low-calorie*yet nutritionally balanced diet, works incredibly well in a broad range of animals, increasing longevity and prolonging good health. Those findings suggest that caloric restriction could delay aging and increase longevity in humans, too.Unfortunately, for maximum benefit, people would probably have to reduce their caloric intake by roughly thirty per cent, equivalent to dropping from 2,500 calories a day to1,750. Few mortals could stick to that harsh a regimen, especially for years on end. But what if someone could create a pill that mimicked the physiological effects of eating less without actually forcing people to eat less? Could such a'caloric-restriction mimetic', as we call it, enable peopleto stay healthy longer, postponing age-related disorders (such as diabetes, arteriosclerosis, heart disease and cancer) until very late in life? Scientists first posed this question in the mid-1990s, after researchers came upon a chemicalagent that in rodents seemed to reproduce many of caloric restriction's benefits. No compound that would safely achievethe same feat in people has been found yet, but the search has been informative and has fanned hope that caloric-restriction (CR) mimetics can indeed be developed eventually.The benefits of caloric restrictionThe hunt for CR mimetics grew out of a desire to better understand caloric restriction's many effects on the body. Scientists first recognized the value of the practice more than 60 years ago, when they found that rats fed a low-calorie diet lived longer on average than free-feeding rats and also had a reduced incidence of conditions that become increasingly common in old age. What is more, some of the treated animals survived longer than the oldest-living animals in the control group, which means that the maximum lifespan (the oldest attainable age), not merely the normal lifespan, increased. Various interventions, such asinfection-fighting drugs, can increase a population's average survival time, but only approaches that slow the body's rate of aging will increase the maximum lifespan.The rat findings have been replicated many times and extended to creatures ranging from yeast to fruit flies, worms, fish, spiders, mice and hamsters. Until fairly recently, the studies were limited to short-lived creatures genetically distant from humans. But caloric-restriction projects underway in two species more closely related to humans - rhesus and squirrel monkeys - have made scientists optimistic that CR mimetics could help people.calorie： a measure of the energy value of foodThe monkey projects demonstrate that, compared with control animals that eat normally, caloric-restricted monkeys have lower body temperatures and levels of the pancreatic hormone insulin, and they retain more youthful levels of certain hormones that tend to fall with age.The caloric-restricted animals also look better on indicators of risk for age-related diseases. For example, they have lower blood pressure and triglyceride levels (signifying a decreased likelihood of heart disease), and they have more normal blood glucose levels (pointing to a reduced risk for diabetes, which is marked by unusually high blood glucose levels). Further, it has recently been shown that rhesus monkeys kept on caloric-restricted diets for an extended time (nearly 15 years) have less chronic disease. They and the other monkeys must be followed still longer, however, to know whether low-calorie intake can increase both average and maximum life spans in monkeys. Unlike the multitude of elixirs being touted as the latest anti-aging cure, CR mimetics would alter fundamental processes that underlie aging. We aim to develop compounds that fool cells into activating maintenance and repair.How a prototype caloric-restriction mimetic worksThe best-studied candidate for a caloric-restriction mimetic, 2DG (2-deoxy-D-glucose), works by interfering with the way cells process glucose. It has proved toxic at some doses in animals and so cannot be used in humans. But it has demonstrated that chemicals can replicate the effects of caloric restriction; the trick is finding the right one.。

2019年雅思阅读模拟试题：流程图题(2) The Search for the Anti-aging PillIn government laboratories and elsewhere, scientists are seeking a drug able to prolong life and youthful vigor.Studies of caloric restriction are showing the wayAs researchers on aging noted recently, no treatment onthe market today has been proved to slow human aging - the build-up of molecular and cellular damage that increases vulnerability to infirmity as we grow older. But one intervention, consumption of a low-calorie*yet nutritionally balanced diet, works incredibly well in a broad range of animals, increasing longevity and prolonging good health. Those findings suggest that caloric restriction could delay aging and increase longevity in humans, too.Unfortunately, for maximum benefit, people would probably have to reduce their caloric intake by roughly thirty per cent, equivalent to dropping from 2,500 calories a day to1,750. Few mortals could stick to that harsh a regimen, especially for years on end. But what if someone could create a pill that mimicked the physiological effects of eating less without actually forcing people to eat less? Could such a'caloric-restriction mimetic', as we call it, enable peopleto stay healthy longer, postponing age-related disorders (such as diabetes, arteriosclerosis, heart disease and cancer) until very late in life? Scientists first posed this question in the mid-1990s, after researchers came upon a chemicalagent that in rodents seemed to reproduce many of caloric restriction's benefits. No compound that would safely achievethe same feat in people has been found yet, but the search has been informative and has fanned hope that caloric-restriction (CR) mimetics can indeed be developed eventually.The benefits of caloric restrictionThe hunt for CR mimetics grew out of a desire to better understand caloric restriction's many effects on the body. Scientists first recognized the value of the practice more than 60 years ago, when they found that rats fed a low-calorie diet lived longer on average than free-feeding rats and also had a reduced incidence of conditions that become increasingly common in old age. What is more, some of the treated animals survived longer than the oldest-living animals in the control group, which means that the maximum lifespan (the oldest attainable age), not merely the normal lifespan, increased. Various interventions, such asinfection-fighting drugs, can increase a population's average survival time, but only approaches that slow the body's rate of aging will increase the maximum lifespan.The rat findings have been replicated many times and extended to creatures ranging from yeast to fruit flies, worms, fish, spiders, mice and hamsters. Until fairly recently, the studies were limited to short-lived creatures genetically distant from humans. But caloric-restriction projects underway in two species more closely related to humans - rhesus and squirrel monkeys - have made scientists optimistic that CR mimetics could help people.calorie： a measure of the energy value of foodThe monkey projects demonstrate that, compared with control animals that eat normally, caloric-restricted monkeys have lower body temperatures and levels of the pancreatic hormone insulin, and they retain more youthful levels of certain hormones that tend to fall with age.The caloric-restricted animals also look better on indicators of risk for age-related diseases. For example, they have lower blood pressure and triglyceride levels (signifying a decreased likelihood of heart disease), and they have more normal blood glucose levels (pointing to a reduced risk for diabetes, which is marked by unusually high blood glucose levels). Further, it has recently been shown that rhesus monkeys kept on caloric-restricted diets for an extended time (nearly 15 years) have less chronic disease. They and the other monkeys must be followed still longer, however, to know whether low-calorie intake can increase both average and maximum life spans in monkeys. Unlike the multitude of elixirs being touted as the latest anti-aging cure, CR mimetics would alter fundamental processes that underlie aging. We aim to develop compounds that fool cells into activating maintenance and repair.How a prototype caloric-restriction mimetic worksThe best-studied candidate for a caloric-restriction mimetic, 2DG (2-deoxy-D-glucose), works by interfering with the way cells process glucose. It has proved toxic at some doses in animals and so cannot be used in humans. But it has demonstrated that chemicals can replicate the effects of caloric restriction; the trick is finding the right one.Cells use the glucose from food to generate ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the molecule that powers many activities in the body. By limiting food intake, caloric restriction minimizes the amount of glucose entering cells and decreases ATP generation. When 2DG is administered to animals that eat normally, glucose reaches cells in abundance but the drug prevents most of it from being processed and thus reduces ATP synthesis. Researchers have proposed several explanations for why interruption of glucose processing and ATP production might retard aging. One possibility relates to the ATP-making machinery's emission of free radicals, which are thought to contribute to aging and to such age-related diseases as cancer by damaging cells. Reduced operation of the machinery should limit their production and thereby constrain the damage. Another hypothesis suggests that decreased processing of glucose could indicate to cells that food is scarce (even if it isn't) and induce them to shift into an anti-aging mode that emphasizes preservation of the organism over such 'luxuries' as growth and reproduction.。

2019年雅思流程图9分范文及考官点评：砖块的制作-推荐word版本文部分内容来自网络整理，本司不为其真实性负责，如有异议或侵权请及时联系，本司将立即删除！== 本文为word格式，下载后可方便编辑和修改！ == 雅思流程图9分范文及考官点评：砖块的制作下面雅思为大家整理了雅思流程图9分范文及考官点评：砖块的制作，供考生们参考，以下是详细内容。

WRITING TASK 1You should spend about 20 minutes on this task .The diagram below shows the process by which bricks are manufactured for the building industry .Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features , and make comparisons where relevant .Write at least 150 words .Brick manufacturingClay : type of sticky earth that is used for making bricks , pots , etc .【满分范文】The process by which bricks are manufactured for the building industry can be outlined in seven consecutive steps . First the raw material , clay , which was just below the surface of soil in certain clay - rich areas has to be dug up by a digger .Then the lumps of clay are placed on a metal grid in order to break up the big chunks of clay into much smaller areas , which fall through the metal grid onto a roller , whose motion further segregates the bits of clay . Sand and water are added to make a homogenous mixture , which is then either formed in moulds or cutinto brick - shaped pieces by means of a wire cutter .Those fresh bricks are then kept in a drying oven for at least 24 and a maximum of 48 hours , several dozens if not hundreds of。

This reading test contains 10 questions. You should spend about 20 minuteson this task.To make it more authentic, download the test and do it with pen and paper.Read the passage below and answer 10 questions.Early ClocksHumans have been trying, in various ways, to keep track of the passing oftime for around 6000 years. This means, of course, that for the very longstretch of human history before this time, people didn’t have ways to divide theday other than the rising and the setting of the sun. It is thought that theancient Sumerians may have been the first true time-keepers, but this is notclear as archaeological evidence is not sufficient. There is evidence, however,that the ancient Egyptians incorporated time-keeping as an aspect of their dailylife over five thousand years ago.The earliest type of clock, and the one which was used in ancient Egypt, was the sundial. As the name suggests, the sundial uses the sun to show thetime. There were many different types of such clocks in use at that time, but itis one type, the obelisk, which has become most closely linked with ancientEgypt. An obelisk is a tall, narrow stone tower, built outside, which would casta shadow on the ground in different places during different times of the day. Astime progressed, obelisks became more complex, and markings around the base ofthe tower could indicate further time divisions.Two centuries after obelisks were first used the Egyptians had expanded upon the idea and created more complex sundials. Sundials as we think of themtoday are flat stone objects with a long, narrow bar, called a gnomon, attachedat the centre of the ‘face’, or surface of the stone. The sun would shine downon the gnomon and its shadow would fall on the face, indicating the time ofday.Water clocks were among the first clocks which didn’t depend on the sun orstars to keep time. The oldest one known dates back to 1500 BC, and water clocksor ‘clepsydras’ became popular in amongst the Greeks and Arabs a thousand yearslater. The Clepsydra (Greek for “water thief”) consisted of a reservoir forholding water, and a mechanism by which water would and steadily flow or dripinto the reservoir. The rising level of the water would indicate how much timehad passed since the dripping began.The earliest water clocks were not very accurate, but as with the sundial,as time passed, water clocks became more mechanised and complex and they wereincreasingly outfitted with gadgets – some rang bells or gongs, some showed themovement of the planets, and some opened little windows to display statues orfigures. Just before the turn of the century, the Greeks built what is calledthe “tower of winds”, a complex water clock showing time, seasons, winddirection, and much more. Around this time, water clock making took root inChina, and after a thousand years of development, another famous clock, theeponymous Su Sung clock tower, was built. This tower clock was over 30 feet talland contained a variety of mechanisms not only for telling time accurately, butfor following the position of the stars and planets.The history of the development of clocks continued in Europe, and startinga few hundred years after the building of the Su Sung, clocks were developedthat kept time due to other natural phenomenon, mostly related to natural motion– the pulling of gravity, the swinging of pendulums, and finally, thereleasedtension of coiled springs, a mechanism which, for the first time, allowedportable watches to become a reality.QuestionsLabel the diagram below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.Classify the following features according to the type of clock:A) SundialsB) Water ClocksC) Other kinds of clocksWrite the correct letter, A, B or C in boxes 7-10 on your answer sheet.7) Developed in Europe after the Su Sung8) Served purposes other than telling time9) Were easily portable10) Oldest recorded time-keeping device参考答案Answers1) Obelisk2) Sundial3) Gnomon4) Face5) Water clock / Clepsydra6) Reservoir7) C8) B9) C10) A。

2019年雅思考试阅读模拟试题：段落标题(1)Volcanoes-earth-shattering newsWhen Mount Pinatubo suddenly erupted on 9 June 1991, the power of volcanoes past and present again hit the headlinesAVolcanoes are the ultimate earth-moving machinery. A violent eruption can blow the top few kilometres off a mountain, scatter fine ash practically all over the globe and hurl rock fragments into the stratosphere to darken the skies a continent away.But the classic eruption—cone-shaped mountain, big bang, mushroom cloud and surges of molten lava—is only a tiny part of a global story. Vulcanism, the name given to volcanic processes, really has shaped the world. Eruptions have rifted continents, raised mountain chains, constructed islands and shaped the topography of the earth. The entire ocean floorhas a basement of volcanic basalt.Volcanoes have not only made the continents, they arealso thought to have made the world's first stable atmosphere and provided all the water for the oceans, rivers and ice-caps. There are now about 600 active volcanoes. Every yearthey add two or three cubic kilometres of rock to the continents. Imagine a similar number of volcanoes smokingaway for the last 3,500 million years. That is enough rock to explain the continental crust.What comes out of volcanic craters is mostly gas. More than 90% of this gas is water vapour from the deep earth：enough to explain, over 3,500 million years, the water in the oceans. The rest of the gas is nitrogen, carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, methane, ammonia and hydrogen. The quantity of these gases, again multiplied over 3,500 million years, is enough to explain the mass of the world's atmosphere. We are alive because volcanoes provided the soil, air and water we need.BGeologists consider the earth as having a molten core, surrounded by a semi-molten mantle and a brittle, outer skin. It helps to think of a soft-boiled egg with a runny yolk, a firm but squishy white and a hard shell. If the shell is even slightly cracked during boiling, the white material bubbles out and sets like a tiny mountain chain over the crack—like an archipelago of volcanic islands such as the Hawaiian Islands. But the earth is so much bigger and the mantle below is so much hotter.Even though the mantle rocks are kept solid by overlying pressure, they can still slowly 'flow' like thick treacle. The flow, thought to be in the form of convection currents,is powerful enough to fracture the 'eggshell' of the crust into plates, and keep them bumping and grinding against each other, or even overlapping, at the rate of a few centimetres a year. These fracture zones, where the collisions occur, are where earthquakes happen. And, very often, volcanoes.CThese zones are lines of weakness, or hot spots. Every eruption is different, but put at its simplest, where there are weaknesses, rocks deep in the mantle, heated to 1,350℃, will start to expand and rise. As they do so, the pressure drops, and they expand and become liquid and rise more swiftly.Sometimes it is slow： vast bubbles of magma—molten rock from the mantle—inch towards the surface, cooling slowly, to show through as granite extrusions (as on Skye, or the Great Whin Sill, the lava dyke squeezed out like toothpaste that carries part of Hadrian's Wall in northern England). Sometimes—as in Northern Ireland, Wales and the Karoo in South Africa—the magma rose faster, and then flowed out horizontally on to the surface in vast thick sheets. In the Deccan plateau in western India, there are more than two million cubic kilometres of lava, some of it 2,400 metres thick, formed over 500,000 years of slurping eruption.Sometimes the magma moves very swiftly indeed. It does not have time to cool as it surges upwards. The gases trapped inside the boiling rock expand suddenly, the lava glows with heat, it begins to froth, and it explodes with tremendous force. Then the slightly cooler lava following it begins to flow over the lip of the crater. It happens on Mars, it happened on the moon, it even happens on some of the moons of Jupiter and Uranus. By studying the evidence, vulcanologists can read the force of the great blasts of the past. Is the pumice light and full of holes? The explosion was tremendous. Are the rocks heavy, with huge crystalline basalt shapes,like the Giant's Causeway in Northern Ireland? It was a slow, gentle eruption.The biggest eruptions are deep on the mid-ocean floor, where new lava is forcing the continents apart and widening the Atlantic by perhaps five centimetres a year. Look at maps of volcanoes, earthquakes and island chains like the Philippines and Japan, and you can see the rough outlines of what are called tectonic plates—the plates which make up the earth's crust and mantle. The most dramatic of these is the Pacific 'ring of fire' where there have been the most violent explosions—Mount Pinatubo near Manila, Mount St Helen's in the Rockies and El Chichón in Mexico about a decade ago, not to mention world-shaking blasts like Krakatoa in the Sunda Straits in 1883.DBut volcanoes are not very predictable. That is because geological time is not like human time. During quiet periods, volcanoes cap themselves with their own lava by forming a powerful cone from the molten rocks slopping over the rim of the crater; later the lava cools slowly into a huge, hard, stable plug which blocks any further eruption until the pressure below becomes irresistible. In the case of Mount Pinatubo, this took 600 years.Then, sometimes, with only a small warning, the mountain blows its top. It did this at Mont Pelée in Martinique at7.49 a.m. on 8 May, 1902. Of a town of 28,000, only two people survived. In 1815, a sudden blast removed the top1,280 metres of Mount Tambora in Indonesia. The eruption was so fierce that dust thrown into the stratosphere darkened the skies, cancelling the following summer in Europe and North America. Thousands starved as the harvests faded, after snowin June and frosts in August. Volcanoes are potentially world news, especially the quiet ones.。

雅思小作文——流程图出现频率：低难易程度：高流程图和普通图表的区别在于：●流程图基本上不会出现数据，文字信息占主要地位●流程图以描述为主，比较的概率比较少●流程图需要把图中出现的信息都做描述，而普通图表则不需要将每一个数据都表述●流程图的时态比较单一，主要是用一般现在时●流程图的分段比较灵活，只要不同阶段之间的差距很明显，就可以另起一段●流程图可以不写总结段【如果写总结段，可以把步骤稍微总结一下】流程图注意事项：1)注意掌握段落连接或者不同阶段之间的说法（sequence expression）表示首阶段的一些说法：①The process starts from （名词or动名词）②At the first/initial stage + 句子③At the beginning of the cycle + 句子④During the initial phase + 句子⑤The beginning of the whole cycle is marked by （名词or动名词）⑥（名词or动名词）is the first step in （名词or动名词）表示次阶段的一些说法：①The second stage is（名词or动名词）②The next step in the process is （名词or动名词）表示最后阶段的一些说法：①（名词or动名词）is the last step in the procedure②The final phase of the procedure is about （名词or动名词）③In the final phase + 句子④Entering the final phase + 句子⑤（名词or动名词）is the final stage2)单词的转换主要体现在名词转换成动词。

流程图经常会出现一些器具的名词，如“grinder”“mixer”“heater”，考生需要改动成名词使用，如”ground”, “mixed”和”heated”例：The powders are delivered to the grinder, where they are ground into cement.3)注意流程图读图的顺序，很多是以循环形式出现4)除了连接词外，还可以使用分词结构和状语从句来表示顺序，如：下面几句话的意思是一样的，●Liquor butter is filtered, before being converted into solid butter.●Once liquor butter is filtered, it is converted into solid butter.●Liquor butter is filtered, until it is converted into solid matter.5)常用被动语态●误：Put these materials in the heater.●正：These materials are put in the heater.6)工序图的叙述流程图可以遵循下面的步骤：步骤1：确定材料步骤2：确定工具步骤3：确定动词，然后将这些信息写成一句话。

2019年雅思阅读模拟试题：流程图题(1) BAKELITEThe birth of modern plasticsIn 1907, Leo Hendrick Baekeland, a Belgian scientist working in New York, discovered and patented a revolutionary new synthetic material. His invention, which he named'Bakelite,’was of enormous technological importance, and effectively launched the modern plastics industry.The term 'plastic' comes from the Greek plassein, meaning 'to mould'. Some plastics are derived from natural sources, some are semi-synthetic (the result of chemical action on a natural substance), and some are entirely synthetic, that is, chemically engineered from the constituents of coal or oil. Some are 'thermoplastic', which means that, like candlewax, they melt when heated and can then be reshaped. Others are 'thermosetting'： like eggs, they cannot revert to their original viscous state, and their shape is thus fixed for ever. Bakelite had the distinction of being the first totally synthetic thermosetting plastic.The history of today's plastics begins with the discovery of a series of semi-synthetic thermoplastic materials in the mid-nineteenth century. The impetus behind the development of these early plastics was generated by a number of factors—immense technological progress in the domain of chemistry, coupled with wider cultural changes, and the pragmatic need to find acceptable substitutes for dwindling supplies of 'luxury' materials such astortoiseshell and ivory.Baekeland's interest in plastics began in 1885 when, asa young chemistry student inBelgium, he embarked on research into phenolic resins, the group of sticky substances produced when phenol (carbolic acid) combines with an aldehyde (a volatile fluid similar to alcohol). He soon abandoned the subject, however, only returning to it some years later. By 1905 he was a wealthy New Yorker, having recently made his fortune with the invention of a new photographic paper. While Baekeland had been busily amassing dollars, some advances had been made in the development of plastics. The years 1899 and 1900 had seen the patenting of the first semi-synthetic thermosetting material that could be manufactured on an industrial scale. In purely scientific terms, Baekeland's major contribution to the field is not so much the actual discovery of the material to which he gave his name, butrather the method by which a reaction between phenol and formaldehyde could be controlled, thus making possible its preparation on a commercial basis. On 13 July 1907, Baekeland took out his famous patent describing this preparation, the essential features of which are still in use today.The original patent outlined a three-stage process, in which phenol and formaldehyde (from wood or coal) wereinitially combined under vacuum inside a large egg-shaped kettle. The result was a resin known as Novalak which became soluble and malleable when heated. The resin was allowed to cool in shallow trays until it hardened, and then broken up and ground into powder. Other substances were then introduced：including fillers, such as woodflour, asbestos or cotton, which increase strength and moisture resistance, catalysts substances to speed up the reaction between two chemicalswithout joining to either) and hexa, a compound of ammoniaand formaldehyde which supplied the additional formaldehyde necessary to form a thermosetting resin. This resin was then left to cool and harden, and ground up a second time. The resulting granular powder was raw Bakelite, ready to be made into a vast range of manufactured objects. In the last stage, the heated Bakelite was poured into a hollow mould of the required shape and subjected to extreme heat and pressure, thereby 'setting' its form for life.The design of Bakelite objects, everything from earrings to television sets, was governed to a large extent by the technical requirements of the molding process. The objectcould not be designed so that it was locked into the mouldand therefore difficult to extract. A common general rule was that objects should taper towards the deepest part of the mould, and if necessary the product was molded in separate pieces. Moulds had to be carefully designed so that themolten Bakelite would flow evenly and completely into the mould. Sharp corners proved impractical and were thus avoided, giving rise to the smooth, streamlined' style popular in the 1930s. The thickness of the walls of the mould was also crucial： thick walls took longer to cool and harden, .afactor which had to be considered by the designer in order to make the most efficient use of machines.Baekeland's invention, although treated with disdain inits early years, went on to enjoy an unparalleled popularity which lasted throughout the first half of the twentieth century. It became the wonder product of the new world of industrials expansion—‘the material of a thousand uses’. Being both non-porous and heat-resistant, Bakelite kitchengoods were promoted as being germ-free and sterilisable. Electrical manufacturers seized on its insulating properties, and consumers everywhere relished its dazzling array of shades, delighted that they were now, at last, no longer restricted to the wood tones and drab browns of thepreplastic era. It then fell from favour again during the 1950s, and was despise and destroyed in vast quantities. Recently, however, it has been experiencing something of a renaissance, with renewed demand for original Bakelite objects in the collectors' marketplace, and museums,societies and dedicated individuals once again appreciating the style and originality of this innovative material.。

2019 年雅思阅读模拟试题 (1)This reading test contains 14 questions. You should spend about 20 minuteson this task.To make it more authentic, download the test and doit with pen andpaper.Read the passage below and answer 14 questions.Bird Body LanguageABirds are becoming popular as pets, but unlike with more common pets,owners of birds are often not familiar with thebehavioural patterns of theanimal which allow them to recognise what the pet needsand wants. For example,most of us can recognise the behaviour a dog exhibits when he is hungry or wantsattention, but how many of us know how birds go about showing the same feelings?By learning about the behavioural patterns of birds, itsowner can forge astronger relationship with his pet. Owners can learn howto read bird bodylanguage, including movements of the eyes, wings, tail andbeak. In addition,the sounds the bird makes can also indicate the mood, desires,and requirementsof the pet.BA bird ’s eyes are different from a human ’s. While both birds and humanshave pupils and irises (the black and coloured parts respectively), birds havethe ability to control the size of their pupils byenlarging and reducing theiririses quickly. This behaviour, flashing, is somethingbirds may do when theyare angry, interested, or frightened.CA bird also communicates through the use of their wings.A bird may lift oropen his wings as a sign of happiness. But if the birdstarts opening andclosing their wings, it may signal anger or pain. If abird fails to fold itswings against its body, and instead lets them hang by theirside, the bird maybe ill. Healthy adult birds will typically tuck their wingsagainst their bodieswhen they are at rest.D Birds often use their tail feathers to communicate,so an understandingof this behaviour will help the pet’s owner. A bird may move his tail from sideto side, called wagging, to express happiness (similarto dogs in behaviour andmeaning). Happiness is also the emotion expressed by otherkinds of tailmovement, such as up and down. However, if a bird fanshis tail feathers out, itis usually a way to show anger or aggression.EWhile the bird ’s beak is used mainly for eating and grooming, a bird mayalso communicate by using beak movements. For example, a bird may click his beakonce as a greeting, and several clicks can be taken as awarning. Birds maysometimes bite, but it is often difficult to determine thereason behind it –birds bite as a way to defend territory, show angeror express fear.FFinally, the sounds a bird makes are very importantin communication. Birdsuse vocalisations to communicate with each other (andwith their owners).Singing is the sign of a happy bird, and many birds loveto sing when others arearound. Birds may also purr, though this is not the same asa cat's purr. Abird's purr sounds more like a low growl, and may indicateannoyance. Finally, abird may click his tongue against his beak, and thisoften indicates a desire tobe picked up and petted.QuestionsComplete the summary below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Part of the bodyEyesWingsWingsWingsTailTailBeakBeakMovementRapid change ____(1)____ size of pupils, called ____(2)____Wings in an ____(3)____ position____(4)____ of wingsWings ____(5)________(7)____ in any directionFanning outOne clickSeveral clicks ReasonAnger, interestContentmentAnger or pain____(6)____HappinessAggression____(8)____WarningThe Reading Passage has six paragraphs, A-F.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter A-F in boxes 9-14 on youranswer sheet.NB You mayuse any letter more than once.9) Mentions behaviour connected to a bird’s state of health10)Describes how birds say hello11)Compares the behaviour of two different pets12)Compares humans and birds13)Discusses the importance of learning about bird behaviour14)Describes how birds indicate they want physicalcontact参考答案Answers1)in2)flashing3)open4)movement5)hanging down / at side6)illness7)wagging / movement8)greeting9)C10)E11)D/F12)B13)A14)F。

1. The diagram presents how pulp and paper is made. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.The process chart illustrates how pulp and paper are made. It is clearthat there are three distinct stages in this process, from the initialextraction of pulp to the eventual production of both the boxes andthe paper separately.In the first stage, we can see that the pulp is made from logs that arecut from the trees. After being chipped, the sawdust will be throwninto a digester and the washer to get filtered. When it is fullyscreened by the pulp screen, the rough material will be used formaking boxes whereas the refined one is made for printing. Theprocedure to make the rough paper is to first mold the pulp, then dry it and roll it up with pulp reef. After being cutting up roughly the same size, they will be wrapped in bales in boxes.As for the refined paper, after being cleaned, the refined will go through the same procedure of being dried as the rough one does. But later it will get reinforced by the pulp press and then is sent through the dryers again. Finally the paper are formed and packaged in rolls.2 The diagram presents the process of producing smoked fish. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.The flow chart describes the process of how smoked fish are acquired, prepared and distributed. There are thirteen procedures in total to cover the whole procedure from where the fish are captured to where they are being sold.First of all, the fish can be accessed from the port after being captured by fishermen. They will be first put in a freezer to ensure their freshness. During the preparation, when they are fully thawed, they will be cut open and put into salt water to get colored. After going through the preservation process, it will be about the right time to get down to business and smoke the fish. Then the fish will be packagedwith boxes and thrown back into the freezers in which the temperature remains at zero degrees centigrade. At last, these packaged fish will be distributed to fish shops where people can purchase and enjoy them.3 The diagram below shows how pencils are produced. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.The flow chart bellows represents how pencils are made from trees. There are precisely twelve procedures involved in the whole process from when the trees were still saplings to the point where they are made into pencils.First of all, it takes about four months for the sapling to grow and then they will get replanted. In another three years, they got obviously bigger and as fourteens years gone by after that, the trees will be cut down in preparation for the pencil making. The logs will be cut into thin slats and they required about 60 days to get treated. The slats are then stained and grooves and are cut into one surface.After that, prepared leads are placed into the grooves and a second slat is placed on top and bonded with the first. This ‘pencil sandwich’ is then passed through a milling process to separate the individual pencils. At last, the pencil is painted, sharpened, stamped and then finally packaged.4 The maps below show a conference centre as it is now, and plans for its development. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.The maps below display the layout of a conference center of its present and future form.The conference center is now built close to a main road and it consists of two main sections where the left part is for conferencing and business use while the right part serves the function of recreational use. Two meeting rooms are established next to the hall and right opposite the meeting room and the hall stand the toilet, reception and a cafe .For the recreational area, the coverage of the gardens is relatively small as most of the space is taken by the parking lot. Car-drivers can have access to the parking lot from theentrance/exist facing the hall.Regarding the plan of the center in the future, the two meeting rooms will be converted into three smaller ones while half of the space of the hall next to the meetings rooms will be turned into a cafe with a kitchen. The toilet and the reception will remain unchanged but the cafe will be changed into a fitting room. As for the recreational district, the gardens are extended to cover nearly the same space as the parking lot. As the space between the two sections is narrowed due to the changes, the entrance and the exit are moved to the side towards the main road.5.The maps below show the changes of a town called Bridgetown in 1700 and 2000. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.The maps below illustrate the layout of the same town in 1700 and2000 respectively.In the first map of Bridgetown, we can see that a river travelsnortheast-southeast direction dividing the town into two mainsections. On the one side where stand a marketplace, the woods and acastle and the other side is entirely covered by farmland. Over theriver is a bridge whose two ends are connected with two roads.In the year of 2000, one of the most significant changes that tookplace is the appearance of the railway line right across the river. Tothe southwest of the river, the woods obviously get shrunken in order to give way to the railway line and the castle is converted into a school. Next to the railway line is the marketplace that remains unchanged. On the other hand, the area that used to be agricultural is now residential and is full of buildings. What is worth mentioning is the bypass built over the river that joins the roads on two sides seems to offer more convenience for the traffic in town.6 The maps below show a museum and its surroundings in 1990 and the changes in 2010. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.The maps below depict the changes that museum has experiencedfrom the year of 1990 to 2010.The main building of the museum is built close to a rectangular shapeof garden and nearby a cottage area. Inside the building, you can findthree main components and they are store, exhibition and shop. Rightacross the path are the parking lot and a garden that is about onethird of the size of the parking lot.By the time of 2010, several changes take place within the museumand its surroundings. First of all, the store and the shop get slightlybigger than they were while the exhibition area shrinks a little bit as shop was extended to cover some of its space. The museum gains its space by demolishing the cottage nearby and turns it into a coffee house. The small garden next to the parking lot is converted to a car parking area as well and the exit that used to be at the cottage district is now removed to the new parking lot. The only two regions that are remain unchanged are the big garden and the path.。

2019 年雅思阅读考试模拟试练习题及答案解析Time to cool itFrom The Economist print edition1 REFRIGERATORS are the epitome of clunky technology ： solid, reliable and just a little bit dull. They have not changed much over the past century, but then they havenot needed to. They are based on a robust and effective idea-- draw heat from the thing you want to cool by evaporating a liquid next to it, and then dump that heat by pumping the vapour elsewhere and condensing it. This method of pumping heat from one place to another served mankind well when refrigerators' main jobs were preserving food and, as air conditioners, cooling buildings. Today's high-tech world, however, demands high-tech refrigeration. Heat pumps are no longer up to the job. The search is on for something to replace them.2 One set of candidates are known as paraelectric materials. These act like batteries when they undergo a temperature change ： attach electrodes to them and they generate a current. This effect is used in infra-red cameras.An array of tiny pieces of paraelectric material can sense the heat radiated by, for example, a person, and the pattern of the array's electrical outputs can then be used to construct an image. But until recently no one had bothered much with the inverse of this process. That inverse exists, however. Apply anappropriate current to a paraelectric material and it will cool down.3 Someone who is looking at this inverse effect isAlex Mischenko, of Cambridge University. Using commercially available paraelectric film, he and his colleagues have generated temperature drops five times bigger than any previously recorded. That may be enoughto change the phenomenon from a laboratory curiosity to something with commercial applications.4 As to what those applications might be, Dr Mischenko is still a little hazy. He has, nevertheless, set up a company to pursue them. He foresees putting his discovery to use in more efficient domestic fridges and air conditioners. The real money, though, may be in cooling computers.5 Gadgets containing microprocessors have been getting hotter for a long time. One consequence of Moore's Law, which describes the doubling of the number of transistors on a chip every 18 months, is that the amount of heat produced doubles as well. In fact, it more than doubles, because besides increasing in number, the components are getting faster. Heat is released every time a logical operation is performed inside a microprocessor, so the faster the processor is, the more heat it generates. Doubling the frequency quadruples the heat output. And the frequency has doubled a lot. The first Pentium chips sold by Dr Moore's company, Intel, in 1993, ran at 60m cyclesa second. The Pentium 4--the last "single-core" desktop processor--clocked up 3.2 billion cycles a second.6 Disposing of this heat is a big obstruction to further miniaturisation and higher speeds. The innards of a desktop computer commonly hit 80 ℃. At 85 ℃, they stop working. Tweaking the processor's heat sinks (copper or aluminium boxes designed to radiate heat away) has reached its limit. So has tweaking the fans that circulate air over those heat sinks. And the idea of shifting from single-core processors to systems that divided processing power between first two, and then four, subunits, in order to spread the thermal load, also seems to have the end of the road in sight.7 One way out of this may be a second curiousphysical phenomenon, the thermoelectric effect. Like paraelectric materials, this generates electricity from a heat source and produces cooling from an electrical source.Unlike paraelectrics, a significant body of researchers is already working on it.8 The trick to a good thermoelectric material is a crystal structure in which electrons can flow freely, but the path of phonons--heat-carrying vibrations that are larger than electrons--is constantly interrupted. In practice, this trick is hard to pull off, and thermoelectric materials are thus less efficient than paraelectric ones (or, at least, than those examined by Dr Mischenko). Nevertheless, Rama Venkatasubramanian, of Nextreme Thermal Solutions in NorthCarolina, claims to have made thermoelectric refrigerators that can sit on the back of computer chips and cool hotspots by10 ℃. Ali Shakouri, of the University of California, Santa Cruz, says his are even smaller--so small that they can go inside the chip.9 The last word in computer cooling, though, may go to a system even less techy than a heat pump--a miniature version of a car radiator. Last year Apple launched a personal computer that is cooled by liquid that is pumped through little channels in the processor, and thence to a radiator, where it gives up its heat to the atmosphere. To improve on this, IBM's research laboratory in Zurich is experimenting with tiny jets that stir the liquid up and thus make sure all of it eventually touches the outside of the channel--the part where the heat exchange takes place. In the future, therefore, a combination of microchannels and either thermoelectrics or paraelectrics might cool computers. The old, as it were, hand in hand with the new.(830 words)Questions 1-5Complete each of the following statements with the scientist or company name from the box below.Write the appropriate letters A-F in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.A.AppleB.IBMC.IntelD.Alex MischenkoE.Ali ShakouriF.Rama Venkatasubramanian1. ...and his research group use paraelectric film available from the market to produce cooling.2. ...sold microprocessors running at 60m cycles a second in 1993.3. ...says that he has made refrigerators which can cool the hotspots of computer chips by 10℃.4. ...claims to have made a refrigerator small enough to be built into a computer chip.5. ...attempts to produce better cooling in personal computers by stirring up liquid with tiny jets to makesure maximum heat exchange.Questions 6-9Do the following statements agree with theinformation given in the reading passage?In boxes 6-9 on your answer sheet writeTRUE if the statement is true according to the passageFALSE if the statement is false according to the passageNOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage6.Paraelectric materials can generate a currentwhen electrodes are attached to them.7.Dr. Mischenko has successfully applied his laboratory discovery to manufacturing more efficient referigerators.8.Doubling the frequency of logical operations insidea microprocessor doubles the heat output.9.IBM will achieve better computer cooling by combining microchannels with paraelectrics.Question 10Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in box 10 on your answer sheet.10.Which method of disposing heat in computersmay have a bright prospect?A. Tweaking the processors?heat sinks.B. Tweaking the fans that circulate air over the processor 抯 heat sinks.C. Shifting from single-core processors to systemsof subunits.D. None of the above.Questions 11-14Complete the notes below.Choose one suitable word from the Reading Passage above for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet.Traditional refrigerators use...11...pumps to drop temperature. At present, scientists are searching for other methods to produce refrigeration, especially in computer microprocessors....12...materials have been tried to generate temperature drops five times bigger than any previously recorded. ...13...effect has also been adopted by many researchers to cool hotspots in computers. A miniature version of a car ...14... may also be a system to realize ideal computer cooling in the future.Key and Explanations：1. DSee Paragraph 3 ： ...Alex Mischenko, of Cambridge University. Using commercially available paraelectric film, he and his colleagues have generated temperature drops...2. CSee Paragraph 5 ：The first Pentium chips sold by Dr Moore's company, Intel, in 1993, ran at 60m cycles a second.3. FSee Paragraph 8 ： ...Rama Venkatasubramanian, of Nextreme Thermal Solutions in North Carolina, claims to have made thermoelectric refrigerators that can sit on the back of computer chips and cool hotspots by 10℃ .4. ESee Paragraph 8：Ali Shakouri, of the University ofCalifornia, Santa Cruz, says his are even smaller 梥 o small that they can go inside the chip.5. BSee Paragraph 9 ： To improve on this, IBM's research laboratory in Zurich is experimenting with tiny jets that stir the liquid up and thus make sure all of it eventually touches the outside of the channel--the part where the heat exchangetakes place.6. TRUESee Paragraph 2：...paraelectric materials. These act like batteries when they undergo a temperature change ： attach electrodes to them and they generate a current.7. FALSESee Paragraph 3 (That may be enough to change the phenomenon from a laboratory curiosity to something with commercial applications. ) and Paragraph 4 (As to what thoseapplications might be, Dr Mischenko is still a little hazy. He has, nevertheless, set up a company to pursue them. He foresees putting his discovery to use in more efficient domestic fridges?8. FALSESee Paragraph 5 ： Heat is released every time a logical operation is performed inside a microprocessor, so the faster the processor is, the more heat it generates. Doubling the frequency quadruples the heat output.9. NOT GIVENSee Paragraph 9 ： In the future, therefore, a combination of microchannels and either thermoelectrics or paraelectrics might cool computers.10. DSee Paragraph 6：Tweaking the processor's heatsinks ?has reached its limit. So has tweaking the fans that circulate air over those heat sinks. And the idea of shiftingfrom single-core processors to systems?also seems to have the end of the road in sight.11. heatSee Paragraph 1 ：Today's high-tech world, however, demands high-tech refrigeration. Heat pumps are no longer up to the job. The search is on for something to replace them.12. paraelectricSee Paragraph 3 ： Using commercially available paraelectric film, he and his colleagues have generated temperature drops five times bigger than any previously recorded.13. thermoelectricSee Paragraph 7 ： ...the thermoelectric effect. Like paraelectric materials, this generates electricity from a heat source and produces cooling from an electrical source. Unlike paraelectrics, a significant body of researchers is already working on it.14. radiatorSee Paragraph 9 ： The last word in computer cooling, though, may go to a system even less techy than a heat pump--a miniature version of a car radiator.。

解析雅思作文里面的流程图一、识别流程图在烤鸭们准备雅思写作的过程中，很少的学生会注意到图形的辨别对于成功写作的重要性，因为他们更多的注意句子的背诵亦或是模版的准备。

其实这样的复习方式有点欠妥，因为不同类型的流程图可能在个别内容的处理上会有所区别。

拿下面两个流程图举个例子：图片（一）是一个含有整个循环周期内容的流程图，而图片（二）是关于某个生产过程为下个过程提供原材料的图形。

图片（一）图片（二）二、识别图形的重要性：这两个图形在书写过程中是有点小区别的：可以明显的看出在开头段落书写是有点区别的，尤其是在body2段末的地方在图片（一）的时候要提到新的周期就要开始了，而图片（二）只要描述完这个段落的过程在段末不需要说什么语言的。

可见在烤鸭们备考流程图的过程中要将自己复习的这个素材按照类别归类好，在细节上处理好，就可以为赢得高分起到重要作用。

三、流程图的段落结构及其句型确定好了流程图形的区别后，段落的划分和句子的书写就提到议事日程上了。

A. 段落的划分：就以上这两个类别的图形而言，图片（二）就很明显了：生产原材料的段落就是主体段落一，其次就是主体段落二。

但是图片（一）就得根据实际生活的原理和段落见得平衡考虑就是：主体段落一：从瓶子的搜集到它的清洗完毕准备送走；主体段落二：锻造到包装塑形；主体段落三：送到消费者手里到一轮新的周期的再次轮回。

B. 流程图句型包含什么元素？其实书写流程图最大的难度是怎样避免写成流水账，而丰富的句型就可以避免这个问题，XX沃的雅思托福培训中心的老师在长期的教学中总结了以下句型。

为了让烤鸭们有个很好的了解，列举的大多数句型是针对同一个意思的句子的多种表达方式：•After fine clay is available on the roller, it is mixed/bined with sand and water. •Do not bine sand and water until fine clay is obtained.•No sooner is the fine clay obtained than it is bined with sand and water.•Clay excavated by the digger is put on the metal grid, through which clay containing rocks and stones are filtered.•T o leave extra oil behind, the fried banana chips are placed on a special grid before the cooling procedure.•The following/ next/ subsequent/ stage/ phase/ process/ step is to do /doing/ that...•__......... to leave silt behind•__......... purifying the clay•__......... that clay is needed to be filtered四、什么样的语法现象比较常见为了让烤鸭们对于上述教学中常用的句子有更深入的理解，我把图片（一）的一个流程图片段书写之后的内容呈现给鸭鸭们以进一步解释语法现象：(2)Prior to the entire process, preparation with great care is great necessity,(1) involving collection and cleaning. T o be specific, (2)Once used bottles (3)are discarded by the customers into the dustbins, they are delivered to the cleaning plant with a van.(4)In order to ensure the bottles clean, high-pressurized water(3)is employed to rinse these collected bottles. Classification is anotherimportant phase, (5)which sorts/ categories the bottles by color--- green brown and clear for the further process.从上面的标号可以看出，以下几种是常见的语法现象：1. 分词伴随状语2. 时间状语从句3. 被动句式4.不定式短语作状语5.非限制性定语从句6. 动名词短语作句子主语或表语如果烤鸭们觉得仅仅从一个段落就能得出结论的话，那么再看中心老师写的段落二和三：段落二：(2) Once the procedure is pleted, concrete reusing procedure can be observed, involving broken pieces, forging, molding and delivery.(2)No sooner are the used bottles rinsed than they are sent to the glass factory,(5) in which they are ground into pieces. The following phase is that these pieces (3) are exposed to extreme heat in a special containment known as furnace. It is worth mentioning that (6)introducing some glass substances into the mold are needed with the purpose of their formation段落三：The final process is filling or packing(2) before these new bottles(3) are transported to venues they are needed. (2)After this phase is pleted, a new circle is ready.烤鸭们，你们能否以上从三个主体段落的编号能否看到常用的语法了？五、如何避免句子的单调现象很多的烤鸭们可能有这样的感受：看了老师写的流程图的文章给人的感觉不像自己所写的那样流水账，不能吸引人，怎样练就一手不是千篇一律的句子出来，达到句子的多样性呢？A. 方法一：写文章前多练习单句的表达方式，注意一下我在前面呈现的句子。

2019雅思阅读考试真题（11）2019年雅思阅读模拟试题：流程图题(2) The Search for the Anti-aging PillIn government laboratories and elsewhere, scientists are seeking a drug able to prolong life and youthful vigor.Studies of caloric restriction are showing the wayAs researchers on aging noted recently, no treatment onthe market today has been proved to slow human aging - the build-up of molecular and cellular damage that increases vulnerability to infirmity as we grow older. But one intervention, consumption of a low-calorie*yet nutritionally balanced diet, works incredibly well in a broad range of animals, increasing longevity and prolonging good health. Those findings suggest that caloric restriction could delay aging and increase longevity in humans, too.Unfortunately, for maximum benefit, people would probably have to reduce their caloric intake by roughly thirty per cent, equivalent to dropping from 2,500 calories a day to1,750. Few mortals could stick to that harsh a regimen, especially for years on end. But what if someone could create a pill that mimicked the physiological effects of eating less without actually forcing people to eat less? Could such a'caloric-restriction mimetic', as we call it, enable peopleto stay healthy longer, postponing age-related disorders (such as diabetes, arteriosclerosis, heart disease and cancer) until very late in life? Scientists first posed this question in the mid-1990s, after researchers came upon a chemicalagent that in rodents seemed to reproduce many of caloric restriction's benefits. No compound that would safely achievethe same feat in people has been found yet, but the search has been informative and has fanned hope that caloric-restriction (CR) mimetics can indeed be developed eventually.The benefits of caloric restrictionThe hunt for CR mimetics grew out of a desire to better understand caloric restriction's many effects on the body. Scientists first recognized the value of the practice more than 60 years ago, when they found that rats fed a low-calorie diet lived longer on average than free-feeding rats and also had a reduced incidence of conditions that become increasingly common in old age. What is more, some of the treated animals survived longer than the oldest-living animals in the control group, which means that the maximum lifespan (the oldest attainable age), not merely the normal lifespan, increased. Various interventions, such asinfection-fighting drugs, can increase a population's average survival time, but only approaches that slow the body's rate of aging will increase the maximum lifespan.The rat findings have been replicated many times and extended to creatures ranging from yeast to fruit flies, worms, fish, spiders, mice and hamsters. Until fairly recently, the studies were limited to short-lived creatures genetically distant from humans. But caloric-restriction projects underway in two species more closely related to humans - rhesus and squirrel monkeys - have made scientists optimistic that CR mimetics could help people.calorie： a measure of the energy value of foodThe monkey projects demonstrate that, compared with control animals that eat normally, caloric-restricted monkeys have lower body temperatures and levels of the pancreatichormone insulin, and they retain more youthful levels of certain hormones that tend to fall with age.The caloric-restricted animals also look better on indicators of risk for age-related diseases. For example, they have lower blood pressure and triglyceride levels (signifying a decreased likelihood of heart disease), and they have more normal blood glucose levels (pointing to a reduced risk for diabetes, which is marked by unusually high blood glucose levels). Further, it has recently been shown that rhesus monkeys kept on caloric-restricted diets for an extended time (nearly 15 years) have less chronic disease. They and the other monkeys must be followed still longer, however, to know whether low-calorie intake can increase both average and maximum life spans in monkeys. Unlike the multitude of elixirs being touted as the latest anti-aging cure, CR mimetics would alter fundamental processes that underlie aging. We aim to develop compounds that fool cells into activating maintenance and repair.How a prototype caloric-restriction mimetic worksThe best-studied candidate for a caloric-restriction mimetic, 2DG (2-deoxy-D-glucose), works by interfering with the way cells process glucose. It has proved toxic at some doses in animals and so cannot be used in humans. But it has demonstrated that chemicals can replicate the effects of caloric restriction; the trick is finding the right one.Cells use the glucose from food to generate ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the molecule that powers many activities in the body. By limiting food intake, caloric restriction minimizes the amount of glucose entering cells and decreases ATP generation. When 2DG is administered to animals that eat normally, glucose reaches cells in abundance but the drug prevents most of it frombeing processed and thus reduces ATP synthesis. Researchers have proposed several explanations for why interruption of glucose processing and ATP production might retard aging. One possibility relates to the ATP-making machinery's emission of free radicals, which are thought to contribute to aging and to such age-related diseases as cancer by damaging cells. Reduced operation of the machinery should limit their production and thereby constrain the damage. Another hypothesis suggests that decreased processing of glucose could indicate to cells that food is scarce (even if it isn't) and induce them to shift into an anti-aging mode that emphasizes preservation of the organism over such 'luxuries' as growth and reproduction.。

2019年9月12日雅思阅读考试真题及答案最新一期的雅思考试圆满结束，那么考试的真题和答案是怎样的呢？来跟着看一看2019年9月12日雅思阅读考试真题及答案。

Reading Passage 1Title：印第安文明古迹Question types：待补充文章内容回顾待补充题型难度及技巧分析对于文化类的考察，放在第一篇的位置相对而言，对于考生而言还是比较友好的，尤其是针对古迹一类的词汇，学生相对而言应该还是比较熟悉的，类似于Relic这样的生词，考前应该完全熟悉并且做到心中有数。

具体可参考文章：C13——TEST3 Passage3 Whatever happened to the Harappan Civilisation？Reading Passage 2Title：人类和人工智能的结合在太空探索中的应用Question types：待补充文章内容回顾待补充题型难度及技巧分析本篇文章相对而言还是比较简单的，在文章的理解上面首先就不是很难，其次在文章当中一直会重复出现AI等平时常见的生词，因此对于学生做题在信心上面也是很有帮助的，对待这篇文章，最重要的就是要做到定定心心。

但是把握好时间。

具体可参考文章：C9——TEST1 Passage2 Is anybody out there？Reading Passage 3Title：科技爆炸带来的负面影响Question types：待补充文章内容回顾具体可参考这一篇类似的文章：Alexander Henderson （1831-1913）Born in Scotland， Henderson emigrated to Canada in 1855 and became a well-known landscape photographer.Alexander Henderson was born in Scotland in 1831 and was the son of a successful grandfather，also called Alexander，had founded the family business，and later became the first chairman of the National Bank of Scotland. The family had extensive landholdings in Scotland. Besides its residence in Edinburgh， it owned Press Estate， 650 acres of farmland about 35 miles southeast of the city. The family often stayed at Press Castle， the large mansion on the northern edge of the property，and Alexander spent much of his childhood in the area， playing on the beach near Eyemouth or fishing in the streams nearby.Even after he went to school at Murcheston Academy on the outskirts of Edinburgh，Henderson returned to Press at weekends. In 1849 he began a three-year apprenticeship to become an accountant. Although he never liked the prospect of a business career，he stayed with it to please his family. In October 1855， however， he emigrated to Canada with his wife Agnes Elder Robertson and they settled in Montreal.Henderson learned photography in Montreal around theyear 1857 and quickly took it up as a serious amateur. He became a personal friend and colleague of the Scottish- Canadian photographer William Notman. The two men made a photographic excursion to Niagara Falls in 1860 and they cooperated on experiments with magnesium flares as a source of artificial light in 1865. They belonged to the same societies and were among the founding members of the Art Association of Montreal. Henderson acted as chairman of the association＇s first meeting，which was held in Notman＇s studio on 11 January 1860.In spite of their friendship， their styles of photography were quite e Notman＇s landscapes were noted for their bold realism，Henderson for the first 20 years of his career produced romantic images， showing the strong influence of the British landscape tradition. His artistic and technical progress was rapid and in 1865 he published his first major collection of landscape publication had limited circulation （only seven copies have ever been found）， and was called Canadian Views and contents of each copy vary significantly and have proved a useful source for evaluating Henderson＇s early work.In 1866， he gave up his business to open a photographic studio，advertising himself as a portrait and landscape photographer. From about 1870 he dropped portraiture to specialize in landscape photography and other views. His numerous photographs of city life revealed in street scenes，houses，and markets are alive with human activity，and although his favourite subject was landscape he usually composed his scenes around such human pursuits as farming the land， cutting ice on a river， or sailing down a woodland stream. There was sufficient demand for these types of scenes and othershe took depicting the lumber trade， steamboats and waterfalls to enable him to make a living. There was little competing hobby or amateur photography before the late 1880s because of the time-consuming techniques involved and the weight of the equipment. People wanted to buy photographs as souvenirs of a trip or as gifts， and catering to this market， Henderson had stock photographs on display at his studio for mounting，framing， or inclusion in albums.Henderson frequently exhibited his photographs in Montreal and abroad，in London，Edinburgh，Dublin，Paris，New York， and Philadelphia. He met with greater success in 1877 and 1878 in New York when he won first prizes in the exhibition held by E and H T Anthony and Company for landscapes using the Lambertype process. In 1878 his work won second prize at the world exhibition in Paris.In the 1870s and 1880s Henderson travelled widely throughout Quebec and Ontario， in Canada， documenting the major cities of the two provinces and many of the villages in Quebec. He was especially fond of the wilderness and often travelled by canoe on the Blanche， du Lievre， and other noted eastern rivers. He went on several occasions to the Maritimes and in 1872 he sailed by yacht along the lower north shore of the St Lawrence River. That same year， while in the lower St Lawrence River region， he took some photographs of the construction of the lntercolonial Railway. This undertaking led in 1875 to a commission from the railway to record the principal structures along the almost-completed line connecting Montreal to Halifax. Commissions from other railways followed. In 1876 he photographed bridges on the Quebec， Montreal， Ottawa and Occidental Railway between Montreal and Ottawa. In 1885 hewent west along the Canadian Pacific Railway （CPR） as far as Rogers Pass in British Columbia， where he took photographs of the mountains and the progress of construction.In 1892 Henderson accepted a full-time position with the CPR as manager of a photographic department which he was to set up and administer. His duties included spending four months in the field each year. That summer he made his second trip west，photographing extensively along the railway line as far as Victoria. He continued in this post until 1897，when he retired completely from photography.When Henderson died in 1913， his huge collection of glass negatives was stored in the basement of his house. Today collections of his work are held at the National Archives of Canada，Ottawa，and the McCord Museum of Canadian History， Montreal.题型难度及技巧分析这篇文章在三篇文章当中看上去和第二篇文章有点类似，但是从雅思真题的这篇文章来看，第二篇文章更加偏向于科技而不是强调人工智能。