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综合C阅读判断新增文章第三篇Across the DesertsThe Sahara Desert is the largest desert in the world. It stretches across Africa from Senegal to Egypt. The Sahara Desert is an unfriendly environment. During the day it's very hot, and at night it’s sometimes very cold. It is also difficult to find water in the Sahara.In 2006, Kevin Lin, Ray Zahab, and Charlie Engle decided to do something very difficult. They made the decision to run across the Sahara Desert 4,300 miles (6,920km). It seemed impossible to do, but they wanted to try. The three men liked to test themselves, and this would be a very big test.On the morning of November 2, Kevin, Ray, and Charlie started their trip across the Sahara. Every morning they began running at 5:00. At11 a.m. they stopped and rested until 5 p.m. Then they ran again until 9:30 in the evening. Each day they ran about 40 miles (64 km). Every day it was the same thing. They got up and ran. They listened to music on their iPods, and they ran and ran.Kevin, Ray, and Charlie needed to eat a lot of food during their trip. Most people need about 2,000 calories of food each day. Kevin, Ray, and Charlie needed between 6,000 and 9,000 calories every day. That's a lot of food! They also needed to drink a lot of water.The three men had some problems on their trip, and many times they wanted to quit and go home. It was often very hot (140°F/60°C) during the day, and the heat made them sick. Their legs and feet hurt. Sometimes it was very windy, and they couldn't see. One time they got lost. But they didn't quit. After 111 days, Kevin, Ray; and Charlie successfully finished their trip across the Sahara Desert. They hugged each other and put their hands in the water of the Red Sea. Then they ran to a hotel to take a long shower.Across 穿越the不翻译Desert沙漠参考译文：穿越沙漠1. The Sahara Desert撒哈拉沙漠is是the不翻译largest最大的desert沙漠in在…里the不翻译world世界.参考译文：撒哈拉沙漠是世界上最大的沙漠。
感恩方面的寄语范文有关感恩方面的寄语有一道彩虹，不出现在雨后，也不出现在天空，它常出现在我心中，下面是挑选较好的有关感恩方面的寄语文本，供大家参考阅读。
(一)您是园丁，为祖国山川添秀色;您如春雨，润育桃李，神州大地尽芳菲。
在这感恩的节曰里，让我献上一支心灵的鲜花，向您表达衷心的祝愿。
(二)“桃李满天下”，是教师的荣耀。
--值此曰丽风清、秋实累累的感恩节，敬祝老师康乐如意，青春永葆!(三)我不是您最出色的学生，而您却是我最尊敬的老师。
在您的节曰里，我要把一份崇高的敬意献给您。
(四)您不是演员，却吸引着我们饥渴的目光;您不是歌唱家，却让知识的清泉叮咚作响，唱出迷人的歌曲;您不是雕塑家，却塑造着一批批青年人的灵魂……老师啊，我怎能把您遗忘!(五)我崇拜伟人、名人，可是我更急切地把我的敬意和赞美献给一位普通的人――我的老师您。
祝您感恩节快乐，谢谢您!(六)您对我们严格要求，并以自己的行动为榜样。
您的规劝、要求，甚至命令，一经提出，便要我们一定做到，然而又总使我们心悦诚服，自觉行动。
这就是您留在我心中的高大形象。
老师，祝您感恩节快乐，谢谢您!(七)啊，老师――人类灵魂的工程师，唯有这光辉的名字，才有着像大海一样丰富、蓝天一样深湛的内涵!(八)在生活的大海上，老师，您就像高高的航标灯，屹立在辽阔的海面上，时时刻刻为我们指引着前进的航程!老师，祝您感恩节快乐!(九)加减乘除，算不尽您作出的奉献!诗词歌赋，颂不完对您的崇敬!您用知识甘露，浇开我们理想的花朵;您用心灵清泉，润育我们情操的美果。
今天是感恩节，在这不寻常的节曰里，献上我们深深的祝福!(十)往曰，您在我的心田播下了知识的种子，今天，才有我在科研中结出的硕果――老师，这是您的丰收!(十一)您谆谆的教诲，化作我脑中的智慧，胸中的热血，行为的规范……我感谢您，感谢您对我的精心培育。
(十二)真空、坚定、谦逊、朴素――这是您教给我唱的歌，这是您指引我走的人生之路。
新编大学英语第一册1-10单元课文参考译文Unit One以生命相赠炸弹落在了这个小村庄里。
在可怕的越南战争期间，谁也不知道这些炸弹要轰炸什么目标，而他们却落在了一所有传教士们办的小孤儿院内。
2 传教士和一两个孩子已经丧生，还有几个孩子受了伤，其中有一个小女孩，8 岁左右，她的双腿被炸伤。
3 几小时后，医疗救援小组到了。
救援小组由一名年轻的美国海军医生和一名同样年轻的海军护士组成。
他们很快发现有个小女孩伤势严重。
如果不立即采取行动，显然她就会因失血过多和休克而死亡。
4 他们明白必须给小女孩输血，但是他们的医药用品很有限，没有血浆，因此需要相配血型的血。
快速的血型测定显示两名美国人的血型都不合适，而几个没有受伤的孤儿却有相配的血型。
5 这位医生会讲一点越南语，忽视会讲一点法语，但只有中学的法语水平。
孩子们不会说英语，只会说一点法语。
医生和护士用少得可怜的一点共同语言，结合大量的手势，努力向这些受惊吓的孩子们解释说，除非他们能输一些血给自己的小伙伴，否则她将必死无疑。
接着问他们是否有人愿意献血来救小女孩。
6 对医生和护士的请求，孩子们（只是）瞪大眼睛，一声不吭。
此时小病人生命垂危。
然而，只有这些受惊吓的孩子中有人自愿献血，他们才能够得到血。
过了好一会儿，一只小手慢慢地举了起来，然后垂了下去，一会儿又举了起来。
7 “噢，谢谢，”护士用法语说。
“你叫什么名字？”8 “兴，”小男孩回答道。
9 兴很快被抱到一张床上，手臂用酒精消毒后，针就扎了进去。
在整个过程中，兴僵直地躺着，没有出声。
10 过了一会儿，他发出了一声长长的抽泣，但立即用那只可以活动的手捂住了自己的脸。
11 “兴，疼吗？”医生问。
12 兴默默地摇了摇头，但一会儿忍不住又抽泣起来，并又一次试图掩饰自己的哭声。
医生又问是不是插在手臂上的针弄疼了他，兴又摇了摇头。
13 但现在，偶尔的抽泣变成了持续无声的哭泣。
他紧紧地闭着眼睛，用拳头堵住嘴想竭力忍住哭泣。
专业英语课文翻译United 1 材料科学与工程材料在我们的文化中比我们认识到的还要根深蒂固。
如交通、房子、衣物，通讯、娱乐和食物的生产，实际上，我们日常生活中的每一部分都或多或少地受到材料的影响。
历史上社会的发展、先进与那些能满足社会需要的材料的生产及操作能力密切相关。
实际上，早期的文明就以材料的发展程度来命名，如石器时代，铜器时代。
早期人们能得到的只有一些很有限的天然材料，如石头、木材、粘土等。
渐渐地，他们通过技术来生产优于自然材料的新材料，这些新材料包括陶器和金属。
进一步地，人们发现材料的性质可以通过加热或加入其他物质来改变。
在这点上，材料的应用完全是一个选择的过程。
也就是说，在一系列非常有限的材料中，根据材料的优点选择一种最适合某种应用的材料。
直到最近，科学家才终于了解材料的结构要素与其特性之间的关系。
这个大约是过去的 60 年中获得的认识使得材料的性质研究成为时髦。
因此，成千上万的材料通过其特殊的性质得以发展来满足我们现代及复杂的社会需要。
很多使我们生活舒适的技术的发展与适宜材料的获得密切相关。
一种材料的先进程度通常是一种技术进步的先兆。
比如，没有便宜的钢制品或其他替代品就没有汽车。
在现代，复杂的电子器件取决于所谓的半导体零件.材料科学与工程有时把材料科学与工程细分成材料科学和材料工程学科是有用的。
严格地说，材料科学涉及材料到研究材料的结构和性质的关系。
相反，材料工程是根据材料的结构和性质的关系来设计或操纵材料的结构以求制造出一系列可预定的性质。
从功能方面来说，材料科学家的作用是发展或合成新的材料，而材料工程师是利用已有的材料创造新的产品或体系，和/或发展材料加工新技术。
多数材料专业的本科毕业生被同时训练成材料科学家和材料工程师。
“structure”一词是个模糊的术语值得解释。
简单地说，材料的结构通常与其内在成分的排列有关。
原子内的结构包括介于单个原子间的电子和原子核的相互作用。
在原子水平上，结构包括原子或分子与其他相关的原子或分子的组织。
自考公共英语（一）课文翻译（unit18）自考公共英语（一）课文翻译（unit18）-自考串讲笔记Unit 18Text A为什么地图绘制得北方在上现在很难想象一幅地图不是北方在上，但以前却不总是这样。
现在已知被人们认可的最古老的地图绘制于公元前3800年，地图显示幼发拉底河流经伊拉克的美索不达米亚平原北部。
这幅地图以及后来的别的地图只不过是粗略地勾画出当地的地理特征；起码到许多世纪之后，古希腊人才把地图绘制学建立在可靠的基础上。
在此领域最早的先驱首推希腊数学家和哲学家克劳迪·托勒密厄斯（约公元90-168年）。
历史上更常叫他托勒密。
他作为古典时期的最后一位伟大的科学家，是以当时所有的知识为基础绘制地图的第一人，而不是用猜测和想象。
在此之前，巴比伦人曾试图绘制世界地图，但他们把地图画得像个扁平盘子，而不是象托勒密那样画成球形。
鉴于那个时代的知识水平的情形，托勒密把事情搞错了。
例如，他对中国和大西洋的估计远非准确。
可是这是一次有用的尝试，而且一千多年中人们一直以该地图为准。
事实上，克里斯托夫·哥伦布在航行寻找新大陆时曾使用过该地图的一个版本。
这给他带来了许多航海问题，因为托勒密错误的计算了大西洋的面积，并且他不知道还有太平洋。
托勒密地图真正重要之处是北方在上。
这样说的理由是他决定以朝北极星的方向作为地图的方向，因为北极星是那时航海者们信赖的不变的导航灯。
直到中世纪初期，地图北方朝上一直是人们所接受的布局。
当时起教会势力开始严重妨碍科学的进步。
依照教会的命令，地图仍然按托勒密的原则绘制，但是现在必须以耶路撒冷为中心，因为耶路撒冷被认为是基督教的信仰中心，于是东方被移到了上面。
这些地图常常被叫做“T”型地图，因为它们看上去只有欧，亚，非三大洲——它们被地中海和尼罗河所构成的“T”字形分开。
从航海的观点看，这些地图几乎毫无用处。
随着贸易的开展和对罗盘的日益依赖，14世纪开始出现更为精确的地图。
Unit 2 The Power of WordsThe Power of a NoteOn my first job as sports editor for the Montpelier (Ohio) Leader Enterprise, I didn't get a lot of fan mail, so I was intrigued by a letter that was dropped on my desk one morning.When I opened it, I read: "A nice piece of writing on the Tigers. Keep up the good work." It was signed by Don Wolfe, the sports editor. Because I was a teenager (being paid the grand total of 15 cents a column inch), his words couldn't have been more inspiring. 11 kept the letter in my desk drawer until it got rag-eared. Whenever I doubted I had the right stuff to be a writer, I would reread Don's note and feel confident again.Later, when I got to know him, I learned that Don made a habit of writing a quick, encouraging word to people in all walks of life. "When I make others feel good about themselves," he told me, "I feel good too."Not surprisingly, he had a body of friends as big as nearby Lake Erie. When he died last year at 75, the paper was flooded with calls and letters from people who had been recipients of his spirit-lifting words.Over the years, I've tried to copy the example of Don and other friends who care enough to write uplifting comments, because I think they are on to something important. In a world too often cold and unresponsive, such notes bring warmth and reassurance. We all need a boost from time to time, and a few lines of praise have been known to turn around a day, even a life.Why, then, are there so few upbeat note writers? My guess is that many who shy away from the practice are too self-conscious. They're afraid they'll be misunderstood, sound sentimental or insincere. Also, writing takes time; it's far easier to pick up the phone.The drawback with phone calls, of course, is that they don't last. A note attaches more importance to our well-wishing. It is a matter of record, and our words can be read more than once, savored and treasured.Even though note writing may take longer, some pretty busy people do it, including George Bush. Some say he owes much of his success in politics to his ever-ready pen. How? Throughout his career he has followed up virtually every contact with a cordial response—a compliment, a line of praise or a nod of thanks. His notes go not only to friends and associates, but to casual acquaintances and total strangers—like the surprised person who got a warm pat on the back for lending Bush an umbrella.Even top corporate managers, who have mostly affected styles of leadership that can be characterized only as tough, cold and aloof, have begun to learn the lesson, and earn the benefits, of writing notes that lift people up. Former Ford chairman Donald Peterson, who is largely credited for turning the company round in the 1980s, made it a practice to write positive messages to associates every day. "I'd just scribble them on a memo pad or the corner of a letter and pass them along," he says. "The most important ten minutes of your day are those you spend doing something to boost the people who work for you."Too often," he observed, "people we genuinely like have no idea how we feel about them. Too often we think, I haven't said anything critical; why do I have to say something positive? We forget that human beings need positive reinforcement—in fact, we thrive on it!"What does it take to write letters that lift spirits and warm hearts? Only a willingness to express our appreciation. The most successful practitioners include what I call the four "S's" of note writing.1) They are sincere. No one wants false praise.2) They are usually short. If you can't say what you want to say in three sentences, you're probably straining3) They are specific. Complimenting a business colleague by telling him "good speech" is too vague; "great story about Warren Buffet's investment strategy" is precise.4) They are spontaneous. This gives them the freshness and enthusiasm that will linger in the reader's mind long afterward.It's difficult to be spontaneous when you have to hunt for letter-writing materials, so I keep paper, envelopes and stamps close at hand, even when I travel. Fancy stationery isn't necessary; it's the thought that counts.So, who around you deserves a note of thanks or approval? A neighbor, your librarian, a relative, your mayor, your mate, a teacher, your doctor? You don't need to be poetic. If you need a reason, look for a milestone, the anniversary of a special event you shared, or a birthday or holiday. For the last 25 years, for example, I've prepared an annual Christmas letter for long-distance friends, and I often add a handwritten word of thanks or congratulations. Acknowledging some success or good fortune that has happened during the year seems particularly appropriate considering the spirit of the Christmas season.Be generous with your praise. Superlatives like "greatest," "smartest," "prettiest" make us all feel good. Even if your praise is a little ahead of reality, remember that expectations are often the parents of dreams fulfilled.Today I got a warm, complimentary letter from my old boss and mentor, Norman Vincent Peale. His little note to me was full of uplifting phrases, and it sent me to my typewriter to compose a few overdue letters of my own. I don't know if they will make anybody else's day, but they made mine. As my friend Don Wolfe said, making others feel good about themselves makes me feel good too.便笺的力量1 我当体育编辑，最早是为蒙比利埃（俄亥俄州）的《企业导报》工作，当时我很少收到体育迷的来信。
ResistorA resistor is a two-terminal electronic component that opposes an electric current by producing a voltage drop between its terminals in proportion to the current, that is ,in accordance with Ohm’s law :V=IR .The electrical resistance R is equal to the voltage drop V across the resistor divided by the current I through the resistor. Resistors are used as part of electrical networks and electronic circuits.译：电阻器是一个二端口电子元件,电阻是阻止电流流动，通过按比例产生其端子之间的电压降的电流,也就是说,根据欧姆定律:V = IR。
电阻R等于电压降V除以通过电阻的电流I。
电阻作为电子网络和电子电路的一部分。
TransistorIn electronics, a transistor is a semiconductor device commonly used to amplify or switch electronic signals . A transistor is made of a solid piece of a semiconductor material , with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltag e or current applied to one pair of the transistor’s terminals changes the current flowing through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled current can be much larger than the controlling current, the transistor provides amplification of a signal. The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is used in radio, telephone, computer and other electronic systems. Some transistors are packaged individually but most are found in integrated circuits.译：在电子技术中，晶体管是一种，常用来放大或进行开关控制电子信号的半导体器。
ResistorA resistor is a two-terminal electronic component that opposes an electric current by producing a voltage drop between its terminals in proportion to the current, that is ,in accordance wit h Ohm’s law :V=IR .The electrica l resistance R is equal to the voltage drop V across the resistor divided by the current I through the resistor. Resistors are used as part of electrical networks and electronic circuits.电阻器是一个二端口电子元件,电阻是阻止电流流动，通过按比例产生其端子之间的电压降的电流,也就是说,根据欧姆定律:V = IR。
电阻R等于电压降V除以通过电阻的电流I。
电阻作为电子网络和电子电路的一部分。
TransistorIn electronics, a transistor is a semiconductor device commonly used to amplify or switch electronic signals . A transistor is made of a solid piece of a semiconductor material , with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor’s terminals changes the current flowing through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled current can be much larger than the controlling current, the transistor provides amplification of a signal. The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is used in radio, telephone, computer and other electronic systems. Some transistors are packaged individually but most are found in integrated circuits.在电子技术中，晶体管是一种，常用来放大或进行开关控制电子信号的半导体器。
UNIT 1A 电路电路或电网络由以某种方式连接的电阻器、电感器和电容器等元件组成。
如果网络不包含能源，如电池或发电机，那么就被称作无源网络。
换句话说，如果存在一个或多个能源，那么组合的结果为有源网络。
在研究电网络的特性时，我们感兴趣的是确定电路中的电压和电流。
因为网络由无源电路元件组成，所以必须首先定义这些元件的电特性.就电阻来说，电压-电流的关系由欧姆定律给出，欧姆定律指出：电阻两端的电压等于电阻上流过的电流乘以电阻值。
在数学上表达为: u=iR (1-1A-1)式中 u=电压，伏特；i =电流，安培；R = 电阻，欧姆。
纯电感电压由法拉第定律定义，法拉第定律指出：电感两端的电压正比于流过电感的电流随时间的变化率。
因此可得到：U=Ldi/dt 式中 di/dt = 电流变化率，安培/秒； L = 感应系数，享利。
电容两端建立的电压正比于电容两极板上积累的电荷q 。
因为电荷的积累可表示为电荷增量dq的和或积分，因此得到的等式为 u= ，式中电容量C是与电压和电荷相关的比例常数。
由定义可知，电流等于电荷随时间的变化率，可表示为i = dq/dt。
因此电荷增量dq 等于电流乘以相应的时间增量，或dq = i dt，那么等式 (1-1A-3) 可写为式中 C = 电容量，法拉。
归纳式(1-1A-1)、(1-1A-2) 和 (1-1A-4)描述的三种无源电路元件如图1-1A-1所示。
注意，图中电流的参考方向为惯用的参考方向，因此流过每一个元件的电流与电压降的方向一致。
有源电气元件涉及将其它能量转换为电能，例如，电池中的电能来自其储存的化学能，发电机的电能是旋转电枢机械能转换的结果。
有源电气元件存在两种基本形式：电压源和电流源。
其理想状态为：电压源两端的电压恒定，与从电压源中流出的电流无关。
因为负载变化时电压基本恒定，所以上述电池和发电机被认为是电压源。
另一方面，电流源产生电流，电流的大小与电源连接的负载无关。
ResistorA resistor is a two-terminal electronic component that opposes an electric current by producing a voltage drop between its terminals in proportion to the current, that is,in accordance with Ohm’s law :V=IR .The electrical resistance R is equal to the voltage drop V across the resistor divided by the current I through the resistor. Resistors are used as part of electrical networks and electronic circuits.译：电阻器是一个二端口电子元件,电阻是阻止电流流动，通过按比例产生其端子之间的电压降的电流,也就是说,根据欧姆定律:V = IR。
电阻R等于电压降V除以通过电阻的电流I。
电阻作为电子网络和电子电路的一部分。
TransistorIn electronics, a transistor is a semiconductor device commonly used to amplify or switch electronic signals .A transistor is made of a solid piece of a semiconductor material , with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor’s terminals changes the current flowing through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled current can be much larger than the controlling current, the transistor provides amplification of a signal. The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is used in radio, telephone, computer and other electronic systems. Some transistors are packaged individually but most are found in integrated circuits.译：在电子技术中，晶体管是一种，常用来放大或进行开关控制电子信号的半导体器。
晶体管是由一块固体半导体材料制成的，且至少有三个终端与外部电路连接。
电压或电流适用于一双晶体管的终端改变目前流经的另一对终端。
因为受控电流可以远大于控制电流，晶体管提供信号的放大。
晶体管是构建现代电子设备的基本单元，并在收音机，电话，计算机和其它电子系统被使用。
一些晶体管被单独包装，但大多数都在集成电路中。
TransformerA transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to anther through inductively coupled electrical conductors . A changing current in the first circuit creates a changing magnetic field; in turn, this magnetic field induces a changing voltage in the second circuit. By adding a load to the secondary circuit, one can make current flow in the transformer, thus transferring energy from one circuit to the other.译：变压器是一种通过感应耦合将电能从一个电路传输到另一个电路的装置。
在第一电路中的一个变化的电流创建一个不断变化的磁场；反过来，这个磁场诱导第二个电路中的电压变化。
通过向二次回路中增加负载，使电流在变压器中流动，从而将能量从一个电路传递到另一个电路中。
RelayA relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under the control of another electrical circuit . In the original form ,the switch is operated by an electromagnet to open or close one or many sets of contacts. It was invented by Joseph Henry in 1835. Because a relay is able to control an output circuit of higher power than the input circuit ,it can be considered to be, in a broad sense, a form of an electrical amplifier.译：继电器是一种电子开关,控制另一个电路的打开和关闭。
在原始形式中，该开关是由一个电磁铁操作，打开或关闭一个或多个触点。
它是由约瑟夫亨利在1835年发明的。
由于继电器能够控制比输入电路功率更高的输出电路，广义上说,它可以被认为是电子放大器的一种形式。
Types of circuitsIn any circuit where the only opposition to the flow of electrons is resistance , there is a definite relationship between the values of voltage , current, and resistance. This relationship was discovered by George Simon Ohm in 1827. It is known as Ohm’s law.译：任何电路中电阻仅仅阻止电子的流动,电压，电流和电阻的值之间有一个明确关系。
这种关系在1827年由格奥尔格·西蒙·欧姆发现。
它被称为欧姆定律。
DualityBecause of the strong similarity between the Fourier analysis and synthesis equations in continuous time , there is a duality between the time domain and frequency domain . However , for the discrete-time Fourier transforms of aperiodic signals , no similar duality exists , since aperiodic signals and their Fourier transforms are very different kinds of functions : Aperiodic discrete-time signals are , of course, aperiodic sequences , while their Fourier transforms are always periodic functions of a continuous frequency variable .译：由于傅里叶分析和合成方程在在连续时间上有很大的相似性,有一个时域和频域之间的二元性。
然而,对于非周期信号的离散傅里叶变换,没有类似的二元性存在,由于非周期信号和它们的傅立叶变换有着迥然不同的功能:当然,非周期离散时间信号,非周期序列,然而他们的傅里叶变换总是周期性的频率连续变化的函数。
Network ConfigurationBroadly speaking ,there are two types of network configuration based on their layout ,peer-to-peer networks and client/server network.Peer-to-peer networks are more commonly implemented where less than ten computers are involved and where strict security is not necessary. All computers have the same status,hence the term ”peer” , and they communicate with each other on an equal footing .Files , such as word processing or spreadsheet documents ,can be shared across the network and all the computers on the network can share devices ,such as printers or scanners ,which are connected to any one computer.译：广义地说，有基于两种类型网络配置的的布局，对等网络和客户机/服务器网络。
对等网络较为普遍实现，其中不到10台计算机参与并且不需要很严格的安全性。
所有计算机都具有相同的地位，因此被称为“对等”，而且他们平起平坐相互通信。
文件，例如文字处理或电子表格文档，可以通过网络共享来和所有的网络上的计算机进行设备共享，打印机或者扫描仪，可以连接到任何一台计算机。
