信息管理与信息系统专业英语Unit1~6 TextB 课文翻译

外文翻译稿浅谈ERP项目实施成功因素和风险管理ERP —Enterprise Resource Planning 企业资源计划系统,是指建立在信息技术基础上,以系统化的管理思想,为企业决策层及员工提供决策运行手段的管理平台。

ERP 不仅仅是一个软件,更重要的是一个管理思想,它实现了企业内部资源和企业相关的外部资源的整合。

通过软件把企业的人、财、物、产、供、销及相应的物流、信息流、资金流、管理流、增值流等紧密地集成起来,实现资源优化和共享。

从台湾当地的建筑企业实施的实例讨论了ERP成功实施的七个关键：密钥系统、生产流程系统、ERP基础实施的优先度、用户自定义设置、参与者角色、咨询者角色、实施表现分级。

ERP 是一种以市场和客户需求为导向，以实行企业内外资源优化配置，消除生产经营过程中一切无效的劳动和资源，实现信息流、物流、资金流、价值流和业务流的有机集成和提高企业竞争力为目的，以计划与控制为主线，以网络和信息技术为平台，集客户、市场、销售、计划、采购、生产、财务、质量、服务、信息集成和业务流程重组(BPR)等功能为一体，面向SCM的现代企业管理思想和方法。

从台湾企业的实例表明，成功应用ERP的基本要素主要有：必须增强企业自身主体意识；重视知识资源的开发与利用；充分调动人的积极性和创造性；深刻认识我国企业应用ERP的根本目的；正确认识ERP项目是一个企业管理系统工程；企业一定要尽快、科学的做出应用SCM、ERP和BPR的决策；企业应用ERP一定要立足于创新和BPR；引入企业管理咨询；认真做好ERP项目前期准备工作；加强企业需求分析；制定明确、量化的ERP应用目标；确保基础数据的准确性和时效性；加强ERP项目风险分析；建立ERP项目变革管理体系；实行ERP项目监理制和评价制；完善和提高服务商的能力与水平。

大量的研究与实践充分表明，ERP在我国应用的成败并不取决于技术、资金、网络、应用软件和软件实施，而主要取决于企业自身主体意识。

1 The transistor is what started the evolution of the modern computer industry in motion.晶体管开启了现代电脑工业的革命2 The storage cell only requires one capacitor and one transistor, whereas a flip-flop connected in an array requires 6 transistors.存储单元仅需要一个电容和晶体管，并而不像触发器整列那样需要6个晶体管3 There has been a never ending series of new op amps released each year since then, and their performance and reliability has improved to the point where present day op amps can be used for analog applications by anybody.从此以后每年都有新系列的运放发布，他们的性能和可靠性得到了提升，如今任何人都能用运放来设计模拟电路。

4 This is capable of very high speed conversion and thus can accommodate high sampling rates, but in its basic form is very power hungry.它具有高速转换能力，从而能适应高速采样速率，但它的基本形式非常耗电。

5 During the “on” period , energy is being stored within the core material of the inductor in the form of flux.在”on”阶段，能量以涌浪形式存储在电感的核芯材料里面6 The design goal of frequency synthesizers is to replace multiple oscillators in a system, and hence reduce board space and cost.频率合成器的设计目标是取代系统中多个振荡器，从而减小板卡面积和成本。

外文资料：Information management systemWiliam K.Thomson U.S.AAbstract:An information storage, searching and retrieval system for large (gigabytes) domains of archived textual dam. The system includes multiple query generation processes, a search process, and a presentation of search results that is sorted by category or type and that may be customized based on the professional discipline(or analogous personal characteristic of the user), thereby reducing the amount of time and cost required to retrieve relevant results.Keyword:Information management Retrieval system Object-Oriented1.INTRUDUCTIONThis invention relates to an information storage, searching and retrieval system that incorporates a novel organization for presentation of search results from large (gigabytes) domains of archived textual data.2.BACKGROUDN OF THE INVENTIONOn-line information retrieval systems are utilized for searching and retrieving many kinds of information. Most systems used today work in essentially the same manner; that is, users log on (through a computer terminal or personal microcomputer, and typically from a remote location), select a source of information (i.e., a particular database) which is usually something less than the complete domain, formulate a query, launch the search, and then review the search results displayed on the terminal or microcomputer, typically with documents (or summaries of documents) displayed in reverse chronological order. This process must be repeated each time another source (database) or group of sources is selected (which is frequently necessary in order to insure all relevant documents have been found).Additionally, this process places on the user the burden of organizing and assimilating the multiple results generated from the launch of the same query in each of the multiple sources (databases) that the user needs(or wants) to search. Present systems that allow searching of large domains require persons seeking information in these domains to attempt to modify their queries to reduce the search results to a size that the user can assimilate by browsing through them (thus, potentially eliminating relevant results).In many cases end users have been forced to use an intermediary (i.e., a professional searcher) because the current collections of sources are both complex and extensive, and effective search strategies often vary significantly from one source to another. Even with such guidance, potential relevant answers are missed because all potentially relevant databases or information sources are not searched on every query. Much effort has been expended on refining and improving source selection by grouping sources or database files together. Significant effort has also been expended on query formulation through the use of knowledge bases and natural language processing. However, as the groupings of sources become larger, and the responses to more comprehensive search queries become more complete, the person seeking information is often faced with the daunting task of sifting through large unorganized answer sets in an attempt to find the most relevant documents or information.3.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONThe invention provides an information storage, searching and retrieval system for a large domain of archived data of various types, in which the results of a search are organized into discrete types of documents and groups of document types so that users may easily identify relevant information more efficiently and more conveniently than systems currently in use. The system of the invention includes means for storing a large domain of data contained in multiple source records, at least some of the source records being comprised of individual documents of multiple document types; means for searching substantially all of the domain with a single search query to identify documents responsive to the query; and means for categorizing documents responsive to the query based on document type, including means for generating a summary of the number of documents responsive to the query which fall within various predetermined categories of document types.The query generation process may contain a knowledge base including a thesaurus that has predetermined and embedded complex search queries, or use natural language processing, or fuzzy logic, or tree structures, or hierarchical relationship or a set of commands that allow persons seeking information to formulate their queries.The search process can utilize any index and search engine techniques including Boolean, vector, and probabilistic as long as a substantial portion of the entire domain of archived textual data is searched for each query and all documents found are returned to the organizing process.The sorting/categorization process prepares the search results for presentation by assembling the various document types retrieved by the search engine and then arranging these basic document types into sometimes broader categories that are readily understood by and relevant to the user.The search results are then presented to the user and arranged by category along with an indication as to the number of relevant documents found in each category. The user may then examine search results in multiple formats, allowing the user to view as much of the document as the user deems necessary.4.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGSFIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an information retrieval system of the invention;FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a query formulation and search process utilizedin the invention;FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating a sorting process for organizing and presentingsearch results.5.BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTIONAs is illustrated in the block diagram of FIG. 1 , the information retrieval system of the invention includes an input/output process ,a query generation process, a search process that involves a large domain of textual data (typically in the multiple gigabyte range), an organizing process, presentation of the information to the user, and a process to identify and characterize the types of documents contained in the large domain of data.Turning now to FIG. 2, the query generation process preferably includes a knowledge base containing a thesaurus and a note pad, and preferably utilizes embedded predefined complex Boolean strategies. Such a system allows the user to enter their description of the information needed using simple words/phrases made up of "natural" language and to rely on the system to assist in generating the full search query, which would include, e.g., synonyms and alternate phraseology. The user can then request, by a command such as "VI CO 1", to view the completedocument selected from the list, giving, in this case, complete information about the identity and credentials of the expert.FIG. 3 illustrates how five typical sources of information (i.e., source records) can be sorted into many document types and then subsequently into categories. For example, a typical trade magazine may contain several types of information such as editorials, regular columns, feature articles, news, product announcements, and a calendar of events. Thus, the trade magazine (i.e., the source record) may be sorted into these various document types, and these document types in turn may be categorized or grouped into categories contained in one or more sets of categories; each document type typically will be sorted into one category within a set of categories, but the individual categories within each set will vary from one set to another. For example, one set of categories may be established for a first characteristic type of user, and a different set of categories may be established for a second characteristic type of user. When a user corresponding to type #1 executes a search, the system automatically utilizes the categories of set #1, corresponding to that particular type of user, in organizing the results of the search for review by the user. When a user from type #2 executes a search, however, the system automatically utilizes the categories of set #2 in presenting the search results to the user.The information storage, searching and retrieval system of the invention resolves the common difficulties in typical on-line information retrieval systems that operate on large (e.g., 2 gigabytes or more) domains of textual data, query generation, source selection, and organizing search results. The information base with the thesaurus and embedded search strategies allows users to generate expert search queries in their own "natural" language. Source (i.e., database) selection is not an issue because the search engines are capable of searching substantially the entire domain on every query. Moreover, the unique presentation of search results by category set substantially reduces the time and cost of performing repetitive searches in multiple databases and therefore of efficiently retrieving relevant search results.While a preferred embodiment of the present invention has been described, it should be understood that various changes, adaptations and modifications may be made therein without departing from the spirit of the invention and the scope of the appended claims.中文译文：信息管理系统Wiliam K.Thomson U.S.A摘要：一个信息存储，查询和检索系统主要应用于大(千兆字节)的需要存档的文字领域。

当我做毕业设计的时候我遇到过这样或那样的问题，苦于手上没有本专业的毕业设计的参考文本。

现在毕业都快一年了，本着推己及人的态度将我的毕业设计所有资料放出，方便后来者翻阅，仅供参考，善哉，善哉……B-to-C电子商务多维信任形成模式：概念框架、学术角度和从业者角度的内容分析1.说明信任在社会关系中是一个很重要的组成，在商务上也是如此。

作为一种人际关系，信任一个人就更容易被那个人伤害。

作为一种在社会上的人与人之间的结构关系，信任是共有体制属性。

信任在商务领域有利于长久的合作。

交易可能存在于个人与个人之间，个人与企业之间，或者企业和企业之间。

信誉已被确认为在市场营销和电子商务论文中的重要组成部分。

信任问题从不同的角度被提出，包括技术，多主体的方法。

巴里认为信任是最强大的营销工具。

根据厄邦的研究，消费者在互联网上以商家信誉为基础做出购买的决定。

毫无疑问，信誉在任何涉及金钱的商业活动中扮演着重要的角色。

电子商务的信任是建立在消费者对该事物的信心。

与此截然不同的是，对实体店的信任是建立在个人与企业之间的关系和消费者与商家的互动，以及个人或公司的水平的基础上的。

皮特在其关于信任在线平台的文章中支持在线商务的成功的关键是建立信任。

所以，在线销售商应该创造一种让潜在消费者感到轻松而且有信心的环境。

为了创造一个能够信任的电子商务环境，了解影响消费者信任形成的因素是极其必要的。

尽管知道信任对于电子商务的重要性，但是相关的研究比较少，尤其是在了解影响消费者的信任形成的因素。

在本文中，我们试图填补这一空白。

首先，我们提出一个全面的、多层面的信任形成的模式，从电子商务交易复杂的现象中捕捉并精简地描绘形成的信任。

其次，根据调查的层面，我们利用内容分析和网上调查比较和对照律师和学者以了解不同的专家的观点。

他们的观点反映了在电子商务领域信誉的概念如何运用，哪些因素需要强调以促进电子交易。

2.面向过程的信任形成的多维模型信任本身很难直接地观察和测量。

管理的角色和技能管理角色亨利·明茨伯格对执行者行为的研究让他得出这样的结论:经理都需要承担大量的角色。

一个角色是一组预期的行为对一个特定的位置。

明茨伯格的角色可以分为三大类如图1.1所示:信息角色(管理信息);人际角色(管理通过人)和决策角色(管理行动)。

每个角色代表活动经理承担最终完成的功能规划、组织、领导、控制。

重要的是要记住,真正的工作的管理不能练习作为一组独立的部分;所有的角色交互的方式在现实世界的管理。

图1.1 管理角色信息角色描述活动用来维持和发展一个信息网络。

这三个信息角色监督者、传播者和发言人。

监督者涉及从许多来源寻求当前的信息。

经理获得信息来自他人和扫描书面材料来保持消息灵通。

传播者和发言人的角色是正好相反。

经理把当前信息传递给他人,内部和外部的组织,才能使用它。

与授权趋势的低级别员工,很多经理都共享尽可能丰富的信息。

由于人际角色让经理们被叫去与众多组织和个人交互。

这三个人际角色是挂名首脑、领袖和交流与合作者。

这个挂名首脑角色专注于管理正式的和象征性的活动的部门或组织。

经理代表本组织在他或她作为单位的负责人的正式管理能力。

领导的作用是指经理的工作在激励下属,以满足单位的目标。

交流与合作者的作用来自于经理的责任与各种团体在组织内外交流。

一个例子是一个面对面讨论控制器和计划主管之间解决关于预算的一种误解。

决策角色指管理的决策过程。

这些角色通常需要概念以及人类的技能。

这四种管理角色都属于这一类企业家,障碍处理者,资源分配者,谈判代表。

一个管理者承担一个企业家的角色当他或她启动项目来提高部门或工作单位时。

当问题比如错过了交付关键客户的出现,经理必须采用一个障碍处理的角色。

决定如何分配单位的金钱、时间、材料和其他资源,称为经理的资源分配角色。

最后,谈判者角色指的是这种情况,经理必须代表单位和其他人的利益,如供应商、客户和政府。

根据一篇经典文章由罗伯特·l·卡茨,管理上的成功主要取决于性能而不是人格特质。

外文资料：Information management systemWiliam K.Thomson U.S.AAbstract:An information storage, searching and retrieval system for large (gigabytes) domains of archived textual dam. The system includes multiple query generation processes, a search process, and a presentation of search results that is sorted by category or type and that may be customized based on the professional discipline(or analogous personal characteristic of the user), thereby reducing the amount of time and cost required to retrieve relevant results.Keyword:Information management Retrieval system Object-Oriented1.INTRUDUCTIONThis invention relates to an information storage, searching and retrieval system that incorporates a novel organization for presentation of search results from large (gigabytes) domains of archived textual data.2.BACKGROUDN OF THE INVENTIONOn-line information retrieval systems are utilized for searching and retrieving many kinds of information. Most systems used today work in essentially the same manner; that is, users log on (through a computer terminal or personal microcomputer, and typically from a remote location), select a source of information (i.e., a particular database) which is usually something less than the complete domain, formulate a query, launch the search, and then review the search results displayed on the terminal or microcomputer, typically with documents (or summaries of documents) displayed in reverse chronological order. This process must be repeated each time another source (database) or group of sources is selected (which is frequently necessary in order to insure all relevant documents have been found).Additionally, this process places on the user the burden of organizing and assimilating the multiple results generated from the launch of the same query in each of the multiple sources (databases) that the user needs (or wants) to search. Present systems that allow searching of large domains require persons seeking information in these domains to attempt to modify their queries to reduce the search results to a size that the user can assimilate by browsing through them (thus, potentially eliminating relevant results).In many cases end users have been forced to use an intermediary (i.e., a professional searcher) because the current collections of sources are both complex and extensive, and effective search strategies often vary significantly from one source to another. Even with such guidance, potential relevant answers are missed because all potentially relevant databases or information sources are not searched on every query. Much effort has been expended on refining and improving source selection by grouping sources or database files together. Significant efforthas also been expended on query formulation through the use of knowledge bases and natural language processing. However, as the groupings of sources become larger, and the responses to more comprehensive search queries become more complete, the person seeking information is often faced with the daunting task of sifting through large unorganized answer sets in an attempt to find the most relevant documents or information.3.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONThe invention provides an information storage, searching and retrieval system for a large domain of archived data of various types, in which the results of a search are organized into discrete types of documents and groups of document types so that users may easily identify relevant information more efficiently and more conveniently than systems currently in use. The system of the invention includes means for storing a large domain of data contained in multiple source records, at least some of the source records being comprised of individual documents of multiple document types; means for searching substantially all of the domain with a single search query to identify documents responsive to the query; and means for categorizing documents responsive to the query based on document type, including means for generating a summary of the number of documents responsive to the query which fall within various predetermined categories of document types.The query generation process may contain a knowledge base including a thesaurus that has predetermined and embedded complex search queries, or use natural language processing, or fuzzy logic, or tree structures, or hierarchical relationship or a set of commands that allow persons seeking information to formulate their queries.The search process can utilize any index and search engine techniques including Boolean, vector, and probabilistic as long as a substantial portion of the entire domain of archived textual data is searched for each query and all documents found are returned to the organizing process.The sorting/categorization process prepares the search results for presentation by assembling the various document types retrieved by the search engine and then arranging these basic document types into sometimes broader categories that are readily understood by and relevant to the user.The search results are then presented to the user and arranged by category along with an indication as to the number of relevant documents found in each category. The user may then examine search results in multiple formats, allowing the user to view as much of the document as the user deems necessary.4.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGSFIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an information retrieval system of the invention;FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a query formulation and search process utilized in the invention;FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating a sorting process for organizing and presenting search results.5.BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTIONAs is illustrated in the block diagram of FIG. 1 , the information retrieval system of the invention includes an input/output process ,a query generation process, a search process that involves a large domain of textual data (typically in the multiple gigabyte range), an organizing process, presentation of the information to the user, and a process to identify and characterize the types of documents contained in the large domain of data.Turning now to FIG. 2, the query generation process preferably includes a knowledge base containing a thesaurus and a note pad, and preferably utilizes embedded predefined complex Boolean strategies. Such a system allows the user to enter their description of the information needed using simple words/phrases made up of "natural" language and to rely on the system to assist in generating the full search query, which would include, e.g., synonyms and alternate phraseology. The user can then request, by a command such as "VI CO 1", to view the complete document selected from the list, giving, in this case, complete information about the identity and credentials of the expert.FIG. 3 illustrates how five typical sources of information (i.e., source records) can be sorted into many document types and then subsequently into categories. For example, a typical trade magazine may contain several types of information such as editorials, regular columns, feature articles, news, product announcements, and a calendar of events. Thus, the trade magazine (i.e., the source record) may be sorted into these various document types, and these document types inturn may be categorized or grouped into categories contained in one or more sets of categories; each document type typically will be sorted into one category within a set of categories, but the individual categories within each set will vary from one set to another. For example, one set of categories may be established for a first characteristic type of user, and a different set of categories may be established for a second characteristic type of user. When a user corresponding to type #1 executes a search, the system automatically utilizes the categories of set #1, corresponding to that particular type of user, in organizing the results of the search for review by the user. When a user from type #2 executes a search, however, the system automatically utilizes the categories of set #2 in presenting the search results to the user.The information storage, searching and retrieval system of the invention resolves the common difficulties in typical on-line information retrieval systems that operate on large (e.g., 2 gigabytes or more) domains of textual data, query generation, source selection, and organizing search results. The information base with the thesaurus and embedded search strategies allows users to generate expert search queries in their own "natural" language. Source (i.e., database) selection is not an issue because the search engines are capable of searching substantially the entire domain on every query. Moreover, the unique presentation of search results by category set substantially reduces the time and cost of performing repetitive searches in multiple databases and therefore of efficiently retrieving relevant search results.While a preferred embodiment of the present invention has been described, it should be understood that various changes, adaptations and modifications may be made therein without departing from the spirit of the invention and the scope of the appended claims.中文译文：信息管理系统Wiliam K.Thomson U.S.A摘要：一个信息存储，查询和检索系统主要应用于大(千兆字节)的需要存档的文字领域。

中英文对照翻译信息管理系统对于“管理信息系统”并没有一致的定义。

一些作者喜欢用其他术语代替，例如：“信息处理系统”“信息与决策系统”“组织信息系统”，或者干脆将“信息系统”用组织内具有支持操作、管理、决策职能的计算机信息处理系统代替。

这篇文章使用“管理信息系统”一词，是因为它是通俗易懂的，当涉及组织信息系统时也常用“信息系统”代替“管理信息系统”。

一个管理信息系统的定义，通常被理解为：一种集成用户机器系统，为组织提供信息支持运作、管理、决策职能。

该信息系统利用计算机硬件和软件；手工处理程序；模拟分析法计划、控制和决策；和数据库。

事实上，它是一个集成系统并不意味着它是单一的，单块集成结构；相反，它意味着零件适合加入整体设计。

内容定义如下：计算机为主的用户机器系统理论上，管理信息系统可以脱离计算机上而存在，但是计算机的存在可以让管理信息系统可行。

问题不是计算机是否被使用在管理信息系统中，而是信息的使用被计算机化的程度。

用户机器系统的概念暗示了, 一些任务最好由人执行, 其他的最好由机器做。

MIS的使用者是那些负责输入输入数据、指示系统或运用系统信息产品的人。

因为许多问题，用户和计算机建立了一个联合系统，其结果通过一套在计算机和用户之间的相互作用得到。

用户机器的相互作用是由用户连接在计算机上的输入-输出设备（通常是一个视觉显示终端）推动的。

计算机可以使一台个人机器服务于一名用户或者一台大规模的机器为一定数量通过终端由通信线路连接的用户服务。

用户输入-输出设备允许直接输入数据和紧接着输出结果。

例如：一个人使用计算机交互的在金融理财上通过在终端键盘输入提交“如果什么，怎么办？”之类的问题，结果几秒钟后便被显示在屏幕上。

MIS的计算机为主的用户机器特征影响系统开发商和系统用户的知识要求。

“计算机为主”意味着管理信息系统的设计者必须拥有计算机和对处理有用的知识。

“用户机器”的概念意味着系统设计者也应该了解人作为系统组成部分（信息处理器）的能力和人作为信息使用者的行为。

信息管理英语教程_中英文对照翻译(一至四篇)1.What is information?information is part of all human experience .Acquiring and processing information are fundamental aspect of life itself current interest in a “science”of information has develop as the result of the complexity of life’s problem.The rapid development of technology,the growth of knowledge,and the fast pace of the modern world create an increasing awareness of the importance of information and the need for professionals dedicate to studying and understanding it信息是人类所有经验的一部分。

获取信息并对信息进行处理是生活本身的重要方面。

目前人们对信息“科学”兴趣的增长是由于生活中的问题复杂化的结果所知。

技术的快速发展,知识的增加,现代社会的快节奏,这一切都使人们对信息的重要性以及对专门研究理论专业人员的需求认识德越来越清楚。

2. The late scholar Fritz Machlup carefully accessed the different meaning associated with information. some interpretation that have been made from these sources are as follow:Something one didn’t know beforeHow data are interpretedA clueSomething that effort what one already knowSomething useful in some way to the person receiving itSomething used in decision makingSomething that reduces uncertaintyThe meaning of word in sentencesSomething that provide more than what is statedSomething that changes what a person who receive it believes or expects晚学者弗里茨?马克卢普通过仔细分析这些相关信息的不同意义。

The Design and Development of the Students' Information Management SystemAs information technology advances, various management systems have emerged to change the daily lives of the more coherent, to the extent possible, the use of network resources can be significantly reasonable reduction of manual management inconvenience and waste of time.Accelerating the modernization of the 21st century, the continuous improvement of the scientific and cultural levels, the rapid growth of the number of students will inevitably increase the pressure information management students, the inefficient manual retrieval completely incompatible with the community\'s needs. The Student Information Management Systemis an information management one kind within system, currently information technique continuously of development, the network technique has already been applied in us extensively nearby of every trade, there is the network technical development, each high schools all make use of a calculator to manage to do to learn, the school is operated by handicraft before of the whole tedious affairs all got fast and solve high-efficiencily, especially student result management the system had in the school very big function, all can be more convenient, fast for the student and the teacher coming saying and understand accurately with management everyone noodles information. AbstractIt is a very heavy and baldness job of managing a bulky database by manpower. The disadvantage, such as great capacity of work, low efficiency and long period, exist in data inputting, demanding and modification. So the computer management system will bring us a quite change.Because there are so many students in the school, the data of students' information is huge, it makes the management of the information become a complicated and tedious work. This system aims at the school, passing by practically of demand analysis, adopt mighty VB6.0 to develop the student information managementsystem. The whole system design process follow the principle of simple operation, beautiful and vivid interface and practical request. The student information management system including the function of system management, basic information management, study management, prize and punishment management , print statement and so on. Through the proof of using, the student information management system which this text designed can satisfy the school to manage the demand of the aspect to students' information. The thesis introduced the background of development, the functions demanded and the process of design. The thesis mainly explained the point of the system design, the thought of design, the difficult technique and the solutions. The student managed the creation of the system to reduce the inconvenience on the manpower consumedly, let the whole student the data management is more science reasonable.The place that this system has most the special features is the backstage database to unify the management to student's information.That system mainly is divided into the system management, student profession management, student file management, school fees management, course management, result management and print the statement.The interface of the system is to make use of the vb software creation of, above few molds pieces are all make use of the vb to control a the piece binds to settle of method to carry out the conjunction toward the backstage database, the backstage database probably is divided into following few formses:Professional information form, the charges category form, student the job form, student the information form, political feature form of student, the customer logs on the form The system used Client/Server structure design, the system is in the data from one server and a number of Taiwan formed LAN workstations. Users can check the competence of different systems in different users submit personal data, background database you can quickly given the mandate to see to the content.Marks management is a important work of school,the original manual management havemany insufficiencies,the reasons that,students' population are multitudinous in school,and each student's information are too complex,thus the work load are extremely big,the statistics and the inquiry have been inconvenient.Therefore,how to solve these insufficiencies,let the marks management to be more convenient and quickly,have a higher efficiency,and become a key question.More and more are also urgent along with school automationthe marks management when science and technology rapid development,therefore is essential to develop the software system of marks register to assist the school teaching management.So that can improve the marks management,enhance the efficiency of management.Systems Analysis and Design SystemsWorking under control of a stored program, a computer processes data into information. Think about that definition for a minute. Any given computer application involves at least three components: hardware, software, and data. Merely writing a program isn’t enough, because the program is but one component is in a system.A system is a group of components that work together to accomplish an objective. For example, consider a payroll system. Its objective is paying employees. What components are involved? Each day, employees record their hours worked on time cards. At the end of each week, the time cards are collected and delivered to the computer center, where they are read into a payroll program. As it runs, the program accesses data files. Finally, the paychecks are printed and distributed. For the system to work, people, procedures, input and output media, files, hardware, and software must be carefully coordinated. Note that the program is but one component in a system.Systems AnalysisComputer-based systems are developed because people need information. Those people,called users, generally know what is required, but may lack the expertise to obtain it. Technical professionals, such as programmers, have the expertise, but may lack training in the user’s field. To complicate matters, users an d programmers often seem to speak different languages, leading to communication problems. A systems analyst is a professional who translates user needs into technical terms, thus serving as a bridge between users and technical professionals.Like an engineer or an architect, a systems analyst solves problems by combining solid technical skills with insight, imagination, and a touch of art. Generally, the analyst follows a well-defined, methodical process that includes at least the following steps: Problem definitionAnalysisDesignImplementationMaintenanceAt the end of each step, results are documented and shared with both the user and the programmers. The idea is to catch and correct errors and misunderstandings as early as possible. Perhaps the best way to illustrate the process is through example.Picture a small clothing store that purchases merchandise at wholesale, displays this stock, and sells it to customers at retail. On the one hand, too much: stock represents an unnecessary expense. On the other hand, a poor selection discourages shoppers. Ideally, a balance can be achieved: enough, but not too much.Complicating matters is the fact that inventory is constantly changing, with customer purchases depleting stock, and returns and reorders adding to it. The owner would like to track inventory levels and reorder any given item just before the store runs out. For a single item, the task is easy-just count the stock-on-hand. Unfortunately, the store has hundreds of different items, and keeping track of each one is impractical. Perhaps a computer might help.Problem DefinitionThe first step in the systems analysis and design process is problem definition. Theanalyst’s objective is determining what the user needs. Note that, as the process begins, the user possesses the critical information, and the analyst must listen and learn. Few users are technical experts. Most see the computer as a “magic box,” and are not concerned with how it works. At this stage, the analyst has no business even thinking about programs, files, and computer hardware, but must communicate with the user on his or her own terms.The idea is to ensure that both the user and the analyst are thinking about the same thing. Thus, a clear, written statement expressing the analyst’s underst anding of the problem is essential. The user should review and correct this written statement. The time to catch misunderstandings and oversights is now, before time, money, and effort are wasted. Often, following a preliminary problem definition, the analyst performs a feasibility study. The study, a brief capsule version of the entire systems analysis and design process, attempts to answer three questions:1.Can the problem be solved?2.Can it be solved in the user’s environment?3.Can it be solved at a reasonable cost?If the answer to any one of these questions is no, the system should not be developed. Given a good problem definition and a positive feasibility study, the analyst can turn to planning and developing a problem solution.AnalysisAs analysis begins, the analyst understands the problem. The next step is determining what must be done to solve it. The user knows what must be done; during analysis, this knowledge is extracted and formally documented. Most users think in terms of the functions to be performed and the data elements to be manipulated. The objective is to identify and link these key functions and data elements, yielding a logical system design. Start with the system’s basic functions. The key is keeping track of the stock-on-hand for each product in inventory. Inventory changes because customers purchase, exchange, and return products, so the system will have to process customer transactions. The store’s owner wants to selectively look at the inventory level for any product in short supply and,if appropriate, order replacement stock, so the system must be able to communicate with management. Finally, following management authorization, the system should generate a reorder ready to send to a supplier.Given the system’s basic functions, the analyst’s next task is gaining a sense of their logical relation. A good way to start is by describing how data flow between the functions. As the name implies, data flow diagrams are particularly useful for graphically describing these data flows. Four symbols are used. Data sources and destinations are represented by squares; input data enter the system form a source, and output data flow to a destination. Once in the system, the data are manipulated or changed by processes, represented by round-corner rectangles. A process might be a program, a procedure, or anything else that changes or moves data. Data can be held for later processing in data stores, symbolized by open-ended rectangles. A data store might be a disk file, a tape file, a database, written notes, or even a person’s memory. Finally, data flow between sources, destinations, processes, and data stores over data flows, which are represented by arrows. Preliminary data flow diagram for the inventory system. Start a CUSTOMER. Transactions flow from a customer into the system, where they are handled by Process transaction. A data store, the STOCK, holds data on each item in inventory. Process transaction changes the data to reflect the new transaction. Meanwhile, MANAGEMENT accesses the system through Communicate, evaluating the data in STOCK and, if necessary, requesting a recorder. Once a reorder is authorized, Generate reorder sends necessary data to the SUPPLIER, who ships the items to the store. Note that, because the reorder represents a change in the inventory level of a particular product or products, it is handled as a transaction.The data flow diagram describes the logical system. The next step is tracing the data flow. Start with the destination SUPPLIER. Reorders flow to suppliers; for example, the store might want 25 pairs of jeans. To fill the order, the supplier needs the product description and the reorder quantity. Where do these data elements come from? Since they are output by Generate reorder, they must either be input to or generated by this process. Data flow into Generate reorder for STOCK; thus, product and reorder quantities must be stored inSTOCK.Other data elements, such as purchased and the purchase quantity, are generated by CUSTOMER. Still others, for example selling price and reorder point, are generated by or needed by MANAGEMENT. The current stock –on-hand for a given item is an example of a data element generated by an algorithm in one of the procedures. Step by step, methodically, the analyst identifies the data elements to be input to, stored by, manipulated by, generated by, or output by the system.To keep track of the data elements, the analyst might list each one in a data dictionary. A simple data dictionary can be set up on index cards, but computerized data dictionaries have become increasingly popular. The data dictionary, a collection of data describing and defining the data, is useful throughout the systems analysis and design process, and is often used to build a database during the implementation stage.The idea of analysis is to define the system’s major functions and data elements methodically. Remember that the objective is translating user needs into technical terms. Since the system starts with the user, the first step is defi ning the user’s needs. Users think in terms of functions and data. They do not visualize programs, or files, or hardware, and during this initial, crucial analysis stage, it is essential that the analyst think like a user, not like a programmer.Data flow diagrams and data dictionaries are useful tools. They provide a format for recording key information about the proposed system. Also, they jog the analyst’s memory; for example, if the analyst doesn’t have sufficient information to complete a data dictionary entry, he or she has probably missed something. Perhaps most importantly, the data flow diagram and the data dictionary document the analyst’s understanding of the system requirements. By reviewing these documents, the user can correct misunderstanding or oversights. Finally, they represent an excellent starting point for the next step, design.DesignAs we enter the design stage, we know what the system must do, and thus can begin thinking about how to do it. The objective is to develop a strategy for solving the problem.At this stage, we are not interested in writing code or in defining precise data structures; instead, we want to identify, at a black box level, necessary programs, files, procedures, and other components.The data flow diagram defines the system’s necessary functions; how might they be implemented? One possibility is writing one program for each process. Another is combining two or more processes in a single program; there are dozens of alternative solutions. Let’s focus on one option a nd document it.A system flowchart uses symbols to represent programs, procedures, hardware devices, and the other components of a physical system. Our flowchart shows that transaction data enter the system through a terminal, are stored on an inventory by a data collection program, and then are stored on an inventory file. Eventually, the inventory file is processed by a Report and reorder program. Through it, management manipulates the data and authorizes reorders.Look at the system flowchart. It identifies several hardware components, including a computer, a disk drive, a data entry terminal, a printer, and a display terminal. Tow programs are needed: Process transaction and Report and reorder. In addition to the hardware and the programs, we’ll need dat a structures for the inventory file and for data flows between the I/O devices and the software. Note that system flow chart illustrates one possible solution; a good analyst will develop several feasible alternatives before choosing one.The flowchart maps the system, highlighting its major physical components. Since the data link the components, the next task is defining the data structures. Consider, for example, the inventory file. It contains all the data elements from the data store STOCK. The data el ements are listed in the data dictionary. Using them, the file’s data structure can be planned.How should the file be organized? That depends on how it will be accessed. For example, in some applications, data are processed at regular, predictable intervals. Typically, the data are collected over time and processed together, as a batch. If batch processing is acceptable, a sequential file organization is probably best.It is not always possible to wait until a batch of transactions is collected, however. For example, consider an air defense early warning system. If an unidentified aircraft is spotted, it must be identified immediately; the idea of waiting until 5:00 p. m because “that’s when the air defense program is run” is absurd. Instead, because of the need for quick response, each transaction must be processed as it occurs. Generally, such transaction processing systems call for direct access file.Our inventory system has tow programs. One processes transactions. A direct access inventory file seems a reasonable choice. The other allows management to study inventory data occasionally; batch processing would certainly do. Should the inventory file be organized sequentially or directly? Faced with such a choice, a good analyst considers both options. One possible system might accept transactions and process them as they occur. As an alternative, sales slips might be collected throughout the day and programs would deal with direct access files; in the second system, they would be linked to sequential files. A program to process direct access data is different from a program to process sequential data. The data drive the system. The choice of a data structure determines the program’s structure. Note that the program is defined and planned in the context of the system.ImplementationOnce the system’s major components have been identified, we can begin to develop them. Our system includes two programs, several pieces of equipment, and a number of data structures. During implementation, each program is planned and written using the techniques described in Chapter 7. Files are created, and their contents checked. New hardware is purchased, installed, and tested. Additionally, operating procedures are written and evaluated. Once all the component parts are ready, the system is tested. Assuming the user is satisfied, the finished system is released.SummaryA system is a collection of hardware, software, data, and procedural components that work together to accomplish an objective. A program is but one component in a system. System are planned and designed by system analysts who generally follow a well-defined,methodical process. The first step in the process is problem definition, when the analystattempts to discover exactly what the user needs. Often, following a preliminary problem definition, a feasibility study is conducted to determine if the problem can be solved. Given a clear problem definition, analysis begins. During this stage, the analyst develops a logical model of the system. Key functions are linked through a data flow diagram. Using the diagram as a tool, the data flows are traced, and the system’s data elements are identified and recorded in a data dictionary. After the logical system isreviewed with the user, design begins.During design, the analyst develops a model of the physical system. A system flowchart can be used to map the system, defining each physical component as a symbol. A good systems analyst considers a number of alternative solutions to the problem before settling on one. Implementation follows design. Programs are planned and written; hardware is ordered and installed; procedures are written; files and databases are initialized; and, finally, the pieces are assembled and tested. Following release of the system, maintenancebegins.学生信息管理系统的设计与发展随着信息技术的日新月异,各种管理系统的相继出现,让日常生活变的更加具有条理化, 尽可能的合理的运用网络资源可以大大的减少人工管理上带来的不便及时间的浪费.二十一世纪现代化程度的不断加速,科学文化水平的不断提高,学生数量的急剧增长，势必增加了管理学生信息带来的压力，人工检索的低效完全不符合整个社会的需要.学生信息管理系统是信息管理系统中的一种，目前信息技术不断的发展，网络技术已经广泛的应用于我们身边的各行各业，有了网络技术的发展，各高校都利用计算机来管理办学，以前学校靠手工操作的一切繁琐事情都得到了快速且高效率的解决，特别是学生成绩管理系统在学校中起到了很大的作用，对于学生和教师来说都能够更方便、快捷、准确地了解和管理各方面信息。

1. informationInformation, in its most restricted technical sense, is a sequence of symbols that can be interpreted as a message. Information can be recorded as signs, or transmitted as signals. Information is any kind of event that affects the state of a dynamic system. Conceptually, information is the message (utterance or expression) being conveyed. This concept has numerous other meanings in different contexts.[1] Moreover, the concept of information is closely related to notions of constraint, communication, control, data, form, instruction, knowledge, meaning, mental stimulus, pattern, perception, representation, and especially entropy.(信息,在其最受限制的技术意义上,是一个序列的符号,可以被解释为一个消息。

信息可以被记录为标志,或传输信号。

信息是任何类型的事件,影响一个动态系统的状态。

从概念上讲,信息是信息(话语或表达式)的表达。

这一概念具有许多其他在不同语境下的含义。

[1]此外,信息的概念密切相关的概念约束、通信、控制、数据、形式、指令、知识、意义,精神刺激,模式,感知的代表性,尤其是熵。

中英文资料翻译Construction of Network Management Information System of Agricultural Products Supply Chain Based on 3PLsAbstractThe necessity to construct the network management information system of 3PLs agricultural supply chain is analyzed, showing that 3PLs can improve the overall competitive advantage of agricultural supply chain. 3PLs changes the homogeneity management into specialized management of logistics service and achieves the alliance of the subjects at different nodes of agricultural products supply chain. Network management information system structure of agricultural products supply chain based on 3PLs is constructed, including the four layers (the network communication layer, the hardware and software environment layer, the database layer, and the application layer) and 7 function modules (centralized control,transportation process management, material and vehicle scheduling, customer relationship, storage management, customer inquiry, and financial management).Framework for the network management information system of agricultural products supply chain based on 3PLs is put forward. The management of 3PLs mainly includes purchasing management, supplier relationship management, planning management, customer relationship management, storage management and distribution management. Thus, a management system of internal and external integrated agricultural enterprises is obtained. The network management information system of agricultural products supply chain based on 3PLs has realized the effective sharing of enterprise information of agricultural products supply chain at different nodes, establishing a long-term partnership revolving around the 3PLs core enterprise, as well as a supply chain with stable relationship based on the supply chain network system, so as to improve the circulation efficiency of agricultural products, and to explore the sales market for agricultural products.Key words3PLs (third party logistics)，Agricultural products supply chain, Network management information system, China3PLs means that production enterprises entrust the logistics activity to the professional logistics service firms in order to concentrate efforts on core business, to keep close contact with logistics enterprise through information system, and to achieve a logistics operation and management mode with full control in logistics. According to the 3PLs requirements forinformation technology, supply chain management information system based on 3PLs is a supply chain management mode with 3PLs enterprises as the core, using EDI technology, GIS/GPS system, B/S mode and other technologies. Integration, processing and application of 3PLs enterprises in supply chain management information system are fully applied in order to reduce the cost of logistics and to improve the service level of logistics.At present, management information technology in China is just at the initial stage. The existing management information system offers insufficient information for the 3PLs enterprises which are engaged in the circulation of agricultural products.Besides, its construction of logistics data processing system is imperfect, having not realized the truly professional 3PLs enterprises for the circulation of agricultural products with information technology. At the same time, 3PLs enterprise for agricultural products has just started in China. And logistics applied in the agricultural supply chain with 3PLs enterprise as the core is time-consuming, inefficient and low-level, which can hardly meet the needs of the rapid development of rural market and social productive forces. Therefore, it is particularly important and urgent to construct a management information system for agricultural products supply chain under the current Internet environment. Problems in the management of the supply chain of agricultural products are analyzed, and a network management information system of agricultural products supply chain based on 3PLs is constructed in order to offer references for the information management in the supply chain of agricultural products in China.1 Necessity of constructing the network management information system of agricultural products supply chain based on 3PLsAgricultural products are seasonal, perishable and vulnerable. With the improvement of income level，consumers have increasingly high requirements for the diversification, personalization, just-in-time nature, and environment protection of agricultural products, which requires faster, more professional，and better organized logistics. At the same time, supply chain of agricultural products has the characteristics of the special purpose of funds, the uncertainty of market, and the unbalanced development of market. Thus, the support of supply chain management information system is needed during the circulation of agricultural products. Construction of market integration,as well as the integration of production, supply and marketing,urgently needs a new management information system of agricultural products, as well as an accompanying legal support system, in order to reduce the cost and to increase the profit for agricultural enterprises. And the application of 3PLs in the supply chain of agricultural products can solve this problem.Therefore, we should give full play to the central hub function of 3PLs enterprises in agricultural products supply chain, increase the input in the informationization of agricultural products supply chain, and promote the construction of logistics operation system and management information system.1 .1 Improving the overall competitive advantage of agricultural products supply chain by 3PLs3PLs is a new logistics organizational form established by modern information technology, as well as a kind of complementary and win-win strategic alliance by signing contract with the party being served. Taking 3PLs as the professional and core enterprise in the production and circulation of agricultural products can help to realize resource consolidation of the construction and organization of the whole supply chain of agricultural products. The specialization of raw materials and the service for product distribution have greatly improved the logistics efficiency of traditional enterprise. At the same time, construction of the management information system ofagricultural products supply chain based on 3PLs has made up for the shortage of information in agricultural market, has improved the efficiency of the flow of agricultural products, has connected all the links in the supply chain into an organic whole in an reasonable and effective way,and has enhanced the overall competitive advantage and economic benefits. 3PLs platform has greatly brought down the production and circulation processes of traditional agricultural enterprises, and has reduced the costs in raw material procurement and product distribution, so as to better adapt to the changes in market demand, to realize the rational distribution of resources, and to improve the overall competitiveness of the supply chain of agricultural products.1 .2 Changing the homogeneity management to specialized operation of logistics service by 3PLsDue to the characteristics of agricultural products, market requirement for logistics varies widely. Since traditional enterprises try to obtain the competitive advantage, there is fierce market competition in commodity circulation. Therefore, behavior of logistics market shows the characteristics of homogeneity and the profit is getting lower and lower. In order to seize the customer, some enterprises even take a loss. 3PLs enterprises share business risk with partners and carry out operation according to the items number, time and cost of customer by integration and utilization of resources. As a means of the supply chain integration of agricultural products, specialized operation of 3PLs can help the stakeholders of supply chain to obtain more demand information of agricultural products, and can reduce the circulation cost of agricultural products.1 .3 Alliance of the subjects in supply chain nodes of agricultural products by 3PLs3PLs stresses the relationship of “mutual complementarity, benefit sharing, information sharing” among the stakeholders in different nodes of supply chain. Development of the agricultural producer, supplier and retailer is limited if they rely only on their own resources. 3PLs enters into the outside service market, integrates the resources through the way of strategic alliances, ensures that the subject focuses its attention on core business, reduces the cost by scale effect, enhances the anti-risk strength, and helps to achieve quick response to market demand by information sharing.At the same time, contract-0riented 3PLs enterprises unify the interests of all subjects in supply chain of agricultural products, emphasize the strategic partnership of both parties,and alleviate market competition of related industries in agricultural markets. Subjects in both downstream and upstream of the supply chain share information and establish long-term partnership with 3PLs enterprises as the core.2 Construction of the network management information system of agricultural supply chain based on 3PLs2.1 Construction of structural system3PLs platform is used to offer network communications and system services to the subjects in agricultural supply chain. Fig. 1 illustrates the structural system of network management information system of agricultural supply chain based on 3PLs.Fig.1 Structural system of network management information system of agricultural supplychain based on 3PLsFig. 1 illustrates that the basic hardware of the system is combined by the network transmission media and network equipment, that is the network communication layer. Hardware facilities, corresponding system software, operation system and netmanager software together constitute the software and hardware environment layer.This layer provides necessary software and hardware facilities for 3PLs enterprises during the data storage and management of agricultural products. Database layer is responsible for the management of data source in agricultural information resources and network systems, and offers data integration to the application layer. 3PLs standard system includes the overall standard, network infrastructure standard, application support standard, application standard, information security standard, and management standard. Safety system of 3PLs includes the security management, security infrastructure, and security service.This system is composed of 7 function modules, such as the centralized control module, transportation process management module, material and vehicle scheduling module, customer relationship module, storage management module, customer query module, and financial management module(Fig. 2),the function of which is to ensure the information fluency and system security of 3PLs enterprises during the operation and integration of resources. These modules have improved the service module of different nodes in agricultural supply chain and have reduced the operation risk of system, so that the system becomes more structured, perfect, and rational.2.2 Framework of management systemBased on the existing research result，the business and module of modern logistics management，and the management information systems，Fig.3 reports the management system of internal and external integrated agricultural enterprises according to the circulation of agricultural products from the manufacturer，supplier，and retail terminal to the consumer.Fig．2 Function modules of 3PLs network management information systemFig.3 The management system of internal and external integrated agricultural enterprises Fig.3 shows the framework of network management information system of agricultural supply chain based on 3PLs. The whole system, running under an open 3PLs, is formed by four layers of network communication layer, software and hardware environment layer, database layer and application layer. In the application layer, 3PLs, as the core of management information system of agricultural supply chain, plays the role of information processing center. It mainly manages the plan, inventory, and other subsystems, supervises subsystem through supplier relationship, conducts information interaction with procurement management subsystem and the supplier, and carries out information interaction with the supplier, producer and consumer through customer relationship management subsystem and sales management subsystem. Besides, 3PLs is also responsible for logistics management and control through the distribution management subsystem. Management of 3PLs mainly includes the 7 modules of purchasing management, supplier relationship management, planning management, customer relationship management, sales management, inventory management and distribution management. Through the effectiveintegration and coordination between 3PLs and the business with partner at the downstream and upstream of agricultural supplier chain, management system of internal and external integrated agricultural enterprises is formed using the logistics information system to realize the integration of logistics and information flow.In general，3PLs enterprise is still in the initial stage in China. Management information system of agricultural supply chain is not perfect, which can not meet the current needs of the rapid development and agricultural products circulation in rural China. Thus, there is an urgent need to build a new mode of agricultural logistics, so as to reduce the process of sales turnover, to lower the production cost of 3PLs enterprises, to improve the circulation efficiency of agricultural products, and to expand the sales market of agricultural products.3 ConclusionDeveloping modern 3PLs is an inevitable trend of market development. Design and development of management information system based on 3PLs can bring spillover benefits to the producer, supplier and retailer of agricultural products.Under the current Internet environment, management information system of agricultural supply chain based on 3PLs must be established based on the specific characteristics of operation mode and the actual business situation of 3PLs enterprises, so as to establish a management information system suitable for a given enterprise. From the perspective of overall integration of resources, the network management information system of agricultural supply chain based on 3PLs established has connected the interests of different nodes in agricultural supply chain into an organic whole, has effectively eliminated the barriers to information flow, and has increased the profits of agriculture-related enterprises and farmers. At the same time, according to the characteristics of agricultural enterprises in China, a rational agricultural products logistics mode of internal and external integrated agricultural enterprise is established, which offers a reference for the management of agricultural supply chain in China.基于第三方物流的农产品供应链网络管理信息系统的建设摘要本文对构建网络农业第三方物流供应链管理信息系统的必要性进行了分析，表明第三方物流可以提高农产品供应链的整体竞争优势。

一、词汇1.缩写词的全称1）CAD—Computer Aided Design (计算机辅助设计)2）AI—Artificial Intelligence (人工智能)3）OOA—Object-Oriented Analysis（面向对象分析）4）DSS—Decision Support System(决策支持系统)5）FTP—File Transfer Protocol(文件传输协议)6）GIS—Geographic Information System(地理信息系统)7）SDLC—System Development Life Cycle(系统开发生命周期)8）EPSS—Electronic Performance Support System(电子绩效支持系统)9）MBO—Management Buy-Outs (管理者收购)10）IT—Information Technology（信息技术）11) CRM—Customer Relationship Management（客户关系管理）2.中文词的英语解释1）信息熵information Entropy2）可执行性研究feasibility study3）数据仓库Data Warehouse4）个人数据处理Personal data processing5）全球信息基础Global Information Infrastructure6）程序评估与审计技术Program Evaluation and Review Technique7）公钥加密Public key cryptography8）客户关系管理Customer Relationship Management9）交互式多媒体展示会Interactive multimedia exhibition10）商业流程分析Business Workflow Analysis二、名词解释（连线题，看懂能选出就行）1)MIS: Management Information System(MIS),are information systems,typically computer based,that are used within an organization.( 管理信息系统，通常是基于计算机技术，供某组织内部使用的一种信息系统。

数据、信息、知识、智慧知识管理始终受到人们的关注。

然而，当我进入这一领域后立刻发现，对于知识、数据、信息和智慧并没有一个准确的定义。

下面是我对数据、信息、知识和智慧的理解。

按照研究组织变化方面的系统理论家和学者只.阿克奥夫的观点，他认为人的意识可以分成 5类：●数据:符号；●信息:经过加工的有用信息，回答关于“谁”、“什么”和“何时”的问题；●知识：数据和信息的运甩回答“如何”的问题；●理解:回答“为什么”的问题；●智慧:有价值、可以理解。

阿克奥夫认为，前4类与过去有关;它们是对过去的认知。

仅有第5类一智慧一是与未来有关的，因为它融入了想象与设计。

拥有智慧，人们就能够创造未来，而不是仅仅掌握过去和现在。

但是要拥有智慧并不是一件容易的事，人们还必须具有对其他事物的认识。

阿克奥夫给出了更多的解释。

数据:数据未经过加工。

它以简单形式存在，如果没有平台的支撑就没有任何意义。

它能够以任何形式存在，可以是有用的，也可以是无用的。

它的自身没有任何意义。

信息:信息是通过某种关联而具有含义的数据。

这个“含义”可能是有用的，也可能是无用的。

用计算机语言表述就是由数据组成的关联数据库。

知识:知识是经过选择的信息，具有一定的目的性。

知识有明确的作用。

当人们“记忆”信息时，实际上是在积累知识。

这种知识对于他们来说是有用的，但不是为了某种目的，其中可能含有更多的知识。

例如，小学生可以告诉你“ 2*2=4”，因为他们积累了相关知识丨乘法口诀）。

但是对于1267*300”，他们就无法计算了，因为没有相关的乘法口诀。

如果要作出这道数学题，需要学习下一步的知识，需要认知和分析能力。

用计算机术语表达就是，应用软件用于存储知识。

理解:理解是一个或然的过程。

它是经过认知和分析的。

通过这个过程，人们可以通过以前掌握的知识获得进一步的知识和整合出新的知识。

理解与知识的不同表现为“学问”与“记忆”的差别。

有理解力的人能够采取有意识的行动，因为他们能够通过以前的理解整合出新的知识，至少是新的信息。

图书馆学情报学及信息管理专业英语英汉对照absolute frequency 绝对词频acceptable term 有效词Activity Based Classification ABC分类法adversarial IR 对抗性信息检索AHP A nalytical Hierarchy Process 层次权重决策分析方法AI A rtificial Intelligence 人工智能ASP A pplication Service Provider 应用服务外包assignment indexing 赋词标引Automated Storage and Retrieval System (ASRS) 自动仓储系统automatic extraction indexing 自动抽此标引B/S B rowser/Server 浏览器/服务器B2B B usiness to Business 企业对企业的电子商务B2C B usiness to Customer 企业对消费者的电子商务B2G B usiness to Government 企业对政府机构的电子商务back file 备份文档Balanced Scorecard 综合计分表bandwidth 带宽Bayesian networks 贝叶斯网络benchmark 行业标准BI Business Intelligenc 商业智能Bill of Lading (B/L) 托运单BOM B ill of Material 物料清单BPM Business Process Management业务流程管理BPR B usiness Process Re-engineering 业务流程重整broken link detectors 断链检测工具browsing behavior agent 浏览行为代理Business Integration 业务集成C/S C lient/Server 客户机/服务器C/S结构 Client/Server，客户端/服务器C2G C ustomer to Government 消费者对政府机构类型电子商务caching 高速缓存CAD C omputer-aided Design 计算机辅助设计CASE C omputer Aided Software Engineering 计算机辅助软件工程centralized server 中央服务器certification schemes 认证方案Chief Logistics Officer (CLO) 物流主管CIS C ompetitive Intelligence System 企业竞争情报系统CIS C ustomer Integrated Systems 客户集成系统clue word 提示词CMM C apability Maturity Model 软件能力成熟度模型Collaborative Commerce 协同商务compare with 匹配Competitive Forces Model 竞争力模型composition 资源的构成compressed file 压缩文件Computer Assisted Ordering (CAO) 计算机辅助订货系统concept heading 概念标题configurable options 可配置的选项context information 背景信息Continuous Replenishment Program (CRP) 连续库存补充计划controlled vocabulary 受控词表co-occurrence value 同现值Core Competency 核心竞争力CRM C ustomer Relationship Management 客户关系管理CRP C apacity Requirement Planning 能力需求计划CSF C ritical Success Factor 关键成功因素Customer Care 客户关怀cutoff point 截止界data mining 数据挖掘Data Redundancy数据冗余data warehouse数据仓库DBMS Database Management System数据库管理系统descriptor 描述词叙词discriminator 鉴别词Distributed Resource Planning (DRP) 分销资源计划Distribution Resource Planning (DRPⅡ) 配送资源计划DM D ata Mining 数据挖掘DRP Disaster Recovery Planning 灾难恢复计划DSS D ecision Support System 决策支持系统DW D ata Warehouse 数据仓库dynamic data 动态数据EAI Enterprise Application Integration 企业应用集成EAP E nterprise Application Portal 企业应用门户Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) 经济订货批量EDI E lectronic Data Interchange 电子数据交换efficiency/ expressiveness tradeoffs 兼顾效率和可表达性Efficient Customer Response (ECR) 有效客户反应EIP E nterprise Information Portal 企业信息门户EIS (executive information systems) 经理信息系统EKP E nterprise Knowloge Portal 企业知识门户Electronic Business 电子商业或广义电子商务Electronic Commerce电子商务Electronic Order System (EOS) 电子订货系统EP E nterprise Portal 企业门户ERP E nterprise Resource Planning 企业资源计划ES E xpert System 专家系统ESS (executive support systems)经理支持系统EUD E nd User Development 最终用户开发exponential growth 指数级增长external links 外部链接file-type view 文件类型视图Fixed Quantity System (FQS) 定量订货方式FTP file transfer protocol文件传输协议fuzzy logic 模糊逻辑GDSS G roup Decision Support System 群体决策支持系统genetic algorithms 遗传算法GIS(Group information systems)集群信息系统Global Positioning System (GPS) 全球定位系统GUI G raphical User Interface 图形用户界面human indexing 人工标引IAP I nternet Access Provide 服务接入商ICP I nternet Content Provide 内容服务提供商information isolated island 信息孤岛Information Management信息管理informational ,navigational, transactionalinverted file 倒排文档IP I nternet Protocol I nternet 协议IRP I nformation Resource Planning 信息资源规划ISP I nternet Service Provide 服务提供商IT Outsourcing 信息技术资源外包JAD J oint Application Development 联合应用开发会议JIT J ust in time 及时生产Just-in-time (JIT) 准时制KM K nowledge Management 知识管理knowledge economy 知识经济knowledge management 知识管理KWS K nowledge Work Systems 知识工作系统levels of directories 路径名link-checking sofiware package 链接检测软件包link-type view 链接类型视图load times 加载次数log files 日志文件Logistics Resource Planning (LRP) 物流资源计划machine-aided indexing 机器辅助索引machine-readable form 机器可读模式manual indexing 手工标引Manufacturing Resource Planning (MRP Ⅱ) 制造资源计划Material Requirements Planning (MRP) 物料需要计划MDS M anagement Decision System 管理决策系统MIS M anagement Information System 管理信息系统MIT(management information technology)管理信息技术model 建模modules 模块MRP M aterial Resources Planning 物料需求计划MRPⅡ M anufacturing Resources Planning 制造资源计划multimedia data 多媒体数据neural networks 神经网络news postings 新闻发布nonsubstantive word 非实义词OA Office Automation 办公自动化OLAP(on-line analytical processing)联机分析处理online display 联机显示OOM O bject-Orient Method 面向对象方法Order Point System (OPS) 定货点法out-of-stock 缺货outsourcing 外包overassignment 过量赋词PDM Product Data Management 产品数据管理PERT P rogram Evaluation and Review Technique 计划评审技术pervaded with 充满着pin down 约束、控制PM project management项目管理PMC = Product Material Control 生产及物料控制poll 轮流询问practical setting 实际环境precision ceiling 最高查准率precision coefficient 查准率precision 查准率printed index 书本式索引probability 概率pros and cons 优劣势Prototyping 原型法quality indicators 质量指标query language 查询语言Quick Response (QR) 快速反应RAD (rapid application development)快速应用开发recall level 查全率recall performance 查全性redirected links 重新分布的链接relative frequency approach 相对词频方法repository of data= data warehouse 数据仓库representation of subject matter 对文献主题的描述RFP R equest For Proposal 方案征询书rough sets 粗集SA S tructured Analysis 结构化分析SCM S upply Chain Management 供应链管理SD S tructured Design 结构化设计方法SDLC S ystem Development Life Cycle 系统开发生命周期search engine spam 搜索引擎垃圾semantic data 语义数据semantic vocabulary 语义词汇表server clusters 服务器群server load balancing 服务器加载平衡shareware 共享的signal 标识single-user 单用户版本siteprofile 网络概况SMTP S imple Mail Transfer Protocol 简单邮件传输协议soft computing 软计算SP S tructured Programming 结构化编程SSO S ingle Sign-On 单点登录stoplist 停用词表straightforward = simplestreaming media 流媒体structured data 结构化数据subdirectories 子目录Supply Chain Management (SCM) 供应链管理syntactic criteria 句法规则System Analysis系统分析System Maintenance系统维护TCP T ransmission Control Protocol 传输控制协议the interactive graphical Web chart 交互性的图形网络图the source code 源代码thesaurus 叙词表Third Part Logistics (TPL) 第三方物流throughput 信息吞吐量time-out 超时的，超时间的TPS T ransaction Processing System 事务处理系统TQM T otal Quality Management 全面质量管理traffic analysis 信息流量分析traffic pattern 消息的传递模式UAT U ser Acceptance Testing 用户接受测试underassignment 欠量赋词Value Chain Model 价值链模型Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI) 供应商管理库存visual inspection 可视化检查web mining 网络挖掘weighted approach 加权法wild card characters 通配符WMS (Warehouse Management System)仓库管理系统XML E xtensible Markup Language 可扩展标记语言。

1 A vulnerability is a weakness that a person can eXploit to accomplish something that is not authorized or intended as legitimate use of a network or system.一个漏洞是一个软弱,一个人要有所成就,能利用未被授权或打算作为合法使用网络或系统。

When a vulnerability is exploited to compromise the security of systems or information on those systems，the result is a security incident,Vulnerabilities may be caused by engineering or design errors，or faulty implementation.当一个漏洞是利用妥协的安全系统或信息在这些系统中,其结果是一个安全漏洞事件,可能是由于工程或设计错误,或错误的实现。

Why the Internet Is Vulnerable（为什么互联网是脆弱）2 Many early network protocols that now form part of the Internet infrastructure were designe without security in mind.许多早期的网络协议,现在互联网基础设施的组成部分是不安全的理念,设计。

Without a fundamentally secwre infrastructure，network defense becomes more diffcult.没有从根本上安全的基础设施、网络防御变得更加困难。

Furthermore, the Internet is an extremely dynamic environment, in terms of both topology and emerging technology。

哈尔滨商业大学德强商务学院信息管理与信息系统专业英语翻译单元第八单元指导教师李文婧学生姓名许文娟第四章管理信息系统的发展历程概要：（1）：发展中的现行系统的数据流程图。

（2）：逻辑过程用于决策树和决策表。

正文：结构系统的分析和设计的主要目标是，以确定确切的制度，使“正确”的系统设计要求。

结构化方法，采用了一系列的图形工具和技术，用户完全可以理解。

这种方法策略使得系统的分析人员可以在错误被输入系统发展历程的设计和后续阶段之前的分析阶段捕获它们。

如果错误是在分析阶段的一个项目，是很多次批改。

例如，如果一个必要的数据元素是在分析阶段确定，它可能是左边的系统文件，在设计阶段。

一旦系统运行时，用户可能会注意到，从报告中缺少某些信息。

设计师可以了解情况，并找出一个数据元素是由一个主文件丢失。

重新设计的文件和报告，将远远超过数据元素，数据字典项目的分析阶段。

结构系统的分析过程，有助于早期分析捕获错误。

结构化系统分析方法运用工具描绘了让用户可以清楚的理解的当期系统和推荐的系统逻辑模型，而不是向用户提供他们看不懂的系统说明书。

图表4.1是系统发展中的结构化方案与传统方案的对比。

传统的方案需要里了解现行系统的数据文件，报告，程序，决策，并且为系统开发自动化的版本。

虽然这种方案也很高效，无效的现行系统有一种趋于自动化的趋势，在现在的形势下报道可以没有原因的被写出来。

申请者的信息可以是不完整的，过时的废弃的，或者简单的不准确的。

如果现行系统是自动化的，很多的这些问题就不会被发现（就是不会出现这些问题）。

相反的，在结构化的系统分析与设计中，分析人员收集现行的程序，信息流，决策制定过程的信息，并且报道和建立现在情形的逻辑模型，使用一个叫逻辑数据流程图的工具。

图表4.1系统发展中的结构化方案与传统方案的对比使用数据流程图是因为它描述了业务流程逻辑，信息需求和信息流。

而不是系统的这些元素的物理视图。

用户不需要知道他们的个人记录是否都存储在磁带文件，磁盘文件或者纸质文件中。