Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Cysteamine on Performance

nnk是烟草中特有的一种物质，可以诱导肺癌的发生。

卷烟燃烧可产生4000多种化学物质，其中40余种有明确的诱变/致癌性。

主要的致癌物有烟草特有亚硝胺（TSNA）、苯并（a）芘、多环芳烃（PAH），芳香胺、苯、二嗯英、儿茶酚及致癌的醌、肼类等。

TSNA是尼古丁被亚硝化的产物，4-（甲基亚硝氨基）-3-吡啶-1-丁酮（NNK）是已知7种TSNA中最强的致癌源。

NNK在主流、侧流烟气及不燃烧的烟草中均大量存在。

NNK是卷烟致癌的主要标志物，尼古丁是吸烟成瘾的主要原因。

Efficient Bioelectronic Actuation of the Natural Catalytic Pathway ofHuman Metabolic Cytochrome P450sSadagopan Krishnan,†Dhanuka Wasalathanthri,†Linlin Zhao,†John B. Schenkman,‡and James F. Rusling*,†,‡Herein, we describe fabrication of LbL films made by combining pure cyt P450s with CPR microsomes on electrodes to achieve a large ratio of cyt P450 to CPR (Figure 1), as in the human liver.1,2,40 Electrons are injected into the film from the electrode to accurately mimic the natural cyt P450 catalytic cycle at high catalytic turnover.We provide unambiguous evidence for electron transfer from electrode to CPR to cyt P450 from measured redox potentials, electron transfer rates, enzyme turnover rates, and carbon monoxide (CO) binding. Results suggest dynamic participation of a CPR-cyt P450 complex in a key equilibrium redox process facilitating efficient catalytic turnover of the excess cyt P450s. In addition, the electrode-driven turnover rate for a model oxidation reaction was as good as or better than when NADPH was utilized.这里我们主要叙述了层层膜结构通过将纯的P450酶和P450还原酶连接到电极上来实现像人体中从P450酶到P450还原酶一个较大差异，电子从电极中被送到膜中，准确模拟再高催化转化情况下的p450的催化过程。

华南农业大学学报 Journal of South China Agricultural University 2024, 45(1): 15-22DOI: 10.7671/j.issn.1001-411X.202209038赵伟杰, 冯晓华, 梁競文, 等. 甘露寡糖干预采食高脂饲粮罗曼蛋鸡的脂肪肝综合征[J]. 华南农业大学学报, 2024, 45(1): 15-22.ZHAO Weijie, FENG Xiaohua, LIANG Jingwen, et al. Intervention of mannan oligosaccharide on fatty liver syndrome in Roman laying hens fed high-fatdiet[J]. Journal of South China Agricultural University, 2024, 45(1): 15-22.甘露寡糖干预采食高脂饲粮罗曼蛋鸡的脂肪肝综合征赵伟杰，冯晓华，梁競文，莫颖芬，朱灿俊，束　刚，高　萍，王松波，王丽娜，江青艳(华南农业大学 动物科学学院/广东省动物营养调控重点实验室, 广东 广州 510642)摘要: 【目的】研究日粮添加甘露寡糖(Mannose oligosaccharide，MOS)对罗曼蛋鸡脂肪肝综合征及肠道菌群的影响。

【方法】试验选取80只230日龄的罗曼蛋鸡，分为4组，每组20只。

分别为普通日粮组(CK组)，高脂日粮组(HFD组)，高脂日粮+0.1%(w)甘露寡糖组(0.1% MOS组)，高脂日粮+0.5%(w)甘露寡糖组(0.5% MOS组)。

试验第9周采集蛋鸡血清、肝脏、腹脂及肠道内容物，通过血清指标、肝脏中相关基因表达分析及肠道微生物测序等，探讨甘露寡糖对蛋鸡脂肪肝发生的调控作用。

【结果】高脂日粮显著提高了罗曼蛋鸡体质量、肝脏质量、肝脏指数、腹脂质量和腹脂指数，并诱发蛋鸡脂肪肝；甘露寡糖显著降低了高脂日粮引起的蛋鸡体质量、肝脏质量和腹脂质量增加；甘露寡糖显著抑制了高脂日粮引起的蛋鸡血清脂肪含量和肝脏中的脂肪沉积增加，抑制了肝脏中脂肪合成基因ACC、FAS和SCREBP-1c的mRNA表达水平，并缓解了蛋鸡脂肪肝；甘露寡糖显著提高了蛋鸡盲肠中拟杆菌门Bacteroidetes的相对丰度，显著降低了厚壁菌门Firmicutes的相对丰度。

饲料研究发表论文最新题目近年来，随着畜牧业的快速发展，饲料研究成为了一个备受瞩目的领域。

饲料质量的好坏直接影响着畜产品的品质和产量，因此需要深入研究饲料的组成和营养价值，以期为畜牧业的发展提供科学的依据。

本文将介绍几篇近期发表的关于饲料研究的论文，并且从中探讨相关的一些问题。

1. Effects of dietary supplementation of chitosan oligosaccharide on growth performance, antioxidant capacity and immune function of juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus)这篇文章研究了多糖对青鱼生长性能、免疫功能和抗氧化能力的影响。

结果显示，与对照组相比，添加多糖组的青鱼生长效果更好；同时，多糖组的免疫能力和抗氧化能力也有明显的提高。

这表明，多糖可以作为一种养殖用的饲料添加剂，提高鱼类的生长性能和免疫功能。

2. Effects of dietary supplementation with fermented quinoa on growth performance, immune function andintestinal microbiota in weaned piglets这篇论文主要研究了发酵藜麦对断奶仔猪生长性能、免疫功能和肠道微生物组成的影响。

实验结果显示，添加发酵藜麦组的断奶仔猪生长率显著高于对照组，同时免疫功能和肠道微生物组成也得到了调节。

这证明了添加发酵藜麦可以作为一种有效的饲料添加剂，提高仔猪生长性能、免疫功能和肠道微生物组成。

3. Effects of high temperature on nutrientdigestibility and metabolism in broiler chickens fed acorn-soybean basal diet这篇文章研究了高温对玉米-大豆饲料的热值以及鸡儿营养消化和代谢的影响。

应用Illumina NovaSeq测序技术比较3 种杂粮对大鼠肠道菌群的影响王勇，宋歌，庞邵杰，綦文涛*（国家粮食和物资储备局科学研究院，北京 100037）摘 要：为探究燕麦、荞麦和小米对健康大鼠肠道结构、肠道菌群及肠道中短链脂肪酸（short-chain fatty acids，SCFAs）含量的影响，本实验将48 只SPF级雄性SD大鼠随机分为4 组（空白对照组（饲喂标准维持饲料）、燕麦组（饲喂含22%（质量分数，下同）燕麦的饲料）、荞麦组（饲喂含22%荞麦的饲料）和小米组（饲喂含22%小米的饲料）），每周测定大鼠体质量，12 周后处死大鼠，取肝脏、结肠组织及结肠内容物，对大鼠肝脏和结肠组织进行病理学检测；应用Illumina NovaSeq高通量测序技术检测大鼠肠道菌群变化；利用液相色谱-质谱联用仪检测大鼠结肠内容物SCFAs含量。

结果表明，燕麦可增加大鼠肠道菌群多样性，提高大鼠结肠乳杆菌属（Lactobacillus）和阿克曼氏菌属（Akkermansia）丰度；荞麦和小米可增加厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）相对丰度，降低疣微菌门（Verrucomicrobia）和拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）相对丰度；燕麦、荞麦和小米均可降低拟杆菌属（Bacteroides）丰度；燕麦和小米可显著提高大鼠结肠内乙酸和总SCFAs含量（P＜0.05），小米可显著提高丙酸和异丁酸含量（P＜0.05）。

综上，燕麦对大鼠肠道菌群具有一定的改善作用，荞麦和小米对肠道菌群的影响相似度较高，相关研究结果可为谷物功能食品的开发提供科学依据。

关键词：燕麦；荞麦；小米；肠道菌群；高通量测序；短链脂肪酸Effects of Three Kinds of Coarse Cereals on Gut Microbiota of Rats Explored by Illumina NovaSeq Sequencing TechnologyWANG Yong, SONG Ge, PANG Shaojie, QI Wentao*(Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100037, China) Abstract: To investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with oats, tartary buckwheat and foxtail millet on the intestinal histology, microbiota and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in normal rats, 48 male SD rats were randomly and equally divided into four groups: control (fed a standard maintenance diet), oat (fed the maintenance diet containing 22% oats), tartary buckwheat (fed the maintenance diet containing 22% tartary buckwheat) and foxtail millet groups (fed the diet containing 22% foxtail millet). Body mass was recorded weekly. After 12 weeks of feeding, the rats were sacrificed to collect liver tissue, colon tissue and colonic contents. Histopathological characteristics of liver and colon tissues were observed. The intestinal microbiota was analyzed by Illumina NovaSeq high-throughput sequencing technology. SCFAs in colonic contents were determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results indicated that administration of oats increased gut microbiota diversity and showed higher relative abundance of Lactobacillus and Akkermansia than the control group. Tartary buckwheat and foxtail millet increased the relative abundance of Firmicutes, but decreased the abundance of Verrucomicrobia and Bacteroidetes in the gut of normal rats. Oats, tartary buckwheat and foxtail millet decreased the relative abundance of Bacteroides. Oats and foxtail millet could significantly increase the concentrations of acetic acid and total SCFAs (P < 0.05), and foxtail millet could significantly increase the concentrations of propionic acid and isobutyric acid in colonic contents (P < 0.05). In conclusion, oat supplementation has regulatory effects on the gut microbiota in rats,收稿日期：2020-07-16基金项目：中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项（ZX1908）；国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目（31901698）；中国科协青年人才托举工程2019—2021年度项目（2019QNRC001）第一作者简介：王勇（1987—）（ORCID: 0000-0002-0123-228X），男，助理研究员，博士，研究方向为粮油营养与健康。

饲粮添加蛋氨酸与浒苔多糖双重螯合铁对断乳仔猪生长性能和血清免疫及抗氧化指标的影响陈盛星李健光高炳辉罗鹏吴建耀庄嘉意（中鲨动物保健品（厦门）有限公司福建厦门361026）摘要氨糖铁(MEPI)为蛋氨酸、浒苔多糖双重鳌合有机微量元素铁，融合蛋氨酸、微量元素和海藻多糖的优点。

试验检测分析饲粮中添加不同水平氨糖铁对35～70日龄断乳仔猪生长性能、存活率和血清免疫及抗氧化指标的影响。

结果表明，添加60mg/ kg和90mg/kg氨糖铁组的日采食量显著高于对照组和30mg/kg氨糖铁组（P＜0.05），但对照组与添加30mg/kg氨糖铁组间无显著差异。

添加60mg/kg和90mg/kg氨糖铁有提高日增重的趋势，日增重分别比对照组提高24.11%和18.33%。

与对照组相比，添加氨糖铁试验组的存活率均显著提高（P＜0.05）。

血清免疫及抗氧化指标方面，添加氨糖铁组的血清补体C3、IgM、T-AOC含量均显著高于对照组（P＜0.05），且以添加60mg/kg氨糖铁组效果更好。

关键词氨糖铁断乳仔猪生长性能血清免疫抗氧化文献标识码：A文章编号：1003-4331（2023）03-0012-04Effects of dietary supplementation of methionine and enteromorpha polysaccharide double chelated ironon growth performance,serum immunity and antioxidant indexes of weaned pigletsChen Shengxing Li Jianguang Gao Binghui Luo Peng Wu Jianyao Zhuang Jiayi(Joinsha Animal Health Products(Xiamen)Co.Ltd.,Fujian Xiamen361026)Abstract Methionine and enteromorpha polysaccharide double-chelate trace element iron(MEPI),which is a double-chelation organic trace iron element of methionine and enteromorpha polysaccharide,combining the advantages of methionine,trace elements and sea鄄weed polysaccharide.Add different levels of methionine and Enteromorpha polysaccharide double-chelated trace element iron to the diet to detect and analyze the growth performance,survival rate,serum immunity and antioxidant indicators of35~70-day-old weaned piglets.The results showed that the daily feed intake of the MEPI groups supplemented with60mg/kg and90mg/kg iron were signifi鄄cantly higher than that of the control group and the MEPI group supplemented with30mg/kg iron(P<0.05),but there was no significant difference between the control group and the group supplemented with30mg/kg iron.Adding60mg/kg and90mg/kg MEPI had a tendency to increase daily gain,which could increase daily gain by24.11%and18.33%,pared with the control group,adding MEPI can significantly increase the survival rate(P<0.05).In terms of serum immune and antioxidant indicators,serum complement C3,IgM,and T-AOC contents in the group supplemented with MEPI were significantly higher than those in the control group(P<0.05),and the effect of60mg/kg group is better.Key words Methionine and enteromorpha polysaccharide double chelated trace element iron(MEPI)Weaned piglets Growth perfor鄄mance Serum immunity Antioxidant断乳期是仔猪生长发育的重要时期，也是容易发生生长延迟和疾病的时期。

日粮硒添加水平对9~12周龄泰和乌骨鸡生产性能及组织中黑色素含量的影响摘要:选用9周龄初始体重无显著差异(P>0.05)的泰和乌骨鸡180只(公母各半),随机分成6组,分别饲喂在基础日粮中添加0(对照组)､0.1､0.3､0.5､0.7､0.9 mg/kg硒的试验日粮,每组设3个重复,每个重复10只鸡｡试验期为4周｡结果表明,日增重随日粮硒添加水平的提高呈先升高后下降趋势,0.3 mg/kg和0.5 mg/kg水平添加组显著高于对照组(P<0.05)｡料重比随硒添加水平的提高呈先下降后升高趋势,0.3 mg/kg硒添加水平能显著降低料重比(P<0.05),不同硒添加水平组相比差异不显著(P>0.05)｡肝脏､肾脏､胸肌和皮肤黑色素含量随硒添加水平的提高呈先上升后下降的趋势｡其中,当日粮硒添加水平为0.5 mg/kg时,肝脏和胸肌黑色素含量达到峰值;当日粮硒添加水平为0.3mg/kg时,肾脏和皮肤黑色素含量达到峰值｡关键词:泰和乌骨鸡;亚硒酸钠;生产性能;黑色素Effects of Dietary Selenium Supplementation Levels on Growth Performance and Melanin Contents in Tissues of Taihe Silky Fowls at 9~12 Weeks of AgeAbstract: 180 9-week-old Taihe silky fowls were randomly allotted to 6 groups with 3 replicates of 10 fowls each and were raised to 13 weeks of age. The birds were fed one of the following diets: Corn-soybean meal basal diet, basal diet supplemented with 0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 and 0.9 mg/kg Se from sodium selenite. The results showed that average daily gain (ADG) tended to increase at first and then decrease, dietary supplementation of 0.3 and 0.5 mg/kg Se significantly increased ADG(P<0.05). On the contrary, the feed to gain ratio (F/G) tended to decreased firstly and then increased and the F/G was significantly decreased by supplementation of 0.3 mg/kg Se(P<0.05), there was no significant difference between each group with different addition level of Se(P>0.05). Melanin contents in live, kidney, pectoral muscle and skin tended to increase at first and then decreased with Se supplementation level increasing. The melanin contents in liver and pectoral muscle reached peak value when the dietary Se supplementation level was 0.5 mg/kg, and the melanin contents in kidney and skin reached peak value at 0.3 mg/kg of Se supplementation level.Key words: Taihe silky fowls; sodium selenite; growth performance; melanin泰和乌骨鸡又名丝毛乌骨鸡､乌鸡､泰和鸡,原产于江西省泰和县｡泰和乌骨鸡是中国特有的珍贵药用家禽,一直以来国家十分重视对泰和乌骨鸡的研究､保护和利用｡《本草纲目》记载,泰和乌骨鸡的入药效果与乌骨鸡皮､骨､肉中的黑色素的深浅有关,其颜色愈黑者,入药愈佳[1]｡国内外大量研究表明,乌骨鸡黑色素具有抗诱变､抗氧化､延缓衰老､提高机体免疫力和调节内分泌等多种功能｡黑色素是乌骨鸡发挥其药用滋补功效的主要组成成分之一,提高泰和乌骨鸡体内黑色素含量是提高其药用滋补价值的重要措施｡国内外学者对泰和乌骨鸡黑色素的结构､特性､发生､合成､基因调控以及在不同组织器官中的分布､沉积规律和含量进行了大量研究｡然而,关于泰和乌骨鸡体内黑色素合成的影响因素和调控机制的研究则鲜见报道｡硒是动物必需微量元素之一,在机体内发挥多重生物学功能,而最主要的是其抗氧化功能｡不同硒源和添加水平对肉鸡和蛋鸡生产性能､抗氧化能力､产品品质等的影响已有大量研究报道｡然而,有关在泰和乌骨鸡上的研究报道很少见｡本试验旨在研究日粮不同硒添加水平对9~12周龄泰和乌骨鸡生产性能和组织黑色素含量的影响,为确定泰和乌骨鸡日粮适宜硒添加量以及硒在乌骨鸡日粮中的合理利用提供科学依据,并为利用营养调控措施提高泰和乌骨鸡药用价值提供参考｡1 材料与方法1.1 试验动物与试验设计试验动物为江西省泰和县原种鸡场提供的泰和乌骨鸡｡试验采用完全随机分组设计,选用健康的泰和乌骨鸡180只(公母各半),随机分成6组,分别为对照组､试验组Ⅰ､试验组Ⅱ､试验组Ⅲ､试验组Ⅳ､试验组Ⅴ,每组设3个重复,每个重复10只鸡,各组间试验鸡初始体重无显著差异(P>0.05)｡对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中分别添加硒0.1､0.3､0.5､0.7､0.9 mg/kg(见表1),硒源为亚硒酸钠,饲料级｡饲养试验从第9周开始,试验期为4周,除饲料中硒添加量外,各处理组泰和乌骨鸡的饲养条件完全相同｡1.2 试验日粮及营养水平试验以玉米-豆饼型日粮为基础日粮｡基础日粮营养水平参照本实验室前期研究结果和其他文献资料设计[4-7]｡基础日粮组成及营养水平见表2｡1.3 饲养管理试验鸡采取舍内笼养,按照泰和乌骨鸡的正常管理进行｡每天定时喂干粉料3次,自由饮水｡定期清理粪便,清洗槽具｡1.4 测定指标及方法1.4.1 平均日增重于试验结束时的清晨喂料前空腹称重,计算体增重,由末重与始重之差计算各重复组泰和乌骨鸡的平均日增重｡1.4.2 平均日采食量于试验结束当天的早晨,称量各重复组的饲料消耗量,计算各重复试验鸡的日采食量,用投料量减去剩料量即得采食量,算出平均日采食量｡1.4.3 料重比由采食量与体增重相除得出｡1.4.4 黑色素含量于泰和乌骨鸡12周龄末从每个重复中选1只共18只健康状况正常､接近平均体重的乌骨鸡,于清晨空腹称重后,立即放血宰杀,打开腹腔,分别取胸肌(左侧胸大肌)､肝脏､肾脏､皮肤,用冰冷的生理盐水漂洗,除去血液,滤纸拭干,称重,置于-20℃冰箱中保存备用｡黑色素的测定参照Ito等[8]的方法进行｡在不分离组织中黑色素的前提下,建立了一套简单的方法来测定组织中黑色素的含量｡准确称取组织10 mg于玻璃管加入含水10%的Soluene-350(购买于华荣生物有限公司)10 mL,盖上塞子后放入沸水浴中,待组织完全溶解,溶液呈黄色,立即测定其在500 nm处的吸光度(A500 nm),根据吸光度值比较组织样品的黑色素含量｡1.5 数据处理与分析数据均以平均数±标准差来表示｡利用SPSS 13.0统计软件对数据进行方差分析和Duncan’s多重比较｡2 结果与分析2.1 日粮硒添加水平对9~12周龄泰和乌骨鸡生产性能的影响日粮硒添加水平对泰和乌骨鸡生产性能的影响结果见表3｡由表3可知,日增重随日粮硒添加水平的提高呈先升高后下降趋势｡0.3 mg/kg和0.5 mg/kg水平添加组显著高于对照组(P<0.05),而其他组间差异不显著(P>0.05)｡在日采食量方面,试验Ⅰ､Ⅱ､Ⅲ､Ⅳ组显著低于对照组(P<0.05),这4个组的组间差异不显著(P>0.05)｡而处理组的不同添加水平相比,对日采食量的影响差异均不显著(P>0.05)｡在料重比方面,各处理组与对照组相比,料重比有所下降,且料重比随硒添加水平的提高呈先下降后升高趋势｡试验Ⅱ组料重比最小,各试验组间差异不显著(P>0.05)｡2.2 日粮硒添加水平对12周龄泰和乌骨鸡组织黑色素含量的影响日粮硒添加水平对12周龄泰和乌骨鸡组织黑色素含量的影响见表4｡从表4可见,组织黑色素含量随硒添加水平的提高呈先上升后下降的趋势｡在肝脏中,当日粮硒添加水平为0.5 mg/kg时,肝脏黑色素含量达到峰值｡与对照组相比,试验Ⅲ组的肝脏黑色素含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),而各试验组间差异不显著(P>0.05)｡在肾脏中,当日粮硒添加水平为0.3 mg/kg时,肾脏黑色素含量达到峰值｡与对照组相比,试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组的肾脏黑色素含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),而各试验组间差异不显著(P>0.05)｡在胸肌中,当日粮硒添加水平为0.5 mg/kg时,胸肌黑色素含量达到峰值｡与对照组相比,试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组的胸肌黑色素含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),而各试验组间差异不显著(P>0.05)｡在皮肤中,当日粮硒添加水平为0.3 mg/kg时,皮肤黑色素含量达到峰值｡与对照组相比,试验Ⅱ组硒添加组皮肤黑色素含量极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),而各试验组间差异不显著(P>0.05)｡3 小结与讨论饲喂缺硒或低硒日粮能引起生长变缓､抗病力下降,所以日粮硒水平是影响鸡能否正常发育的重要因素｡本试验结果显示,硒的添加对泰和乌骨鸡的日采食有不同程度的降低,可能该性状主要受鸡的品种这个因素的影响,也可能与饲养条件和饲养环境等因素有关｡而硒的添加不同程度地提高泰和乌骨鸡的日增重并降低料重比｡在所有的试验结果中,综合分析以试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组两组效果最好｡本试验结果表明,试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组都可显著提高泰和乌骨鸡日增重(P<0.05);对于料重比,试验Ⅱ组显著降低泰和乌骨鸡料重比(P<0.05)｡本试验综合几个指标来看,低硒日粮中添加硒能改善泰和乌骨鸡的生产性能,促进生长,改善饲料利用率｡日粮硒添加水平为0.3~0.5 mg/kg时生产性能达到最佳｡高于NRC推荐标准(0.1 mg/kg),也高于中国肉鸡饲养标准(0.15 mg/kg),这是否由泰和乌骨鸡的生长特性及硒在体内的代谢特性决定的,还是与硒的添加形式有关,有待进一步验证｡同时本试验发现,在低硒日粮中添加硒可以增加组织的含硒量,从而可以提高黑色素的含量,说明日粮添加硒具有促进乌骨鸡组织黑色素合成的作用｡这提示在低硒日粮中添加0.3~0.5 mg/kg硒可使乌鸡实现最佳药用价值｡所以在低硒日粮中添加硒可不同程度地提高泰和乌骨鸡组织黑色素的含量,添加0.3 mg/kg的硒时,组织含量出现峰值｡且不同组织间黑色素含量存在差异,这与耿拓宇等[9]和Muroya等[10]的研究结果一致｡但总体上来看,无论是对照组还是各处理组,皮肤黑色素含量最高,内脏(肝脏和肾脏)中黑色素含量均要高于胸肌,与胡泗才等[11]的报道,在所测的泰和乌骨鸡组织中,组织黑色素含量大小顺序为骨膜>皮肤>肌肉>内脏的结果不大相符,是否是品种差异造成了黑色素沉积部位的改变还需进一步探讨｡参考文献:[1] 李时珍. 本草纲目[M]. 第一版.北京: 人民卫生出版社,1983.[2] 胡泗才,李明慧,郭琴. 泰和乌骨鸡及其黑素对果蝇寿命及小鼠SOD活性的影响[J]. 南昌大学学报,1999,23(4):229-332.[3] T U Y G, SUN Y Z, TIAN Y G, et al. Physicochemical characterization and antioxidant activity of melanin from the muscles of Taihe black-bone silky fowl (Gallus domesticus Brisson) [J]. Food Chem,2009,114:1345-1350.[4] 瞿明仁,游金明,熊玲玲,等. 泰和丝毛乌骨鸡早期(0-12周龄)蛋氨酸需要量研究[J]. 畜牧兽医学报,2004,35(5):590-593.[5] 黎观红. 泰和鸡早期(0-12周龄)生长发育规律､必需氨基酸需要量及模式的研究[D]. 南昌:江西农业大学,2000.[6] 瞿明仁,黎观红,晏向华,等. 泰和乌骨鸡8-13周龄最适日粮粗蛋白水平的研究[J]. 江西饲料,1999 (5):3-5.[7] 瞿明仁. 泰和乌鸡必需氨基酸需要量､模式及消化率研究[D]. 呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2005.[8] ITO S, JIMBOW K. Mutagenicity of eumelanin and pheomelanin in hair and melanomas by chemical degradation and liquid chromatography [J]. Anal Biochem,1985,144:527-536.[9] 耿拓宇,张学余,陈宽维,等. 泰和乌鸡出雏后黑色素的分布与沉积[J]. 中国家禽,2000(7):10-12.[10] MUROYA S, TANABE R, NAKAJIMA I, et al. Molecular characteristics and site specific distribution of the pigment of the silky fowl [J]. J Vet Med Sci,2000,62(4):391-395.[11] 胡泗才,张斌,陈颖,等. 泰和乌骨鸡体内黑素的分布[J]. 中药材,1995(12):626-627.。

Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Enzymes in a Soybean Meal Rich Diet on the Performance of Weaned Pigs (4 – 8 weeks)Uthai Kanto 1, Sukanya Jattupornpong 1, Walter Vandepitte 2 and Erik Vanderbeke 3ABSTRACTThe effects of non starch polysaccharides degrading enzymes (NSPase) type mixture supplementation in high soybean meal weaned pigs diet were studied by using 96 crossbred (LR LW D) pigs aged 4 weeks. The animals were divided into 12 groups of 8 animals each. Animals in each group were kept in a battery metal cage where feed and water were provided ad libitum . Each group of the animals was randomly fed one of the experimental diets as until 8 weeks of age. The diets were as follow:Diet 1: A control broken rice-soybean meal (18%)-fish meal (8%)-skimmed milk (3%) diet; Diet 2: A negative control broken rice-soybean meal (23%)-fish meal (1%)-skimmed milk (2%) diet; and Diet 3:Diet 2 but supplemented with NSPase type mixture (AVEzyme02) at dosage of 500 g/ton feed. Animals on Diet 2 had significantly poorer (P<0.05) average weight gain, average daily gain, average feed intake,average daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and higher mortality rate than those on Diet 1. The enzyme supplementation of the high soybean meal diet (Diet 3) significantly improved (P<0.05)performances of the weaned pigs, which were very comparable to those on the control high fish meal and skimmed milk diet (Diet 1). The different, however, were not statistically significant. The NSPase type mixture is safe, cost effective and demonstrated a potential of beneficial effects on improvement of soybean meal utilization in weaned pig diet.Key words: weaned pigs, enzymes in a soybean meal rich diet, NSPaseINTRODUCTIONThe use of enzymes in feeding of weaned pigs has been well documented in recent years (Partridge, 2001).For the enhancement of the nutritional value of soybean meal in piglets, mainly three types of enzyme preparations have been used. These are the oligosaccharide degrading enzymes, the protease type enzymes and finally the NSP (Non Starch Polysaccharide) degrading enzyme mixtures. Recent evidence showed that1Animal Nutrition Research and Development Center and Department of Animal Science, Kasetsart University, Kampaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand.2Animal Production Department. Katholieke University Leuven (KUL), Belgium.3Research and Development Center, AVEVE Group, Merksem, Belgium.pectic – NSP could reduce the uptake of amino acids like lysine and threonine when added to piglet feeds (Zhu and Lange, 2001). The cell walls of soybeans consist mainly of two intertwound NSP ultrastructures, composed of neutral glucan-xylan type primary cell walls and secondly of ionic pectic cell wall components (Huisman et al ., 2000).The entrapment of amino acids by fibers seem to be an important factor in the digestibility of amino acids (Jondreville et al ., 2000), and negative influences on the endogenous excretion of aminoacids (proteins). The enzyme mixture used in this test consisted of the NSPase type of mixture, with enzyme activities towards the neutral glucan-xylan type and ionic pectic type of cell wall components. The purpose of this study was to measure the effects on the performance and health of active enzyme preparation (AVEzyme 02) on a soybean meal rich diet for weaned pigs from 4 to 8 weeks and to measure the effects on the economic performances of the animals.MATERIALS AND METHODSThe experiment was conducted at a commercial pig farm in Kampaengsaen district, Nakhon Pathom province, Thailand and utilizing the completely randomized design (CRD). A total of 96 crossbred (LR LW D) weaned pigs aged 4 weeks were divided into 3 groups of 32 animals each. Each group of the animal was further divided into 3 sub-groups of 8 animals each and containing an equal number of males and females. Each sub-group of the animals was kept in a 1.5 2.0 meters metal battery cage where feed and water were provided ad libitum.Each group of animals was randomly fed one of the experimental diets until 8 weeks of age as follow:Diet 1: A positive control diet containing broken rice-soybean meal (13.52%) and high level of fish meal (8%), skimmed milk powder (3%) and sugar (2%).Diet 2: A negative control diet containing broken rice- high level of soybean meal (23.6%) and low level of fishmeal (1%) and skimmed milk powder (2%) and no sugar.Diet 3: Diet 2 but supplemented with NSPase (AVEzyme02) at 500g/ton feedThe AVEzyme02 is an NSPase type mixture containing glucanase, xylanase and pectinase, and specially designed for high soybean meal weaned pigs ration, manufactured by AVEVE, B.V., Belgium. All experimental diets were formulated according the nutritional recommendations in Thailand (Kanto, 1994). Feed ingredients and chemical composition of the diets are shown in Table 1. The diets were fed in mashed form to the animals.Initial weight, final weight, feed intake and incidence of diarrhea of the experimental animals were recorded throughout the experiment. The data were subjected to analysis of variance and the differences among means were tested with Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test (SAS, 1998).RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONThe performances of weaned pigs fed the experimental diets from 4 to 8 weeks of age are shown in Table 2. The results are indicating that animals on the negative control diet (Diet 2) had significantly (p<0.05) poorer average weight gain, average daily gain, and feed conversion ratio than those on the positive control diet (Diet 1). Pigs on negative control diet (Diet 2) not only had high incidences of diarrhea as compared to the other treatments but also had a significantly (p<0.05) higher mortality rate than those on the positive control diet (Diet 1). Soybean meal used in the study was solvent extracted but not dehulled and contained an acceptable level of urease activity. Soybean meal can contain allergenic substances that are harmful to the microvilli of the intestinal tract and impair nutrient digestion and absorption especially in the young animal as well as weaned piglets (Pedersen, 1988). NSP structures and components can negatively influence the digestion (Zhu and Lange, 2001 and Huisman et al., 2000). Higher levels of soybean meal in the weaned pig diet cause poor nutrient digestion and absorption, higher incidence of diarrhea, poor performances of the animals and higher mortality rate (Pedersen, 1988). It is therefore a normal practice in Thailand that weaned pig diets should contain more digestible protein i.e. fishmeal and should contain not more than 15 % soybean meal in the diet.Table 1Feed ingredients and chemical composition of the experimental diets.Feed ingredients Diet 1Diet 2Diet 3Broken rice56.9352.9052.90 Soybeanmeal13.5223.6223.62 Extruded FFSB15.0015.0015.00 Fishmeal (64%)8.00 1.00 1.00 Skimmed milk powder 3.00 2.00 2.00 Sugar 2.00--Dicalcium phosphate 2.40 3.50 3.50 Salt0.350.350.35 Fish oil 1.00 1.00 1.00 L-Lysine HCI0.150.200.20 DL-Methionine0.150.180.18 Premixes0.500.500.50 AVEzyme02 (g/ton)--500100100100 Chemical composition by calculationCrude protein (%)22.0022.0022.00 ME (kcal/kg)333333783378 Fat (%) 5.08 4.41 4.41 Fiber (%) 2.34 2.94 2.94 Calcium (%) 1.05 1.05 1.05 Avail.Phos. (%)0.800.800.80 Lysine (%) 1.41 1.40 1.40 Met+Cys (%)0.850.850.85 Tryptophan (%)0.270.290.29 Threonine (%)0.910.910.91 Cost (Baht/kg)10.759.729.81Prices of May, 2001However, the results of the study have shown that improvement of soybean meal digestibility by dietary enzyme supplementation have considerably improved the utilization of soybean meal in the weaned pig diets. Animals on negative control diet (high soybean meal/low fish meal) but supplemented with AVEzyme02 at 500 g/ton feed (Diet 3) had very comparable performances in terms of average weight gain, average daily gain, feed conversion ratio and mortality rate as compared to those on the positive control diet (Diet 1) and the differences were not statistically significant. Yet, animals on the enzyme supplemented diet (Diet 3) had a significantly (p<0.05) higher feed intake than those on the positive control diet (Diet 1). In addition, pigs on the enzyme supplemented diet (Diet 3) had lower incidences of diarrhea than those on the negative control diet (Diet 2) but not different from those on the positive control diet. The results of the study demonstrated that dietary AVEzyme02 supplementation not only improved performancesbut also reduced incidence of diarrhea and mortality of the weaned pigs on high soybean meal diets. Although the study did not test the direct soybean meal digestibility with AVEzyme02 supplementation, the results indicated that the enzymes would increase the efficiency of soybean meal and might reduce allergenic effects or negative effects of soybean meal on the absorption of the nutrient in the animals. It is very interesting to evaluate the effects of AVEzyme02 supplementation on the improvement of soybean digestibility either in vitro or in vivo and the enzyme effect on the condition of microvilli in weaned pigs fed high soybean meal diets.Performances of animals, especially average daily gain and average daily feed intake were slightly poorer than the industrial standard which is probable due to experimental diets and environmental factors. The experimental diets were supplemented with minimal levels of antibiotics in order to show the maximal effect of dietary enzyme supplementation on health and mortality rate of the animals. The starch in the diets was uncooked and might have caused a certain degree of diarrhea in every treatment group. In addition, the experimental period (May – July) was in the very hot and humid months due to the changing of the hot summer to the rainy season which may also have caused stress to the animals and resulted in a certain degree of diarrhea in every treatment group. Together with high level of soybean meal in the diet, these stress conditions contributed to poor performances, high incidence of diarrhea and high mortality rate of the animals on the negative control diet (Diet 2). However, dietary AVEzyme02 supplementation of 500 g/ton (Diet 3) was shown to reduce incidence of diarrhea and mortality rate of the animal to normal.The feed cost of Diet 1, 2 and 3 were 10.75, 9.72 and 9.81 Bahts/kg (Table 1) and the relative feed cost to the control were 100, 90.42 and 91.26 %, respectively. Reduction of the feed cost of Diet 2 resulted in significantly poorer (P<0.05) feed conversion ratio and higher (P<0.05) mortality rate of the animals and significantly increased (P<0.05) the feed cost/ body weight gain when compared to those on the control diet. The enzyme supplementation of Diet 2 (Diet 3) on the otherTable 2Performances of weaned pigs fed experimental diets from 4 to 8 weeks of age.Diet 1Diet 2Diet 3No. of animals323232 Av. initial wt. (kg/animal)8.07±0.6677.98±0.3857.77±1.059 Av. final wt (kg/animal)17.72ab± 2.1417.10b±0.6218.28a±2.02 Av. weight gain (kg/animal)9.43±1.697a9.12±0.648b9.61±1.67a Av. daily gain (kg/animal)0.32±0.065a0.28±0.022b0.35±0.037a Av. feed intake (kg/animal)0.46±0.037b0.44±0.026b0.50±0.064a Feed conversion ratio 1.44±0.104b 1.62±0.072a 1.44±0.089b Av. feed cost/kg gain (bath/kg)15.43a15.70a14.11b Incidence of diarrhea (%)34.3843.6534.38 Mortality rate (%) 4.93b14.04a 4.66ba,b Means in the same line with different superscripts are significantly different (P<0.05).Diet 1:A control broken rice-soybean meal (18%)-fish meal (8%)-skimmed milk (3%)-sugar (2%) diet.Diet 2:A negative control broken rice-soybean meal (23%)-fish meal (1%)-skimmed milk (2%)-no sugar diet.Diet 3:Diet 2 but supplemented with NSPase type mixture (AVEzyme02) at 500 g/ton feed.hands, resulted in the significant improvement (P<0.05) of the feed conversion ratio and mortality rate of the animals comparable to the control. Results of the study indicated that the enzyme supplementation in high soybean meal, low fishmeal, low skimmed milk and no sugar weaned pig diet (Diet 3) were not only significantly associated with a reduced (P<0.05) the feed cost/ body weight gain of the animals but also provided the animals health (incidence of diarrhea and mortality rate) comparable to those on the control diet (Diet 1).CONCLUSIONThe use of high levels of soybean meal (23.62%) and extruded full-fat soybeans (15%) in diets for weaned pigs (4 to 8 weeks of age) caused poor performances, higher incidences of diarrhea, and higher mortality rates than diets containing a lower level of soybean meal (13.52%), higher levels of fishmeal (8%), higher levels of skimmed milk (3%) and 2% of sugar. The NSPase (AVEzyme02) supplementation in a high soybean meal weaned pig diet not only significantly (p<0.05) improved performances but also significantly (p<0.05) reduced incidences of diarrhea and mortality of the animal. Animals on the enzyme supplemented high soybean meal diet had no significantly different performances, incidence of diarrhea and mortality as compared to those on the low soybean meal, high fish meal diet. AVEzyme02, an enzyme blend of the NSPase type can improve the utilization of soybean meal and allow a reduced use of fishmeal, skimmed milk power and sugar in weaned pig (4 to 8 weeks) diets.The experiment showed that rations for weaned pigs, consisting of protein sources with high bio-nutritional value such as fishmeal, could successfully and efficiently be replaced to a considerable extent by soybean meal supplemented with an adequate the NSPase mixed enzymes.LITERATURE CITEDHuisman M., K. Weel, H.Schols and A.Voragen.2000. Xylogucan from Soybean (Glycine max) meal is composed of XXXGtype building units.Carbohydrate Polymers42:187–193. Jondreville C.,J. van de Broecke, F.Gatel,F.Grosjean, S.Van Cauwenberghe and B.Seve. 2000. 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