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PARTS LAYOUT1012653894711121413151514161533341417182019212423223637382732312830394041252828272642292725123512394041PARTS LISTREF#DESCRIPTION PARTNUMBER 1BODY AM ULTRA STRAT ULTRBST7715496512 1BODY AM ULTRA STRAT AGN7716044534 1BODY AM ULTRA STRAT COB7715495595 1BODY AM ULTRA STRAT PRB7715496573 1BODY AM ULTRA STRAT ARCTIC PRL7715495581 1BODY AM ULTRA STRAT TXT7715495590 2NECK ASSY AM ULTRA STRAT RW7715494000 2NECK ASSY AM ULTRA STRAT MPL7714593000 3NECK PLATE GUITAR AM ULTRA CHROME RH7715469000 4SCREW SMA 8 X 1-1/4 OHP NI0072900000 5SCREW SMA 8 X 1-1/2 OHP NI7716272000 6STRING TREE AM ELITE GTR CHR7708381000 7SCREW SMA 2 X 9/16 FHP NI0051621000 8KEY LOCKING SHORT 1,2,3 POLISH CHROME0073114049 9WASHERS KEY (6)0053106049 10BUSHINGS KEY (6)0058820049 11PICKGUARD STRAT MG/BLK/MG0992144000 11PICKGUARD STRAT BROWN SHELL0992142000 11PICKGUARD STRAT AGED WHT PEARL0992140000 11PICKGUARD STRAT ALUM CLEAR ANOD0050242080 11PICKGUARD STRAT AW/B/AW7716285000 11PICKGUARD STRAT GOLD ANOD0050242000 12SCREW SMAB 4 X 1/2 OHP NI0015578049 13PICKUP ASSY AM ULTRA NOISELESS STRAT VINTAGE NECK AGED WHT7715500000 14TUBING SIL RUB CUT RED .5000063398000 15SCREW SPCL MACH 4-40 X 13/16 #5 HEAD NI0099474000 16PICKUP ASSY AM ULTR NOISELESS STRAT VINTAGE MID AGED WHT7715501000 17PICKUP ASSY AM ULTR NOISELESS STRAT VINTAGE BRIDGE AGED WHT7715502000 18KNOB LEVER SWITCH AGED WHT 0994938000 19SWITCH 5-WAY LEVER DISCRETE/COM0078776000 20SCREW MACH 6-32 X 5/8 RHP NI0015800049 21KNOB STRAT S1 SOFT OVERMOLD AGED WHT7708072000 22SWITCH CAP SPSH STRAT AGED WHT0059266030 23SW/POT ASY S-1 250K .25B SPSH BT W/HDWR0078777049*=NOT PICTURED IN DIAGRAMREF#DESCRIPTION PARTNUMBER 24PCB ASSY TREBLE BLEED AM PRO STRAT/TELE7711092000 25KNOB STRAT TONE SOFT OVERMOLD AGED WHT7708072000 26CONTROL 250K 10% TAPER SPSH 0078779000 27WASHER LOCK INTL 3/8 X .6870016436049 28NUT HEX 3/8-32 X 3/32 TK NI0016352049 29CAPACITOR MPF RDL .022µF 250V 10%0024832049 30FERRULE JACK CHROME0991940100 31JACK PHONE OPEN CIRCUT 110021956049 322-PIN FEMALE LOCKING QUICK CONNECT7717592000 33BRIDGE ASSY STRAT AM DLX RH0077092000 33A BRIDGE PLATE ULTRA STRAT0036527000 33B BLOCK TREMOLO AM DLX STRAT RH 0077090000 33C BRIDGE SECTION ULTRA STRAT0990840100 33D SPRING BRIDGE 4 COIL 3/8 BLACK0019394049 33E SPRING-BRIDGE 3 COIL 1/4 BLACK0019395049 33F SCREW M 4-40x5/8 PHP BLK0017031049 33G SCREW HEIGHT ADJ. 1/40026779049 33H SCREW HEIGHT ADJ. 5/160026780049 33I SCREW M 8-32x3/8 FHP NI0019656049 33J SPRING CLIP, ULTRA0036531000 33K BUSHING NYL BLK .31OD .22ID x .87L0036614000 33L SCRW SET 10-32x3/16 HEX SKT FP BLXL0036615049 34PIVOT POST ASSY0093273000 35COVER BACK STRAT STD W/SLOT ALUM CLR ANODIZED0094751000 35COVER BACK STRAT STD W/SLOT AW/BLK/AW7716290000 35COVER BACK STRAT STD W/SLOT BROWN SHELL0049683000 35COVER BACK STRAT STD W/SLOT MG/BLK/MG0054029000 35COVER BACK STRAT STD W/SLOT GOLD ANOD0094779000 36SCREW SMA 8 X 1-3/4 OHP NI0015636049 37CLAW SPRING TENSION ZINC0010272149 38SPRING TREM TENSION BLX OX0018671049 39STRAP BUTTONS ELITE/STD CHROME W/HDWR0994914000 40SCREW SMAB 5 X 1 OHP NI0015610049 41FELT WASHERS WHITE0994930000 41FELT WASHER BLACK0994929000 42CONTROL 250K 10% SPSH NO LOAD 0078780000 *TREM ARM ULTRA SNAPIN ULTRA/DLX0036534049 *WRENCH .050 HEX KEY (SADDLE HEIGHT ADJUSTMENT)0018531049 *WRENCH 1/8 HEX KEY (TRUSS ROD ADJUSTMENT)7715532000 *CASE MOLDED AM ELITE GTR7708545000 *=NOT PICTURED IN DIAGRAMWIRING ASSEMBLYNECK PICKUPBRIDGE PICKUPVOLUME/S1SWITCHMIDDLE PICKUP5-WAY SWITCHGREEN & BLACK WIRES FROM ALL PICKUPSGROUND LUG TO BODY CAVITYBLACK WIRE TO TREM CLAWOUTPUTTONE 2CONTROLCAPACITOR .022µF.022µFTONE 1CONTROLTREBLE BLEED PCBSWITCH AND CONTROL FUNCTIONPICKUP IS OFFPICKUP IS ON TONE CONTROLS-1 SWITCH ON (DOWN POSITION)51432T1 ONLYT1 ONLYT1 ONLYT1 ONLYT1 ONLY T1 ONLY T1 ONLY T2 ONLY(UP POSITION)S-1 SWITCH OFF SELECTOR POSITION5 WAY TONE CONTROL51432T1 ONLY T2 ONLYSELECTOR POSITION5 WAY 101897L U V OE M 101897L U V OE M COMBINED PICKUPS ARE IN PARALLELCOMBINED PICKUPS ARE IN PARALLELMIDDLE PICKUP BRIDGE PICKUPNECK PICKUP MIDDLE PICKUP BRIDGE PICKUPNECK PICKUP BRIDGE PICKUPMIDDLE PICKUPNECK PICKUPVOLUME/S1 SWITCHTONE 1 (T1)TONE 2 (T2)5-WAY SWITCH。
Office of Justice ProgramsNational Institute of JusticeNational Institute of JusticeLaw Enforcement and Corrections Standards and Testing ProgramBallistic Resistance ofPersonal Body ArmorNIJ Standard–0101.04ABOUT THE LAW ENFORCEMENT AND CORRECTIONSSTANDARDS AND TESTING PROGRAMThe Law Enforcement and Corrections Standards and Testing Program is sponsored by the Office of Science and Technology of the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), U.S. Department of Justice. The program responds to the mandate of the Justice System Improvement Act of 1979, which directed NIJ to encourage research and development to improve the criminal justice system and to disseminate the results to Federal, State, and local agencies.The Law Enforcement and Corrections Standards and Testing Program is an applied research effort that determines the technological needs of justice system agencies, sets minimum performance standards for specific devices, tests commercially available equipment against those standards, and disseminates the standards and the test results to criminal justice agencies nationally and internationally.The program operates through:The Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Advisory Council (LECTAC), consisting of nationally recognized criminal justice practitioners from Federal, State, and local agencies, which assesses technological needs and sets priorities for research programs and items to be evaluated and tested.The Office of Law Enforcement Standards (OLES) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology, which develops voluntary national performance standards for compliance testing to ensure that individual items of equipment are suitable for use by criminal justice agencies. The standards are based upon laboratory testing and evaluation of representative samples of each item of equipment to determine the key attributes, develop test methods, and establish minimum performance requirements for each essential attribute. In addition to the highly technical standards, OLES also produces technical reports and user guidelines that explain in nontechnical terms the capabilities of available equipment.The National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center (NLECTC), operated by a grantee, which supervises a national compliance testing program conducted by independent laboratories. The standards developed by OLES serve as performance benchmarks against which commercial equipment is measured. The facilities, personnel, and testing capabilities of the independent laboratories are evaluated by OLES prior to testing each item of equipment, and OLES helps the NLECTC staff review and analyze data. Test results are published in Equipment Performance Reports designed to help justice system procurement officials make informed purchasing decisions.Publications are available at no charge through the National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center. Some documents are also available online through the Internet/World Wide Web. To request a document or additional information, call 800–248–2742 or 301–519–5060, or write:National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology CenterP.O. Box 1160Rockville, MD 20849–1160asknlectc@E-Mail:World Wide Web address: The National Institute of Justice is a component of the Officeof Justice Programs, which also includes the Bureau of JusticeAssistance, the Bureau of Justice Statistics, the Office ofJuvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, and the Office forVictims of Crime.U.S. Department of JusticeOffice of Justice ProgramsNational Institute of JusticeBallistic Resistance of PersonalArmorBodyNIJStandard–0101.04Supersedes NIJ Standard–0101.03, Ballistic Resistanceo f Police Body Armor dated April 1987Coordination by:Office of Law Enforcement StandardsNational Institute of Standards and TechnologyGaithersburg, MD 20899–8102Prepared for:National Institute of JusticeOffice of Science and TechnologyWashington, DC 205312000September183651NCJNational Institute of JusticeJulie E. SamuelsActing DirectorThe technical effort to develop this standard was conductedunder Interagency Agreement 94−IJ−R−004,Project No. 98−001CTT.This standard was formulated by the Office of Law Enforcement Standards (OLES) of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST),Kathleen M. Higgins, Director. The participants in the researchand revision of this standard were: Carter K. Lord,Former Test Coordinator and Ballistics Range Manager, OLES,Steven L. Lightsey, President, The Tekne Group, Inc.,Ken Malley, National Technical Systems (NTS), Fredricksburg, VA,Nathaniel E. Waters, Engineering Technician, OLES,and the Staff of National Technical Systems (NTS), Camden, AR.The preparation of this standard was sponsored by the National Institute of Justice, Dr. David G. Boyd, Director, Office of Science and Technology.FOREWORDThis document, NIJ Standard−0101.04, “Ballistic Resistance of Personal Body Armor,” is an equipment standard developed by the Office of Law Enforcement Standards (OLES) of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). It is produced as part of the Law Enforcement and Corrections Standards and Testing Program of the National Institute of Justice (NIJ).This standard is a technical document that specifies the performance requirements that equipment should meet to satisfy the needs of criminal justice agencies for high quality service. While purchasers can use the test methods described in this standard to determine whether a particular piece of equipment meets the essential requirements, users are encouraged to have this testing conducted only in properly accredited laboratories. Procurement officials may also refer to this standard in their purchasing documents and require that equipment offered for purchase meet its requirements. Compliance with the requirements of this standard may be attested to by an independent laboratory or guaranteed by the vendor.Because this standard is designed as a procurement aid, it provides precise and detailed test methods. For those who seek general guidance concerning the selection and application of law enforcement and corrections equipment, user guides have also been published. The guides explain in nontechnical language how to select equipment capable of the level of performance required by a purchasing agency.NIJ STANDARD−0101.04 IS NOT INTENDED TO RESTRICT OROTHERWISE INFLUENCE THE PROCUREMENT AND USE OF NIJSTANDARD−0101.03 COMPLIANT BODY ARMORS. THEPUBLICATION AND USE OF THIS REVISION FOR NEW MODELCOMPLIANCE TESTING DOES NOT INVALIDATE OR RENDERUNSUITABLE ANY BODY ARMOR MODELS PREVIOUSLYDETERMINED TO BE COMPLIANT USING NIJ STANDARD−0101.03REQUIREMENTS.NIJ standards are subjected to continuing research, development, testing, change, and review. This standard and its successors will be reevaluated annually for success in achieving the technical goals of this revision. These reviews will be based on data collected through the Compliance Testing Program and its certified test laboratories, as well as from valid comments from the user and manufacturing communities. Technical comments and recommended revisions are welcome. Please send all written comments and suggestions to the Director, Office of Science and Technology, National Institute of Justice, U.S. Department of Justice, 810 7th St., NW, Washington, DC 20531.iiiBefore citing this or any other NIJ standard in a contract document, users should verify that the most recent edition of the standard is used. Write to the Director, Office of Law Enforcement Standards, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8102, Gaithersburg, MD 20899−8102.Dr. David G. Boyd, DirectorandTechnologyScienceofOfficeofJusticeInstituteNationalivACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis standard has been reviewed and approved by the Weapons and Protective Systems Subcommittee and the Executive Committee of the Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Advisory Council (LECTAC) and also by the National Armor Advisory Board (NAAB), currently comprised of representatives from:Accordis Fibers, Inc.American Body Armor and Equipment Co.California Department of CorrectionsChesterfield County Police Department, VirginiaDepartment of JusticeDHB Armor GroupDuPont Advanced Fiber SystemsFederal Bureau of InvestigationFraternal Order of PoliceGuardian Technologies, InternationalHexcel Schwebel High Performance FibersHoneywell/Allied Signal, Inc.International Association of Chiefs of PoliceInternational Brotherhood of Police OfficersNational Association of Police OrganizationsNational Sheriff’s AssociationOffice of Community Oriented Policing ServicesProtective Apparel Corporation of AmericaSafariland Ltd., Inc.U.S. Armor CorporationU.S. Secret Service, TSD/P&DvCONTENTSPage FOREWORD (iii)ACKNOWLEDGMENTS (v)SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS (ix)1. PURPOSE AND SCOPE (1)2. NIJ BODY ARMOR CLASSIFICATION (1)2.1 Type I (22 LR; 380 ACP) (2)2.2 Type IIA (9 mm; 40 S&W) (2)2.3 Type II (9 mm; 357 Magnum) (2)2.4 Type IIIA (High Velocity 9 mm; 44 Magnum) (2)2.5 Type III (Rifles) (2)2.6 Type IV (Armor Piercing Rifle) (3)2.7 Special Type (3)3. DEFINITIONS (3)4. REQUIREMENTS (8)4.1 Acceptance Criteria (8)4.2 Test Sequence (8)4.3 Workmanship (8)4.4 Traceability (8)4.5 Labeling (8)4.6 Ballistic Penetration and Backface Signature Criteria (12)4.7 Sampling (13)4.8 Armor Backing Material (14)4.9 Test Surveillance (14)pliance Test Documentation (15)5. TEST METHODS (15)5.1 Purpose (15)5.2 Sampling (15)5.3 References (15)5.4 Ballistic Penetration and Backface Signature Test (P-BFS) (16)5.5 Velocity Measurement Equipment (18)5.6 Wet Conditioning (19)5.7 Backing Material Fixture Preparation (20)5.8 Workmanship Examination (22)5.9 Armor Conditioning (22)5.10 Range Configuration (23)5.11 Test Preparation (24)5.12 Firing Sequence for Type I, IIA, II, and IIIA Armor (26)5.13 Firing Sequence for Type III Armor (30)5.14 Firing Sequence for Type IV Armor (31)vii5.15 P-BFS Test (Special Type) (33)5.16 P-BFS Test for Groin and Coccyx Protectors (33)5.17 Baseline Ballistic Limit Determination Test (33)5.18 Ballistic Limit Testing Equipment (34)5.19 Ballistic Limit Test Preparation (35)5.20 Ballistic Limit Firing Sequence (36)5.21 Ballistic Limit Determination (37)5.22 Ballistic Limit Retesting of Compliant Armor (37)6. DATA COLLECTION AND REPORTING (38)APPENDIX A–Compliance Test Report Form (39)APPENDIX B–Modified Langlie Method of Ballistic Limit Firing (53)APPENDIX C–Body Armor Selection (55)APPENDIX D–Acceptable Bullets for Handloading (56)TABLESTable 1. NIJ Standard–0101.04 P-BFS performance test summary (17)Table 2. NIJ baseline Ballistic Limit determination test summary (34)FIGURESFigure 1. Angle of incidence (3)Figure 2. Sample ballistic panel label (10)Figure 3. Sample carrier label (11)Figure 4. Sample label locations (12)Figure 5. General pretest drop locations (21)Figure 6. Test range configuration (24)Figure 7. General armor panel impact locations (front and back) (25)Figure 8. Acceptable strapping methods (26)Figure 9. Impact locations for baseline BL determination testing – Type Ithrough IIIA (35)viiiSTANDARD SPECIFIC ABBREVIATIONSACP = Automatic Colt PistolANSI = American National Standards Institute AP = Armor Piercing BFS = Backface Signature BL = Ballistic LimitBMF = Backing Material Fixture CP = Complete PenetrationCPO = Compliance Program Office CTP = Compliance Testing Program CTR = Compliance Test Report FMJ = Full Metal JacketJHP = Jacketed Hollow Point JSP =Jacketed Soft PointLR = Long RifleLRN = Lead Round NoseNLECTC = National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology CenterP-BFS = Penetration and Backface Signature PP = Partial Penetration RN = Round Nose S&W = Smith & WessonSAAMI = Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers InstituteSJHP = Semi Jacketed Hollow Point SJSP = Semi Jacketed Soft PointCOMMONLY USED SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONSA ampere H henry nm nanometer ac alternating current h hour No. number AM amplitude modulation hf high frequency o.d. outside diameter cd candela Hz hertz Ω ohm cm centimeter i.d. inside diameter p. page CP chemically pure in inch Pa pascal c/s cycle per second IR infrared pe probable error d day J joule pp. pages dB decibel L lambert ppm parts per million dc direct current L liter qt quart °C degree Celsius lb pound rad radian °F degree Fahrenheit lbf pound-force rf radio frequency diam diameter lbf in pound-force inch rh relative humidity emf electromotive force lm lumen s second eq equation ln logarithm (base e) SD standard deviation F farad log logarithm (base 10) sec. section fc footcandle M molar SWR standing wave ratio fig. figure m meter uhf ultrahigh frequency FM frequency modulation min. minute UV ultraviolet ft foot mm millimeter V volt ft/s foot per second mph miles per hour vhf very high frequency g acceleration m/s meter per second W watt g gram N newton λ wavelength gr grain N m newton meter wt weightarea=unit 2(e.g., ft 2, in 2, etc.); volume=unit 3 (e.g., ft 3, m 3, etc.) PREFIXES COMMON CONVERSIONS(See ASTM E380)d deci (10-1) da deka (10) 0.30480 m = 1 ft4.448222 N = 1 lbfc centi (10-2) hhecto (102) 2.54 cm = 1 in 1.355818 J = 1 ft lbf m milli (10-3)k kilo (103) 0.4535924 kg = 1 lb 0.1129848 N m = 1 lbf in µ micro (10-6)M mega (106) 0.06479891g = 1 gr 14.59390 N/m = 1 lbf/ft n nano (10-9) G giga (109) 0.9463529 L = 1 qt6894.757 Pa = 1 lbf/in 2 p pico (10-12)T tera (1012) 3600000 J = 1 kW hr 1.609344 km/h = 1 mphTemperature: T °C = (T °F -32)×5/9 Temperature: T °F = (T °C ×9/5)+32NIJ Standard−0101.04NIJ STANDARDFORBALLISTIC RESISTANCE OF PERSONAL BODY ARMOR1. PURPOSE AND SCOPEThe purpose of this standard is to establish minimum performance requirements and test methods for the ballistic resistance of personal body armor intended to protect the torso against gunfire. This standard is a general revision of NIJ Standard−0101.03, dated April 1987, updating the labeling requirements, acceptance criteria, test ammunition, procedures, and other items throughout the standard.The scope of the standard is limited to ballistic resistance only; this standard does not address threats from knives and sharply pointed instruments, which are different types of threat.2. NIJ BODY ARMOR CLASSIFICATIONPersonal body armors covered by this standard are classified into seven classes, or types, by level of ballistic performance. The ballistic threat posed by a bullet depends, among other things, on its composition, shape, caliber, mass, angle of incidence, and impact velocity. Because of the wide variety of bullets and cartridges available in a given caliber and because of the existence of handloaded ammunition, armors that will defeat a standard test round may not defeat other loadings in the same caliber. For example, an armor that prevents complete penetration by a 40 S&W test round may or may not defeat a 40 S&W round with higher velocity. In general, an armor that defeats a given lead bullet may not resist complete penetration by other bullets of the same caliber of different construction or configuration. The test ammunition specified in this standard represent general, common threats to law enforcement officers.As of the year 2000, ballistic resistant body armor suitable for full time wear throughout an entire shift of duty is available in classification Types I, IIA, II, and IIIA, which provide increasing levels of protection from handgun threats. Type I body armor, which was first issued during the NIJ demonstration project in 1975, is the minimum level of protection that any officer should have. Officers seeking protection from lower velocity 9 mm and 40 S&W ammunition typically wear Type IIA body armor. For protection against high velocity 357 Magnum and higher velocity 9 mm ammunition, officers traditionally select Type II body armor. Type IIIA body armor provides the highest level of protection available in concealable body armor and provides protection from high velocity 9 mm and 44 Magnum ammunition.Type IIIA armor is suitable for routine wear in many situations; however, departments located in hot, humid climates may need to carefully evaluate their use of Type IIIA body armor for their officers. Types III and IV armor, which protect against high powered rifle rounds, areclearly intended for use only in tactical situations when the threat warrants such protection (see app. C).The classification of an armor panel that provides two or more levels of NIJ ballistic protection at different locations on the ballistic panel shall be that of the minimum ballistic protection provided at any location on the panel.2.1 Type I (22 LR; 380 ACP)This armor protects against .22 caliber Long Rifle Lead Round Nose (LR LRN) bullets, with nominal masses of 2.6 g (40 gr) impacting at a minimum velocity of 320 m/s (1050 ft/s) or less, and 380 ACP Full Metal Jacketed Round Nose (FMJ RN) bullets, with nominal masses of 6.2 g (95 gr) impacting at a minimum velocity of 312 m/s (1025 ft/s) or less.2.2 Type IIA (9 mm; 40 S&W)This armor protects against 9 mm Full Metal Jacketed Round Nose (FMJ RN) bullets, with nominal masses of 8.0 g (124 gr) impacting at a minimum velocity of 332 m/s (1090 ft/s) or less, and 40 S&W caliber Full Metal Jacketed (FMJ) bullets, with nominal masses of 11.7 g (180 gr) impacting at a minimum velocity of 312 m/s (1025 ft/s) or less. It also provides protection against the threats mentioned in section 2.1.2.3 Type II (9 mm; 357 Magnum)This armor protects against 9 mm Full Metal Jacketed Round Nose (FMJ RN) bullets, with nominal masses of 8.0 g (124 gr) impacting at a minimum velocity of 358 m/s (1175 ft/s) or less, and 357 Magnum Jacketed Soft Point (JSP) bullets, with nominal masses of 10.2 g (158 gr) impacting at a minimum velocity of 427 m/s (1400 ft/s) or less. It also provides protection against the threats mentioned in sections 2.1 and 2.2.2.4 Type IIIA (High Velocity 9 mm; 44 Magnum)This armor protects against 9 mm Full Metal Jacketed Round Nose (FMJ RN) bullets, with nominal masses of 8.0 g (124 gr) impacting at a minimum velocity of 427 m/s (1400 ft/s) or less, and 44 Magnum Jacketed Hollow Point (JHP) bullets, with nominal masses of 15.6 g (240 gr) impacting at a minimum velocity of 427 m/s (1400 ft/s) or less. It also provides protection against most handgun threats, as well as the threats mentioned in sections 2.1, 2.2, and 2.3.2.5 Type III (Rifles)This armor protects against 7.62 mm Full Metal Jacketed (FMJ) bullets (U.S. Military designation M80), with nominal masses of 9.6 g (148 gr) impacting at a minimum velocity of 838 m/s (2750 ft/s) or less. It also provides protection against the threats mentioned in sections 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, and 2.4.2.6 Type IV (Armor Piercing Rifle)This armor protects against .30 caliber armor piercing (AP) bullets (U.S. Militarydesignation M2 AP), with nominal masses of 10.8 g (166 gr) impacting at a minimum velocity of 869 m/s (2850 ft/s) or less. It also provides at least single hit protection against the threats mentioned in sections 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, and 2.5.2.7 Special TypeA purchaser having a special requirement for a level of protection other than one of the above standard types and threat levels should specify the exact test round(s) and minimum reference impact velocities to be used, and indicate that this standard shall govern in all other aspects.3. DEFINITIONS3.1 Angle of Incidence The angle between the line of flight of the bullet and the perpendicular to the front surface of the backing material fixture as shown in figure 1.Figure 1. Angle of incidence3.2 Armor CarrierA component of the armor sample or armor panel whose primary purpose is to retain the ballistic panel and provide a means of supporting and securing the armor garment to the user. These carriers are not generally ballistic resistant.3.3 Armor PanelThe portion of an armor sample that generally consists of an external carrier and its internal ballistic protective component(s) (e.g., the front and back panels).3.4 Armor SampleBULLET LINE OF FLIGHTANGLE OF INCIDENCEBACKING MATERIAL FIXTUREARMOR SAMPLEPERPENDICULAR TO FRONTSURFACE OF BACKING MATERIALFRONT SURFACE OF BACKING MATERIALOne complete armor garment comprised of a single wraparound style jacket, or a set (two) of front and back armor panels.3.5 Backface Signature (BFS)The depth of the depression made in the backing material, created by a nonpenetrating projectile impact, measured from the plane defined by the front edge of the backing material fixture. For armor tested on built up or curved backing material, the BFS is measured from the plane defined by the top edges of the depression or crater formed by the impact.Material3.6 BackingA homogenous block of nonhardening, oil base modeling clay, placed in contact with the back of the armor panel during ballistic testing.3.7 Backing Material FixtureA box fixture containing the backing material, typically comprised of a rigid frame constructed of wood or metal with a removable wooden back. The wooden back is not used during Ballistic Limit testing.3.8 Baseline Ballistic LimitThe experimentally derived, statistically calculated impact velocity at which a projectile is expected to completely penetrate an armor component (sample, panel or ballistic panel) 50 % of the time (V50). This velocity is also the velocity at which a projectile is expected to be stopped by the armor 50 % of the time (V50).Panel3.9 BallisticThe protective component of an armor sample or panel, primarily consisting of ballistic resistant materials, usually enclosed in a nonremovable cover. The ballistic panel is normally retained within the armor sample or panel by a separate fabric carrier, and may be removable from the carrier.3.10 Certification of ComplianceManufacturer’s affidavit (certification) that a production unit of body armor meets (complies with) all of the requirements of this standard (sec. 4.0) for the labeled protection classification (sec. 2.0).3.11 ComplianceNIJ approval, after successful ballistic performance testing to this standard, of a body armor model submitted to the NIJ Compliance Testing Program (CTP).3.12 Compliance Test GroupA group of armor samples, either six, four, or nine complete garments, submitted to the NIJ CTP for testing according to this standard (sec. 4.7).3.13 DeformationThe maximum momentary displacement of the rear surface of an armor panel, caused by a fair hit that does not penetrate the armor, when the armor is in initial contact with the backing material.3.14 Fair HitA bullet that impacts the armor sample or panel at an angle of incidence no greater than ± 5° from the intended angle of incidence, no closer to the edge of the ballistic panel than 76 mm (3.0 in) and no closer to a prior hit than 51 mm (2.0 in), at an impact velocity within ± 9.1 m/s(30 ft/s) of the required reference test velocity.A bullet that impacts the armor sample or panel at an angle of incidence no greater than ± 5° from the intended angle of incidence, no closer to the edge of the ballistic panel than 76 mm (3.0 in) and no closer to a prior hit than 51 mm (2.0 in), at an impact velocity less than 7.6 m/s (30 ft/s) below the required reference test velocity which produces a penetration or an excessive backface signature.A bullet that impacts the armor sample or panel at an angle of incidence no greater than ± 5° from the intended angle of incidence, no closer to the edge of the ballistic panel than 76 mm (3.0 in) and no closer to a prior hit than 51 mm (2.0 in), at an impact velocity more than 7.6 m/s (30 ft/s) above the required reference test velocity which does not produce a penetration or an excessive backface signature.3.15 Full Metal Jacketed Bullet (FMJ)A bullet consisting of a lead core completely covered, except for the base, with copper alloy (approximately 90 % copper and 10 % zinc). “Total Metal Jacket (TMJ),” “Totally Enclosed Metal Case (TEMC),” and other commercial terminology for bullets with electro deposited copper and copper alloy coatings have been tested and are considered comparable to Full Metal Jacketed (FMJ) bullets for this standard.3.16 InsertA removable or nonremovable unit of ballistic material which can be part of either the armor or ballistic panel, which is utilized to enhance the ballistic performance of an armor in a specific area (also known as “trauma packs” or “trauma plates”).3.17 Jacketed Hollow Point Bullet (JHP)A bullet consisting of a lead core which has a hollow cavity or hole located in the nose of the bullet and is completely covered except for the hollow point with a copper alloy (approximately 90 % copper and 10 % zinc) jacket.3.18 Jacketed Soft Point Bullet (JSP)A lead bullet, also known as a Semi Jacketed Soft Point (SJSP), completely covered, except for the point, with copper alloy (approximately 90 % copper and 10 % zinc) jacket.3.19 Lead BulletA bullet made entirely of lead, which may be alloyed with hardening agents.3.20 Minimum VelocityThe designated NIJ Standard−0101.04 reference impact velocity (sec.5.4, table 1) less 9.1 m/s (30 ft/s).3.21 ModelA manufacturer’s designation (name, number, or other description) that serves to uniquely identify a specific configuration of body armor based upon the details of the ballistic panel construction (i.e., the number of layers of one or more types of ballistic resistant material assembled in a specific manner or the manner in which the armor is held in place upon the torso).NIJ verifies the ballistic resistance of a model based on ballistic testing of model samples in accordance with this standard. As an example, differences in stitching (e.g., box stitch versus quilt stitch) would make the ballistic panels different models. If a model of armor fails compliance testing, the manufacturer may never resubmit any armor under that model designation.3.22 ObliquityThe same determination of striking condition as “angle of incidence” (sec. 3.1).3.23 PenetrationComplete Penetration (CP): The complete perforation of an armor sample or panel by a test bullet or by a fragment of the bullet or armor sample itself, as evidenced by the presence of that bullet or fragment (armor or bullet) in the backing material, or by a hole which passes through the armor and/or backing material.Partial Penetration (PP):Any impact that is not a complete penetration is considered a partial penetration.3.24 Reference Bullet VelocityThe designated impact velocity of NIJ Standard−0101.04 test threat ammunition (sec. 5.4, table 1), obtained using specified ANSI/SAAMI unvented velocity test barrels.3.25 RetestThe NIJ CTP procedure for resolving ballistic performance issues with NIJ Standard−0101.04 compliant body armor models (sec. 5.22).3.26 Round Nose Bullet (RN)A bullet with a blunt or rounded nose. A bullet with a generally blunt or rounded nose or tip, which possesses a small flat surface at the tip of the bullet shall also be considered a round nose bullet for this standard.3.27 Semi Jacketed Hollow Point Bullet (SJHP)A bullet consisting of a lead core with a copper alloy (approximately 90 % copper and10 % zinc) jacket covering the base and bore riding surface (major diameter), which leaves some portion of the lead core exposed, thus forming a lead nose or tip, which has a hollow cavity or hole located in the nose or tip of the bullet.3.28 Semi Jacketed Soft Point Bullet (SJSP)A bullet, also known as a Jacketed Soft Point (JSP), consisting of a lead core with a copper alloy (approximately 90 % copper and 10 % zinc) jacket covering the base and bore riding surface (major diameter), which leaves some portion of the lead core exposed, thus forming a lead nose or tip.3.29 Strike FaceThe surface of an armor sample or panel, designated by the manufacturer, as the surface that should face the incoming ballistic threat.3.30 Wear FaceThe surface of an armor sample or panel, designated by the manufacturer, as the surface that should be worn against the body.3.31 YawThe angular deviation of the longitudinal axis of the projectile from its line of flight, measured as close to the target as practical.。
G B 00207 - E d i t i o n 05 - F e b r u a r y 121/1A 100Introduction to the ASM 142 seriesA new generation of adixen helium leakdetectorModel photographed: ASM 142The ASM 142/142 D/142 S/ASM Graph/ASM Graph D/ASM Graph D+ are universal helium leak detectors which set new performance standards for multi-purpose unit.These detectors are the end-result of an innovative engineering approach utilizing the latest electronics technologies and vacuum concepts, whichmake them a truly universal unit:142I high performances, such as, a roughing capacity of 7 CFM (60 l/mn) with a usable helium sensitivity in the 10-11 /sec range.x x xI high performances, such as, a dry roughing capacity of 0.9 CFM (1.5 m 3/h) with a usable helium sensitivity in the 10-11 /sec range.x x xI a usable helium sensitivity in the10-7 /sec range (with auto-zero function).xI comprehensive control panel with two distinct areas (one for the operation of the unit, the other for entering the test parameters).x x x x x xI evolved features to assist the operator in his daily operation (auto-calibration, auto-zero, helium signal direct readout, ...).x x x x x xI very rugged design, based on field-proven components, which makes it ideal for any industrial environment.x x x x x xI various accessories to reinforce the versatility of the product (remote control, sniffer probe).x x x x x xI totally dry leak detector.x xxI specific to sniffing test mode applications.xI graphic interface.xxxWe suggest that you read this manual before you start to use your detector to obtain optimum levels of performance and complete satisfaction.adixen Vacuum Products - ASM 142 S Operating instructions。
功能前缀0 Attendant Call 呼叫话务员9 Professional Trunk Group Seized 中继组出局*10 Set In/Out of service 退出/进入服务*11 Adjust Display Visibility 显示屏调整*12 Lock 话机锁定/解锁*13 Protect. against barge-in & beeps 临时通话保护*14 Substitution 替代*15 Language 语言选择*16 Sta. group exit 退出连选组*17 Sta. group entry 加入连选组*18 Camp-on Control 呼叫等待控制*19 Password modification 修改个人密码*20 Speed call to associated set 快速呼叫关联话机*21 Select Primary Line 选择主线路*22 Select Secondary Line 选择辅线路*23 Message deposit 回叫文本请求*24 Switch off Message LED 关闭留言灯*25 V oice Mail Deposit 点亮留言灯*26 Conversation Recording 通话录音*27 Recordable V oice Guides 动态语音提示录制*28 Remote Extension Activation 激活远程分机*29 Remote Extension Deactivation 取消远程分机*30 Agent processing group call pickup 坐席组代接*31 Secret/Identity 身份保密*32 Manual Hold 手动保持*33 Business account code 业务帐号代码*34 Access to waiting call 查询等待呼叫*35 Park Call/Retrieve 呼叫驻留*36 Night service answering 夜间服务代接*37 Common Hold 通用保持*38 Malicious call 恶意呼叫追踪*39 Direct trunk seizure 直接抓取中继线*40 ACD Prefixes ACD功能*41 Room status management 客房状态管理*42 Mini-bar 迷你酒吧管理*43 Last Caller Callback 回叫最后主叫*44 Meet-me Conference 遇我会议*45 Manual Add-on Conference 手动主控会议*46 Automatic Add-on Conference 自动主控会议*47 Announcement 广播*48 Explicit Precedence level 优先级别*49 Background Music 背景音乐*50 Remote forward 远端转移(跟我转移)*51 Overfl.busy to assoc.set 忙线时溢出至关联话机*52 Overfl.on no answer to associate 无应答时溢出至关联话机*53 Overf.busy/no answer to assoc.set 忙线或无应答时溢出至关联话机*54 Cancel Overfl.to associate 取消溢出至关联话机*55 Cancel auto. callback on busy 取消自动回叫*56 Personal directory Programming 个人通讯录编辑*57 Personal Directory Use 使用个人通讯录*58 Ubiquity Mobile Programming 一号通移动号码编辑*59 Ubiquity 一号通*60 Immediate forward 无条件立即转移*61 Immediate forward on busy 遇忙立即转移*62 Forward on no answer 无应答延时转移*63 Forward on busy or no answer 遇忙或无应答延时转移*64 Forward cancellation 取消转移*65 Cancel Remote forward 远程取消转移*66 Forward cancel.by destinat. 由目的地取消转移*67 Access Callback list 访问回叫列表*68 Suite Do Not Disturb 套房请勿打扰*69 Associated Direct. No. modif. 修改关联话机号码*70 Redial last number 重拨最后号码*71 Direct call pickup 直接代接*72 Group call pickup 组代接*73 Suite Wake-up 套房叫醒*74 Suite Wake-up Cancel 取消套房叫醒*75 Cancel Wake-up 取消叫醒*76 Wake-up/appointment reminder 约会提醒/叫醒服务*77 V oice Mail Access 查询语音消息*78 Do not disturb 请勿打扰*79 Tone test 音频检测# DTMF end-to-end dialing DTMF双音频透明发送功能后缀1 Broker Call 代理呼叫2 Consultation Call 查询呼叫3 Three-Party Conference 三方会议4 Barge-in 强插5 Callback On Free Or Busy Set 遇忙或无应答自动回叫6 Busy Camp-on 遇忙呼叫等待7 Call Announcement 呼叫通知8 V oice Mail Deposit 语音消息留言* DTMF end-to-end dialing DTMF双音频透明发送#71 Business number 业务帐号代码。
xps电子结合能对照表1.0Bi6p1 3.9 Pt 5d10.0P 3p 18.0At 6s 24.0Kr 4s 34.0K 3s 44.0Ra 6s 52.0Tm 5s 65.7V 3s1.0Ce4f 4.0 Ir 5d10.0Ti 4s 18.0Ce 5p 24.0Sn 4d 35.0Re 5p3 44.0U 6s 52.3Yb 5s 66.0Ni 3p1.0Co3d 4.0Pm 4f 10.0V 4s 18.0Pr 5p 25.0Th 6p1 35.2Mo 4p 44.4Y 4s 52.6Fe 3p 66.0Pt 5p1 1.0Cr3d 4.5Ag 4d10.0Zr 5s 18.1Hf Ntv Ox 26.0Bi 5d3 35.2W Na2WO445.0Ta 5p1 53.0Sn loss 67.8Ta 5s1.0Fe3d 4.8Dy 5d10.5Bi 6s 18.2 C 2s 26.0He 1s 35.3Y loss 45.1As 2O3 53.4Os 4f5 68.0Ra 5d1.0Ga4p 5.0 B 2p10.7Cd 4d5 18.4Sr 4p 26.0Rn 6s 35.8W O3 45.5As Ntv Ox54.0Os 5p1 68.0Tc 4s1.0Hf5d 5.0 Br 4p11.0Kr 4p 18.7Ga 3d5 26.1Lu 5p 36.0Ce 5s 45.7Ge loss 54.2Se CdSe68.5Br 3d5 1.0In 5p 5.0Ca 3d11.0Rn 6p 18.8Ga 3d 26.8Ta 2O5 36.0Gd 5s 46.0Re 5p1 54.5Se GeSe68.5Br KBr 1.0Na3s 5.0 Er 4f 11.0Sc 4s 18.9Ga 3d3 26.8Zr 4p 36.6Sr 4s 46.3Ga loss 54.9Se 3d5 68.8Cd 4p1.0Os5d 5.0Po 6p11.1Cs 5p3 19.0Eu 5p 27.0Br 4s 36.7V 3p 46.8Re 2O7 54.9Li 1s 69.0Br 3d1.0Pb6p 5.3Se 4p11.6Cd 4d3 19.0Nd 5p 28.2Sc 3p 37.0W 5p3 46.8W 5p1 54.9Li OH 69.5Br 3d3 1.0Sn5p 5.5 Cl 3p12.0Cs 5p 19.0Pb 5d5 28.6In loss 37.5Hf 5p1 47.0Mn 3p 54.9Se 3d 70.0Re loss 1.2Yb4f7 5.8Au 5d12.0Po 6s 19.0Ra 6p 28.8Rb 4s 38.0Pm 5s 47.0Rh 4p 55.2Se GeSe271.0Pt 4f7 1.4Pd4d 6.0Ta 5d12.0Te 5s 19.0Sm 5p 29.0Dy 5p1 38.0Pr 5s 47.9Ru 4p 55.3LiCO3 71.8Mg loss1.4Rh4d 6.0 Y 4d12.0Tl 5d5 19.1Ga Sb fract29.0Er 5p 38.3Sn loss 48.0Dy 5s 55.6Nb 4s 72.6Pt 4f2.0Cd5p 6.2Hg 5d12.6Cs 5p1 19.4Ga AlAs etch29.0Lu 5p 39.0Eu 5s 48.0Rn 5d 55.7Se 3d3 72.7Al 2p3 2.0Mg3s 6.9Eu 4f 13.0Tl 5d 19.5N 2s 29.1Ge 3d5 39.0Nd 5s 48.0Sb loss 56.8Au 5p3 72.9Al 2p2.0Mo4d 7.0 O 2p13.2Rb 4p 19.7Ga P fract 29.2 F 2s 39.0Tc 4p 48.5 I 4d 56.8Lu 5s 73.1Tl 5p3 2.0Nb4d 7.0Sm 4f 13.2Rb 4p 19.7Ga As fract29.4Ge 3d 39.5Tm 5p 49.5Ho 5s 57.4Er 5s 73.2Al 2p1 2.0Nd4f 7.0Sn 5s14.0Ne 2p 20.0U 6p 29.5Ho 5p1 40.0At 5d 49.5Mg CO3 58.0Ag 4p 73.8Al N2.0Ni 3d 7.0Xe 5p14.0Sc 3d 20.2Zn loss 29.7Ge 3d3 40.0Ba 5s 49.6Mg(OH)258.0Fr 5d 74.0Au 5p1 2.0Pr 4f 7.1Lu4f714.2Hf 4f7 20.5Gd 5p 30.2Ge Se 40.0In loss 49.6Mg 2p3 58.0Hg 5p3 74.2Cr 3s2.0Sb5p 7.1Tb 4f 15.0Fr 6p 20.7Ga 2O3 30.3Na 2p 40.0Tb 5s 49.7Mg O 58.1W loss 74.3Al 2O3 2.0Sc4p 7.7Gd 4f 15.0H 1s 21.0Pb 5d3 30.9Nb 4p 40.1Te 4d 49.8Mg 2p 58.2Ti 3s 74.3Al2O3-nH2O 2.0Tc4d 7.8Dy 4f 15.0Hf 4f 21.6Ta 4f7 30.9Pb loss 40.2Re 4f7 49.9Mg 2p1 58.3Te loss 74.4Pt 4f5 2.0Ti 3d 8.0 At 6p15.0Rb 4p1 21.8Tb 5p 31.0Hf 5p3 41.0Ne 2s 50.0Mg CO3 58.6Ag 4p 74.4Al (OH)3 2.0V 3d 8.0 S 3p15.0Tl 5d3 22.0Dy 5p3 31.0Po 5d 41.0Sm 5s 50.0Sr loss 58.9Y loss 74.9Cu 3p2.0Yb 4f 8.3Ho 4f 15.7Cl 3s 22.0Pm 5p 31.3W 4f7 41.2Re 4f 50.3Zr 4s 59.0Co 3p 74.9Se loss 2.0Zr 4d 8.3Lu 5d15.9Hf 4f5 22.3Ar 3s 31.5Ge Se2 41.4Re Ntv Ox 50.4Mg NtvOx159.2As loss 75.0Cs 4d5 2.5Yb4f58.4Lu2O315.9 I 5s 22.7Ta 4f 31.7Sb 4d 41.5As3d5 50.7Os 4f7 60.8Ir 4f7 75.1Pt O2-nH2O 2.6Te5p 8.5Tm4f716.0K 3p 23.0Cs 5s 32.1Ga loss 41.8As 3d 50.7Pd 4p 61.0Mg loss 75.1W 5s2.8Cu3d 8.6Lu4f516.0P 3s 23.1O 2s 32.3W 4f 42.0As S 50.7Sc 3s 62.0Ir 4f 75.5Al Ntv Ox 2.8Mn3d 8.9 Ar 3p16.0S 3s 23.3Ho 5p3 32.4Ti 3p 42.0Th 6s 50.9Mg reoxid62.0Ir O2 76.0Cs 4d2.8Re5d 9.0 F 2p16.9In 4d 23.3Y 4p 32.6Ta 5p3 42.1Ca 3s 51.0Ir 5p3 62.0Ir 5p1 77.8Ni loss 2.8Si 3p 9.0Ru 4d17.0La 5p 23.4Ta S2 33.0La 5s 42.1Cr 3p 51.0Mg NtvOx262.0Mo 4s 78.3In 4p2.8W 5d 9.0Sb 5s17.0Th 6p3 23.5Ca 3p 33.2Ge O2 42.2As 3d3 51.4Os 4f 62.0Xe 4d 79.0Cs 4d33.0Ge4p 9.0 Si 3s17.0Xe 5s 23.5Yb 5p 33.4Lu 5p 42.7Re 4f5 51.5Pt 5p3 62.3Hf 5s 80.0Ru 4s3.0 I 5p 9.1As 4p17.1Hf O2 23.8Bi 5d 33.5W 4f5 42.7T a loss 51.5Mg reoxid62.7Ir Ntv Ox80.7Rh 4s3.0Pb6s 9.7Zn 3d17.7Pb 5d 24.0Ta 4f5 33.8Ge Ntv Ox43.0As 2S3 51.7Re loss 63.3Na 2s 81.0Hg 5p1 3.2Bi6p310.0Ba 5p17.9Ga InAs (ar)24.0Bi 5d5 34.0Fr 6s 44.0Os 5p3 51.9Mg NtvOx363.8Ir 4f5 81.8Re 5s82.0Br loss101.8Si Almand.119.4Ga loss 137.8Pb 2O3 158.9Y 2(CO3)3 181.0Ge 3s 204.1Nb NbO 235.3Mg Auger 82.0Mn 3s 101.9Hg 4f 119.4Tl CO3 137.8Se Auger159.2Bi Ntv Ox 181.1Zr 3d3 205.0Nb 3d3 237.0Pm 4p3 82.7Pb 5p3 102.0Pt 5s 120.0Hg 5s 138.3Pb 4f 159.6Ho 4d5 181.2Br 3p3 205.1S loss 237.6Ta 4d3 84.0Au 4f7 102.0Si 3N4 120.0Tl 4f 138.5Ge loss 160.0Bi 5s 182.0Br 3p 205.8Lu 4d3 237.9Rb 3p3 84.0Ba 4d3 102.6Si O 121.0Pm 4d138.8Pb Ntv Ox161.2S PbS 182.0Fr 5p1 206.1Nb NbO2238.0Cs 4s84.7Ba 4d 102.9Zn loss 121.1 I 4p 139.0Pb CO3161.3Ho 2O3 182.1Yb 4d5 207.0Ce 4p3 238.0Rn 4f85.0Au 4f 103.0Ga 3p 122.0Ge 3p3 139.0Xe 4p 161.5S CuS, TaS2182.4Zr O2 207.0Xe 4s 238.9Mo loss85.0Th 5d5 103.0Ga 3p3 122.1Tl 4f5 139.5Zn 3s 161.7Se 3p3 182.8Er Auger 207.3P loss 241.8Ar 2p386.0Ba 4d5 103.0Pt loss 122.4Cu 3s 140.0Fr 5p3 161.9S HgS 183.7Si loss 207.4Nb Nb2O5242.0Ar 2p86.9 Kr 3d5 103.0Si O2 122.4In 4s 140.3Gd 4d5 162.2S MoS2 184.0Po 4f 207.4Nb Ntv Ox243.1W 4d587.2Kr 3d 103.0U 5d3 127.0Rn 5p3 140.7As 3p3 162.3Bi 4f5 184.9Yb 2O3 208.0Kr 3p3 243.9Ar 2p187.7Au 4f5 103.5Si O2-nH2O128.2Eu 4d5 141.2Gd2O3 162.4S Na2S2O3185.3S loss 210.0At 4f 245.0Nd 4p188.0 Al loss 103.7Al loss 128.3Tl loss 141.7Pb 4f5 162.6S FeS2 185.5 I 4s 210.8Hf 4d5 248.0Ba 4s 88.1Au2O3103.9Hg 4f5 128.6P InP etch142.0As 3p 163.9S 2p3 187.8Br 3p1 210.9Dy Auger248.0Rb 3p1 88.2Kr 3d3 104.0La 4d 129.0Ge 3p1 145.9Tb 4d5 164.0Rn 5p1 187.9 B CrB 213.0 B loss 249.6S loss 88.2Pd 4s 104.0Po 5p3 129.0P InP etch146.0Sr loss 164.0S 2p 188.0 B 1s 213.0La 4p1 250.0Sm 4p388.3Zn 3p 106.3Pb 5p1 129.0Sm 4d 147.0As 3p1 164.0Sr loss 188.0B MoB, LaB6214.0Rn 5s 253.0Mo loss89.0Os 5s 107.0Ga 3p1 129.3P GaP etch148.0At 5p1 165.1S 2p1 188.1 B WB 217.5Cl loss 253.0Tc 3d89.1Mg 2s 108.0Au 5s 130.0Be loss 148.0Pb 5s 166.6S Na2SO3 188.2 B Ni3B 218.0Pr 4p3 253.0Tc 3d590.6Sn 4p 109.7Rb 3d5 130.0Ho Auger 148.5Tb F3 167.3Er 4d5 188.9 B Ntv Ox 220.5Se Auger254.0Ra 5s91.0Fe 3s 109.7Rb OAc 130.1P 2p3 148.8Al loss 167.3Se 3p1 189.0P 2s 221.3Hf 4d3 255.0Br 3s92.8 Bi 5p3 109.9Cd 4s 130.6P 2p 149.8Pb loss 167.6Si loss 189.2Tm Auger 223.0Ce 4p1 255.0Eu 4p393.0Th 5d3 110.0Ce 4d 131.4P 2p1 149.9P loss 168.5Er 2O3 190.8 B N 225.7As 3s 255.0Pm 4p194.0 U 5d5 110.0Rb 3d 132.0Po 5p1 149.9Tb 3O7 168.5S Na2SO4 190.9Yb 4d3 226.1Ta 4d5 255.1Se Auger94.6 Tl 5p1 110.5Ni 3s 132.7Ga loss 150.5Si 2s 168.5S Na2S2O3194.0 B 2O3 228.0Mo 3d5 255.6W 4d395.2 Ir 5s 110.6Mg loss 133.4Al loss 152.0Zn loss 168.6P loss 195.0At 5s 228.0Nd 4p3 257.0Tc 3d396.0Br loss111.2Rb 3d3 133.6Si loss 152.3Dy 4d5 168.8Y loss 195.0U 5p3 229.0S 2s 260.0Re 4d597.0Ag 4s 111.8Be 1s 133.7Sr 3d5 152.9Sb 4s 169.1Te 4s 196.0Lu 4d5 229.4Mo O2 (?)260.0U 5p198.7Er Auger112.6Te 4p 133.7Sr CO3 153.0Ra 5p3 169.3Er 4d3 196.1Zr loss 229.5Mo 3d 261.0As Auger99.8 Si 2p3 113.6Be O 134.0Sr 3d 155.8Y 3d5 173.0Ba 4p 197.0La 4p3 229.7Mo S2 261.5Tb Auger 99.8Mg loss 114.7Be Ntv Ox 134.9Sm 2O3 156.1Dy 2O3 173.3Ga loss 197.5Ge Auger 229.9Se 3s 264.3Rb loss 99.9Hg 4f7 115.0At 5p3 135.5Sr 3d3 156.6Y 2O3 175.4Tm 4d 198.4Se Auger 230.0As Auger267.5S loss 100.1Si 2p 115.0Pr 4d 135.6Eu 2O3 157.0Bi 4f7 175.9Tb loss 198.7Cl 2p 231.1Mo 3d3 267.7W loss 100.2Si O 115.5Se Auger 136.8Pb O2 157.0Bi 4f 176.3Tm 2O3 198.9Cl 2p3 232.6Mo Ntv Ox268.0Fr 4f 100.4Si 2p1 116.2Si loss 136.8Rb loss 157.0Bi loss 177.0Po 5s 198.9Cl MCl 232.9Tb Auger268.4Sr 3p3 100.4Si C 117.7Tl 4f7 136.9Pb 4f7 157.0Y 3d 177.0Th 5p3 199.8Cl C-Cl 233.0Kr 3p1 270.0Cl 2s 100.6Sb 4p 117.9Al 2s 137.0Tl 5s 157.9Y3d3 178.7Se Auger 200.0Ra 5p1 233.1Mo O3 271.3Gd 4p3 100.7Hg O 118.0Nd 4d 137.1Sn 4s 158.5Cs 4p3 178.7Zr 3d5 200.5Cl 2p1 234.0Fr 5s 273.5Re 4d3 100.9Co 3s 118.2Bi 5p1 137.5Pb O 158.8Bi 2O3 179.9Zr 3d 201.4Nb 3d 234.0Pr 4p1 274.5Er Auger 100.9Hg S 118.2Tl 2O3 137.6Pb 3O4 158.9Ga 3s 180.9Cs 4p1 202.3Nb 3d5 234.0Th 5p1 275.0La 4s278.7Sr 3p1 301.6Mg Auger340.3Pd 3d3 382.0U 4f 412.7Lu 4p1 460.2Gd Auger515.0Eu Auger 560.0Pd 3p1 279.0Os 4d5 305.0Pr 4s 341.4Ge Auger 384.9Tl 4d5 420.4Ta loss 462.5Ta 4p1 515.6V 2p 560.9Ti 2s 280.1Ru 3d5 305.5K loss 342.0Th 4f5 386.0Tm 4p1 421.6Mo loss 463.1In loss515.9V 2O3 562.8Ta 4s 281.0Ru Ntv Ox 307.2Rh 3d5 343.0Ho 4p1 388.0U 4f5 423.3W 4p3 464.0Bi 4d3 517.1V 2O5 565.0Na Auger 281.1Ru O2 308.5Rh Ntv Ox343.0Zr 3p1 388.3Se Auger 424.5N loss 466.1Ru 3p3 517.3V O2 567.0Rn 4d3 282.2Ru 3d 308.9Rh 2O3 346.5Pd loss 389.8K loss 425.0As Auger 466.8Nb 3s 518.5Re 4p1 568.1Cu Auger 282.6 C VC 308.9Sr loss 346.6Ca 2p 390.3Yb 4p1 425.0Tc 3p3 468.0As Auger519.0As Auger 570.9Ga Auger 282.9 C NbC 309.4Rh 3d 347.1Ca O 391.7Ga Auger 425.5Pb loss 468.5Tm 4s 519.6Pt 4p3 572.5Te CdTe 283.0 C T aC 310.4Ge Auger347.2Mg Auger 391.7Mg Auger 429.6Zr 3s 471.0Os 4p3 519.7V 2p1 572.9Te 3d5 283.0Sm 4p1 311.0Tb 4p1 347.8Ca UHV Ox393.8Mo 3p3 433.0Ge Auger 471.5Zn Auger521.3Rh 3p1 573.0Zn Auger 284.0Tb Auger 311.1Y 3p1 349.0Sm 4s 393.8Y 3s 434.3Pb 4d3 473.0Po 4d5 524.0Na Auger 573.6Ag 3p3 284.2Ru 3d3 311.9Ir 4d3 353.0Au 4d3 395.6Tb 4s 436.0Ho 4s 474.0Se Auger524.8Ge Auger 574.1Cr B 284.5 C HOPG 311.9Rh 3d3 357.2Sr 3s 397.0N CrN 437.3Hf 4p1 474.7In loss528.2Sb 3d5 574.3Cr 2p3 284.5Se Auger 312.5Mg Auger357.9Ge Auger 397.1N AlN 437.8Ca 2s 480.8Yb 4s 529.4O Ag2O, NiO575.0Cr 2p 285.0 C 1s 313.0 C loss357.9Mg Auger 397.3N TiN 440.0Bi 4d5 484.9Sn 3d5 529.6Sb 2O3 575.5Cr Ntv Ox 285.4 C C-OR 314.5Pt 4d5 358.3Hg 4d5 397.6N Si3N4 443.6Ge Auger 486.3Sn O 529.8O MgO 575.6Cr 2O3 286.0Cl loss 315.1Se Auger358.6Se Auger 398.4N 1s 443.8In 3d5 486.4Ga Auger530.5O NaOH 576.5Te O2 286.0Tb 4p3 315.2Ho 4p3 359.0As Auger 398.4N BN 444.3In 2O3 487.3Sn O2 531.1O Al2O3 576.6Cr Ntv Ox 287.0 C C-Cl 319.5Ar 2s 359.2Lu 4p3 398.4Sc 2p3 444.4In Ntv Ox488.4Ru 3p1 531.1Sb 2O5 577.0Fr 4d5 287.8 C C=O, C-F 320.0Nd 4s 359.3Zr loss 399.8Se Auger 444.8In P fract488.8Ho Auger531.8O 1s LiOH 577.0Te 3d 288.9 C COOR 320.8Er 4p3 360.8Nb 3p3 399.9Tm Auger 444.9In GaAs 490.5W 4p1 532.3Pd 3p3 577.2Hg 4p3 289.0Eu 4p1 321.2K loss 363.0Eu 4s 400.6Ta 4p3 445.0Tc 3p1 493.3Sn 3d3 532.5Ga Auger 577.7Cr Ntv Ox 289.0Kr 3s 321.8Rb 3s 363.6Ga Auger 401.0Sc 2p 445.2In Ntv OH494.6Zn Auger532.5O B2O3, SiO2578.2Ir 4p1 289.4 C MCO3 322.0U 5s 363.7Dy Auger 401.9Sc 2O3 445.9In Ntv CO3494.8Ir 4p3 532.6Sb 3d 579.5Cr O3 290.0Ce 4s 323.6Mg Auger366.0Er 4p1 402.2N H4 446.4Re 4p3 496.3Rh 3p3 532.9O HgO 579.8Ge Auger 290.6Gd 4p1 326.8Ge Auger366.8Ag 2S 403.2Sc 2p1 446.9Pb loss 497.1Se Auger533.0At 4d3 580.0Cr KCrO4 290.8C C-CO3, CF2329.4Zr 3p3 367.7Ag O 404.1Cd O 447.3Ga Auger 497.2Sn 3d 533.8Hf 4s 581.8Zn Auger 291.7 C pi->pi* 331.0Pm 4s 368.2Ag Ag, Ag2O405.0Cd 3d5 448.0In 3d 497.4Na Auger536.4Na Auger 583.3Te 3d3 292.7 C CF3 331.2Pt 4d3 368.5Mg Auger 405.1Cd Te 450.3Er 4s 498.0Sc 2s 537.6Sb 3d3 583.5Cr 2p1 292.9K 2p3 KX 332.0Dy 4p1 370.0Eu Auger 405.4Cd Se, CO3451.4In 3d3 499.0Sn loss 541.0Rn 4d5 586.2Er Auger 293.0Os 4d3 332.3Tm 4p3 371.0Ag 3d 405.5Tl 4d3 453.0Se Auger 500.0Po 4d3 544.0Tc 3s 586.9Tm Auger 294.0Th 5s 333.0Th 4f7 371.0As Auger 406.7Cd(OH)2 453.9Ti 2p3 503.8Ga Auger544.2Sb loss 588.9Ga Auger 295.0K 2p 333.1Mg Auger374.2Ag 3d3 407.2N O3 454.3Na Auger 505.0Mo 3s 546.3Au 4p3 591.0Ru 3s 295.6Dy 4p3 334.0Au 4d5 376.0Gd 4s 408.0Cd 3d 455.1Ti O 507.0At 4d5 548.0Os 4p1 593.6W 4s 295.7K 2p1 335.0Pd 3d5 376.2Nb 3p1 411.0Tb Auger 456.0Ti 2p 507.5Sn loss548.1Cu Auger 600.0Gd Auger 296.2Ir 4d5 335.4Pd Ntv Ox377.2K 2s 411.3Mo 3p1 457.4Ti 2O3 507.9Lu 4s 552.4Na Auger 600.7Te loss 296.2Se Auger 337.0Pd O 377.3U 4f7 411.7Cd 3d3 458.0As Auger 512.1V 2p3 553.2O loss 603.0Fr 4d3 299.0Ra 4f 337.5Pd 3d 377.8Hg 4d3 412.0Pb 4d5 458.2Ti CaTiO3513.2Na Auger553.3Sb loss 603.0Ra 4d5 299.2Y 3p3 339.0As Auger379.5Hf 4p3 412.3Ge Auger 458.7Ti O2 513.5Ga Auger557.1Tb Auger 604.0Ag 3p1 300.6Sr loss 339.8Yb 4p3 381.0Mg Auger 412.6Dy 4s 460.0Ti 2p1 513.9Dy Auger558.5Zn Auger 609.1Pt 4p1609.6Tl 4p3 675.0Xe 3d 724.0Pt 4s 819.7Te 3p3 915.9Cr Auger999.0 O Auger 1107.0N Auger1243.8Pd Auger 617.0Cd 3p3 676.0Th 4d5 724.8Cs 3d5 826.0In 3s 918.6Cs Auger1003.0Nd 3d3 1108.0Sm 3d3 1245.9Tl Auger 619.0 I 3d 676.7In loss 724.8Cs Cl 830.5Co Auger925.3Co 2s 1003.6Cr Auger 1109.8Cd Auger1249.0Ge 2p1 619.2 I 3d5 677.9Tm Auger724.9Cs2O:SiO2833.0Ce Auger929.0Rn 4p1 1004.8Te 3s 1112.9Sb Auger1250.8Pt Auger 619.2 I KI 679.0Bi 4p3 736.0U 4d5 833.0F Auger930.9 I 3p1 1008.7Ni 2s 1116.6Ga 2p3 1259.8Ru a 623.2Ni Auger680.2Hg 4p1 740.0At 4p3 835.2La 2O3 931.7Cu Cl 1013.0O Auger 1117.7Sc Auger1264.2Mo Auger 625.2Re 4s 682.0Sm Auger740.0Cs 3d3 836.0La 3d5 931.8Pr 3d5 1014.7V Auger 1126.0Eu 3d5 1265.0Rh Auger 626.1Ho Auger682.4Xe 3d3 748.0Ho Auger 836.5Te loss 932.0Cs Auger1020.3Te Auger 1128.0La 3p3 1265.8Ge loss 626.4V 2s 685.1 F CaF2749.0Cs loss837.2La B6 932.3Cu S 1021.7Zn O 1128.9Ag Auger1272.0Ce 3p1 627.8Rh 3s 685.7 F 1s 756.2Sn 3p1 837.9Co Auger932.4Cu 2O 1021.8Zn 2p3 1129.0Sn Auger1272.0U 4p1 628.2Cu Auger685.7 F LiF 758.0Nd Auger 841.1Gd Auger932.6Cu 2p3 1022.3Zn S 1131.8Te Auger1275.7Tb 3d3 629.4Ga Auger688.9 F CF2 761.1Pb 4p1 844.2Cs Auger932.9Cu 2O 1022.5Sb Auger 1135.0Ag Auger1296.2Dy 3d5 630.6 I 3d3 690.9Ir 4s 761.2Au 4s 846.0Fe Auger933.9Cu O 1027.0Pm 3d5 1137.0Ba 3p1 1298.6Mo Auger 634.5Er Auger695.7Cr 2s 761.8Cs loss 846.7Tl 4s 934.0Xe 3p3 1027.2Cr Auger 1141.0Xe 3s 1303.3Mg 1s 635.0Cu Auger697.4Co Auger763.4Gd Auger 851.0Po 4p1 934.6Cu(OH)21031.0Zn loss 1143.4Ga 2p1 1304.0Cl Auger 636.0Ra 4d3 700.3Tb Auger766.4Sb 3p3 851.6Mn Auger936.6Bi 4s 1031.9Sb Auger 1148.9Sc Auger1307.0Hf Auger 638.7Mn 2p3 702.0Ne Auger768.0Rn 4p3 852.6Ni 2p3 940.7Cu CT 1034.9Ti Auger 1151.0In Auger1315.3Mg loss 640.4Ni Auger703.1In 3p1 768.6Mn 2s 852.9Ni B 942.2Cu CT 1042.0At 4s 1153.0Fr 4s 1316.1Pt Auger 640.5Ga Auger703.5 F loss 770.2Sn loss 853.0La 3d3 943.8Cu CT 1043.0U 4p3 1155.0Eu 3d3 1318.0Ta Auger 640.9Mn Mn3O4705.0Po 4p3 772.8Cd 3s 853.8Ni O 944.0Sb 3s 1044.8Zn 2p1 1159.4Pd Auger1319.0Nb Auger 641.0Mn MnO 705.2Ni Auger777.7Ni Auger 854.3Ni Ntv Ox944.1Mn Auger1049.6Sn Auger 1170.0Th 4p1 1321.6Lu Auger 641.0Mn Mn2O3706.7Fe 2p3 778.3Co 2p3 855.4Ni(OH)2945.5Sb Auger1052.0Pm 3d3 1184.0Ce 3p3 1322.3Re Auger 641.6Mn MnO2707.2Fe S2 779.0U 4d3 859.0F Auger952.2Cu 2p1 1055.3V Auger 1185.5Rh Auger1323.9As 2p3 642.4Au 4p1 707.5Ga Auger779.2Co O 863.0Ne 1s 952.2Pr 3d3 1055.5Zn loss 1186.8Gd 2O31324.5Mo Auger 643.5 I loss 709.8Fe O 779.5Co 3O4 869.9Ni 2p1 952.5Cs Auger1058.0Ra 4p1 1186.9Gd 3d5 1326.3Mg loss643.6Pb 4p3 710.4Fe2O3-g780.0Ba 3d5 870.5Cs Auger959.5Cr Auger1058.0Sn Auger 1190.0Ag Auger1334.0Pt Auger 645.0Mn 2p 710.5Fe 3O4780.0Ba CO3, OAc870.7T e 3p1 959.9Te Auger1063.0Ba 3p3 1194.0Ca Auger1335.1Dy 3d3 647.5Cu Auger710.8Fe2O3-a780.6Co (OH)2 875.0 I 3p3 965.0Th 4p3 1067.7Ti Auger 1196.4Zn 2s 1337.7Zr Auger 649.7Mn 2p1 711.5Fe OOH780.9Co Ntv Ox 878.1F Auger969.3Te Auger1071.8Na2O-SiO21208.0Ra 4s 1352.9Ho 3d5 651.0Cd 3p1 711.6 F loss 782.2Sb loss 879.0Ra 4p3 970.4 I Auger1071.9Na OH 1213.0Pd Auger1358.7Er 3d5 652.2Zn Auger712.2Ni Auger784.0Fe Auger 882.0Ce O2 976.8V Auger1072.0 I 3s 1217.0Cs 3s 1359.5As 2p1 655.0Eu Auger713.0Co Auger793.7Co 2p1 884.0Ce 3d5 979.7O Auger1072.0Na 1s 1217.0Ge 2p3 1363.6Yb Auger 655.7Ga Auger713.0Th 4d3 795.2Ba 3d3 885.2Sn 3s 980.0Fr 4p1 1072.0Na Cl 1217.0Ru Auger1365.5Mo Auger 657.2 I loss 714.1In loss 797.0Pr Auger 886.0At 4p1 981.0Nd 3d5 1076.4In Auger 1219.6Gd 3d3 1367.1Tm Auger 658.0Os 4s 714.6Sn 3p3 802.0Ba loss 886.5Ba Auger981.8 I Auger1081.0Sm 3d5 1221.4C Auger1368.2Zr Auger 659.4Zn Auger715.1Er Auger803.6Hg 4s 888.0Fe Auger994.6Te Auger1084.0In Auger 1225.0Ag Auger1373.3Tb 3p3 665.2In 3p3 719.5Cu Auger805.0Bi 4p1 888.4Te loss 995.0Po 4s 1092.5Te Auger 1234.7Rh Auger1378.9Gd 3p3 665.3Ho Auger719.6Ag 3s 808.9Tb Auger 891.7Pb 4s 995.0Sb Auger1097.0Rn 4s 1234.8Ge loss1390.9Pb Auger 669.7Xe 3d5 719.9Fe 2p1 810.0Fr 4p3 898.0Ba Auger996.0Xe 3p1 1097.2Cu 2s 1235.0K Auger1392.6Zr Auger 671.5Pd 3s 721.5Tl 4p1 812.6Sb 3p1 900.3Mn Auger997.3Cr Auger1102.8Ti Auger 1242.0Pr 3p3 1393.3Ho 3d3817.0Ba loss 902.0Ce 3d3 998.0Cs 3p3 1103.1Cd Auger 1242.1Tb 3d5 1395.0Si Auger。
Western HemisphereLocation Satellite SatellitebusSourceOperator TypeCoverageLaunchdate/rocket(GMT)AlllocationsRemarksAs of148.0°W EchoStar-1LockheedMartinAS-7000USEchostar/DISHNetworkDirectBroadcasting28December1995, LongMarch 2E119°W(1996-1999),148.0°W(1999—)Scheduled to moveto 77°Wsoon2009-02-06139.0°W Americom-8LockheedMartinA2100AUSSES Americom& AT&TAlascomTelevisionand radiobroadcasting24 Cband(Canada,Caribbean,mainlandUSA)19December2000,Ariane 5GPreviouslyGE-8 forGEAmericom; alsoknown asAurora III;replacedSatcomC-5 inMarch20012008-11-20137.0°W Americom-7LockheedMartinUS SES AmericomTelevisionand radioMainlandUSA,14SeptemberPreviouslyGE-7 for2008-11-20A2100A broadcasting Canada,Mexico2000,Ariane 5GGEAmericom135.0°W Americom-10LockheedMartinA2100AUS SES AmericomTelevisionand RadioBroadcastingMainlandUSA,Canada,Caribbean, Mexico5 February2004, AtlasII AS2008-11-20133.0°W Galaxy-12 OrbitalSciencesCorporationStar-2US IntelsatTelevision/RadioBroadcasting9 April2003,Ariane 5G123.0°WreplacedfailedGalaxy 15131.0°W Americom-11LockheedMartinA2100AUS SES AmericomTelevisionand RadioBroadcasting24C-BandTranspondersMainlandUSA,Canada,Caribbean, Mexico19 May2005, AtlasII AS2008-11-20129.0°W Galaxy-27SpaceSystems/Loral FS-1300US IntelsatTelevisionbroadcasting & SatelliteInternetAccess25September1999,Ariane 44LPFormerlyknown asIA-7 andTelstar-72008-11-20Ciel-2ThalesAlenia SpaceSpacebus4000 C4CanadaCiel SatelliteGroupDirectBroadcasting10December2008,Proton-MLeased toEchostar/DishNetwork2009-02-06127.0°W Galaxy-13BoeingBSS-601US Intelsat24C-Bandtransponders1 October2003,Zenit-3SLSamesatelliteasHorizons-12008-11-20Horizons-1BoeingBSS-601USJapan SatelliteSystems24Ku-Bandtransponders1 October2003,Zenit-3SLSamesatelliteasGalaxy-132008-11-20125.0°W Galaxy-14 OrbitalSciencesCorporationStar-2US Intelsat24C-Bandtransponders -NorthAmerica13 August2005,Soyuz-FG/Fregat2008-11-20123.0°W Galaxy-18 SpaceSystems/Loral LS-1300US IntelsatTelevisionand radiobroadcastingNorthAmerica21 May2008,Zenit-3SLHybridC/Ku-band satellite2008-11-19121.0°W Galaxy-23SpaceSystems/LorUS IntelsatDirectBroadcastinNorthAmerica7 August2003,HybridC/Ku/Ka-b2008-11-26al FS-1300 g Zenit-3SL andsatellite;C-bandpayloadreferred toasGalaxy-23EchoStar-9 SpaceSystems/Loral FS-1300USEchostar/DISHNetworkDirectBroadcastingNorthAmerica7 August2003,Zenit-3SLHybridC/Ku/Ka-bandsatellite;Ku/Ka-bandpayloadreferred toasEchoStar-92008-11-26119.0°W DirecTV-7SSpaceSystems/Loral LS-1300US DirecTVDirectBroadcasting54Ku-bandtransponders4 May 2004,Zenit-3SL8 activetransponders at thistime2008-11-26EchoStar-7LockheedMartinA2100AXUSEchostar/DISHNetworkDirectBroadcasting32Ku-bandtranspond21 February2002, AtlasIII B21 activetransponders at this2008-11-26ers time118.8°W Anik F3EADSAstriumEurostar-3000SCanada Telesat CanadaDirectBroadcasting24C-bandtransponders, 32Ku-bandtransponders, 2Ka-bandtransponders11 April2007,ProtonKu-Bandleased toEchostar/DishNetwork2008-11-26116.8°W SatMex-5HughesHS-601HPMexico Satmex24C-bandtransponders, 24Ku-bandtransponders5 December1998,Ariane 42L2008-11-26115.0°W XM-Blues US30 October2006,Zenit-3SL Solidaridad-2Mexico Satmex8 October1994,Ariane 44L113.0°W Satmex-6Mexico Satmex27 May2006, Ariane 5-ECA111.1°W Anik F2Boeing 702 Canada Telesat Canada DirectBroadcasting17 July2004,Ariane 5GHybridC/Ku/Ka-bandsatellite110.0°W EchoStar-11SpaceSystems/Loral LS-1300USEchostar/DISHNetworkDirectBroadcasting17 July2008,Zenit-3SL2008-11-19EchoStar-10A2100AXS USEchostar/DISHNetworkDirectBroadcasting15 February2006,Zenit-3SLDirecTV-5LS-1300US DirecTVDirectBroadcasting7 May 2002,Proton32Ku-bandtransponders107.3°W Anik F1Boeing 702 Canada Telesat CanadaDirectBroadcasting21November2000,Ariane 44LHybridC/Ku-band satellite;will bereplacedby AnikF1RAnik F1R Eurostar-300Canada Telesat Canada Direct 8 Hybrid0Broadcasting, WAASPRN #138 September2005,ProtonC/Ku-band satellite;willreplaceAnik F1105.0°W AMC-18A2100A US SES AmericomDirectBroadcastingMainlandUSA,Canada,Caribbean, Mexico8 December2006,Ariane 5Americom-15A2100AXS US SES AmericomDirectBroadcastingCONUS,Alaska,Hawaii15 October2004,Proton-MHybridKu/Ka-bandsatellite;twin ofAmericom-16103.0°W Americom-1A2100A US SES AmericomMainlandUSA,Canada,Mexico,Caribbean8September1996, AtlasII AHybridC/Ku-band satellite102.8°W SPACEWAY-1Boeing 702 US DirecTVDirectBroadcastin26 April2005,g Zenit-3SL101.2°W DirecTV-4SBoeing 601 US DirecTVDirectBroadcasting27November2001,Ariane 44LP48Ku-bandtransponders101.1°W DirecTV-9SLS-1300US DirecTVDirectBroadcasting13 October2006,Ariane5-ECA101.0°W AMC-4A2100AX US SES Americom MainlandUSA,Canada,Mexico,Caribbean, CentralAmerica13November1999,Ariane 44LPHybridC/Ku-band satellite100.8°W DirecTV-8LS-1300US DirecTV DirectBroadcasting22 May2005,ProtonHybridKu/Ka-bandsatellite99.2°W SPACEWAY-2US16November 2005,Ariane5-ECA99.0°W Galaxy-16FS-1300Intelsat 18 June 2006, Zenit-3SL97.0°W Galaxy-19SpaceSystems/Loral FS-1300US IntelsatTelevisionand RadioBroadcasting24 C- and28Ku-bandtransponders NorthAmerica24September2008,Zenit-3SL2008-11-2095.0°W Galaxy 3C US 15 June 2002, Zenit-3SL93.0°W Galaxy-26SSLFS-1300US15 February1999,Proton-K91.0°W Nimiq 1A2100AX Canada Telesat CanadaDirectBroadcasting20 May1999,Proton32Ku-bandtranspondersGalaxy 17Spacebus-3000B3US IntelsatTelevisionand radiobroadcastingNorthAmerica4 May 2007,Ariane5-ECA74°WJuly 2007to March2008HybridC/Ku-band satellite2008-06-1389.0°W Galaxy-28FS-1300ITSO Intelsat TheAmericas23 June2005,HybridC/Ku/Ka-bZenit-3SL andsatellite;launchedasTelstar 887.0°W AMC 3A2100A US SES Americom MainlandUSA,Canada,Mexico,Caribbean4September1997, AtlasII AHybridC/Ku-band satellite85.0°W XM-RhythmBoeing 702 USXM SatellieRadio HoldingsRadioBroadcastingCONUS28 February2005,Zenit-3SLAmericom-2A2100A US SES AmericomDirectBroadcastingMainlandUSA,Canada,Mexico30 January1997,Ariane 44LAmericom-16A2100AXS US SES AmericomDirectBroadcastingCONUS,Alaska,Hawaii17December2004, AtlasV (521)HybridKu/Ka-bandsatellite;twin ofAmericom-1584.0°W Brasilsat-B3Brazil4 February1998,Ariane 44LP83.0°W Americom-93000B3US SES AmericomDirectBroadcastingCONUS,Canada,Mexico,CentralAmerica,Caribbean7 June2003,ProtonHybridC/Ku-band satellite82.0°W Nimiq 2A2100AX Canada Telesat CanadaDirectBroadcasting29December2002,ProtonHybridKu/Ka-bandsatellite Nimiq 3HS-601Telesat CanadaDirectBroadcasting9 June1995,Ariane 42PPreviouslyDirecTV-3forDirecTV80.9°W SBS-6HS-393 US Intelsat Televisionand RadioBroadcasting12 October1990,Ariane 44L74°WNov 1995to Jan2008Beyondexpectedend of life.ServesArgentinanow2008-06-1379.0°W Americom Spacebus-20US SES Americom CONUS, 28 October-500 Canada,Mexico 1998, Ariane 44LSatcom C3US10September1992,Ariane 44LPInclinedorbit77.0°W EchoStar-4A2100AX USEchostar/DISHNetworkDirectBroadcasting8 May 1998,ProtonspareEchoStar-8FS-1300USEchostar/DISHNetworkDirectBroadcasting21 August2002,Proton110°W2008-11-1976.8°W Galaxy 4R US 19 April2000,Ariane 42LInclinedorbit75.0°W Brasilsat-B1Brazil10 August1994,Ariane 44LP74.9°W Galaxy-9US 24 May1996, DeltaII (7925)spare74.0°W Horizons-2STAR Bus US Intelsat JSATTelevisionand RadioBroadcastingCONUSCanadaCaribbean21December2007,Ariane 5GS20 KuXpndrs2008-06-1372.7°W EchoStar-6FS-1300USEchostar/DISHNetworkDirectBroadcasting14 July2000, AtlasII AS2008-11-1972.5°W Directv-1R US 10 October 1999, Zenit-3SL72.0°W AMC-6A2100AX US SES Americom CONUS,Canada,Mexico,Caribbean, CentralAmerica22 October2000,Proton-MHybridC/Ku-band satellite;a portionof theKu-bandpayload isdedicatedto SouthAmerica71.0°W Nahuel-1A Argentina30 January1997,Ariane 44L70.0°W Brasilsat-B4Brazil17 August2000,Ariane 44LP65.0°W Brasilsat-B2Brazil28 March1995,Ariane44LP+63.0°W Estrela doSul 1Brazil11 January2004,Zenit-3SL61.5°W EchoStar-12A2100AXS US17 July2003, AtlasV (521)FormerlyRainbow-1,purchased fromVOOM EchoStar-3A2100AX USEchostar/DISHNetworkDirectBroadcasting5 October1997, AtlasII AS61.0ºW HispasatAmazonasSpain4 August2004,Proton-M58.0°W Intelsat-9HS601HP US 28 July2000,Zenit-3SLformerlyPAS-955.5°W Intelsat-805ITSO18 June1998, AtlasII AS53.0°W Intelsat-707ITSO14 March1996,Ariane 450.0°W Intelsat-705ITSO22 March1995, AtlasII AS45.0°W Intelsat-1RHS702 US16November2000,Ariane 5GformerlyPAS-1R43.1°W Intelsat-3RHS601 US12 January1996,Ariane 44LformerlyPAS-3R43.0°W Intelsat-6BHS601HP22December1998,Ariane 42LformerlyPAS-6B40.5°W NSS-806LM AS-7000 Netherlands28 February1998, AtlasII AS37.5°W NSS-10Spacebus4000C33 February2005,ProtonTelstar-11USInclinedorbit34.5°W Intelsat-903ITSO30 March2002,Proton-K31.5°W Intelsat-801ITSO1 March1997,Ariane 44P30.0°W Hispasat-1CSpain3 February2000, AtlasII ASHispasat-1DSpain18September2002, AtlasII AS27.5°W Intelsat-907ITSO15 February2003,Ariane 44L24.5°W Intelsat-905ITSO5 June2002,Ariane 44L24.0°W Cosmos2379RussiaInclinedorbit22.0°W NSS-7LM A2100AX Netherlands16 April2002,Ariane 44L20.0°W Intelsat-603ITSO14 March1990,CommercialTitan IIIInclinedorbit18.0°W Intelsat-901ITSO9 June2001,Ariane 44L15.5°W Inmarsat 3F2IMSOEGNOSPRN #1206September1996,Proton-K15.0°W Telstar 12SSL US 19 October 1999, Ariane 44LP14.0°W Gorizont32RussiaInclinedorbit Express-A4Russia12.5°W AtlanticBird 1EUMETSAT28 August2002,Ariane 5G11.0°W Express-A3Russia24 June2000,Proton-K8.0°W AtlanticBird 2Eutelsat25September2001,Ariane 44PTelecom 2D France8 August1996,Ariane 44LInclinedorbit7.0°W Nilesat101Egypt28 April1998,Ariane 44P Nilesat102Egypt17 August2000,Ariane 44LP Nilesat103Egypt27 February1998,Ariane 42P AtlanticBird 4Eutelsat27 February1998,Ariane 42P5.0°W AtlanticBird 3Eutelsat4.0°W AMOS 1Israel16 May1996,Ariane 44L AMOS 2Israel27December2003,Soyuz-FG/Fregat3.4°W Meteosat828 August2002,Ariane 5G1.0°W Intelsat10-02ITSO16 June2004,Proton-M0.8°W Thor 2Norway20 May1997, DeltaIIThor 3Norway10 June1998, DeltaII (7925-9.5)[edit] Eastern HemisphereLocation Satellite SatellitebusSource Operator TypeCoverageLaunchdate/rocket(GMT)AlllocationsRemarks As of0.5°E Meteosat7ESAWeathersatellite2September1997,Ariane 44LPInclinedorbit3.0°E Telecom2A16December1991,Ariane 44L4.0°E Eurobird 4Eutelsat 2 September 1997, Ariane 44LP4.8°E Sirius 4A2100AX Sweden SES Sirius Comsat52Ku-bandcoveringEurope2Ka-bandcoveringScandinavia17November2007,Proton M2007-11-18 Astra 1CLuxembourg12 May1993,Ariane 42L0.9°inclinedorbit5.0°E Sirius 3Sweden 5 October 1998, Ariane 44L5.2°E Astra 1A GE 4000 11 December 1988, Ariane 44LP6.0°E Skynet 4F Militarycommunica7 February2001,Inclinedorbittions Ariane 44L7.0°E EutelsatW3AEutelsat15 March2004,Proton-M9.0°E Eurobird 9Eutelsat 21November1996, AtlasII AformerlyHot Bird 29.5°E Meteosat6ESAWeathersatellite20November1993,Ariane 44LPInclinedorbit10.0°E EutelsatW1Eutelsat6September2000,Ariane 44P12.5°E Raduga29RussiaInclinedorbit13.0°E Hot Bird 6Eutelsat21 August2002, AtlasV (401)Hot Bird7AEutelsat11 March2006,Ariane5-ECAHot Bird 8Eutelsat 4 August 2006, Proton16.0°E EutelsatW2Eutelsat5 October1998,Ariane 44L19.2°E Astra 1ELuxembourg19 October1995,Ariane 42L Astra 1FLuxembourg8 April1996,Proton-K Astra 1GLuxembourg12November1997,Proton-K Astra 1HLuxembourg18 June1999,Proton-K Astra 1KRLuxembourg20 April2006, AtlasV (411) Astra 1LLuxembourg4 May 2007,Ariane5-ECA20.0°E Arabsat2A9 July 1996,Ariane 44LInclinedorbit21.0°E AfriStar US 28 October 1998, Ariane 44L21.5°E EutelsatW6Artemis ESAEGNOSPRN #12412 July2001,Ariane 5GInclinedorbit.23.5°E Astra 3A Luxembourg29 March2002,Ariane 44L25.0°E Inmarsat 3F5IMSOEGNOSPRN #1264 February1998,Ariane 44LP25.5ºE Eurobird 2Eutelsat25.8°E Badr 226.0°E Badr 326.2°E Badr C28.2°E Astra 2A HS601HPLuxembourgAstra 2BLuxembourg14September2000, Ariane 5GAstra 2C Luxembourg16 June2001,Proton-KAstra 2D Luxembourg20December2000,Ariane 5G28.5°E Eurobird 1Spacebus3000Eutelsat8 March2001,Ariane 5G30.5°E Arabsat2BArabsat13November1996,Ariane 44L31.3°E Astra 1D HS-601LuxembourgSES Astra Comsat24Ku-band1 November1994,Ariane 419.2°E(1994–1998)28.2°E(1998)19.2°E(1998–1999)28.2°E2007-11-14(1999–2001)24.2°E(2001–2003)23.0°E(2003–2004)23.5°E(2004–2007)30.0°E(2007—) 31.5°E Sirius 2Sweden33.0°E Eurobird 3Eutelsat27September2003,Ariane 5G Intelsat802LM-3000 ITSO25 June1997,Ariane 44P36.0°E EutelsatSesat 1Eutelsat17 April2000,Proton-K Eutelsat Eutelsat24 May。
TUXEDO超时控制全功略二零零四年四月目录摘要: (6)1前言 (6)2全功略解读 (6)2.1SCANUNIT (6)2.1.1参数出处 (6)2.1.2时间单位 (6)2.1.3取值范围 (6)2.1.4默认取值 (6)2.1.5用途解释⑴ (6)2.1.6超时后果 (7)2.1.7设置考虑 (7)2.2SANITYSCAN (7)2.2.1参数出处 (7)2.2.2时间单位 (7)2.2.3取值范围 (7)2.2.4默认取值 (7)2.2.5用途解释⑵ (7)2.2.6超时后果 (7)2.2.7设置考虑 (7)2.3BBLQUERY (8)2.3.1参数出处 (8)2.3.2时间单位 (8)2.3.3取值范围⑶ (8)2.3.4默认取值 (8)2.3.5用途解释⑷ (8)2.3.6超时后果⑸ (8)2.3.7设置考虑 (8)2.4DBBLWAIT (8)2.4.1参数出处 (8)2.4.2时间单位 (8)2.4.3取值范围 (8)2.4.4默认取值 (8)2.4.6超时后果⑺ (9)2.4.7设置考虑 (9)2.5BLOCKTIME (9)2.5.1参数出处 (9)2.5.2时间单位 (9)2.5.3取值范围 (9)2.5.4默认取值 (9)2.5.5用途解释 (9)2.5.6超时后果 (10)2.5.7设置考虑 (10)2.6WSL CLOPT[-T C LIENT_TIMEOUT] (10)2.6.1参数出处 (10)2.6.2时间单位 (10)2.6.3取值范围 (10)2.6.4默认取值 (10)2.6.5用途解释⑻ (10)2.6.6超时后果⑼ (11)2.6.7设置考虑 (11)2.7WSL CLOPT[-T TIMEOUT] (11)2.7.1参数出处 (11)2.7.2时间单位 (11)2.7.3取值范围 (11)2.7.4默认取值 (11)2.7.5用途解释 (11)2.7.6超时后果 (11)2.7.7设置考虑 (11)2.8WSL CLOPT[-I INIT_TIMEOUT] (11)2.8.1参数出处 (11)2.8.2时间单位 (12)2.8.3取值范围 (12)2.8.4默认取值 (12)2.8.5用途解释⑽ (12)2.8.6超时后果 (12)2.8.7设置考虑 (12)2.9WSL CLOPT[-N NETWORK_TIMEOUT] (12)2.9.1参数出处 (12)2.9.2时间单位 (12)2.9.3取值范围 (12)2.9.5用途解释 (12)2.9.6超时后果 (13)2.9.7设置考虑 (13)2.10SVCTIMOUT (13)2.10.1参数出处 (13)2.10.2时间单位 (13)2.10.3取值范围 (13)2.10.4默认取值 (13)2.10.5用途解释 (14)2.10.6超时后果 (14)2.10.7设置考虑 (14)2.11GRACE (14)2.11.1参数出处 (14)2.11.2时间单位 (14)2.11.3取值范围 (14)2.11.4默认取值 (14)2.11.5用途解释 (14)2.11.6超时后果 (15)2.11.7设置考虑 (15)2.12T RANSACTION T IME O UT (15)2.12.1参数出处 (15)2.12.2时间单位 (15)2.12.3取值范围 (15)2.12.4默认取值 (15)2.12.5用途解释 (15)2.12.6超时后果 (16)2.12.7设置考虑 (16)2.13TRANTIME (16)2.13.1参数出处 (16)2.13.2时间单位 (16)2.13.3取值范围 (16)2.13.4默认取值 (16)2.13.5用途解释 (16)2.13.6超时后果 (16)2.13.7设置考虑 (17)2.14ORACLE XA OPENINFO参数:SESTM (17)2.14.1参数出处 (17)2.14.2时间单位 (17)2.14.4默认取值 (17)2.14.5用途解释 (17)2.14.6超时后果 (17)2.14.7设置考虑 (18)2.15ORACLE XA OPENINFO参数:SESWT (18)2.15.1参数出处 (18)2.15.2时间单位 (18)2.15.3取值范围 (18)2.15.4默认取值 (18)2.15.5用途解释 (18)2.15.6超时后果 (19)2.15.7设置考虑 (19)2.16ORACLE SQLNET.EXPIRE_TIME (19)2.16.1参数出处 (19)2.16.2时间单位 (19)2.16.3取值范围 (20)2.16.4默认取值 (20)2.16.5用途解释⑾ (20)2.16.6超时后果 (20)2.16.7设置考虑 (20)2.17ORACLE DISTRIBUTED_LOCK_TIMEOUT (21)2.17.1参数出处 (21)2.17.2时间单位 (21)2.17.3取值范围 (21)2.17.4默认取值 (21)2.17.5用途解释 (21)2.17.6超时后果 (21)2.17.7设置考虑 (21)2.18ORACLE M AX_COMMIT_PROPAGATION_DELAY (22)2.18.1参数出处 (22)2.18.2时间单位 (22)2.18.3取值范围 (22)2.18.4默认取值 (22)2.18.5用途解释 (22)2.18.6超时后果 (22)2.18.7设置考虑 (22)3总结 (23)4后记 (23)5参考文献 (23)TUXEDO超时控制全功略摘要:本《功略》集中了TUXEDO应用中,可能涉及到的所有时间参数,并分别对其进行详细描述,不但对其出处、取值等基本属性进行查证,而且,通过分析其内在的控制机制,给出设置建议,以期能够达到透彻理解、方便查阅、准确使用的目的。
technical page 48student accountant aUgUST 2008HOW LENDERS SET THEIR RATESRELEVANT TO ACCA QUALIFICATION PAPER P4With equity, capital asset pricing theory teaches us that a firm’s exposure to market risk is the principal determinant of a firm’s equity cost of capital. With debt, market risk is not so important – what is important is whether a borrower will default on a loan. This is called ‘credit risk’.Default occurs when the value of a borrower’s assets falls below the value of their outstanding debt. Therefore, two variables influence the potential loss to the lender: the chance of default occurring, and the part of the debt that can then be recovered by the sale of the firm’s assets.At the simplest level, if the probability of a company defaulting is 5%, and only 80% of the debt can be recovered by the lender (that is, 20% will be lost), then at least an extra 1% (20% x 5%) will be charged to cover the potential loss. It’s not as simple as this in practice because the lender loses not only part of the sum advanced but also the accrued interest.Lenders, whether in the form of banks or subscribers to bond issues, need to discover the potential loss faced on default and therefore the charge needed to cover exposure to credit risk. Lenders rarely undertake assessments of credit risk directly but normally employ the services of credit assessment agencies. For loans to the retail market, there are many credit agencies to which a lender can go. For bigger corporate loans, a lender may undertake the assessment itself or engage a credit rating agency to do it on its behalf. For the largest loans, or where the borrower is considering a bond issue, then the firm concerned will need to obtain a credit risk assessment from a rating agency such as Moody’s, Standard and Poor’s, or Fitch.TWO APPROACHES TO CREDIT RISK ASSESSMENTThere are two methodologies for undertaking credit risk assessment. The first involves collecting financial and other measures and combining them into a multivariate scoring system. The earliest work on assessing bankruptcy risk was undertaken by William Beaver in 1966, who identified which of the common accounting ratios had the highest predictive value in assessing bankruptcy risk. He showed that one ratio – operating cash flow over total outstanding debt – successfully predicted default within five years with better than 70% accuracy. Edward Altman in the US, and Richard Taffler in the UK, developed more sophisticated multivariate models. Other models, such as that developed by Robert Kaplan and Gabriel Urwitz, focus on explaining the credit ratings given by the agencies. However, a common criticism of all these models is that they have weak theoretical support; they represent a form ofbrutal empiricism where data is dredged until measures emerge which best explain the phenomenon of interest.Of course, over the decades, rating agencies have become moresophisticated in the methods they employ. They have also benefited from the theoretical developments that have led to the second of the two approaches to credit risk assessment. This approach is based on what are called‘structural models’. Structural models rely on an assessment of the underlying riskiness of a firm’s assets or its cash generation, and the likelihood the firm will not be able to pay interest or repay capital on the due date.ESTIMATING THE CREDIT PREMIUM FOR THE RISK-NEUTRAL LENDER To take a simple example, supposing a firm has assets with a current value of $1m and outstanding debt of $0.4m. The volatility of those assets (as given by the standard deviation of monthly asset values) is 10%. From this volatility measure, we can calculate the likelihood that within the next 12 months those assets will fall in value to less than $0.4m, thereby triggering default.A 10% monthly (σm ) volatility can be converted to an annual volatility (σa ) as follows:σa =σm x √Twhere T is the number of time periods (months) in a year. Therefore:σa =10% x √12=34.64%which, when applied to an average asset value of $1m, gives a standard deviation of $346,400. It is important to remember, when combining standard deviations, that they expand with the square root of time.In this example, the ‘distance to default’ in value terms is $1m less$0.4m, or $0.6m. Dividing this by the standard deviation tells us the number of standard deviations (z) below the average asset value the default level lies.z= = = 1.732Using standard normal distribution tables (or the =normsdist() function in Excel) we can show that the proportion represented by 1.732 standardRecent turmoil in the global credit market has dramatically underlined the importance of debt finance for both individuals and companies. For financial managers, it is just as important to understand how the debt market works, and how to cost debt capital, as it is to understand the operation of the much smaller equity market. This article explores the ways in which lenders decide the rate they will charge against any particular loan.$600,000$346,400value to default standard deviationtechnical page 49deviations is 0.4584. Adding this to the probability of an asset value being above the mean (0.5) gives a total probability of not defaulting of 0.9548 or, conversely, a probability of defaulting of 0.0452.The second part of the default assessment is to estimate the potential ‘recoverability’ of the debt. A number of issues influence recoverability such as the nature of the firm’s assets and their saleability, any covenants which impose restrictions on their disposal, the priority of the lender, and any directors’ guarantees that may be in place. From this it is easy to see why banks often proceed with unseemly haste when they foreclose. For a bank, at that point, the priority is to protect the recoverability of the assets which support its loan.Using some simple data we can then work towards an estimate of the ‘default spread’ that a bank will charge for a loan. Assume it assesses the recoverability of the debt as 80% and that it, in turn, pays LIBOR of 5% to raise finance on the financial market. On a loan of $400,000, the bank would expect to receive LIBOR plus the premium it wishes to charge at the end of the year, giving an overall rate of i %. A simple decision tree shows how the bank equates the present value certain sum of $400,000 to the uncertain future outcomes on the loan:From the tree we can see that there are two possible outcomes. Either the lender receives its principal sum back, plus interest at i %, or it receives just 80% of that value. We have discounted at LIBOR on the assumption that the lender is neutral towards risk – an assumption we will relax in just a moment.We can express this decision tree as a simple equation:$400,000=0.9548 x +0.0452 x rearrangingi = -1=0.0596or the percentage rate is 5.96%, which is 96 basis points over LIBOR.linked performance objectivesSTUDYING PAPER P4? CHECK OUT PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES 15 AND 16$400,000x(1+i )1.05$400,000 x (1+i %)1+LIBOR80% x $400,000 x (1+i %)1+LIBOR0.8 x $400,000x(1+i )1.051.05 0.9548+0.0452x0.8ADJUSTING THE RATE FOR RISK AVERSIONBanks, however, are not neutral towards risk. The potential loss of 20% of the loan is more significant to them than the potential gain if the lender remains solvent. To compensate, a bank will add a percentage to the discount rate to cover its aversion to risk, and any other charges it may wish to make. If we assume, in this case, that the lender requires an additional 50 basis points (0.5%) then the previous calculation becomes:$400,000=0.9548 x +0.0452 x rearrangingi =-1=0.0646which gives a rate of 6.46%.A problem with this type of analysis is how to estimate the asset value of the firm and the volatility of that asset value. The solution comes from the theory of options. A call option is an option on the part of the holder to purchase an asset at a set price on or before a set date. In a limited liability company partly financed by debt, equity investors can ‘walk away’ in the event that the value of the firm’s assets is less than the amount borrowed. Alternatively, if there is surplus asset value they have the option to redeem the debt and take the difference. The value of the firm’s equity is therefore the value of a call option written by the lender on the underlying assets of the business.In option pricing terms, the value of the debt is the exercise price, the value of the assets is the value of the underlying, and the time to exercise is the term to maturity on the debt. All we need to complete the inputs to the Black Scholes Option Pricing Model is the volatility of the assets and the risk-free rate. All we can directly observe in practice is the value of the firm’s equity (which is the value of the call option on the firm’s assets). What we cannot observe directly is the value of those assets and their volatility. However, it is a straightforward extension of the Black Scholes Model to find the asset value and volatility to give a stated equity value. How this is done will be the subject of a future article.CONCLUSIONThe issue of how much a firm will have to pay for its debt finance isimportant for the financial manager; they need to know what the likely cost of debt capital will be for a given financing package before entering into discussion with lenders, or before setting the coupon rate on a debt issue. Lenders need to know, in their turn, the amount above LIBOR that they should charge to cover the loss on default and as compensation for the risk involved.As with much in finance, the calculations are straightforward – the difficulty is in identifying the values to go into the formulae. However, by working through the simple example above we can gain an insight intothose factors that influence a bank when setting the rate for a loan, and this knowledge is an important tool in the hands of the financial manager. REFERENCESAltman, E (with Hotchkiss, E), Corporate Financial Distress and Bankruptcy (3rd edition), John Wiley & Sons, 2005.Beaver, W H, Financial Ratios as Predictors of Failure, Journal ofAccounting Research , Vol. 4, Empirical Research in Accounting: Selected Studies, pp 71–111, 1966.Ryan, B, Corporate Finance and Valuation , Thomson Press, 2006 (note: this book includes a discussion of the use of the Kaplan Urwitz Model and the more general problem of costing debt capital).Professor Bob Ryan is examiner for Paper P41.055 0.9548+0.0452x0.8$400,000Prob=0.0452Prob=0.9548Non-defaultDefault$400,000x(1+i )1.0550.8 x $400,000x(1+i )1.055。