2016年自考英语二教材课文讲义unit11

自考英语(二)课文翻译Unit One What Is a Decision ?何为决策 ?A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available. The purpose of making a decision is to establish and achieve organizational goals and objectives. The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists, goals or objectives are wrong, or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them.决策是一种选择，来自可以获得的、任择其一的行动步骤。

作决策的意图是要确立和实现机构的目标和目的。

作决策的原因是有问题存在、目标和目的不正确、或者有某种东西妨碍目标或目的的实现。

Thus the decision-making process is fundamental to management. Almost everything a manager does involves decisions, indeed, some suggest that the management process is decision making. Although managers cannot predict the future, many of their decisions require that they consider possible future events. Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance, but since uncertainty is always there, risk accompanies decisions . Sometimes the consequence s of a poor decision are slight; at other times they are serious.因此，作决策的过程对管理人员来说至关重要。

自考综合英语（二）下册详解第十一课上1. ……and found Trevor sitting by himself in the smoking room drinking.sitting现在分词，作宾语补足语Smoking room：（俱乐部内）为吸烟的成员所设饮酒、谈话的场所。

eg：此处drinking是现在分词，作状语表示伴随，修饰sitting……。

在英语里drink后面如果不跟任何表示饲料的名词，则表示饮酒，试比较下列例句drink的意思：eg：——Would you like some sherry？您想喝点雪利酒吗？eg：——No thanks. I don’t drink.谢谢，我不喝酒。

eg：Xiao Han neither smokes nor drinks.小韩既不抽烟，也不喝酒。

eg：He drinks too much.他饮酒太多。

eg：He was so thirsty that he drank two bottles of mineral water.他太渴了，喝了两瓶矿泉水。

2.“Well ，Alan，did you finish the picture all right？” “艾伦，你的画画完了吗？”all right：in a satisfactory manner；satisfactorily（副词）以满意的方式；（形容词）令人满意的eg：Are you getting along all right with your college friends？你和大学里的伴侣关系还行吗？eg：I think her performance is quite all right.我觉得她的表演相当令人满意。

All right在不同的场合用不同的语调表达不同的意思，学生要按照上下文确定其意思。

3.“I shall .probably find him waitingfor me when I go home，but，of course，you are only joking.”我回到家没准会看到他在等我呢。

Unit 7 Inner VoiceI. New words and expressionsNew words1. inner adj. 内心的；隐藏的2. precisely adv. 准确地；恰好地preciseprecision联想：accurate, accuracy比较：simply, possibly, subtly, truly / definitely, rarely, fortunately, likely / luckily, heavily3. bombard v. 大肆抨击；连珠炮似地质问；提供过多信息，4. dreaded adj. 令人害怕的；可怕的5. small talk n. 寒喧；闲谈；聊天6. hesitation n. 犹豫hesitatehesitanthesitancy / hesitation7. wonder v. 想知道；想弄明白；琢磨n. 奇迹wonder wh-…do / work wonders / miracles8. prompt v. 促使；导致；激起9. complete adj. （用以强调）完全的，彻底的10. upset adj. 难过的；不高兴的；沮丧的11. roll v. （使）翻滚，滚动12. despite prep. 即使；尽管despite / in spite of that fact that …13. feeble adj. 无效的；无力的14. attempt n./ v. 企图；试图；尝试attempted15. wipe v.（用布、手等）擦干净，抹掉16. profusely adv. 大量地；连连地17. address v. 写（收信人）姓名地址；致函18. receptionist n. 接待员19. attach v. 把…固定，把…附（在…上）attach …to…attached 依恋的；附加的；附属的attachment 依恋；附件20. emotion n. 强烈的感情；情感；情绪emotionalemotionless21. contain v. 控制，克制，抑制（感情）22. apparently adv. 据…所知；看来；显然23. overwhelming adj. 巨大的；压倒性的；无法抗拒的overwhelming problemsan overwhelmed person联想：surprised / surprisingexcited / excitingamazed / amazingdisappointed / disappointingfrightened / frighting注意：excited eyes / expressions / looks24. scream v. 高声喊，大声叫Phrases and Expressions1. be lost in one's thought陷入沉思2. break down 失败3. come up with找到（答案等）；想出4. drop…off （顺路）把…放下5. take one's own life自杀6. in desperation 在绝望中；走投无路7. care about sb. 关心；关怀8. take a chance 冒险9. make a difference 有作用；产生影响II. Text LearningYour Inner Voice①(1)My day started just like all the other days for the past 15 years where I get up, make some coffee, shower, get dressed and leave for the train station at precisely 7:35 A.M. to arrive at work by 8:30. While on the train I would always choose a seat away from the crowd so I can read the newspaper in peace and quiet. (2)At work I am always being bombarded with questions from coworkers, suppliers, telephone and then those dreaded meetings, so the last thing I need is some stranger to sit beside me and make small talk.本部分重点及难点：1. My day started just like all the other days for the past 15 years where I get up, make some coffee, shower, get dressed and leave for the train station at precisely 7:35 A.M. to arrive at work by 8:30.(1) where引导定语从句，先行词为days。

Unit 11 Cyber WorldA Famous QuoteThe Internet is becoming the town square for the global village of tomorrow.- Bill GatesBill Gates (1955- ), American business magnate, investor, philanthropist, and author. Gates is the former chief executive officer (CEO) and current chairman of Microsoft, the software company he founded with Paul Allen.Text A Cyber LovePre-reading Questions:1. Have you ever made a friend on the Internet? How did you develop yourfriendship?2. What suggestions can you give if one hopes to make friends on the Internet?Thanks to the late 20th century technology, Maria of Denmark and Martijin of Holland met on a chatline. For months they’ve talked and sent letters to each other with the help of their computers as they found themselves falling head over heels in love. It was then that they decided to meet in the real, not only the virtual, world. It was not easy to arrange as the young man and his lady were separated by 700 very real kilometers, but the date was a success and Maria and M artijin have been living together happily ever since. They’ve created a home page to let the world know how they’ve found happiness via the Internet and introduce couples who’ve met under similar circumstances.Throughout history men and women have used a variety of means to find each other. Internet romance, according to some, is a bizarre method, and to others it is a natural way for the 90’s to meet potential mates.Romances formed on the Internet follow a characteristic script. The development of emotional intimacy is a long progress, sometimes taking several months. “Love at first byte” is rare although there are examples. The initial light exchanges, whether by e-mail or in chat rooms, are generally followed by increasingly self-revealing topics, and then after a while, the two strangers perceive each other as a true friend. Hearts open, an avalanche of e-mail crosses cyberspace carrying literary quality, and electronic messages are even enhanced with verse and virtual gifts (flowers, kisses, animated pictures). Could any heart with romantic inclinations resist? When you reachfor the mouse with sweaty palms and butterflies in the stomach to look in the in-box for new mail –there’s just no way to escape the fact – love has arrived.How does a cyber romance vary from a real life romance? Perhaps one significant difference is that communication plays such a large part. Words that convey feelings have enormous effect. While before a real date we fix our hair and our clothes, on the Internet we polish our intellect, imagination and personality. In essence, the sequence is reversed –first we show our inner beauty and only after it has won victory does the veil fall off the physical vehicle of that personality at the time of that first meeting in person.It is a popular topic in cyberspace to debate whether or not true love can develop merely on an intellectual level, without physical attraction or the familiarity of the other’s appearance. To put in another way: Does the physical appearance of the man or woman play a part in the relationship if, through the exchange of thoughts and feelings, they already fell in love?Many say it is against the nature of love to be deprived of the sense of sight, the look, the movement, and body language being present. There are those, of course, who favor Internet relationship claiming that the intensity of the emotional relationship that develops in such a way is superior to the mere stirring of the flesh.Whatever the opinion may be on cyber love, it must be said in favor of the Internet that it puts people in touch with those who they otherwise would never have met. I would never have suspected that the first person I met by e-mail would be a German chimney sweeper, with whom, after a year of correspondence, albeit not romantic, a common interest still exists.It is silly to perceive the Net as a demon, when we determine how we meet its challenges. While there are those who can use the Net to their advantage extracting useful information, there are those who become addicts losing common sense, hopping from chat room to chat room, writing piles of e-mails full of lies to chosen victims, and whose virtual reality, the flirtation, become part of their everyday lives, as if a disease. One thing is true – the net is very addictive. According to the confession of a multiple substance addict, it was easier to give up cocaine than the IRC.In any case, keep your eyes open off-line as well. Turn off the machine and go to a dance or a club, because most woman still expect to be courted in a real, old-fashioned, and romantic way.Text B The Impact of the Internet on SocietyPre-reading Questions:1. Can you imagine what your life would be like without the Internet?2. What do you think is the impact of the Internet on society?The Internet has had a profound effect on society over the last two decades. Although it began as a government operation, over time this innovative technology eventually evolve into a public novelty. Looking at society today, one may find that the situation has certainly evolved. For many, the Internet has become an essential for daily living, no longer the fun novelty it was 10 years ago. Even a decade ago if you were to think about whether or not the Internet had a significant impact on society, the answer would likely have been probably not. While the Net may have been considered a neat innovation, it was not like anyone “needed” it.However, over time this perception has changed for many individuals in society. The Internet has become, for the most part, and absolute necessity, either by requirement or by desire. Going online has become as natural as doing other daily tasks people have traditionally done. People take it for granted that the Internet will be available, and dependency on being connected has become the norm. Both business and individuals alike depend upon the routine availability of the Internet. Due to the fact that many business, government agencies ant other organizations have navigated to the online environment, generally people require consistent access, or 24/7 access, if you will.In many ways the Internet has had a very positive effect on society. It has improved communication, simplified handling tasks and errands, offered huge convenience, enabled faster processing, and provided more options, all of which have freed more time to do other things.Yet, interestingly enough the Internet has, in some ways, had negative effects. The quality of communication has declined; people are impatient because they have become accustomed to instant gratification, and using the Internet also takes up a lot of time. As website such as Facebook and other socially based interactions increase in usage, many hours a day are consumed as people keep up with their various networks, taking away from other activities.When looking at it from the latter perspective, one may wonder whether or not the Internet has truly benefited society. Realistically, as with anything else, the Internet has its pros and cons. Tools such as e-mail and instant messaging have become the standard; social networks are quickly evolving into the next level of communication, and people enjoy their constant access. In this respect the benefits of the Internet are tremendous. This is not only evidenced by the many activities people engage in when they connect to the Internet, but also bythe continuous progression and development of mobile devices such as smart-phones.Society has evolved to the point where people expect and rely on reality available information. People also expect to receive rapid responses when doing business ad personal tasks. The Internet makes this possible. Many of the things that society takes for granted nowadays are all made possible by the development of the Internet.What kind of an impact has the Internet had on society? Wrapped up in the advantages and disadvantages one thing is for certain: the Internet has a significant effect on society. To imagine the impact all one has to do is try to envision the consequences if the Internet was suddenly removed from society. Imagine a world where the Internet was unavailable. How would it affect on you? Looking at it from this respect, for many it likely brings to light just how reliant and dependent society has become on the Internet and it would be extremely hard to turn back the clock.。

18. …he　burst into a roar of laughter. 他放声⼤笑起来。

burst into：（突然）放声（⼤笑、⾼唱、痛哭） eg ： He burst into tears when he heard the news. 听到那消息后，他放声⼤哭。

eg ： As soon as Mr. Adams entered， his Chinese colleagues burst into singing：“Happy birthday to you！” 亚当斯先⽣⼀进来，他的中国同事就⾼唱起来：“祝你⽣⽇快乐！” eg ： He burst into tears. 他突然哭了。

eg ： He burst into running. 他突然拔腿就跑。

19. “……you'll never see it again. His business　is with other men’s money.”—— He invests other men's. （Most likely he is a broker-a person who buys and sells things， for example， shares in a business， for other people. Maybe he is a banker or he runs an investment company， or that sort of thing.） .你的那⼀英镑是拿不回来了，他做的是别⼈的钱的⽣意。

（前⼀句话是开开玩笑，后⼀句指他是银⾏家或是经营投资公司。

） business　⽣意，商业 bushiness school商学院 business hours营业时间 go into business从事商业，下海经商 20.“I think you ought to have toldme， Alan，” said Hughie in a bad temper， “and have let me make such a fool of myself” “艾伦，你为什么不早告诉我？”休吉⽣⽓地说。

Lesson Eleven Selling the Post (I)Russell Baker三十年代初，时值美国经济大萧条时期，一个小男孩的父亲去世，母亲带着他和妹妹在舅舅家生活。

小男孩成了一名获奖作家之后，以轻松、幽默的文笔和略带自嘲的口吻描述了他8岁到12岁之间，在母亲的安排下，推销杂志的尝试。

他记述了他母亲如何激发他奋发图强，甚至带有强迫性地将喜爱躲在屋里看书的他推向了外面充满竞争的世界。

本文生动地刻画了母子俩和兄妹俩截然不同的性格。

1 I began working in journalism when I was eight years old. It was my mother's idea. She wanted me to make something of myself and, after a leve-lheaded appraisal of my strengths, decided I had better start young if I was to have any chance of keeping up with the competition.2 The flaw in my character which she had already spotted was lack of gumption. My idea ofa perfect afternoon was lying in front of the radio rereading my favorite Big Little Book, Dick Tracy Meets Stooge Viller. My mother despised inactivity. Seeing me having a good time in repose, she was powerless to hide her disgust. "You've got no more gumption than a bump on a log, " she said. "Get out in the kitchen and help Doris do those dirty dishes. "3 My sister Doris, though two years younger than I, had enough gumption for a dozen people. She positively enjoyed washing dishes, making beds, and cleaning the house. When she was only seven she could carry a piece of shortweighted cheese back to the A & P, threaten the manager with legal action, and come back triumphantly with the full quarter-pound we'd paid for and a few ounces extra thrown in for forgiveness. Doris could have made something of herself if she hadn't been a girl. Because of this defect, however, the best she could hope for was a career as a nurse or schoolteacher, the only work that capable females were considered up to in those days.4 This must have saddened my mother, this twist of fate that had allocated all the gumption to the daughter and left her with a son who was content with Dick Tracy and Stooge Viller. If disappointed, though, she wasted no energy on self-pity. She would make me make something of myself whether I wanted to or not. "The Lord helps those who help themselves, " she said. That was the way her mind worked.5 She was realistic about the difficulty. Having sized up the material the Lord had given her to mold, she didn't overestimate what she could do with it. She didn't insist that I grow up to be President of the United States.6 Fifty years ago parents still asked boys if they wanted to grow up to be president, and asked it not jokingly but seriously. Many parents who were hardly more than paupers still believed their sons could do it. Abraham Lincoln had done it. We were only sixty-five years from Lincoln. Many a grandfather who walked among us could remember Lincoln's time. Men of grandfatherly age were the worst for asking if you wanted to grow up to be president. A surprising number of little boys said yes and meant it.7 I was asked many times myself. No, I would say, I didn't want to grow up to be president. My mother was present during one of these interrogations. An elderly uncle, having posed the usual question and exposed my lack of interest in the presidency, asked, "Well, what do you want to be when you grow up? "8 I loved to pick through trash piles and collect empty bottles, tin cans with pretty labels, and discarded magazines. The most desirable job on earth sprang instantly to mind. "I want to be a garbage man, " I said.9 My uncle smiled, but my mother had seen the first distressing evidence of a bump budding on a log. "Have a little gumption, Russell, " she said. Her calling me Russell was a signal of unhappiness. When she approved of me I was always "Buddy. "10 When I turned eight years old she decided that the job of starting me on the road toward making something of myself could no longer be safely delayed. "Buddy, " she said one day, "I want you to come home right after school this afternoon. Somebody's coming and I want you to meet him. "11 When I burst in that afternoon she was in conference in the parlor with an executive of the Curtis Publishing Company. She introduced me. He bent low from the waist and shook my hand. Was it true as my mother had told him, he asked, that I longed for the opportunity to conquer the world of business?12 My mother replied that I was blessed with a rare determination to make something of myself.13 "That's right, " I whispered.14 "But have you got the grit, the character, the never-say-quit spirit it takes to succeed in business? "15 My mother said I certainly did.16 "That's right, " I said.17 He eyed me silently for a long pause, as though weighing whether I could be trusted to keep his confidence, then spoke man to-man. Before taking a crucial step, he said, he wanted to tell me that working for the Curtis Publishing Company placed enormous responsibility on a young man. It was one of the great companies of America. Perhaps the greatest publishing house in the world. I had heard, no doubt, of the Saturday Evening Post ?18 Heard of it? My mother said that everyone in our house had heard of the Saturday Evening Post and that I, in fact, read it with religious devotion.19 Then doubtless, he said, we were also familiar with those two monthly pillars of the magazine world, the Ladies Home Journal and the Country Gentleman.20 Indeed we were familiar with them, said my mother.21 Representing the Saturday Evening Post was one of the weightiest honors that could be bestowed in the world of business, he said. He was personally proud of being a part of that great corporation.22 My mother said he had every right to be.23 Again he studied me as though debating whether I was worthy of a knighthood. Finally: "Are you trustworthy? "24 My mother said I was the soul of honesty.25 "That's right, " I said.26 The caller smiled for the first time. He told me I was a lucky young man. He admired my spunk. Too many young men thought life was all play. Those young men would not go far in this world. Only a young man willing to work and save and keep his face washed and his hair neatly combed could hope to come out on top in a world such as ours. Did I truly and sincerely believe that I was such a young man?27 "He certainly does, " said my mother.28 "That's right, " I said.29 He said he had been so impressed by what he has seen of me that he was going to makeme a representative of the Curtis Publishing Company. On the following Tuesday, he said, thirty freshly printed copies of the Saturday Evening Post would be delivered at our door. I would place these magazines, still damp with the ink of presses, in a handsome canvas bag, sling it over my shoulder, and set forth through the streets to bring the best in journalism, fiction, and cartoons to the American public.30 He had brought the canvas bag with him. He presented it with reverence fit for a religious object. He showed me how to drape the sling over my left shoulder and across the chest so that the pouch lay easily accessible to my right hand, allowing the best in journalism, fiction, and cartoons to be swiftly extracted and sold to a citizenry whose happiness and security depended upon us soldiers of the free press.31 The following Tuesday I raced home from school, put the bag over my shoulder, dumped the magazines in, and, tilting to the left to balance their weight on my right hip, embarked on the highway of journalism.11 推销《星期六晚间邮报》八岁时我开始在新闻界工作，那是我母亲的主意。

Unit 11 Cyber WorldA Famous QuoteThe Internet is becoming the town square for the globalvillage of tomorrow.- Bill GatesBill Gates (1955- ), American business magnate, investor, philanthropist, andofauthor. Gates is the former chief executive officer (CEO) and current chairman Microsoft,the software company he founded with Paul Allen.Text A Cyber LovePre-reading Questions:1.Have you ever made a friend on the Internet? How did you develop your friendship?2.What suggestions can you give if one hopes to make friends on the Internet?Thanks to the late 20 th century technology, Maria of Denmark and Martijinof Holland met on a chatline. For months they ’ vetalked and sent letters toeach other with the help of their computers as they found themselves fallinghead over heels in love. It was then that they decided to meet in the real, notonly the virtual, world. It was not easy to arrange as the young man and hislady were separated by 700 very real kilometers, but the date was a successand Maria and M artijin have been living together happily ever since. They ’ ve created a home page to let the world know how they ’ ve found happiness viathe Internet and introduce couples who ’ ve met under similar circumstances.Throughout history men and women have used a variety of means to findeach other. Internet romance, according to some, is a bizarre method, and toothers it is a natural way for the 90 ’ s to meet potential mates.Romances formed on the Internet follow a characteristic script. The development of emotional intimacy is a long progress, sometimes takingseveral months. “ Love at first byte ” is rare although there are examples. Theinitial light exchanges, whether by e-mail or in chat rooms, are generallyfollowed by increasingly self-revealing topics, and then after a while, the twostrangers perceive each other as a true friend. Hearts open, an avalanche ofe-mail crosses cyberspace carrying literary quality, and electronic messagesare even enhanced with verse and virtual gifts (flowers, kisses, animated pictures). Could any heart with romantic inclinations resist? When you reachfor the mouse with sweaty palms and butterflies in the stomach to look in the in-box for new mail –there ’ s just no way to escape the fact love has –arrived.How does a cyber romance vary from a real life romance? Perhaps one significant difference is that communication plays such a large part. Words thatconvey feelings have enormous effect. While before a real date we fix our hairand our clothes, on the Internet we polish our intellect, imagination and personality. In essence, the sequence is reversed –first we show our innerbeauty and only after it has won victory does the veil fall off the physicalvehicle of that personality at the time of that first meeting in person.It is a popular topic in cyberspace to debate whether or not true love candevelop merely on an intellectual level, without physical attraction or thefamiliarity of the other ’ s appearance. To put in another way: Does the physical appearance of the man or woman play a part in the relationship if, through the exchange of thoughts and feelings, they already fell in love?Many say it is against the nature of love to be deprived of the sense ofsight, the look, the movement, and body language being present. There arethose, of course, who favor Internet relationship claiming that the intensity ofthe emotional relationship that develops in such a way is superior to themere stirring of the flesh.Whatever the opinion may be on cyber love, it must be said in favor of theInternet that it puts people in touch with those who they otherwise would neverhave met. I would never have suspected that the first person I met by e-mailwould be a German chimney sweeper, with whom, after a year of correspondence, albeit not romantic, a common interest still exists.It is silly to perceive the Net as a demon, when we determine how we meet its challenges. While there are those who can use the Net to their advantageextracting useful information, there are those who become addicts losing common sense, hopping from chat room to chat room, writing piles of e-mails full of lies to chosen victims, and whose virtual reality, the flirtation,become part of their everyday lives, as if a disease. One thing is true –the net isvery addictive. According to the confession of a multiple substance addict, it waseasier to give up cocaine than the IRC.In any case, keep your eyes open off-line as well. Turn off the machineand go to a dance or a club, because most woman still expect to be courtedin a real, old-fashioned, and romantic way.Text B The Impact of the Internet on SocietyPre-reading Questions:1.Can you imagine what your life would be like without the Internet?2.What do you think is the impact of the Internet on society?The Internet has had a profound effect on society over the last two decades. Although it began as a government operation, over time this innovative technology eventually evolve into a public novelty. Looking at society today, one may find that the situation has certainly evolved. For many,the Internet has become an essential for daily living, no longer the fun noveltyit was 10 years ago. Even a decade ago if you were to think about whether ornot the Internet had a significant impact on society, the answer would likely have been probably not. While the Net may have been considered a neat innovation, it was not like anyone “ needed” it.However, over time this perception has changed for many individuals in society. The Internet has become, for the most part, and absolute necessity,either by requirement or by desire. Going online has become as natural as doing other daily tasks people have traditionally done. People take it for granted that the Internet will be available, and dependency on being connected has become the norm. Both business and individuals alike dependupon the routine availability of the Internet. Due to the fact that many business, government agencies ant other organizations have navigated to the online environment, generally people require consistent access, or 24/7 access, if you will.In many ways the Internet has had a very positive effect on society. It has improved communication, simplified handling tasks and errands, offered huge convenience, enabled faster processing, and provided more options, all of which have freed more time to do other things.Yet, interestingly enough the Internet has, in some ways, had negative effects. The quality of communication has declined; people are impatient because they have become accustomed to instant gratification, and using the Internet also takes up a lot of time. As website such as Facebook and other socially based interactions increase in usage, many hours a day are consumedas people keep up with their various networks, taking away from other activities.When looking at it from the latter perspective, one may wonder whether ornot the Internet has truly benefited society. Realistically, as with anything else,the Internet has its pros and cons. Tools such as e-mail and instant messaginghave become the standard; social networks are quickly evolving into the nextlevel of communication, and people enjoy their constant access. In this respectthe benefits of the Internet are tremendous. This is not only evidenced by themany activities people engage in when they connect to the Internet, but also bythe continuous progression and development of mobile devices such as smart-phones.Society has evolved to the point where people expect and rely on reality available information. People also expect to receive rapid responses when doing business ad personal tasks. The Internet makes this possible. Many ofthe things that society takes for granted nowadays are all made possible bythe development of the Internet.What kind of an impact has the Internet had on society? Wrapped up inthe advantages and disadvantages one thing is for certain: the Internet has a significant effect on society. To imagine the impact all one has to do is try to envision the consequences if the Internet was suddenly removed from society. Imagine a world where the Internet was unavailable. How would it affect on you? Looking at it from this respect, for many it likely brings to light just how reliant and dependent society has become on the Internet and it would be extremely hard to turn back the clock.。

11-A. Sacrificed to Science?A为科学而献身？Professor Colin Blakemore works at Oxford University Medical School doing research into eye problems and believes that animal research has given humans many benefits: 科林·布莱克默教授在牛津大学医学院做眼科研究工作，他相信对动物的研究会给人类带来很多好处：The use of animals has been central to the development of anaesthetics, vaccines and treatments for diabetes, cancer, developmental disorders...most of the major medical advances have been based on a background of animal research and development.使用动物对于麻醉学和疫苗的发展，对糖尿病、癌症和发育紊乱的治疗等等都极为重要的意义。

大多数重大的医疗发展都建立在对动物的研究和开发的背景上。

There are those who think the tests are simply unnecessary. The International Association Against Painful Experiments on Animals is an organization that promotes the use of alternative methods of research which do not make animals suffer. Their spokesman Colin Smith says: 有些人认为这些试验是毫无必要的。

自考英语二教材课文讲义u n i t文档编制序号：[KK8UY-LL9IO69-TTO6M3-MTOL89-FTT688]Unit 1 The Power of Language?I. New words and expressions New words1. critical adj. 有判断力的；判断公正（或审慎）的2. non-fiction n. 纪实文学3. position n. 观点；态度；立场4. statement n. 说明；说法；表态5.?question?v. 表示疑问；怀疑out of question / out of the question6. evaluate v. 估计；评价；评估7. context n. 事情发生的背景，环境，来龙去脉8.?value?n. values [pl.]是非标准；价值观valuableinvaluable=pricelessvalueless9. represent?v. 描述；表现representative adj./n.10. assertion n. 明确肯定；断言11. sufficient?adj.?足够的；充足的sufficiencyinsufficient12. statistic n. statistics [pl.]统计数字；统计资料13. integrate v.（使）合并，成为一体14. authority?n.专家；学术权威；泰斗an/the authority on sth.authorize15. compare?v. 比较；对比compare A with Bcompare A to B16. subject n. 主题；题目；题材17. consistent adj. 相符的；符合的18. inconsistency n. 不一致19. assumption n. 假定；假设20. case?n. 具体情况；事例in casein case of firein case that…a case in pointconfirmed/suspected cases21. directly adv. 直接地；径直地22. identify v. 找到；发现23. valid?adj. 符合逻辑的；合理的；确凿的validity n. 有效性，正确（性）invalid24. credible?adj. 可信的；可靠的incredible=unbelievable25. landmark n.（标志重要阶段的）里程碑26. relevant?adj. 紧密相关的；切题的relevancy n. 关联；恰当irrelevant27. current adj. 现时发生的；当前的28. appropriate?adj. 合适的；恰当的inappropriateIt's (not) appropriate that ….29. bias n. 偏见；偏心；偏向30. considerably?adv. 非常；很；相当多地considerconsideringconsiderableconsiderateconsideration31. Democrat n. （美国）民主党党员，民主党支持者民32. Republican n. （美国）共和党党员，共和党支持者33. reflect v. 显示；表明；表达34. informed?adj. 有学问的；有见识的well-informedill-informedPhrases and Expressions1. apply to 使用；应用2. put forth 提出；产生3. take … into account 考虑到；顾及4. accept/take … at face value 相信表面；信以为真5. with a grain of salt 有保留地；持怀疑态度地II. Text LearningCritical Reading①?(1)Critical reading?applies to?non-fiction writing?in which?the author?puts forth a position?or seeks to make a statement.?Critical reading is active reading. It involves more than just（不只是，不仅仅是） understanding what an author is saying. Critical reading involves questioning and evaluating what the author is saying, and forming your own opinions about what the author is saying.?Here are the things you should do to be a critical reader.（启下句）本部分重点及难点：1. Critical reading?applies to?non-fiction writing?in which?the author?puts forth a position?or seeks to make a statement. apply to sb./sth.= be applicable to sb./sth.apply的派生词：application, applicant, applicable②?Consider the context of what is written. You may be reading something that was written by an author from a different cultural context?than?yours.?(2)Or, you may be reading something written?some time?ago in a different time context than yours.?(3)In either case, you must recognize and take into account any differences between your values and attitudes and those represented by the author.?本部分重点及难点：2. Or, you may be reading something written?some time?ago in a different time context than yours.some time注意区分：sometime / sometimes / some times3.?In either case, you must recognize and?take into account?any differences between your?values andattitudes?and?those?represented by the author. 不论哪种情况，你必须注意并考虑你的价值观和态度与作者所述的价值观和态度有何不同。

00015英语二课文精讲讲义（11）Unit 11 Cyber World (网络世界)据不完全统计，全球网民数量接近25亿，而中国的网民数量已突破6亿。

比尔盖茨曾说过: The Internet is becoming the town square for the global village of tomorrow. (互联网正成为明日地球村的中心广场)Text A Cyberlove (网恋)短文共9个段落，领读课文和单词！一：本课重点词汇讲解，学习1.variety: n 各种各样；vary: v变化，不同；various: adj各种各样的如：1). They are seeking financial support from various sources.2). The music itself has so much variety.2.romance: n恋爱； romantic: adj如：We thought that Egypt was an incredibly romantic country.arre: adj 奇怪的，异乎寻常的如：They saw a bizarre animal in the lake.4.potential: adj潜在的； n 潜能如：1).We are aware of the potential problems and have taken every precaution.2).The boy has great potential.5.intimacy:n 关系亲密；intimate:adj如：1). I discussed with my intimate friends whether I would immediately have a baby.2).Americans want intimacy at a distance.6.initial: adj最初的，开始的 n 首字母如：1). After she'd overcome her initial shyness, she became very friendly.2).D is the initial letter of the word day.7.perceive: v认为； perception: n 知觉，观念如：1). We have to change the public’s perception that money is being wasted.2). What do you perceive as the Seven Wonders of the World?8.literary: adj文学的； literature: n文学如：Literary works of this kind are well received by the masses.这样的文学作品很受群众欢迎10.inclination: n倾向，意愿；incline: v 趋向于，有。

自考基础英语下册重点笔记：第11课Lesson Eleven Investment Demand重点词汇及短语crucial adj.决定性的，关系重大的reference n．参考emphasize n．强调，相当于stimulus n．刺激物，激励物，其复数形式为stimulitake the lead领导，带头in bulk大量地come up against面对……困难，遇到……问题national income国民收入the life of a government政府的年限business investment expenditure企业投资支出in a swarm成群，大批investment demand 投资需求business expectation 企业预测innovational advances 创新进步money market货币市场重点语段解析(1)Indeed, while economists often stress the relative dependability of consumer spending at a given level of national income they usually point out the great variability of business investment spending．实际上，在经济学家经常强调在国民收入的必然水平上，消费者开销的相对可靠性的同时，他们也经常指出企业投资支出的巨大易变性。

①stress vt．强调。

例句：He stressed the importance of foreign investment in our economy．他强调了外来投资在我国经济中的重要性。

②given在句中是“必然的”，也可当“考虑到，假若”讲。

③point out指出。

例句：Please point out my defects directly.请直接指出我的缺点。

2016年自考英语二教材课文讲义u n i t4(总8页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--Unit 4 The Joy of WorkI. New words and expressions New words1. blessing n. 好事；有益之事2. subsistence n. 勉强维持生活；生计3. sugar cane n. 甘蔗4. corn n. 玉米5. hog n. 猪6. cash n. 现金7. dairy adj. 乳品业的；生产乳品的 n. 牛奶场；乳制品区分：dairy / diary8. complain v. 抱怨；埋怨；发牢骚complaintcomplain to sb. about sth.complain of a splitting headache9. carpenter n. 木工；木匠10. committed adj. 尽心尽力的：坚信的；坚定的commit an errorcommit a crimecommit suicidecommit oneself to (doing) sth.be committed to (doing) sth.commitment11. brick n. 砖；砖块12. hammer n. 锤子；榔头13. escort n. 护送者；护卫队14. remind v. 提醒；使想起15. victim n. 受害者；牺牲品fall victim to sth.16. ideology n. 意识形态：观念形态17. terrorism n. 恐怖主义18. depression n. 萧条期；经济衰退；不景气depressdepressed 沮丧的；萧条的19. unrest n. 动荡；动乱；骚动20. illegal adj. 不合法的；非法的；违法的il是in的变体，否定前缀，再如：illogicalir, im都是in的变体，如：irregular, irresponsible, imbalanced, impossible, immobile21. immigrant n.（外来）移民；外侨22. trafficking n. 非法交易；非法买卖c结尾的词变形时先加k，如trafficker, panicker, picnicker, trafficking, panicking 23. dealer n. 贩毒者；毒品贩子deal in sth.car / drug dealerdeal with sth.24. gang n. 一帮，一群，一伙（闹事、斗殴的年轻人）25. contribute v. 增加；增进；添加（到某物）26. quit v. 停止；戒掉Phrases and Expressions1. bring in 赚得；挣2. eke out a living 竭力维持生计；勉强度日3. sink in被完全理解；被充分意识到4. look forward to（高兴地）盼望，期待5. over and over again 多次；反复地；一再6. be prepared for 准备好；有所准备7. believe in 认为某事好（对、可接受）II. Text LearningWork Is a Blessing① I grew up in Lakeland, Louisiana, one of 12 children. We all lived on myparents' subsistence farm（自给自足的农场）. We grew cotton, sugar cane, corn, hogs, chickens and had a large garden, but it didn't bring in much cash. So whenI was 12, I got a part-time job on a dairy farm down the road, helping to milk cows. We milked 65 cows at 5 in the morning, and again at 2 in the afternoon, seven daysa week.② In the kitchen one Saturday before daylight, I remember complaining to myfather and grandfather about having to go milk those cows. My father said, "Ya know, boy, to work is a blessing."③ I looked at those two men who'd worked harder than I ever had - my father eking out a living on that farm, and my grandfather farming and working as a carpenter during the Depression. (1)I had a feeling I had been told something really important, but it took many years before it sank in.（承上、总结的话）④ Going to college was a rare privilege for a kid from Lakeland, Louisiana. My father told me if I picked something to study that I liked doing, I'd always look forward to my work. But he also added, "Even having a job you hate is better than not having a job at all." I wanted to be a farmer, but I joined the ROTC（美）后备军官训练队，预备役军官训练营（Reserve Officers' Training Corps） program tohelp pay for college.(2)And what started out as an obligation to the Army became a way of life that I stayed committed to for 37 years, three months and three days.本部分重点及难点：1. I had a feeling I had been told something really important, but it took many years before it sank in. 我有种感觉--父亲跟我说了一些确实重要的东西，但许多年后我才真正理解。