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From Enbo edu由hediblue整理WTO 术语汉英对照和中文解释（自己整理的，供参考）1、“绿箱”措施、“黄箱”措施和“蓝箱”《农业协议》（Green Box measures/Amber Box measures /Balance-of-payments Provisions）Agreement on Agriculture, URAA“绿箱”措施是指由政府提供的、其费用不转嫁给消费者，且对生产者不具有价格支持作用的政府服务计划。
这些措施对农产品贸易和农业生产不会产生或仅有微小的扭曲影响，成员方无须承担约束和削减义务。
“绿箱”措施主要包括：一般农业服务支出，如农业科研、病虫害控制、培训、推广和咨询服务、检验服务、农产品市场促销服务、农业基础设施建设等；粮食安全储备补贴；粮食援助补贴；与生产不挂钩的收入补贴；收入保险计划；自然灾害救济补贴；农业生产者退休或转业补贴；农业资源储备补贴；农业结构调整投资补贴；农业环境保护补贴；落后地区援助补贴等。
“黄箱”措施是指，政府对农产品的直接干预和补贴，包括对种子、肥料、灌溉等农业投入品的补贴，对农产品营销贷款的补贴等。
这些措施对农产品贸易产生扭曲，成员方须承担约束和削减义务。
通常用综合支持量来衡量“黄箱”补贴的大小。
综合支持量是指，为支持农产品生产者而提供给某种农产品，或为支持广大农业生产者而提供给非特定产品的年支持水平，一般用货币单位表示。
《农业协议》规定，自1995年开始，以1986-1988年为基准期，发达成员在6年内逐步将综合支持量削减20%，发展中成员在10年内逐步削减13%。
对于发展中成员，一些“黄箱”措施被列入免予削减的范围。
主要包括农业投资补贴，对低收入或资源贫乏地区生产者提供的农业投入品补贴，为鼓励生产者不生产违禁麻醉作物而提供的支持等。
“蓝箱”措施是指，按固定面积和产量给予的补贴（如休耕补贴），按基期生产水平的85%或85%以下给予的补贴，按固定牲畜头数给予的补贴。
Unit oneMultilaterial Trading System 多边贸易体制General Agreement On Tariffs and Trade 关贸总协定Uruguay Round 乌拉圭回合The Doha Development Agenda 多哈发展议程The Trade Policy Review Body 贸易政策审议机构The Dispute Settlement Body 争端解决机构Ministerial conference 部长级会议General Council 总理事会Goods Council 货物贸易理事会Services Council 服务贸易理事会The WTO Secretariat 秘书处Director—general 总干事General Agreement On Trade in Services 服务贸易总协定Dispute Settlement Understanding 争端解决谅解Agreement on Trade—Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights 与贸易有关的知识产权的协议Specialized committee 专门委员会Customs duty rate 关税税率State trading 国营贸易The least—developed countries 最不发达国Unit twoInternational Trade Organization(ITO)国贸组织“Bretton woods”System 布雷森顿体系The International Monetary Fund(IMF)国际货币基金组织Trade protectionism 贸易保护主义Havana Charter 哈瓦那宪章A package of agreements 一揽子协定Protocol 议定书Anti—Dumping Agreement 反倾销协定Agreement On Safeguards 保障措施协定Contracting party 缔约方Tariff concession 关税减让Market—sharing agreement 市场共享协定UN Conference on Trade and Employment 联合国贸易与就业大会Economic recession 经济衰退Unit threeTelecommunications 电信Trade without discrimination 非歧视性贸易Most—favored—nation treatment 最惠国待遇Import quotas 进口配额Non—tariff barriers 非关税壁垒Progressive liberalization 渐进式自由化Bound rates 约束贸易Trading partners 贸易伙伴Binding commitments 约束承诺Trade policy Review Mechanism 贸易政策审议机制Undistorted competition 非扭曲竞争Transition economies 转型经济体“least—developed” countries 最不发达国家。
nit 1textA 市场营销基础（1）我们把市场营销看作是交易，把营销人员看成是管理交易的人。
从远古时期开始，人们一直在进行交易，以物易物，以物换服务，或以服务换服务。
（2）市场营销或许是这样开始的：一个洞穴人发现自己有太多肉，但没有新鲜的蔬菜。
于是就和一个有蔬菜没有肉的人做交易。
一次简单的交易。
这么多肉换了这么多蔬菜。
这两个洞穴人都很开心，因为两人都以自己的东西换得价值相等的东西。
随着时间的推移，越来越多的人住在一起，形成村落，交易变得更加复杂。
一个人以修屋顶来换取鸡和鸡蛋。
然后，他也许用部分的鸡蛋去换面包师傅的面包。
也有人可能帮人磨刀来交换让别人整修他的花园。
两人都是交换服务，而不是商品。
（3）很快简单的交易就变得难以办到了。
以货易货制度意味着太多的实际货物要移动。
于是人们发明了钱。
在金钱发明前，一个人的工资是以几只鸡或几头猪的形式发的，无法找零。
发明钱之后，可以售卖商品或服务换取现金，然后用现金购买所需要的东西。
人们现在也还是靠钱。
金钱帮助人们快速方便地购买和出售商品或服务。
了解市场营销及顾客需要④关于顾客和市场有五个至关重要的核心概念：①需要、欲望和需求;②市场营销提供产品、服务和体验;③价值和满意度;④交换和关系;⑤市场。
顾客的需要、欲望和需求⑤营销最基本的概念是人的需要。
人的需要是一种感觉匮乏的状态。
需要包括生理需要、社会需要和个人需要。
这些需要并不是营销人员创造的，它们是人类构造的基本组成部分。
（6）欲望是人类的需要所采取的文化和个性的形式。
食物是一个人的需要，而他的欲望是得到一个大汉堡。
（7）得到购买力的支持时，欲望成为需求。
（8）那些最棒的营销公司会下大工夫去了解顾客的需要、欲望和需求。
市场供给——产品、服务和体验（9）市场提供产品、服务、信息、体验的组合体来满足人们的需要和欲望。
（10）市场供给包括产品和服务。
服务——所销售的是一种无形的活动或利益，且不会导致所有权的变化。
Unit One课文译文发盘1、发盘的定义“如果内容十分明确并且表明一经接受发盘人即受约束的意旨，向一个或多个特定的受盘人发出的订立合同的提议即构成发盘。
”（《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》第14条第1款）根据上述定义，一项提议要想成为发盘，必须满足以下3个条件：1）必须表明“一经接受发盘人即受约束的意旨”。
这项要求对我们区分实盘与虚盘至关重要。
“一经接受发盘人即受约束”的概念意思就是一旦发盘人提出的贸易条件被受盘人接受，合同即告成立，即使未经发盘人同意或确认，他出了履行合同别无选择。
......课后练习答案I. 短文翻译1) 从合同生效之日起到合同终止期间，双方每年举行一次正式会晤，以便讨论合同执行中存在的问题，以及就技术发展与改进问题进行交流，为进一步技术合作奠定基础。
双方的会晤轮流在两国举行。
讨论的内容和结论载入备忘录。
每方与会人员不得超过5人，费用自理。
2) 如果合同一方未能在合同规定的时限内履行合同义务，并在收到未违约方通知后15天内未能消除违约或采取补救措施，而且在被允许延长期内未履行合同，在此情形下，未违约方应书面通知违约方解除合同，同时有权向违约方索赔。
II. 句子翻译1）① 仅进去年一年时间，美元升值已经超过10%，这与1997年至1998年的亚洲金融危机期间的升值幅度差不多。
② 美国经济的减速很可能更加支持人们对美元的信心。
2）① 汇率变动对于进口价格的影响取决于国内市场需求的强度。
② 事实上，今年美国的出口已经有显著增长，长期以来首次超过了进口。
Unit Two课文译文索赔多数情况下，国际销售合同订立之后，无论买方还是卖方，合同的当事方将尽力履行责任。
然而，合同一方没能履行义务或者未按合同规定的条款履行责任的情况并不少见。
如果一方违反合同，给对方造成损失，另一方则有权依据合同和法律采取补救措施。
大多数国际销售合同都包括索赔条款，其中规定补救的原则、时间以及适用的法律。
索赔是违约的主要补救方法。
Unit 14TEXT纽约及其移民文化托马斯W.桑托斯（Thomas W. Santos）几个世纪以来，纽约从已知世界边缘的葱翠原野成为一个广受国际关注的大都市。
纽约是一个面积大而充满活力的城市，而纽约人对他们称之为“家”的这座城市总是那么深情。
画家、作家、电影制作人都竭尽全力去捕捉它的精华和魅力。
但是没有什么能和真切地呆在这里相比，徜徉在大街上，可以让自己沉浸在这座城市独有的节奏和韵律中。
纽约不像罗马或北京那样历史悠久。
然而，纽约却在较短时间里获得的前所未有的发展和繁荣，使其一跃而成为人类文明史上最伟大的城市之一。
尽管纽约只是一座城市，空间相对较小，但是人们口中的“这座城市”却是一个商业的世界，充满想象力的世界，多样性的世界和生产力快速发展的世界。
事实上，这座城市由五个区组成，分别是：曼哈顿、布鲁克林区、布朗克斯区、皇后区和斯丹登岛。
但是人们一提到纽约，通常都会谈到曼哈顿岛。
因为，这里是纽约开始的地方，这里是最能见证这座城市活力的地方，这里是摩天大楼直上云霄的地方。
移民对美国文化的结构产生了深刻的影响。
纽约是移民进入美国在大西洋沿岸的主要大门。
19世纪80年代末和20世纪初，上百万的欧洲移民为了摆脱经济、政治、社会困境涌入美国。
1892年，美国政府在纽约港的埃利斯岛开设办理移民事务的机构，这个机构在过去62年里为一千二百多万人办理了移民手续。
三分之二的移民只是途经纽约到达美国其他区域，其余人则涌入纽约市，最值得一提的就是曼哈顿下东区。
因为有共同的语言和文化，来自同一国家的移民更愿意居住在一起，创建自己独特的社区，一直保留至今。
19世纪末期，中国移民开始进入曼哈顿区下城。
20世纪以来，唐人街继续扩大，但是尽管周边的纽约城不断发展，唐人街却一直保持着鲜明的中国特色。
20世纪前三十年，大批意大利人移民美国，掀起了巨大的移民浪潮。
这些移民中绝大多数都定居在纽约市辖区内。
随着岁月的流逝，除了位于唐人街北部和桑树街中段的小意大利仍旧屹立之外，其他的意大利街区逐渐消失。
第十四讲特殊句式的翻译●导入译例A whale is no more a fish than a horse is.I was no less frightened than surprised.既…又…I was not so much troubled by the guitarist’s as by his lack of talent.与其说…不如说…The people are to the army what water is to fish.军民鱼水情A teacher is to the students what a lighthouse to the people at sea.Y ou are to me what rice is to mice.我爱你就像老鼠爱大米The alternative we must be certain we never have to face.我们应当相信：我们决不会面临这种选择（宾语倒装）Just as necessary for us as financial support are criticism and suggestions.对我们来说，和财政援助同样必要的是批评和建议（倒装）Reading exercises one’s eyes; speaking, one’s tongue; while writing, one’s mind.阅读训练人的眼睛，说话训练人的口才，写作训练人的思维●比较句式的基本构成1）同级比较In 1998 we produced as many cars as we did in the previous five years.We have accomplished as mush in 2007 as would have taken ten years in the past.2）比较级Small-town residents are more involved with kin than are big-city residents.We can live longer without food than without water.3）最高级This is the most interesting book I’ve ever read.Of all his novels I like this one best.4）the…the…结构The more you study, the more you know. The more you know, the more you forget. The more you forget, the less you know. So why study?5）选择比较I prefer face-to-face communication to cyber-chatting.Some people would rathe r work than sit idly. 宁可…也不…6）对比Motion is absolute while stagnation is relative.He is tried out, whereas she is full of vigor.●比较句式的用法：表示对比He was more dead than alive.他已经半死不活（奄奄一息）Ask her to sing a song for us. She is more of a singer than a guitarist.她唱歌比弹吉它还要棒He was more shy than unsociable.他不是不擅长社交，只是有点难为情●比较句式的用法：表示强调John more than hesitated to lend me his new Benz.John犹豫了老半天，简直不肯把新奔驰借给我It is more than probable that he will fail again.他非常有可能再次不及格He has more than repaid her kindness.他所做的远远超过了对她的报答（他对她真可谓滴水之恩，涌泉相报）●比较句式的用法：表示比喻A fool can no more see his own folly than he can see his own ears.正像看不到自己的耳朵一样，傻瓜也看不到自己的愚蠢He can no more swim than a hammer.他简直就是秤砣，才不会游泳呢Having children makes you no more a parent than having a piano makes you a pianist.拥有一架钢琴不见得一定会成为钢琴演奏家，同样，有孩子不一定就会成为好父母●比较句式的用法：表示否定这个我不能告诉你I can’t tell you this. This is more than I can tell. （语气婉转）I had expected better judgment from you.没想到你判断力这么差I really wanted to cry, but thought better of it.我真的很想哭，但是，我没有哭There is more to peace, not just the absence of war or armed conflict.仅仅没有武装冲突和战事，还不等于和平●省略句译法：补译1）排比句式The symbol for hydrogen is H; for oxygen O; for nitrogen N.氢气的符号是H，氧的符号是O，氮的符号是NHistories make man wise; mathematics subtle; logic and rhetoric able to contend.历史使人明智；数学使人精细；逻辑和修辞使人善辩2）比较句式The breakthroughs would create as much danger as they would hope.这些突破会创造他们所希望的危险？？？这些突破既会带来希望，也会带来危险3）其它Two years ago that was, and since then Myra had been to see her mother three times, but her husband never.那是两年前的事了。
Unit 1一、英译汉1.It was a pleasure to receive your letter of 2nd and to learn that you are making plans for your Mr.Chadwik to visit our country in October.有幸收到阁下5月2日来函，得悉阁下正计划安排维克先生于10月访问我国。
2.If Mr.Mike so wishes we can also introduce him to some of our sister corporations with whom you may like to do business.要是迈克先生想同我们兄弟公司洽谈业务，我们也可为他引见。
3.Please let us know the time of your arrival. We will then arrange to meet you at the airport and drive you to your hotel.请告诉我们你到达的时间，届时安排去机场迎接并驾车送你到宾馆。
4.We used to import machines from England but now we wish to establish business relations with you.我们过去通常从英国进口机器，但现在想同你们建立业务关系。
5.I am making for Mr.Brown to have a discussion with Director Wang.我即将安排布朗先生和我公司的王经理会谈。
6.It gives us a great pleasure to introduce to you by this letter Mr.Ma,a manager of HongKong Huarun company.我们十分高兴地通过刺心向你介绍香港华润公司的马经理。
大学外贸英语课文翻译Chapter 7Arguments on Government Intervention in International Trade政府干预国际贸易的理由In this chapter we’ll examine the reasons for government intervention in spite of the fact that some developed countries like the United States pay lip service to free trade and talk a lot about the benefits of liberal trade.尽管一些发达国家如美国口头上说自由贸易如何好，本章还是考察一下政府干预国际贸易的理由。
Arguments for government intervention in western trade experts’ view fall into two categories：political arguments and economic arguments.按西方贸易专家的观点，政府干预国际贸易的理由分两大类：一类是政治上的理由，一类是经济上的理由。
First of all, let’s examine the political arguments. This category of arguments cover a range of issues including：protecting jobs and industries，national security，retaliation，protecting consumers, furthering foreign policy objectives and protecting human rights.首先让我们看一下政治理由。
Lesson 1414.3 Speech at the Forum on Revitalizing the Old Industrial Bases in Northeast ChinaLadies and gentlemen,Good morning. “The Forum on Revitalizing the Old Industrial Bases in Northeast China”, co-hosted by the State Council’s Office of the Leading Group for Revitalizing Northeast China and Other Old Industrial Bases, the Ministry of Commerce, the Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang provincial governments and the organizing committee of the CIFIT, is being held in Xiamen as scheduled. This CIFIT features a series of activities for revitalizing the old industrial bases in Northeast China. First, on behalf of the Ministry of Commerce, I would like to extend my heartfelt thanks to Director Zhang Guobao, and the leaders of the three northeastern provinces in China. My thanks also go to the Organization of Economic and Cooperative Development, the International Financial Corporation and the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency for their support. Also, I would like to extend my warm welcome to all the delegates. Supporting those old industrial bases to accelerate adjustment and reconstruction is a major strategic decision made by the CPC central committee. Speeding up the process is not only theurgent demand of northeast China for its own reform and development but also an important strategy to realize the harmonious development of China’s economy and society. The success of the strategy is the key to the sustainable development of China’s economy.The old industrial bases in northeast China boast a batch of enterprises in strategic industrie s such as energy, raw material and equipment-manufacturing, and they once made great contributions to the nation’s economic construction. However, with the deepening of China’s economic restructuring, the problems faced by those old industrial bases have become more and more prominent, such as the lower level of marketization and opening-up to the outside world, the unitary structure of the ownership economy, tardiness in the adjustment of the industrial structure, aging of the equipment and technology and the immense pressure on social security and employment.All these require us to do some brainstorming and come up with effective measures. The plan to revitalize the old industrial bases in northeast China is a comprehensive system and the policies for adjustment cover all aspects. Nevertheless, opening more widely to the outside world, absorbing overseas investments, bringing in capital, technology and managerial expertise, andpromoting the development of the old industrial bases and the reform and restructuring of sate-owned enterprises are the major measures to revitalize northeast China and other old industrial bases.The biggest selling-point for northeast China is the large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises. By cooperating with large or medium-sized state-owned enterprises, their former competitors, foreign-invested enterprises can shorten the amount of time needed to gain access to the Chinese market. They can attract a number of technically and managerially talented people who worked in the state-owned enterprises, as well as the market, the resources of their partners and support from the government. What’s more important, they can convert their competitors into partners and become more competitive.As for the foreign-funded enterprises, it’s necessary for them to stick to the principle of “contacting, cooperating and developing” if they want to turn these measures into substantial yields. They should express sincerity for cooperation in the contract, achieve complementary advantages in the cooperation and remove the risks in investment through development. Only when they attain full contact, in-depth communication and understanding, and sincere cooperation can they realize mutualdevelopment. To develop is the best means for us to diminish the risks and realize a win-win situation. To carry out the development strategies made by the CPC central committee and the State Council to revitalize the old industrial bases in northeast China, the Ministry of Commerce and the three northeastern provinces in China have put forward some tentative policies after carrying out much investigation and research. At present, the Ministry of Commerce is working out some specific measures in collaboration with relevant departments and the three provincial governments in northeast China. It’s believed that these measures will facilitate the economic development of northeast China.In conclusion, I wish the forum complete success.14.4 西部经贸洽谈会开幕式致辞尊敬的张省长、尊敬的各位来宾、女士们、先生们：我很高兴今天上午来这里参加中国西部经贸洽谈会的开幕式。
