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英国的文化影响力和贡献英国是一个历史悠久、文化底蕴深厚的国家，其文化影响力和贡献在世界范围内都不可忽视。
本文将从多个方面来论述英国的文化影响力和贡献。
一、文学与艺术英国在文学和艺术方面的成就不亚于任何一个国家。
英国的文学巨匠如莎士比亚、狄更斯、奥斯卡·王尔德等人的作品在全球范围内一直有着广泛的影响力。
莎士比亚的作品不仅被翻译成各种语言，在世界各地的剧院也可以看到他的戏剧作品的演出。
在艺术方面，英国对西方美术的影响同样不可小觑。
英国出现了众多的重要艺术家，如特纳、庞德、弗朗西斯·培根等，他们的作品被收藏在全球最重要的博物馆和画廊中，成为了人们追捧的艺术珍品。
二、音乐英国在音乐方面的表现同样出色。
从古典音乐到摇滚乐，英国的音乐一直处于世界的前沿。
在古典音乐领域，英国有许多重要的作曲家如亨德尔、埃尔加、布里顿等等。
这些作曲家的作品不仅在古典音乐界有着广泛的影响，还在电影和电视等其他领域中得到了广泛的应用。
在摇滚乐方面，英国是摇滚乐的发源地之一，无数重要的摇滚乐队如滚石乐队、披头士乐队、皇后乐队等都起源于英国。
这些乐队的作品在全球范围内都拥有众多的粉丝。
三、语言英语是世界上使用最广泛的语言之一，也是全球通用的商业和交流语言。
英国的文化和历史为英语的发展做出了巨大的贡献。
另外，英国的文学作品和电影制作在全球范围内使用英语，也推广了英语的普及。
在现代社会中，英语已成为广泛使用的语言之一，为人们的国际交流提供了便利。
四、体育在体育领域，英国同样有着非常重要的地位。
无论是足球、板球还是高尔夫球，英国都在这些运动的规划和发展中发挥着重要作用。
在足球方面，英国是足球的发源地之一，不仅拥有传统的足球文化，而且在各个级别的足球比赛中都表现出色。
在其他体育领域，英国同样有着出色的表现。
举办过多次世界重大体育赛事，如伦敦奥运会和英国公开赛等，吸引了全球各地的粉丝观看和参与其中。
总而言之，英国对世界文化的影响力和贡献是显而易见的。
第一节古典进化论文化人类学史上的第一个理论学派，成熟标志是泰勒的《原始社会》与摩尔根的《古代社会》的问世。
进化论学派运用比较的方法探索人类社会文化的起源和发展历程，人类社会文化和生物进化一样，也是由简单到复杂、由低级阶段向高级阶段逐步发展。
全世界所有的文化都要经历这种循序进化的阶段，造成这种普遍性的最终原因在于人类心理的一致性。
一、产生背景1、人类学知识的增长和研究组织的成立2、殖民贸易的促进19世纪中叶，资本主义生产方式得到蓬勃发展，殖民贸易和殖民地统治达到空前的程度。
除殖民贸易和殖民统治官员的需要这一主要社会经济因素之外，殖民当局的官员和传教士将他们在当地所见所闻报导给国内，也引起人们的极大兴趣。
因此，学者研究的方向也为之一变，转向比较语言学、比较宗教学、民族文化风俗的人类学研究。
3、进化论思想的催生古典进化论学派产生的思想根源，是19世纪进化理论的提出。
达尔文首次详细阐述了生物进化的机制，并给予了科学的论证。
《物种起源》一书概括了达尔文的主要思想，即物种不是永远远不变的，而是不断变化的；在变化过程中，生物的自然选择机制与高度的变异性起着重要作用；自然选择就是把有利的变异保存下来，把不利的变异淘汰掉，从而使自己能适应不同的环境并生存下来。
第一个建立社会进化理论的是斯宾塞。
在一切进化理论中，斯宾塞最系统地阐述了这一问题。
他第一次使用进化这个词是在1850年；1857年斯宾塞描述了整个宇宙的进化过程；1862年，斯宾塞给出了进化的明确定义：“进化是通过不断的分化与整合，从不确定、不连贯、同质向确定、连贯、异质的的变化。
”斯宾塞进化理论的最大缺陷是将生物进化与社会进化视为本质相同的事物。
二、泰勒的文化人类学理论1、生平与著述泰勒（Edward Burnett Tylor，1832—1917），英国文化人类学奠基人，古典进化论的代表人物。
自学成才，1871年出版《原始文化》而驰名世界。
泰勒是第一个从科学意义上给文化下定义的人：“文化或文明，就其广泛民族学意义来讲，是一复合体，包括知识、信仰、道德、法律、习俗以及作为一个社会成员的人所习得的一切能力与习惯”。
Chapter One English HistioryI. Choose the Correct Answer from Each of the Following.1. In the year 1066, William the Conqueror invaded England from France, defeating the Saxon king Harold at .A. the Battle of Crecy C. the Battle of HastingsB. the Battle of Agincourt D. the Battle of Waterloo2. One of the following did not take place during the Middle Ages. It was .A. the Norman Conquest C. the Hundred Years WarB. the Crusades D. the “Gunpowder Plot”3. The most famous of the English Crusaders was the Norman king, .A. Richard Lion-Heart C. King ArthurB. King John D. Alfred the Great4. For much of the Middle Ages, Britain was ruled by a (n) aristocracy.A. English-speaking C. German-speakingB. French-speaking D. Gaelic-speaking5. In England, the Protestant Reformation began with .A. King John C. Queen ElizabethB. Henry VIII D. Bloody Mary6. Shakespeare lived in the period of .A. the Middle Ages C. the Elizabethan ageB. the Victorian age D. the Industrial Revolution7. The defeat of the Spanish Armada by the English navy took place during .A. the Middle Ages C. the Elizabethan ageB. the “grab for Africa” D. the Victorian age8. The “Gunpowder Plot” took place in the reign of.A. James I C. Henry VIIIB. Elizabeth I D. Charles I9. The king who believed the “Divine Right” to govern, and who was condemned to death during the English Civil War was .A. Henry VIII C. Charles IB. James I D. James II10. During the whole of the eighteenth century, England’s great enemy was .A. Spain C. AmericaB. France D. Germany11. One of the following did not take place during the eighteenth century in British history. Itwas .A. great victories over France C. the loss of her American coloniesB. the Industrial Revolution D. the founding of the modern police force12. The Reform Bill in the eighteenth century in British history was made to .A. extend the franchise C. encourage inventionsB. develop trade unions D. improve social services13. One of the following was not a characteristic of the Victorian age.A. It was an age of national development and national optimism.B. It was an age of stability in family life.C. It was an age of imperialism.D. It was an age of lack of belief in religion.14. One of the following did not take place between the two world wars in British history. Itwas .A. the “suffragette” movementB. the independence of the southern part of IrelandC. the great “slump”D. the General Strike15. Which of the following did not take place after the Second World War in British history?A. The independence of the colonies of the old British empireB. The availability of TV sets and cars to almost every homeC. The “suffragette” movementD. The founding of the “Welfare State”II. Fill in the Blanks1. The Crusades were a series of wars in which armies from all over Europe tried to snatch the “” (i. e. Palestine, where Jesus Christ once lived) from the .2. In British history, the great rivals of the king’s authority during the Middle Ages wereand the local chiefs, called .3. All the kings of the Middle Ages in Britain spoke as their mother tongue, and after the Hundred Years’ War, the language took its place.4. During the Hundred Years’ War between England and France, English bowmen defeated the heavily armed French knights in the famous Battles of and , and the whole of France very nearly fell into English hands.5. The sixteenth century was the age of great voyages of discovery. and were the two great sailors who started the age of discovery.7. Protestantism gradually became the dominant faith in Britain in the reign of .8. Most people associate the Elizabethan age with two things. The first is .Theother is .9. The greatest sailor who led the English fleet to victory in fighting the Spanish Armadawas .10. The English Civil War resulted in the temporary overthrow of the , and thecountry became for more than ten years a sort of republic founded by .11. In the English Civil War, the “Roundhead” supported while the “Cavalier”supported .14. The longest reign in British history was the monarch of the great Queen Victoria, whichlasted from the year to .15. The Origin of Species was written by .17. After World War II, the first two colonies of the old British Empire that became free were___ and .III. Explanation1. the Hundred Years’ War(1) A war between England and France which lasted, on and off, for a hundred years from1337 to 1453. (2) It was fought entirely in France, and the whole of France very nearly fell into English hands in the famous battles of Crecy and Agincourt. (3) Eventually, partly through the inspiration of the brave girl Joan of Arc, and partly through the effective use of guns, the French drove the English from their land for good.2. the Catholic Church(1) It refers to the Christian church headed by the Pope. (2) All members of the church acceptthe gospel of Christ and the teachings of the Bible. Any revolt against the traditional Christian faith was “heresy.” (3) In the Middle Ages, the Pope was extremely powerful. (4) In the sixteenth century, some of the actual beliefs and practices of the Catholic Church were questioned by Protestant doctrines and there was a great deal of persecution by Catholics. 3. the Elizabethan age(1) It refers to the period during the reign of Elizabeth I in British history. (2) It was an ageof real literary achievement, especially that of Shakespeare, and (3) it was an age of adventure on the sea.AnswersI . Choose the Correct Answer from Each of the Following1. C;2. D;3. A;4. B;5. B;6. C;7. C;8.A;9. C; 10. B; 11. D; 12. A; 13. D; 14. A; 15. CII. Fill in the Blanks1. Holy Land; the Muslims2. the Church; barons3. French; English4. Crecy; Agincourt5. Columbus; Vasco da Gama7. Elizabeth I8. literature; adventure on the sea9. Sir Francis Drake10. monarchy; Oliver Cromwell 11. the Parliament; the King (or King CharlesI)14. 1837; 190115. Charles Darwin17. India; PakistanChapter Two British Government SystemI. Choose the Correct Answer from Each of the Following1. Queen Elizabeth n is “Defender of the Faith”, because ______.A. she is the spiritual leader of the Church of EnglandB. she is the head of the Church of EnglandC. she is the personification of the state.D. she is the symbol of the English values.2. Which of the following is not true?A. The Queen holds meetings of the Privy Council.B. The Queen receives reports of cabinet meetings in her weekly sessions with the PrimeMinister.C. The Queen must take sides when a dispute arises in the Cabinet.D. The Queen is informed and consulted on every aspect of national life.3. Which of the following is not true?A. The Queen is a symbol of the parliamentary democracy.B. She is a symbol of British culture.C. She is a symbol of English tradition.D. She is a symbol of English way of life.4. Which of the following is not a part of the Conventions of the constitution?A. The powers of the Crown are exercised mainly by Ministers.B. The Queen must act on the advice of Ministers.C. MPs enjoy freedom of speech in debate.D. Ministers are responsible to Parliament for their actions.5. How often does the General Election take place?A. At least every three years. C. At least every five years.B. At least every four years. D. At least every six years.6. Why are so many party members elected to Parliament in each Election in Britain?A. Because party members usually enjoy better reputation.B. Because party members have more experience in forming a government.C. Because party members have the backing of nationwide organizations.D. Because people trust party members to a greater degree.7. The executive power is in the hands of _____.A. Parliament C. the Cabinet headed by the Prime MinisterB. the House of Commons D. the Queen8. The real centre of power in Parliament is _____.A. the Queen C. the House of LordsB. the House of Commons D. the Cabinet9. Which of the following is not one of the functions that Parliament plays?A. To serve as the final court of appeal in civil cases and criminal cases.B. To make laws.C. To control and criticize the executive government.D. To control the raising and the spending of money.10. The real power of the British government lies in _____.A. the House of Commons C. the Prime MinisterB. the Cabinet headed by the Prime Minister D. the Queen12. The real power of the House of Lords lies in ____.A. helping to pass money bills C. discussing billsB. delaying bills D. being Supreme Court13. Which of the following is not correct?A. The Speaker presides over the meetings in the House of Commons and sees that procedureis followed.B. The Speaker has the highest power in the House of Commons, he usually takes sides andjoins the debates.C. The Speaker controls the debates, seeing that Members do not stray too far from the subjectof debate.D. The Speaker interprets the rule of procedure and settles any disputes as to whether thingsare being properly done.14. According to the text, which of the following is the most important privilege enjoyed byMPs?A. Freedom of speech in Parliament. C. High living standards.B. High social status. D. Involvement in law-making.15. Which of the following sentences in true?A. The two big parties have been successful in expanding their powers over recent years.B. The strength of the big parties remains unchanged.C. Members of the two big parties no longer dominate Parliament.D. The two big parties have declined over recent years.II. Fill in the Blanks1. __________ is the oldest secular institution in the United Kingdom.2. A1l English official documents bear the initials OHMS which stands for _________.5. A General Election takes place at least every __________ years. In each General Election, ________ are elected members of Parliament.6. Parliament in Britain, strictly speaking, consists of three elements 1)______; (2)________;(3)________.7. The supreme law-making authority in Britain is _________.12. The Queen usually acts on the advice of ___________.13. The executive power of the government is vested mainly in the __________.14. The real centre of power in Parliament is ______; the excusive government is responsible to______.15. The House of Lords has no Power where ______ Bills are concerned. All other Bills theLords can only hold up for ________.17. Parliament has three main functions: (1)___________; (2)___________ and (3)_________.18. The present monarch of Britain is _________, her role mainly ___________.III. Explain Each of the Following in English1. British Parliament(1) It includes three elements: the Crown, the House of Lords and the House of Commons. (2) It is the supreme law-making authority in Britain. (3) The real centre of parliamentary power is in the House of Commons. (4) Other functions include: to control and criticize the executive government; to control the raising and the spending of money.2. the British Constitution(l) It is unwritten. (2) Its components include Acts of Parliament, the Prerogative of the Crown, Conventions of the Constitution, Common Law and Parliamentary Privilege. (3) It is more flexible than the written ones in other countries.3. General Election(1) General Election is held at least every five years. (2) The country is divided int0 635 constituencies, each of which returns one Member of Parliament. (3) The one who has the most votes in a constituency becomes a Member of Parliament. (4) The leader of the party with the largest number of members returned to the House of Commons becomes Prime Minister.AnswersI. Choose the Correct Answer from Each of the Following1) B; 2) C; 3) A; 4)C; 5)C; 6)C; 7)C; 8)B; 9)A; 10)A; 11)B; 12)D; 13)B; 14)A; 15)DII. Fill in the Blanks1. The monarchy2. On Her Majesty’s Service3. the Most Noble Order of the Garter4. Acts of Parliament, the Prerogative of the Crown, Conventions of the Constitution, Common Law, Parliamentary Privilege.5. five; 635.6. the Crown, the House of Lords, the House of Commons.7. Parliament11. The Lord Chancellor12. her ministers 13. Cabinet14. the House of Commons, Parliament15. Money, a year .17. to make laws, to control and criticize theexecutive government, to control the raising and the spending of money.18. Queen Elizabeth II; symbolic.Chapter 3 English LiteratureI. Choose the Correct Answer from Each of the Following1. Among the following four great English poets, who does not belong to the trio of English poetry giants?A. Chaucer. C. Milton.B. Shakespeare. D. Shelley.3. The King James Bible __________.A. was written by King James IB. Was translated by King James IC. was translated under the order of King James ID. was directed by King James I4. What flourished in Elizabethan age more than any other form of literature?A. Drama. C. Poetry.B. Novel. D. Essay.5. Which of the following is a tragedy written by Shakespeare?A. Twelfth Night. C. The Tempest.B. Othello. D. Richard II.6. Which of the following is generally considered as one of the masterpieces by Milton?A. Samson Agonistes C. Canterbury Tales.B. King Lear. D. Don Juan.7. Which of the following was the bitterest satirist?A. Walter Scott. C. Jonathan Swift.B. Daniel Defoe. D. Jane Austen.8. Which of the following was Scottish in origin, and wrote in Scottish dialect?A. Robert Burns. C. William M. Thackeray.B. Edmund Burke. D. George Bernard Shaw.9. Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels _____.A. was a novel of hard thrusting satire against the weakness of human beingsB. was a book of the author’s experiences of travels.C. was a children’s book with no political significanceD. was a book about the author’s religious life10. Which of the following was not written by Jane Austen?A. Wuthering Heights. C. Pride and Prejudice.B. Sense and Sensibility. D. Emma.12. When did English literature begin?A. Around 700B.C. C. Around the 8th century.B. After the Norman Conquest. D. Around the 6th century.14. The writer of The Mill on the Floss was_____.A. Robert Louis Stevenson C. William GoldingB. George Eliot D. W. Somerset Maugham15. Several gifted women have played a part in 20th-century fiction. Which of the following is an exception?A. George Eliot. C. Katherine MansfieldB. Virginia Woolf. D. Elizabeth Bowen.II. Fill in the Blanks1. The study of English literature usually begins with_____.2. The roots of English literature lie deep in the tales of_____ and other Scandinavian countries.3. In the sixteenth century, the most famous writer was_____ who wrote a book called_____ telling of a journey to an imaginary island.4. The most famous work by John Bunyan was called_____.5. Three poets who brought the romantic movement to its height were_____, _____, and_____.6. _____ is regarded as the most important playwright after Shakespeare.7. The use of stream of consciousness was first started by_____, whose masterpiece was_____.8. Name two of the plays written by George Bernard Shaw:_____, _____.9. The author of V anity Fair was_____; Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland was done by_____; Charles Dickens wrote_____ and _____ among many other works; The Importance of Being Earnest was written by_____. The representative work of E. M. Forster was_____.10. Shakespeare’s plays fall into three categories. They are____, _____, and_____. Name oneplay out of each category: _____, _____, _____.11. _____ is generally regar ded as Chaucer’s masterpiece.12. Daniel Defoe was most famous for _____.13. Emily and Charlotte are noted for their novels _____ and _____ which are largely the lovestories of a woman for man.14. D. H. Lawrence was one of the most controversial writers of the early 20th century, _____,one of his finest novels, was based partly on his own life.Tragedy: Hamlet, King Lear, OthelloComedy: A Midsummer Night’s DreamAs You Like ItTwelfth NightChronicle: Richard IIIPlays: Henry VJulius CaesarIII. Explanations1. The Canterbury Tales(1) It is the masterwork of the English poet Geoffrey Chaucer. (2) It is the most importantwork in Middle English Literature. (3) It is a collection of stories told with superb poetic craft.(4) It gives a cross-section of medieval life.2. William Shakespeare(1) He was an English dramatist and poet in the Elizabethan age. (2) He is generally regarded as the greatest playwright in English literature. (3) His plays fall into three categories: tragedy, such as Hamlet, King Lear, Othello; comedy, such as A Midsummer Night’s Dream,As You Like It ,Twelfth Night; and chronicle plays, such as Henry V, Julius Caesar.3. Romantic Literature of the 19th century(1) It refers to a movement in literature during the first third of the 19th century. (2) The central figures of this movement are Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Keats and Shelley.(3)Their writings are characterized by rich imagination and strong feeling.4. Victorian literature(1) It refers roughly to the literature produced during the reign of Queen Victoria. (2) The romantic spirit ceased to be a leading influence. (3) Historical and philosophical writing continued to flourish along with poetry and fiction. (4) Satire and protest against evils in society became strong elements. (5) The later years of the period saw modern kinds of realistic writing and some authors who showed a new, deeper understanding of character.AnswersI. Choose the Correct Answer from Each of the Following1. D;2. D;3. C;4. A;5. B;6. A;7. C;8. A;9. A; 10. A; 11. D; 12. A; 13. D;14. B; 15. AII. Fill in the Blanks1. Beowulf2. Denmark3. Thomas More; Utopia4. Pilgrim’s Progress5. Lord Byron, John Keats; Percy Shelley6. George Bernard Shaw7. James Joyce, Ulysses8. Major Babara, Man and Superman9. William M. Thackeray; Lewis Carroll; David Copperfield, Oliver Twist;Oscar Wilde; A passage to India10. comedies; tragedies; historical plays;Twelfth Night, King Lear, Julius Caesar11. The Canterbury Tales12. Robinson Crusoe 13. Wuthering Heights; Jane Eyre14. Sons and LoversChapter 4 Character and MannersI. Choose the Correct Answer from Each of the Following1. To other Europeans, the best known quality of the British, and in particular of the English, is .A. reserve C. sense of humorB. modesty D. sportsmanship2. If you meet a stranger from Britain, which of the following questions can you ask him?A. How old are you? C. How often do you travel abroad?B. When did you buy your watch? D. What’s your salary?3. In Britain, the following conducts are considered ill-bred except .A. loud speechB. self-praiseC. exchanging handshakes on a first introductionD. laughing at a cripple4. In Britain, if a person is very good at tennis, and someone asks him if he is a good player, he will seldom reply.A. I’m not bad. C. I think I’m quite good.B. Yes. D. Well, I’m very keen on tennis.5. English sense of humour is characterized by .A. self-praise C. self-deprecationB. self-confidence D. self-exaggeration6. Humor is highly prized in England, however, the English do not laugh at .A. one’s own faults C. one’s own failuresB. one’s own ideals D. a tragedy7. Which of the following is not true about the typical Englishman?A. He likes to think of himself as more reliable.B. He distrusts exaggerated promises.C. He is distrustful of any kind of self-praise.D. He doesn't expect reserve in others.8. The terms such as “never hit a man when he’s down” and “playing fair” reflect a sense of .A. humor C. sportsmanshipB. modesty D. responsibility9. Which of the following is not true about the English class system?A. It is an embarrassing subject for English people.B. Working-class students cannot receive a university education.C. The class system is much less rigid than it was.D. The class system still exists below the surface.10. The most obvious difference between the working class and the middle class in England istheir .A. dress C. workB. accent D. meal11. British habits of politeness are on the whole very .A. informal C. formalB. complicated D. odd12. If you are invited to an evening meal in a British home, which of the following is considered impolite?A. To arrive early.B. To arrive ten minutes late.C. To pay attention to table manners.D. To take your leave between ten and eleven o' clock.13. In Britain, you can usually offer money to .A. a driver who gives you a liftB. someone who stops to help you to mend a punctureC. someone who gives you first aidD. railway porters who carry your baggage14. If old people are respected in Britain, it is because .A. old age and seniority command authority among the BritishB. modern development needs the experience of old peopleC. old people are felt to be in need of protection and supportD. they always keep pace with the times15. Which of the following is not true about politeness in Britain?A. British greetings are complicated.B. British people do not readily ask each other to do anything which would involve realinconvenience.C. The British are rather particular about table manners.D. Politeness towards women is less observed today than it used to he.II. Fill in the Blanks1. Geographically speaking, the people of the and , especially the Welsh, are much less reserved than those of the and in Britain.2. Within their hearts, the English are perhaps no less conceited than anybody else, but in their relation with others they value at least a show of .3. Prince Philip once said that is “God’s greatest gift to mankind.”4. Boxing, rugby, association football, hockey, tennis and cricket were all first organized and given rules in the country .5. The middle class in Britain consists chiefly of _ _ and of all kinds. The working class consists chiefly of and workers.6. In England, middle-class people using slightly varying kinds of which is the kind of English spoken by ____ announcers and taught to overseas pupils. Typical working-class speak in many different __ accents, which are generally felt to be rather ugly and uneducated.7. One of the biggest barriers of social equality in England is the education system. To have been to a “public school” immediately marks you out as one of the class.III. Explanations1. English sportsmanship(1) Sportsmanship is an English ideal that is highly valued in Britain. (2) Sportsmanship is the ability to practise a sport in obedience to its rules, while also showing generosit y to one’s opponent and good temper in defeat. (3) Sportsmanship as an ideal is applied to life in general. This is proved by the number of sporting terms used in ordinary speech.2. English class system(1) As a social convention, the English class system is much less rigid than it was, but it still exists below the surface. (2) Br oadly speaking, it means there are two classes, the “middle class”and the “working class”. The middle class consists chiefly of well-to-do business men and professional people of all kinds; the working class consists chiefly of manual and unskilled workers. (3) The most obvious difference between them is in their accent. The middle classes also tend to live a more formal life than working-class people, and are usually more cultured.AnswersI. Choose the Correct Answer from Each of the Following1. A;2. C;3. C;4. B;5. C;6. D;7. D;8. C;9. B; 10. B;11. A; 12. A; 13. D; 14. C; 15. AⅡ. Fill in the Blanks1. North; West; South; East2. modesty3. a sense of humor4. Britain5. well-to-do business men; professionalpeople; manual; unskilled6. received pronunciation; BBC; local7. two-class; middleChapter 5 EducationⅠ. Choose the Correct Answer from Each of the Following1. In Britain, the great majority of parents send their children to .A. public schools C. State schoolsB. private schools D. voluntary schools2. In British education, boys and girls are usually separated in .A. inf ants’ schools C. universitiesB. junior schools D. university colleges3. The “eleven plus” is the examination taken by children in their last year at .A. nursery school C. prep schoolB. primary school D. secondary school4. In the examination called th e “eleven plus”, studen ts with the highest marks go to .A. grammar schools C. secondary modern schoolsB. technical schools D. public schools5. If a student wants to go to university in Britain, he will take the examination called .A. the Certificate of Secondary EducationB. the Ordinary level of the General Certificate of EducationC. the Advanced level of the General Certificate M EducationD. the common entrance examination6. Public schools in England are usually attended by those whose parents are .A. rich C. both rich and politically conservativeB. politically conservative D. liberal7. About of income of British universities is provided by the State.A. one-quarter C. three-quartersB. half D. one-third8. Which of the following is not a characteristic of Open University?A. It is open to everybody.B. It is non-residential.C. Lectures are broadcast on TV and radio.D. No university degree is awarded.9. Which of the following is a feature of British education as a whole?A. Education is chaotic.B. Education is very expensive.C. Education is highly centralized.D. Education is rather independent and enjoys a great deal of freedom.10. Which of the following does not reflect the characteristic of freedom in British education?A. No centralized control from the central government.B. The different types of schools.C. The diverse system of university degrees.D. The completely free education at universities.Ⅱ. Fill in the Blanks1. Every child in Britain must by law receive full-time education from the age ofto .4. In Britain, there are at this time two systems for secondary schooling, and .6. In Britain, some public schools, like , and , are famous all over the world.9. The two oldest universities in Britain are and .11. In Britain, the university with far more students than any other British university is .13. Two features of Oxford and Cambridge are widely admired and are being gradually extendedto other universities. One is ; the other is .Ⅲ. Explanations1. the selective system(1) A system for secondary schooling in Britain. Under this system, children take an examination, the “eleven plus”, in their last year at primary school. (2) The results of this examination determine the kind of secondary schooling each child will receive. (3) These with the highest marks go to grammar schools; others may go to technical schools and the rest-- by far majority--go to secondary modern schools. (4) This division is now under attack on both educational and social grounds.2. the comprehensive system(1) A system for secondary schooling in Britain. Under this system, all children, regardless of ability, can mix together. (2) In comprehensive schools, students study a wide variety of subjects at first. After two or three years they may study only those they like best. (3) Many new ideas in education are being tried out at present, and comprehensive schools vary widely throughout Britain.AnswersⅠ. Choose the Correct Answer from Each of the Following1. C;2. B;3. B;4. A;5. C;6.C;7.C;8. D;9. D; 10. DⅡ. Fill in the Blanks1. five; fifteen2. five; nursery; five; infants’September4. the selective; the comprehensive5. county schools6. Eton; Harrow; Rugby7. common entrance; public9. Oxford; Cambridge11. London University13. the college system, the tutorial system。
英国文化介绍第一篇：英国是一个富有悠久历史和独特文化的国家，拥有许多令人印象深刻的传统和习俗。
下面将对英国的文化进行介绍。
英国的文化中最著名的部分之一就是英式下午茶。
下午茶是一种传统的习俗，在下午3点到5点之间进行。
人们喝茶的同时，还会吃各种小点心，如饼干、蛋糕和三明治等。
在下午茶时，人们可以享受和朋友聊天的同时，放松身心。
英式下午茶以其优雅和独特的氛围而闻名于世。
英国的习俗还包括各种传统节日。
例如，圣诞节是英国最重要的节日之一。
人们在12月25日庆祝圣诞节，他们会给彼此送礼物，家人会聚在一起共进晚餐，还有人会到教堂参加宗教仪式。
其他重要的节日还有复活节、感恩节和万圣节等。
这些节日都有着特定的庆祝方式和传统活动。
英国还以其丰富多样的文学传统而闻名。
许多伟大的文学作品和作家都出自英国。
莎士比亚、狄更斯和奥斯卡王尔德等作家的作品被广泛阅读和赞赏。
英国的文学作品涵盖了各个时期和流派，从中世纪的诗歌到现代小说，每个人都能找到自己喜欢的作品。
音乐也是英国文化的重要组成部分。
英国有着丰富多样的音乐传统，包括古典音乐、流行音乐和摇滚乐等。
贝多芬和莫扎特等古典音乐大师的作品深受英国人喜爱。
此外，英国也孕育了众多知名的流行和摇滚乐队，如披头士乐队和皇后乐队等。
英国的音乐产业在全球具有重要地位，吸引了无数的音乐爱好者。
此外，英国的饮食文化也非常独特。
英国菜以其丰富的肉类料理和甜点而著称。
传统的英国早餐包括烤面包、炒蛋、香肠和烤番茄等。
炸鱼薯条是英国最著名的传统食物之一。
此外，英国还有各种甜点，如圆盘饼干、布丁和奶油茶。
英国的饮食文化充满了丰富的口味和独特的风味。
总结起来，英国的文化充满了传统和独特的习俗。
从英式下午茶、传统节日、丰富多样的文学和音乐传统，到独特的饮食文化，每个方面都展示了英国人的独特品味和对传统的珍视。
这些文化特点使得英国成为一个引人入胜的国家，吸引着人们从世界各地来探索和体验。
第二篇：英国历史悠久，拥有许多古老的建筑和世界知名的地标。
