算法导论第一次习题课

算法导论课程作业答案Introduction to AlgorithmsMassachusetts Institute of Technology 6.046J/18.410J Singapore-MIT Alliance SMA5503 Professors Erik Demaine,Lee Wee Sun,and Charles E.Leiserson Handout10Diagnostic Test SolutionsProblem1Consider the following pseudocode:R OUTINE(n)1if n=12then return13else return n+R OUTINE(n?1)(a)Give a one-sentence description of what R OUTINE(n)does.(Remember,don’t guess.) Solution:The routine gives the sum from1to n.(b)Give a precondition for the routine to work correctly.Solution:The value n must be greater than0;otherwise,the routine loops forever.(c)Give a one-sentence description of a faster implementation of the same routine. Solution:Return the value n(n+1)/2.Problem2Give a short(1–2-sentence)description of each of the following data structures:(a)FIFO queueSolution:A dynamic set where the element removed is always the one that has been in the set for the longest time.(b)Priority queueSolution:A dynamic set where each element has anassociated priority value.The element removed is the element with the highest(or lowest)priority.(c)Hash tableSolution:A dynamic set where the location of an element is computed using a function of the ele ment’s key.Problem3UsingΘ-notation,describe the worst-case running time of the best algorithm that you know for each of the following:(a)Finding an element in a sorted array.Solution:Θ(log n)(b)Finding an element in a sorted linked-list.Solution:Θ(n)(c)Inserting an element in a sorted array,once the position is found.Solution:Θ(n)(d)Inserting an element in a sorted linked-list,once the position is found.Solution:Θ(1)Problem4Describe an algorithm that locates the?rst occurrence of the largest element in a?nite list of integers,where the integers are not necessarily distinct.What is the worst-case running time of your algorithm?Solution:Idea is as follows:go through list,keeping track of the largest element found so far and its index.Update whenever necessary.Running time isΘ(n).Problem5How does the height h of a balanced binary search tree relate to the number of nodes n in the tree? Solution:h=O(lg n) Problem 6Does an undirected graph with 5vertices,each of degree 3,exist?If so,draw such a graph.If not,explain why no such graph exists.Solution:No such graph exists by the Handshaking Lemma.Every edge adds 2to the sum of the degrees.Consequently,the sum of the degrees must be even.Problem 7It is known that if a solution to Problem A exists,then a solution to Problem B exists also.(a)Professor Goldbach has just produced a 1,000-page proof that Problem A is unsolvable.If his proof turns out to be valid,can we conclude that Problem B is also unsolvable?Answer yes or no (or don’t know).Solution:No(b)Professor Wiles has just produced a 10,000-page proof that Problem B is unsolvable.If the proof turns out to be valid,can we conclude that problem A is unsolvable as well?Answer yes or no (or don’t know).Solution:YesProblem 8Consider the following statement:If 5points are placed anywhere on or inside a unit square,then there must exist two that are no more than √2/2units apart.Here are two attempts to prove this statement.Proof (a):Place 4of the points on the vertices of the square;that way they are maximally sepa-rated from one another.The 5th point must then lie within √2/2units of one of the other points,since the furthest from the corners it can be is the center,which is exactly √2/2units fromeach of the four corners.Proof (b):Partition the square into 4squares,each with a side of 1/2unit.If any two points areon or inside one of these smaller squares,the distance between these two points will be at most √2/2units.Since there are 5points and only 4squares,at least two points must fall on or inside one of the smaller squares,giving a set of points that are no more than √2/2apart.Which of the proofs are correct:(a),(b),both,or neither (or don’t know)?Solution:(b)onlyProblem9Give an inductive proof of the following statement:For every natural number n>3,we have n!>2n.Solution:Base case:True for n=4.Inductive step:Assume n!>2n.Then,multiplying both sides by(n+1),we get(n+1)n!> (n+1)2n>2?2n=2n+1.Problem10We want to line up6out of10children.Which of the following expresses the number of possible line-ups?(Circle the right answer.)(a)10!/6!(b)10!/4!(c) 106(d) 104 ·6!(e)None of the above(f)Don’t knowSolution:(b),(d)are both correctProblem11A deck of52cards is shuf?ed thoroughly.What is the probability that the4aces are all next to each other?(Circle theright answer.)(a)4!49!/52!(b)1/52!(c)4!/52!(d)4!48!/52!(e)None of the above(f)Don’t knowSolution:(a)Problem12The weather forecaster says that the probability of rain on Saturday is25%and that the probability of rain on Sunday is25%.Consider the following statement:The probability of rain during the weekend is50%.Which of the following best describes the validity of this statement?(a)If the two events(rain on Sat/rain on Sun)are independent,then we can add up the twoprobabilities,and the statement is true.Without independence,we can’t tell.(b)True,whether the two events are independent or not.(c)If the events are independent,the statement is false,because the the probability of no rainduring the weekend is9/16.If they are not independent,we can’t tell.(d)False,no matter what.(e)None of the above.(f)Don’t know.Solution:(c)Problem13A player throws darts at a target.On each trial,independentlyof the other trials,he hits the bull’s-eye with probability1/4.How many times should he throw so that his probability is75%of hitting the bull’s-eye at least once?(a)3(b)4(c)5(d)75%can’t be achieved.(e)Don’t know.Solution:(c),assuming that we want the probability to be≥0.75,not necessarily exactly0.75.Problem14Let X be an indicator random variable.Which of the following statements are true?(Circle all that apply.)(a)Pr{X=0}=Pr{X=1}=1/2(b)Pr{X=1}=E[X](c)E[X]=E[X2](d)E[X]=(E[X])2Solution:(b)and(c)only。

算法导论复习资料一、选择题：第一章的概念、术语。

二、考点分析：1、复杂度的渐进表示，复杂度分析。

2、正确性证明。

考点：1）正确性分析（冒泡，归并，选择）；2）复杂度分析（渐进表示O，Ｑ，©，替换法证明，先猜想，然后给出递归方程）。

循环不变性的三个性质：1）初始化：它在循环的第一轮迭代开始之前，应该是正确的；2）保持：如果在循环的某一次迭代开始之前它是正确的，那么，在下一次迭代开始之前，它也应该保持正确；3）当循环结束时，不变式给了我们一个有用的性质，它有助于表明算法是正确的。

插入排序算法：INSERTION-SORT(A)1 for j ←2 to length[A]2 do key ←A[j]3 ▹Insert A[j] into the sorted sequence A[1，j - 1].4 i ←j - 15 while i > 0 and A[i] > key6 do A[i + 1] ←A[i]7 i ←i - 18 A[i + 1] ←key插入排序的正确性证明：课本11页。

归并排序算法：课本17页及19页。

归并排序的正确性分析：课本20页。

3、分治法（基本步骤，复杂度分析）。

——许多问题都可以递归求解考点：快速排序，归并排序，渐进排序，例如：12球里面有一个坏球，怎样用最少的次数找出来。

（解：共有24种状态，至少称重3次可以找出不同的球）不是考点：线性时间选择，最接近点对，斯特拉算法求解。

解：基本步骤：一、分解：将原问题分解成一系列的子问题；二、解决：递归地解各子问题。

若子问题足够小，则直接求解；三、合并：将子问题的结果合并成原问题的解。

复杂度分析：分分治算法中的递归式是基于基本模式中的三个步骤的，T(n)为一个规模为n的运行时间，得到递归式T(n)=Q(1) n<=cT(n)=aT(n/b)+D(n)+C(n) n>c附加习题：请给出一个运行时间为Q(nlgn)的算法，使之能在给定的一个由n个整数构成的集合S和另一个整数x时，判断出S中是否存在有两个其和等于x的元素。

算法导论第三版第⼆章第⼀节习题答案2.1-1：以图2-2为模型，说明INSERTION-SORT在数组A=<31,41,59,26,41,58>上的执⾏过程。

NewImage2.1-2：重写过程INSERTION-SORT，使之按⾮升序（⽽不是按⾮降序）排序。

注意，跟之前升序的写法只有⼀个地⽅不⼀样：NewImage2.1-3：考虑下⾯的查找问题：输⼊：⼀列数A=<a1,a2,…,an >和⼀个值v输出：下标i，使得v=A[i]，或者当v不在A中出现时为NIL。

写出针对这个问题的现⾏查找的伪代码，它顺序地扫描整个序列以查找v。

利⽤循环不变式证明算法的正确性。

确保所给出的循环不变式满⾜三个必要的性质。

（2.1-3 Consider the searching problem:Input: A sequence of n numbers A D ha1; a2; : : : ;ani and a value _.Output: An index i such that _ D AOEi_ or the special value NIL if _ does not appear in A.Write pseudocode for linear search, which scans through the sequence, looking for _. Using a loop invariant, prove that your algorithm is correct. Make sure that your loop invariant fulfills the three necessary properties.）LINEAR-SEARCH(A,v)1 for i=1 to A.length2 if v = A[i]3 return i4 return NIL现⾏查找算法正确性的证明。

算法分析与设计教程习题解答第1章 算法引论1. 解：算法是一组有穷的规则，它规定了解决某一特定类型问题的一系列计算方法。

频率计数是指计算机执行程序中的某一条语句的执行次数。

多项式时间算法是指可用多项式函数对某算法进行计算时间限界的算法。

指数时间算法是指某算法的计算时间只能使用指数函数限界的算法。

2. 解：算法分析的目的是使算法设计者知道为完成一项任务所设计的算法的优劣，进而促使人们想方设法地设计出一些效率更高效的算法，以便达到少花钱、多办事、办好事的经济效果。

3. 解：事前分析是指求出某个算法的一个时间限界函数（它是一些有关参数的函数）；事后测试指收集计算机对于某个算法的执行时间和占用空间的统计资料。

4. 解：评价一个算法应从事前分析和事后测试这两个阶段进行，事前分析主要应从时间复杂度和空间复杂度这两个维度进行分析；事后测试主要应对所评价的算法作时空性能分布图。

5. 解：①n=11； ②n=12； ③n=982； ④n=39。

第2章 递归算法与分治算法1． 解：递归算法是将归纳法的思想应用于算法设计之中，递归算法充分地利用了计算机系统内部机能，自动实现调用过程中对于相关且必要的信息的保存与恢复；分治算法是把一个问题划分为一个或多个子问题，每个子问题与原问题具有完全相同的解决思路，进而可以按照递归的思路进行求解。

2． 解：通过分治算法的一般设计步骤进行说明。

3． 解：int fibonacci(int n) {if(n<=1) return 1;return fibonacci(n-1)+fibonacci(n-2); }4. 解：void hanoi(int n,int a,int b,int c) {if(n>0) {hanoi(n-1,a,c,b); move(a,b);hanoi(n-1,c,b,a); } } 5. 解：①22*2)(--=n n f n② )log *()(n n n f O =6． 解：算法略。

第二章算法入门由于时间问题有些问题没有写的很仔细，而且估计这里会存在不少不恰当之处。

另，思考题2-3 关于霍纳规则，有些部分没有完成，故没把解答写上去，我对其 c 问题有疑问，请有解答方法者提供个意见。

给出的代码目前也仅仅为解决问题，没有做优化，请见谅，等有时间了我再好好修改。

插入排序算法伪代码INSERTION-SORT(A)1 for j ←2 to length[A]2 do key ←A[j]3 Insert A[j] into the sorted sequence A[1..j-1]4 i ←j-15 while i > 0 and A[i] > key6 do A[i+1]←A[i]7 i ←i − 18 A[i+1]←keyC#对揑入排序算法的实现:public static void InsertionSort<T>(T[] Input) where T:IComparable<T>{T key;int i;for (int j = 1; j < Input.Length; j++){key = Input[j];i = j - 1;for (; i >= 0 && Input[i].CompareTo(key)>0;i-- )Input[i + 1] = Input[i];Input[i+1]=key;}}揑入算法的设计使用的是增量（incremental）方法：在排好子数组A[1..j-1]后，将元素A[ j]揑入，形成排好序的子数组A[1..j]这里需要注意的是由于大部分编程语言的数组都是从0开始算起，这个不伪代码认为的数组的数是第1个有所丌同，一般要注意有几个关键值要比伪代码的小1.如果按照大部分计算机编程语言的思路，修改为：INSERTION-SORT(A)1 for j ← 1 to length[A]2 do key ←A[j]3 i ←j-14 while i ≥ 0 and A[i] > key5 do A[i+1]←A[i]6 i ←i − 17 A[i+1]←key循环丌变式(Loop Invariant)是证明算法正确性的一个重要工具。

算法导论-单源最短路径习题解24.1-5 设G=(V,E)为⼀带权有向图，其权函数w: E->R。

请给出⼀个O(VE)时间的算法，对于每个顶点v 属于V，找出值δ*(v) =min{δ(u,v)}，u属于V。

解： 1. 对每个顶点，令d[v] = 0。

(初始情况，如果没有负权边，则δ*(v) = 0) 2. ⽤Bellman-ford算法，计算d[v]，得d[v] = δ*(v)。

简单证明：设δi(u,v)为从u到v边个数不超过i的路径的最⼩值。

δ*i (v) = min{δi(u,v)}，u属于V。

则有δ*(v) = δ*n-1(v)。

可以数学归纳法证明d[v] <= δ*i(v)。

显然d[v] <= δ*0(v) = 0。

假设在Bellman-ford 算法前i次迭代中 d[v] <= δ*i(v) 成⽴，u为所有与v相邻的顶点。

对第i+1次迭代，如果δ*i+1(v) = δ*i(v)，则d[v]<= δ*i(v)恒成⽴，否则在此轮中边[u,v]被松弛，所以有d[v] = min{d[u] + w[u,v]} <= min{δ*i(u) + w[u,v]} = δ*i+1(v)。

所以有d[v] <= δ*n-1(v)，⼜d[v]为两顶点间路径长，所以有d[v] = δ*n-1(v)。

24.1-6 假定⼀加权有向图G=(V,E) 包含⼀负权回路。

请给出⼀个能够列出此回路上的顶点的⾼效算法，并证明你的算法的正确性。

解：Bellman-ford 算法，如果发现d[v] > d[u] + w[u,v]，则点u,v处于⼀个负权回路中，此时可以通过寻找前驱顶点得到负权回路。

时间复杂度O(VE)。

24.2-4 给出⼀个⾼效算法来统计有向⽆回路图中的全部路径数。

分析所给出的算法。

解: 对图进⾏拓朴排序，然后按照拓朴排序的逆顺序计算N[u]，其中N[u] = sum{N[v]}, [u,v]是所有以u为出发点的边。

Introduction to Algorithms September 24, 2004Massachusetts Institute of Technology 6.046J/18.410J Professors Piotr Indyk and Charles E. Leiserson Handout 7Problem Set 1 SolutionsExercise 1-1. Do Exercise 2.3-7 on page 37 in CLRS.Solution:The following algorithm solves the problem:1.Sort the elements in S using mergesort.2.Remove the last element from S. Let y be the value of the removed element.3.If S is nonempty, look for z=x−y in S using binary search.4.If S contains such an element z, then STOP, since we have found y and z such that x=y+z.Otherwise, repeat Step 2.5.If S is empty, then no two elements in S sum to x.Notice that when we consider an element y i of S during i th iteration, we don’t need to look at the elements that have already been considered in previous iterations. Suppose there exists y j∗S, such that x=y i+y j. If j<i, i.e. if y j has been reached prior to y i, then we would have found y i when we were searching for x−y j during j th iteration and the algorithm would have terminated then.Step 1 takes �(n lg n)time. Step 2 takes O(1)time. Step 3 requires at most lg n time. Steps 2–4 are repeated at most n times. Thus, the total running time of this algorithm is �(n lg n). We can do a more precise analysis if we notice that Step 3 actually requires �(lg(n−i))time at i th iteration.However, if we evaluate �n−1lg(n−i), we get lg(n−1)!, which is �(n lg n). So the total runningi=1time is still �(n lg n).Exercise 1-2. Do Exercise 3.1-3 on page 50 in CLRS.Exercise 1-3. Do Exercise 3.2-6 on page 57 in CLRS.Exercise 1-4. Do Problem 3-2 on page 58 of CLRS.Problem 1-1. Properties of Asymptotic NotationProve or disprove each of the following properties related to asymptotic notation. In each of the following assume that f, g, and h are asymptotically nonnegative functions.� (a) f (n ) = O (g (n )) and g (n ) = O (f (n )) implies that f (n ) = �(g (n )).Solution:This Statement is True.Since f (n ) = O (g (n )), then there exists an n 0 and a c such that for all n √ n 0, f (n ) ←Similarly, since g (n )= O (f (n )), there exists an n � 0 and a c such that for allcg (n ). �f (n ). Therefore, for all n √ max(n 0,n Hence, f (n ) = �(g (n )).�()g n ,0← �),0c 1 � g (n ) ← f (n ) ← cg (n ).n √ n c � 0 (b) f (n ) + g (n ) = �(max(f (n ),g (n ))).Solution:This Statement is True.For all n √ 1, f (n ) ← max(f (n ),g (n )) and g (n ) ← max(f (n ),g (n )). Therefore:f (n ) +g (n ) ← max(f (n ),g (n )) + max(f (n ),g (n )) ← 2 max(f (n ),g (n ))and so f (n ) + g (n )= O (max(f (n ),g (n ))). Additionally, for each n , either f (n ) √max(f (n ),g (n )) or else g (n ) √ max(f (n ),g (n )). Therefore, for all n √ 1, f (n ) + g (n ) √ max(f (n ),g (n )) and so f (n ) + g (n ) = �(max(f (n ),g (n ))). Thus, f (n ) + g (n ) = �(max(f (n ),g (n ))).(c) Transitivity: f (n ) = O (g (n )) and g (n ) = O (h (n )) implies that f (n ) = O (h (n )).Solution:This Statement is True.Since f (n )= O (g (n )), then there exists an n 0 and a c such that for all n √ n 0, �)f ()n ,0← �()g n ,0← f (n ) ← cg (n ). Similarly, since g (n ) = O (h (n )), there exists an n �h (n ). Therefore, for all n √ max(n 0,n and a c � such thatfor all n √ n Hence, f (n ) = O (h (n )).cc�h (n ).c (d) f (n ) = O (g (n )) implies that h (f (n )) = O (h (g (n )).Solution:This Statement is False.We disprove this statement by giving a counter-example. Let f (n ) = n and g (n ) = 3n and h (n )=2n . Then h (f (n )) = 2n and h (g (n )) = 8n . Since 2n is not O (8n ), this choice of f , g and h is a counter-example which disproves the theorem.(e) f(n)+o(f(n))=�(f(n)).Solution:This Statement is True.Let h(n)=o(f(n)). We prove that f(n)+o(f(n))=�(f(n)). Since for all n√1, f(n)+h(n)√f(n), then f(n)+h(n)=�(f(n)).Since h(n)=o(f(n)), then there exists an n0such that for all n>n0, h(n)←f(n).Therefore, for all n>n0, f(n)+h(n)←2f(n)and so f(n)+h(n)=O(f(n)).Thus, f(n)+h(n)=�(f(n)).(f) f(n)=o(g(n))and g(n)=o(f(n))implies f(n)=�(g(n)).Solution:This Statement is False.We disprove this statement by giving a counter-example. Consider f(n)=1+cos(�≈n)and g(n)=1−cos(�≈n).For all even values of n, f(n)=2and g(n)=0, and there does not exist a c1for which f(n)←c1g(n). Thus, f(n)is not o(g(n)), because if there does not exist a c1 for which f(n)←c1g(n), then it cannot be the case that for any c1>0and sufficiently large n, f(n)<c1g(n).For all odd values of n, f(n)=0and g(n)=2, and there does not exist a c for which g(n)←cf(n). By the above reasoning, it follows that g(n)is not o(f(n)). Also, there cannot exist c2>0for which c2g(n)←f(n), because we could set c=1/c2if sucha c2existed.We have shown that there do not exist constants c1>0and c2>0such that c2g(n)←f(n)←c1g(n). Thus, f(n)is not �(g(n)).Problem 1-2. Computing Fibonacci NumbersThe Fibonacci numbers are defined on page 56 of CLRS asF0=0,F1=1,F n=F n−1+F n−2for n√2.In Exercise 1-3, of this problem set, you showed that the n th Fibonacci number isF n=�n−� n,�5where �is the golden ratio and �is its conjugate.A fellow 6.046 student comes to you with the following simple recursive algorithm for computing the n th Fibonacci number.F IB(n)1 if n=02 then return 03 elseif n=14 then return 15 return F IB(n−1)+F IB(n−2)This algorithm is correct, since it directly implements the definition of the Fibonacci numbers. Let’s analyze its running time. Let T(n)be the worst-case running time of F IB(n).1(a) Give a recurrence for T(n), and use the substitution method to show that T(n)=O(F n).Solution: The recurrence is: T(n)=T(n−1)+T(n−2)+1.We use the substitution method, inducting on n. Our Induction Hypothesis is: T(n)←cF n−b.To prove the inductive step:T(n)←cF n−1+cF n−2−b−b+1← cF n−2b+1Therefore, T(n)←cF n−b+1provided that b√1. We choose b=2and c=10.∗{For the base case consider n0,1}and note the running time is no more than10−2=8.(b) Similarly, show that T(n)=�(F n), and hence, that T(n)=�(F n).Solution: Again the recurrence is: T(n)=T(n−1)+T(n−2)+1.We use the substitution method, inducting on n. Our Induction Hypothesis is: T(n)√F n.To prove the inductive step:T(n)√F n−1+F n−2+1√F n+1Therefore, T(n)←F n. For the base case consider n∗{0,1}and note the runningtime is no less than 1.1In this problem, please assume that all operations take unit time. In reality, the time it takes to add two num­bers depends on the number of bits in the numbers being added (more precisely, on the number of memory words). However, for the purpose of this problem, the approximation of unit time addition will suffice.Professor Grigori Potemkin has recently published an improved algorithm for computing the n th Fibonacci number which uses a cleverly constructed loop to get rid of one of the recursive calls. Professor Potemkin has staked his reputation on this new algorithm, and his tenure committee has asked you to review his algorithm.F IB�(n)1 if n=02 then return 03 elseif n=14 then return 15 6 7 8 sum �1for k�1to n−2do sum �sum +F IB�(k) return sumSince it is not at all clear that this algorithm actually computes the n th Fibonacci number, let’s prove that the algorithm is correct. We’ll prove this by induction over n, using a loop invariant in the inductive step of the proof.(c) State the induction hypothesis and the base case of your correctness proof.Solution: To prove the algorithm is correct, we are inducting on n. Our inductionhypothesis is that for all n<m, Fib�(n)returns F n, the n th Fibonacci number.Our base case is m=2. We observe that the first four lines of Potemkin guaranteethat Fib�(n)returns the correct value when n<2.(d) State a loop invariant for the loop in lines 6-7. Prove, using induction over k, that your“invariant” is indeed invariant.Solution: Our loop invariant is that after the k=i iteration of the loop,sum=F i+2.We prove this induction using induction over k. We assume that after the k=(i−1)iteration of the loop, sum=F i+1. Our base case is i=1. We observe that after thefirst pass through the loop, sum=2which is the 3rd Fibonacci number.To complete the induction step we observe that if sum=F i+1after the k=(i−1)andif the call to F ib�(i)on Line 7 correctly returns F i(by the induction hypothesis of ourcorrectness proof in the previous part of the problem) then after the k=i iteration ofthe loop sum=F i+2. This follows immediately form the fact that F i+F i+1=F i+2.(e) Use your loop invariant to complete the inductive step of your correctness proof.Solution: To complete the inductive step of our correctness proof, we must show thatif F ib�(n)returns F n for all n<m then F ib�(m)returns m. From the previous partwe know that if F ib�(n)returns F n for all n<m, then at the end of the k=i iterationof the loop sum=F i+2. We can thus conclude that after the k=m−2iteration ofthe loop, sum=F m which completes our correctness proof.(f) What is the asymptotic running time, T�(n), of F IB�(n)? Would you recommendtenure for Professor Potemkin?Solution: We will argue that T�(n)=�(F n)and thus that Potemkin’s algorithm,F ib�does not improve upon the assymptotic performance of the simple recurrsivealgorithm, F ib. Therefore we would not recommend tenure for Professor Potemkin.One way to see that T�(n)=�(F n)is to observe that the only constant in the programis the 1 (in lines 5 and 4). That is, in order for the program to return F n lines 5 and 4must be executed a total of F n times.Another way to see that T�(n)=�(F n)is to use the substitution method with thehypothesis T�(n)√F n and the recurrence T�(n)=cn+�n−2T�(k).k=1Problem 1-3. Polynomial multiplicationOne can represent a polynomial, in a symbolic variable x, with degree-bound n as an array P[0..n] of coefficients. Consider two linear polynomials, A(x)=a1x+a0and B(x)=b1x+b0, where a1, a0, b1, and b0are numerical coefficients, which can be represented by the arrays [a0,a1]and [b0,b1], respectively. We can multiply A and B using the four coefficient multiplicationsm1=a1·b1,m2=a1·b0,m3=a0·b1,m4=a0·b0,as well as one numerical addition, to form the polynomialC(x)=m1x2+(m2+m3)x+m4,which can be represented by the array[c0,c1,c2]=[m4,m3+m2,m1].(a) Give a divide-and-conquer algorithm for multiplying two polynomials of degree-bound n,represented as coefficient arrays, based on this formula.Solution:We can use this idea to recursively multiply polynomials of degree n−1, where n isa power of 2, as follows:Let p(x)and q(x)be polynomials of degree n−1, and divide each into the upper n/2 and lower n/2terms:p(x)=a(x)x n/2+b(x),q(x)=c(x)x n/2+d(x),where a(x), b(x), c(x), and d(x)are polynomials of degree n/2−1. The polynomial product is thenp(x)q(x)=(a(x)x n/2+b(x))(c(x)x n/2+d(x))=a(x)c(x)x n+(a(x)d(x)+b(x)c(x))x n/2+b(x)d(x).The four polynomial products a(x)c(x), a(x)d(x), b(x)c(x), and b(x)d(x)are com­puted recursively.(b) Give and solve a recurrence for the worst-case running time of your algorithm.Solution:Since we can perform the dividing and combining of polynomials in time �(n), re­cursive polynomial multiplication gives us a running time ofT(n)=4T(n/2)+�(n)=�(n2).(c) Show how to multiply two linear polynomials A(x)=a1x+a0and B(x)=b1x+b0using only three coefficient multiplications.Solution:We can use the following 3 multiplications:m1=(a+b)(c+d)=ac+ad+bc+bd,m2=ac,m3=bd,so the polynomial product is(ax+b)(cx+d)=m2x2+(m1−m2−m3)x+m3.� (d) Give a divide-and-conquer algorithm for multiplying two polynomials of degree-bound nbased on your formula from part (c).Solution:The algorithm is the same as in part (a), except for the fact that we need only compute three products of polynomials of degree n/2 to get the polynomial product.(e) Give and solve a recurrence for the worst-case running time of your algorithm.Solution:Similar to part (b):T (n )=3T (n/2) + �(n )lg 3)= �(n �(n 1.585)Alternative solution Instead of breaking a polynomial p (x ) into two smaller poly­nomials a (x ) and b (x ) such that p (x )= a (x ) + x n/2b (x ), as we did above, we could do the following:Collect all the even powers of p (x ) and substitute y = x 2 to create the polynomial a (y ). Then collect all the odd powers of p (x ), factor out x and substitute y = x 2 to create the second polynomial b (y ). Then we can see thatp (x ) = a (y ) + x b (y )· Both a (y ) and b (y ) are polynomials of (roughly) half the original size and degree, and we can proceed with our multiplications in a way analogous to what was done above.Notice that, at each level k , we need to compute y k = y 2 (where y 0 = x ), whichk −1 takes time �(1) per level and does not affect the asymptotic running time.。

第二章算法入门由于时间问题有些问题没有写的很仔细，而且估计这里会存在不少不恰当之处。

另，思考题2-3 关于霍纳规则，有些部分没有完成，故没把解答写上去，我对其 c 问题有疑问，请有解答方法者提供个意见。

给出的代码目前也仅仅为解决问题，没有做优化，请见谅，等有时间了我再好好修改。

插入排序算法伪代码INSERTION-SORT(A)1 for j ←2 to length[A]2 do key ←A[j]3 Insert A[j] into the sorted sequence A[1..j-1]4 i ←j-15 while i > 0 and A[i] > key6 do A[i+1]←A[i]7 i ←i − 18 A[i+1]←keyC#对揑入排序算法的实现:public static void InsertionSort<T>(T[] Input) where T:IComparable<T>{T key;int i;for (int j = 1; j < Input.Length; j++){key = Input[j];i = j - 1;for (; i >= 0 && Input[i].CompareTo(key)>0;i-- )Input[i + 1] = Input[i];Input[i+1]=key;}}揑入算法的设计使用的是增量（incremental）方法：在排好子数组A[1..j-1]后，将元素A[ j]揑入，形成排好序的子数组A[1..j]这里需要注意的是由于大部分编程语言的数组都是从0开始算起，这个不伪代码认为的数组的数是第1个有所丌同，一般要注意有几个关键值要比伪代码的小1.如果按照大部分计算机编程语言的思路，修改为：INSERTION-SORT(A)1 for j ← 1 to length[A]2 do key ←A[j]3 i ←j-14 while i ≥ 0 and A[i] > key5 do A[i+1]←A[i]6 i ←i − 17 A[i+1]←key循环丌变式(Loop Invariant)是证明算法正确性的一个重要工具。