Functions of Language
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语言学 Functions of language
EMOTIVE
contact
CONATIVE
（情感功能）PHATIC （寒暄功能） （意动功能）
code
METALINGUAL （元语言功能）
Speech event and language functions
Language is language in communication, there is no language without the frame of situation. The elements in a speech event motivate the essential functions of a language.
• Language can be used to describe people’s experience of the real world and their inner world or thoughts.（描述 客观世界和内心世界）
May 1-3 are designated days. Only visitors with a ticket valid for one or more of these three days can enter the Expo Garden. Those with standard day tickets will be denied entry.
Textual function is realized in themestructure, given/new, and rhetorical structure etc.
form, function, situation
In a broader sense, according to Halliday, language varies as its function varies; the form of a language differs in different situations, which imply different general functions of the language used.
英语语言学function of language知识分享
Referential: to convey message and information Poetic: to indulge in language for its own sake Emotive: to express attitudes, feelings and emotions Conative: to persuade and influence others through
Ideational metafunction
The ideational function is language concerned with building and maintaining a theory of experience. It includes the experiential function and the logical function.
Halliday’s view
Interpersonal metafunction
The interpersonal function refers to the grammatical s that enable speakers to enact their complex and diverse interpersonal relations.
元语言功能（弄清意图、词语和意义 ）。
Halliday’s view
From early on in his account of language, Halliday has argued that it is inherently functional. His early papers on the grammar of English make reference to the "functional components" of language, as "generalized uses of language, which, since they seem to determine the nature of the language system, require to be incorporated into our account of that system." Halliday argues that this functional organization of language "determines the form taken by grammatical structure".
Functions of language
Functions of languageThere are many categorizations of functions of language, not in terms of the concrete specific function functions that language is put to in our daily life, such as to chat, to think, to buy and sell, to read and write, to greet people., but in terms of the more generalized functions language can perform in human communication. There are three main functions:the descriptive function, the expressive function, the social function.The descriptive function, also referred to as the cognitive, or referential, propositional function, is the primary function, which is to convey factual information. e.g. The Sichuan earthquake is the most serious one China has ever suffered.The expressive function, or emotive or attitudinal function is to supply information about the user’s feelings, preferences, prejudices, and values. e.g. I will never go camping with the Simpsons again. The social function, or the interpersonal function, serves to establish and maintain social relations between people. e.g. How can I help you, Sir?In the early 1970s the British linguist M.A.K.Halliday explored in a number of papers the functions of child language. His system contains macro functions:the ideational, the interpersonal ,Textual.Ideational: Language constructs a model of experience and constructs logical relations. When we use language to identify things, to think, or to record information, we use language as a symbolic code to represent the world around us. Playing this function, language serves as a medium that links a person with the world. Interpersonal: Language enacts/represent social relationships. It is concerned with interaction between the addresser and addressee in a discourse situation and the addresser’s attitude toward what he speaks or writes about. For example, the ways in which people address others and refer to themselves such as “Dear Sir “ (or Madam), “Dear professor”, “Johnny”, “yours”, “your obedient servant” indicate the various grade s of interpersonal relations. It isinteractional and attitudinal.Textual : Language creates relevance to context. In using language, we organize messages in a logical way so that they fit in with the other messages and with the wider context in which we are talking or writing. When we speak or write we usually don’t confine ourselves to single phrases or sentences; we string them together to form a text.The Russian-born structural linguist Roman Jakobson identifies six elements of a speech event and relates each one of them to one specific language function. These six elements of a speech event specific by Jakobson are: Addresser, Addressee, Context, Message, Contact and Code. They are associated with six basic functions of language as shown below:Emotive(addresser): to express attitudes, feelings and emotions. For example, swear words, obscenities, involuntary verbal reactions to beautiful art or scenery; conventional words/phrases, like “God”, “My”, “Damn it”, “What a sight”, “Wow”, etc…Conative(addressee): to persuade and influence others through commands and entreaties. e.g. “Why not go and see another doctor?”Referential(context): to convey message and information. e.g. “As far as I know, the earth’s resources are being astonishingly wasted”Poetic(message): to indulge in language for its own sake. e.g. poetry Phatic communion(contact): to establish communion with others. It refers to the social interaction of language. e.g. “Good morning!”, “Nice day!”Metalinguistic(code): to clear up intentions, words and meanings.e.g. We say make is a verb and he is a pronoun.。
英语语言学概论METAFUNCTIONS OF LANGUAGE4
logical–semantic relationships between one clausal unit and another”. 指的是是语言对两个或两个以上的意义单位之间逻辑关系的表达。
Attitude
Evluation
Ideational ≈ Descriptive
Feelings
Emotions
M达关。的E换时T言间A之、，地F就点U是等IdN反环e映境Ca客因tT观素io世。IO界n中aN所l S发生的E事xI、np所et牵reie涉rnp的ce人e和rfsu物no以cn及tioa与n之l 有
Logic function
Textual Halliday describes the logical function as those systems “which set up
“In terms of the functions that language evmolevteadfutnocsteiornve”
all langsuyasgteesmaicrefuconncstiidoenraeldlitnogbueissthiacpsed and
organised in relation to three functions, or metafunctions.
IndicSapteeaker’s role
InteErsptaebPrlisesrhosonnSaaol coiamlmreitlmaetinot nships
MainAtasinsessment
TextuaTlexts
Halliday argues that both experiential and interpersonal functions are intricately organized, but that between the two “there is comparatively very little constraint”. This means that “by and large, you can put any interactional ‘spin’ on any representational content”. What allows meanings from these two modes to freely combine is the intercession of a third, distinct mode of meaning that Halliday refers to as the textual function. The term encompasses all of the grammatical systems responsible for managing the flow of discourse.
Attitude
Evluation
Ideational ≈ Descriptive
Feelings
Emotions
M达关。的E换时T言间A之、，地F就点U是等IdN反环e映境Ca客因tT观素io世。IO界n中aN所l S发生的E事xI、np所et牵reie涉rnp的ce人e和rfsu物no以cn及tioa与n之l 有
Logic function
Textual Halliday describes the logical function as those systems “which set up
“In terms of the functions that language evmolevteadfutnocsteiornve”
all langsuyasgteesmaicrefuconncstiidoenraeldlitnogbueissthiacpsed and
organised in relation to three functions, or metafunctions.
IndicSapteeaker’s role
InteErsptaebPrlisesrhosonnSaaol coiamlmreitlmaetinot nships
MainAtasinsessment
TextuaTlexts
Halliday argues that both experiential and interpersonal functions are intricately organized, but that between the two “there is comparatively very little constraint”. This means that “by and large, you can put any interactional ‘spin’ on any representational content”. What allows meanings from these two modes to freely combine is the intercession of a third, distinct mode of meaning that Halliday refers to as the textual function. The term encompasses all of the grammatical systems responsible for managing the flow of discourse.
英语语言学
4) Complementary distribution (互补分布): allophones that are not found in the same position (从不出现在相同环境中的音位变体,入送气的[p](peak)决不会出现在[s]之后，而不送气的[p](speak)也决不会出现在词首):
4)Displacement:We can use language to describe things that are not present, such as something in the past, the future, or things that does not even exist in reality, such as E.T.移位性，指我们用语言可以表达许多不在场的东西，比如外星人
3)Morphology (形态学): the study of the minimal units of meaning—morphemes and word-formation processes, that is , the internal organization of words (研究意义的最小单位—语素合成词过程，即单词的内部构造);
英语语言学
一、语言的特点和功能（Features and Functions of Language）
语言：Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication
1. Features of Language（言的特点）
3) Contrastivedistribution(对立分布): the typical to be found in Minima Pairs (最小语音对). A Minimal Pair refers to two words which differ from each other by only one distinctive sound (one Phoneme) and which also differ in meaning, for example, bear and pear.如pin和pen
4)Displacement:We can use language to describe things that are not present, such as something in the past, the future, or things that does not even exist in reality, such as E.T.移位性，指我们用语言可以表达许多不在场的东西，比如外星人
3)Morphology (形态学): the study of the minimal units of meaning—morphemes and word-formation processes, that is , the internal organization of words (研究意义的最小单位—语素合成词过程，即单词的内部构造);
英语语言学
一、语言的特点和功能（Features and Functions of Language）
语言：Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication
1. Features of Language（言的特点）
3) Contrastivedistribution(对立分布): the typical to be found in Minima Pairs (最小语音对). A Minimal Pair refers to two words which differ from each other by only one distinctive sound (one Phoneme) and which also differ in meaning, for example, bear and pear.如pin和pen
The-functions-of-language知识讲解
THANKS
此课件下载可自行编辑修改，仅供参考！ 感谢您的支持，我们努力做得 ） （如祈使和呼语） 接触（交感功能） （如“早上好”！） 语码（元语言功能） （如“嘿，听到吗？”）
Referential function: to convey message and information e.g. What’s this? It’s a photo. Poetic function: to indulge in language for its own sake e.g. Little Bo-peep
Let's start at the very beginning a very good place to start when you read you begin with A-B-C when you sing you begin with do-re-mi Do-re-mi Do-re-mi,the first three notes just happen to be Do-re-mi Do-re-mi Do-re-mi Do-re-mi-fa- so-la-ti Let's see if I can make it easier
Doe, a deer, a female deer Ray, a drop of golden sun Me, a name I call myself Far, a long long way to run Sew, a needle pulling thread La, a note to follow sew Tea, a drink with jam and bread That will bring us to Do
commands and requests. e.g. Close the door. Phatic function: to establish and maintain relationship with
大学思辨英语教程 精读1课件Unit 2 Functions of Language
பைடு நூலகம்
Background Knowledge
continued
Chapter 6 examines the prerequisites for language, which are shared with our ape cousins: first, friendly involvement with others and a predisposition for grooming; second, an aptitude for tactical deception, or lying, which depends on 'a theory of mind', and an ability to understand the intentions of others.
Unit 2 Functions of Language
Text A What Is Language for?
Jean Aitchison
Learning Objectives
Intercultural Competence
• Communicative Communicative Competence
• Intercultural Competence
• Appreciate linguistic and cultural diversity • Interpret language differences culturally • Have curiosity in and be ready to explore other languages and
1) How did language begin?
Part 2, ‘Origin’, explores how language probably originated. Chapter 5 outlines the 'East Side story', which suggests that humans separated from apes when they were stranded on the east side of Africa, after the Great Rift Valley split the terrain. Humans were forced to live on their wits in a harsh landscape, and began to develop language.
Background Knowledge
continued
Chapter 6 examines the prerequisites for language, which are shared with our ape cousins: first, friendly involvement with others and a predisposition for grooming; second, an aptitude for tactical deception, or lying, which depends on 'a theory of mind', and an ability to understand the intentions of others.
Unit 2 Functions of Language
Text A What Is Language for?
Jean Aitchison
Learning Objectives
Intercultural Competence
• Communicative Communicative Competence
• Intercultural Competence
• Appreciate linguistic and cultural diversity • Interpret language differences culturally • Have curiosity in and be ready to explore other languages and
1) How did language begin?
Part 2, ‘Origin’, explores how language probably originated. Chapter 5 outlines the 'East Side story', which suggests that humans separated from apes when they were stranded on the east side of Africa, after the Great Rift Valley split the terrain. Humans were forced to live on their wits in a harsh landscape, and began to develop language.
语言的功能
07 Metalingual function （元语言功能）
• The language can be used to analyze or describe or talk about itself.
（用于分析和描述语言本身）
• This makes the language infinitely selfreflexive: we human beings can talk about talk and think about thinking.
03 Performative function （行事功能）
Performative function （行事功能）
• Performative function refers to the language function of doing or performing by uttering.（通过使用语言 来行事）
• With this function many utterances (things people say) are equivalent to actions. （言语等于行动）
04 Emotive function （情感功能）
Example (swear words/ conventional phrases)
（与人交际）
• to express the speaker’s status, social position, attitudes, and his judgment as well.（表明说话人 的社会地位、态度、判断等）
• Language serves to establish and maintain social relations. （建立 和保持社会关系）
语言学function-of-language
Functions of language
• Conative: to persuade and influence others through commands and entreaties)
• Phatic: to establish communion with others • Metalingual function: to clear up intentions, words
Functions of language
• Ideational: • language is used to tell something, characterized
by the use of declarative sentences. Informative statements are often labeled as true or false. • I’ve got something to tell you. Professor Zhang has been a visiting scholar in England.
Contact Phatic Hello, did you hear me?
Code Metalingual e.g. Let me make it brief.
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Functions of language
• Halliday’s metalfunctions of language: • Ideational: Language constructs a model of
the speaker. • Evocative: create certain feelings in the
hearer (amuse, startle, soothe, worry or please) • Performative: language is used to do things, to perform actions.
英语语言学概论Metafunctions of Language3
• 语言对人们在现实世 • 语言对两个或两个以
界包括内心世界中的 上的意义单位之间逻
各种经历的表达。
辑关系的表达。
Interpersonal function 人际功能
• The interpersonal function refers to the grammatical choices that enable speakers to enact their complex and diverse interpersonal relations.
• 用各种语言手段将语篇中的各个句子连接 成一篇连贯的文章的功能
• 先有大脑的思考和思想
• 然后是把自己大脑中的思考和思想拿出来 与人交流
• 并在与人交流的过程中还要把各种思想按 照一定的事理逻辑组合成一个衔接和连贯 的整体，以达到自己说话的目的
Thank you
Metafunctions of Language
Halliday's Model
12英语2班 王晓珏 仇丹妮 潘冬菊 袁承敏 吴爱婷 尹苗苗
Metafunction 纯理功能
Ideational function 概念功能
InterperBiblioteka onal function 人际功能
Textual function 语篇功能
Ideational function
概念功能
• The ideational function is language concerned with building and maintaining a theory of experience. It includes the experiential function （经 验功能）and the logical function（逻辑 功能）.
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Synchronic description takes a fixed instant as its point of observation (synchrony is a fiction but essential) • Diachronic linguistics by Saussure is the study of a language through the course of its history
• Performative function 言语行为功能（施为功能） formal and ritualized to change the social status of persons (right time and right person) Magical and religious occasion
Important Distinctions in Linguistics
• • • • • • • • Descriptive & prescriptive 描写性 & 规定性 Synchronic & diachronic 共时研究 & 历时研究 Langue & parole 语言和言语 Competence and performance 语言能力和语言运用
• Informative function (Ideational function) 信息功能(概念功能) Instrument of thought Expression of the real world (true or false)
• Interpersonal function 人际功能 Establish and maintain their status in a society 话语中发话人和受话人的相互关系， 以及发话人对他所说的或所language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of roles Performance: the actual use of language in concrete situation
•
According to Chomsky, the task of a linguist is to determine from the data of performance the underlying system of rules that has been mastered by the language user.
• Emotive function (Expressive function) 感情功能（表达功能） Getting rid of our nervous energy Mostly person’s own feelings, Sometimes a communal response of a group of people
• Phatic communion 寒喧功能（交感性谈话） No factual content But a channel of communication is open Help define and maintain interpersonal relations
• Recreational function 娱乐功能 Children’s play Chanter’s chanting Verbal dueling Poetry writing
• The interpersonal function is such a broad category that it is often discussed under various other terms as in the following performative, emotive, expressive and phatic function of language. They seem to emphasize different aspects of the interpersonal function.
Major Branches of General Linguistics
• • • • • • Phonetics Phonology Morphology Syntax Semantics Pragmatics
• • • •
Psycholinguistics Sociolinguistics Anthropological Linguistics Computational Linguistics
• Descriptive: discover and record the rules to which the members of a language community actually conform Prescriptive: impose upon members of a language community rules, norms of correctness
语境 所指的
说话者 情感的 (如生气的语调) 信息 诗学的 (如诗歌) 受话者 意动的 (如祁使语气与呼格)
接触 交感的 (如 “你好,你能听见我吗?”)
语码 元语言的
Halliday’s view
• Ideational function 概念功能 建构了经验模型和逻辑关系 Interpersonal function 人际功能 反映了社会关系 • Textual function 语篇功能 创立了语言和语境的关联
• Linguistics in the 20th century:
• In the twentieth century, the scientific emphasis gradually shifted form the study of speech sounds (phonetics and phonology) to grammar (morphology and syntax), then to meaning (semantics) and texts (discourse analysis). • Linguists have always been aware of the fact that in language all aspects are involved, namely, psychology, society, and cognition.
• 在交流系统的六大要素的基础上建立了语 言功能的框架： 所指功能（传达信息），诗学功能（完全 就语言而语言)，感情功能（表达态度、感 觉和感情），意动功能（通过命令和请求 去说服和影响他人），交感功能（与他人 建立交流），和元语言功能（弄清意图、 词语和意义）。
•
• • • • • • • •
•
Langue & Parole
• Langue: • the linguistic competence of the speaker, the linguists’proper object • Parole: • the actual phenomena or data of linguistics • In separating langue and parole, we are separating (1) what is social from what is individual;(2)what is essential from what is accessory and more or less accidental.
• Metalingual function 元语言功能 Talk about talk and think about thinking infinitely self-reflexive
• What is Linguistics? • Linguistics, as the name suggest, is the science of language and thus is usually defined as the systematic study of language or, a discipline that describes all aspects of language and formulate theories as to how language works. • It is a major branch of humanities and social sciences as well.
Functions of Language
Jacobson’s view
• Six primary factors of any speech event:
•
•
• •
speaker, 说话者 message, 信息
addressee, 受话者 code, 语码
context, 语境 contact 接触
• Attached to the interpersonal function of language is its function of the expression of identity. • Language marks our identity: • Physically in terms of age, sex,and vioceprints; • Psychologically in terms of language and personality, intelligence; • Geographically in terms of accents, dialects; • Ethnically and socially of social stratification, class, status, role, solidarity and distance.
On Prescriptive Study