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第2讲 冠词和介词[全国卷考情分析]题型典题试做命题解读语法填空1．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ) Modern methodsof/for tracking polar bear populations havebeen employed only since the mid1980s, andare expensive to perform consistently over alarge area.2．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ) Of the nineteenrecognized polar bear subpopulations, threeare declining, six are stable, one is increasing,and nine lack enough data.3．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ) When we got a callsaying she was shortlisted，we thought itwas a joke.4．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)While running regularlycan't make you live forever, the review says itis more effective at lengthening life thanwalking, cycling or swimming.1．冠词表泛指、特指；2．固定搭配中的冠词和介词；3．介词的基本用法。
短文改错1．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ) Suddenly football felljust in front of me and almost hit me.football前面加上a2．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ) When I studiedchemistry high school, I reconsidered mygoal and decided to be a doctor.chemistry后面加上in/at3．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)As the kid, I loved towatch cartoons...the→a4．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)They live far from theschool，and it takes them about a hour and a1．不定冠词a和an的错用以及它们与the的错用；2．冠词的多余或缺失；3．固定搭配中冠词、介词的错用；4．介词与其他词搭配不当以及介词的缺失或多余。
第三节介词和代词(对应学生用书第234页)考点一常见介词的用法介词against，beyond，by，for，with，without，over，in，on，at，across，through 等介词是常考的介词，它们大部分都有多层含义，全面掌握这些介词的用法和意义，准确把握句子语境是解题的关键。
下面就几个含义较多、掌握较难的介词做一下介绍。
1．against意为“反对；对抗；违背；逆着；倚、靠；以……为背景”。
Our classroom building stood out clearly against the blue sky.蓝天清晰地衬托出我们的教学大楼。
2．beyond意为“在……的另一边；超出；非……所能及”。
The exercise was beyond the abilities of most of the class.这个练习超出了大多数学生的能力。
3．by意为“在……旁边；到……为止；按照；按……计算数量、报酬等；通过……方式；以……的幅度”。
Do you rent the camera by the hour or by the day? 你的照相机出租是按小时还是按天数算？4．with意为“和……在一起；带有；随着；用，凭借；关于；由于，因为”。
He woke up from a nightmare, trembling with fear. 他从噩梦中惊醒，因为恐惧而吓得发抖。
5．over意为“在……的正上方；多于；在……期间”。
We have something interesting to talk about over the meal.我们有很多感兴趣的事可以边吃边谈。
6．for意为“为了；支持，同意；因为，由于；就……而言”。
She is in her thirties but looks old for her age.她现在三十几岁，但是看起来比她实际年龄要老。
专题二非谓语动词考点 1非谓语动词作宾语不定式作宾语★★★典例 1 [2019 浙江 ,63] But some students didn ’t want (wear ) the uniform.此处应用不定式作want 的宾语 ,故填to wear 。
to wear动词 -ing 作宾语★★★典例 2[2020 黑龙江铁人中学开学考,66 ]As more and more wildland has been turned into farmlandthe monarch butterflies(帝王蝶 ) have had trouble(find ) enough milkweed.固定短语have trouble (in) doing sth.表示"做某事有困难"。
,finding不定式和动词-ing 作宾语的差别★★★典例 3 [2018 天津 ,12 ]I didn ’t mean (eat )anything but the ice cream looked so good that I couldn ’t help(try )it.句意 :我 (原来 )不打算吃任何东西,可是冰激凌看起来这样诱人以致于我忍不住尝了尝。
从句意看,第一空填 to eat,mean to do sth.表示"打当作某事";第二空填trying, couldn’t help doing sth.表示"不由得做某事 " 。
to eat ; trying考点 2非谓语动词作状语动词不定式作状语★★★典例 4[2018 全国Ⅱ,64 ]Another reason for corn ’s rise : The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice(improve ) water quality.句意 :玉米 (产量 )增添的另一个原由:为了改良水质 ,政府鼓舞农民种玉米取代水稻。
【高优指导】（全国通用）2021高考英语一轮复习语法专题3介词和介词短语新人教版Ⅰ.用适当的介词或介词短语填空1.(2020·课标全国Ⅰ)For those who fly to Guilin,it’s only an hour away car and offers all the scenery of the better-known city.2.(2020·课标全国Ⅱ改编) the same time,they warm up again for the night.3.(2020·重庆改编)Last year was the warmest year on record,with global temperature 0.68℃ the average.4.(2020·浙江改编)Have you ever heard of the trees that are homes animals both on land and sea?5.(2020·福建改编)A common memory they all have their school days is the school uniform.6.(2020·河南顶级名校模拟改编)They were asked to rank them again,in the order they would vote them.〚导学号95480008〛7.(2020·河北邯郸质检改编)Seeing the sunlight,passers-by or trees outside might make you more aware how you look,might make you think about walking or might inspire you to choose a green salad.8.(2020·山西四校联考改编)Her interest reading also benefited from the fact that her parents only let her watch half an hour of TV a day.9.(2020·四川宜宾一诊改编)To our delight,the kids quickly adjusted themselvesthe situation.10.(2020·甘肃部分一般高中联考改编)their amazement,they found that it was effective in trapping all the articles.〚导学号95480009〛11.(2020·北京东城下学期综合测试改编)The room he has just rented is about 9 meters length and 3 meters wide.12.(2020·广州调研改编)While other guys caught only three or four a day,Sam’s boat was always full fish.13.(2020·广东惠州一调改编)The young man could not believe his own ears and wasgreat surprise.14.(2020·山西师大附中12月考改编)I laughed as I watched my children play with their toys hours,and thanked God for the greatest gift I had ever been given. 15.(2020·浙江省重点中学协作体适应性测试改编)We can become a smart shopper by choosing for value,not for looks; other words,choose good quality goods with plain packages.16.(2020·江西临川一中期中考试改编)America is growing older.Today,10 out of every 100 Americans are 65.17.(2020·云南部分名校1月统考改编)On some other websites,you can connect with people all over the world.18.(2020·山东省实验中学三诊改编)Ordinary people use itshopping,banking,bill-paying,and communicating with family and friends.19.(2020·重庆巴蜀中学模拟改编)Great pity! His illness is the treatment available so far.20.(2020·广东惠州二模改编)Meanwhile,Doctor Marescaux in New York watched her on a video screen and then sent messages to the robot machine the computer.21.(2020·陕西改编)The Scottish girl blue eyes won the first prize in the Fifth Chinese Speech Contest.〚导学号95480010〛22.(2020·浙江改编)People won’t pay attention to you when they still have a lot of ideas of their own crying expression.23.(2020·重庆改编)She drove so fast at the turn that the car almost wentthe road.24.(2020·江西改编)It is unbelievable that Mr Lucas leads a simple lifehis great wealth.〚导学号95480011〛25.(2020·课标全国Ⅱ改编)A serious study of physics is impossible some knowledge of mathematics.Ⅱ.用适当的介词完成句子(每空一词)1.穿着红衣服的女孩们在讲意大利语。
专题一不可忽视的小词冠词、代词和介词（短语）at 表示在某个时间点，at 3：00，at noon ，at that，at Christmas Day 也可表示在某个节假日time on 表示在某一天或某天on Monday ，on Friday evening ，on September 24的一部分表示in the evening ，in a week ，in three days ，in 2019，in my childhood时间at 的介，on ，in 表示在少于或多于一in 天的时间段词morning ，evening ，afternoon ，night 等名词on Monday morning ，on a 如果有表示具体某一天cold winter morning的名词修饰时，用onby表示“不迟于；到……by six o'clock，by the 为止”end of last monthduring表示一段持续的时间，也可以表示这段持续时间中的某一点或某一刻during the summer vaca tion表示时间的介词by，during，for，till，untilfor表示一段时间，后面接具体的时间单位，后边的名词常用复数I have been working herefor five years.Although the lecture wasvery boring，he stayedtill the end of it.till和until表示一段时间，till用在肯定句中与持续性动词连用，until用在否定句中，与瞬间动词连用I didn't leave until 11o'clock.at一般指较小I met him at the的地方store.in一般指较大They arrived in的地方Tianjin yesterday.at，in，onon一般指面与The picture is线接触的地方hanging on the wall.表示地点、位置、方向的介词Baoding lies in thein表示在某一middle of Hebei范围内Province.in，on，to on表示两地接Canada is on thenorth of the USA.to表示范围之Japan is to thenortheast of China.壤外There is a small house by theby 与beside 表示“在……river.的旁边”He was standing beside his father.by ，beside ，nearThere is a school near my house.near 表示“接近；近”表示地点、位置、方向的介词from 强调起点，“从……”The plane from New York arrives at 11：10.from ，out ofout of 侧重从里向外，“从……里出来”She took some paper out of her bag.The secret is only between you and me.between 表示在两者之间between ，amongamong 指三者或三者以上的之间The teacher was standing among the students.for ，from ，of ，through ，with ，because of ，due to ，owing to ，for fear of ，on account of ，out of ，thanks to 等可以表示原因表示原因的介词He was shaking with cold.The girl fell ill from eating too little.by 多用于无形的工具或手段前，by 与名词by hand ，by means of 间无修饰语in ink ，in English ，in by ，in ，in 多用于语言、材料前this way withwith 多用在有形的工具、表示工具、方式、手段的介词We see with our eyes.We are digging with spades(铁锹)．表示身体器官的名词前，with 与名词之间可以有修饰语by ＋交通工具，之间by air ，by car ，by bus ，无冠词by bike in/on ＋修饰语＋交通go to work in my car ，on 工具the busby ，in ，on表示“和……一起；Will you come to the cinema 有……在场”with us ？With time passing by ，he has become used to the climate there.表示“随着；与……一道”表示工具、方式、手段with 的介词The teacher comes into the 表示“具有；携有”classroom with some books inhis hand.He likes to go to bed with the表示方式或状态windows open.of ＋抽象名词be of great value ＝be veryvaluable be of ＋抽象名词＝be ＋adj.to one's surprise ＝to the surprise of sb to one's joy ，to one's regret ，to one's relief ，to one'sdisappointmentto ＋情感类to one's ＋名词＝to the ＋名名词ꢀ词＋of sb.call for需要ꢀꢀsearch for寻找；搜索play with同……一起玩；玩弄hold up举起figure out想出refer to提及；参考；查阅focus on集中于exchange...for...用……来交换……“动词＋介词”搭配go back to追溯到wait for等待pay for为……付款care about关心；介意dream of梦想rely on依靠contribute to贡献；有助于；促进charge...for...为……要价……apply for申请feel like想要listen to听begin with以……开始pass by经过laugh at嘲笑1.at ＋n.表示状态at a loss 不知所措ꢀꢀꢀat peace 处于和平状态at war 处于战争状态at work 在工作2.其他以at 开头的介词短语at the beginning of 在……的开始at the cost of 以……的代价“介词＋at the risk of 名词”搭at the mercy of 在……支配下；任由……摆布同时冒……的危险配at the same time 3.on ＋n.表示状态on exhibition/show 在展出on fire 着火on sale 出售；打折on the way 在途中on the decrease/increase 在减少/在增加on holiday/vacation 在度假4.其他以on开头的介词短语on account of因为on behalf of代表on no account/condition决不on the top of在……上面/顶端5.by＋n.表示方式by accident偶然地by chance偶然by air/plane乘飞机by coincidence碰巧“介词＋名词”搭配by hand用手工by mistake错误地by nature天生地by the day按天算6.in＋n.表示方式in cash用现金付款in detail详细地in depth在深度上in height在高度上in English用英语in length在长度上7.其他以in 开头的介词短语in no time 立刻in no way 决不in place of 代替in possession of 拥有；占有in addition to 另外in return 作为回报in charge of 掌管……in spite of 尽管in exchange for 作为交换in favor of 支持；赞成in case of 万一；如果；假使in support of 为支持……“介词＋名词”搭配in honour of 为向……表示敬意in memory of 为了纪念……in the middle of 在……中间8.of ＋n.表示特征(等于相应的形容词)of benefit 有益处的of importance 重要的of use 有用的of help 有帮助的of significance 有意义的of value 有价值的谢谢观赏。
专题七定语从句考点 1关系代词指引的定语从句关系代词的用法★★★典例 1[2019山西吕梁高三段考,46 ]Irresponsible drivers like to cut in on the road often make the drivers behind respond by suddenly braking.句意 :喜爱在路上强行超车的不负责任的司机经常使后边的司机忽然刹车。
空处指引定语从句,先行词是drivers, 指人 , 且空处在从句中作主语,故可填 who/that。
who/that易混关系代词的辨析★★★1.关系代词that 与 which典例 2[2019 江西吉安六校联考,63]All happens during early years can influence children forthe rest of their lives.句意 :全部从前发生的事情都可能影响孩子的余生。
定语从句缺乏主语,且先行词为不定代词All, 故只好用关系代词that 。
that典例 3[2019 山东淄博段考 ,49]This was the most valuable opinion was given by a foreignertwo centuries ago.空处在此指引定语从句,先行词是opinion,指物,关系词在从句中充任主语,且先行词前有形容词最高等修饰 ,故只好用关系代词that 。
that典例 4Peter and his car disappeared mysteriously in London in 1987 appeared mysteriously in New York in 1993.剖析句子构造可知,"disappeared in 1987"为定语从句,修饰先行词"Peter and his car",先行词既有人又有物,定语从句用that来指引。
A.单句填空(每小题1.5分，共15分，限时7分钟)1．[2021·衡水二中一轮检测]I waved to Nancy, but she was ________(absorb) in her thoughts, and made no response.答案absorbed[句意：我跟南希挥手致意，但是她在沉思，没有作出回应。
考查be absorbed in，意为“专心于，全神贯注于”，故应填absorbed。
]2．[2021·冀州中学热身]He tried to join the army but was ________(reject) because of poor health, which made him depressed.答案rejected[句意：他试图去参军，但是因为身体不够健康被拒绝了，这让他很郁闷。
reject 意为“拒绝”。
根据句意可知填rejected。
]3．[2021·枣强中学周测]I knew I had heard this song before but its name ________(escape)me.答案escaped[句意：我知道我以前听过这首歌，但我就是想不起来它的名字。
the name escape sb.表示“某人记不起那个名字”，故填escaped。
]4．[2021·武邑中学模拟]A well-written English composition call________good choice of words and clear organization.答案for[句意：一篇好的英语作文需要选词优美、结构清晰。
call for意为“需要”，符合句意。
故填for。
]5．[2021·衡水中学周测]Because of this urgent operation, Dr Blair had to set ________his research and hurried to the hospital.答案aside[句意：因为这个紧急的手术，Blair医生不得不把他的研究放在一边，匆匆忙忙地去了医院。
姓名，年级：时间：第二部分语法必备专题一动词一、动词的时态和语态动词的时态、语态是高考的重点考点,有的试题单独考查的是某种时态的用法，如一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成时等,而有的试题会把时态和语态、时态和主谓一致融合起来进行考查,也有的试题综合性很强,会把时态、语态和主谓一致三个考点融合在一个小题中进行考查。
动词时态的一般体单句填空1.（2019课标全国卷Ⅱ)Picking up her “Lifetime Achievement” award, proud Irene (declare） she had no plans to retire from her 36-year-old business.1。
答案declared 考查动词的时态。
陈述过去发生的事情需用一般过去时，故填declared.2。
（2018课标全国卷Ⅰ)While running regularly can't make you live forever, the review says it （be) more effective at lengthening life than walking, cycling or swimming。
2.答案is 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。
本句中宾语从句与主句的时态应保持一致，故用一般现在时;宾语从句中的主语为it,故用is.3.（2018课标全国卷Ⅱ)The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005—when the government (start) a soil—testing program that gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers-and 2011，fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.3.答案started 句意:中国农业部发现在2005年和2011年之间,化肥的使用减少了770万吨。
专题三介词和介词短语考点1介词表示"时间"的介词★★★典例1[2020成都毕业班摸底测试,61]Students at a primary school in Hangzhou had their first class on movable typeMarch 1st.句意:3月1日,杭州一所小学的学生上了第一节"活字课"。
此处March 1st为特定的某一天,所以应用介词on。
on典例2[2019广东深圳耀华实验学校高三检测,68]She worked six in the morning to six in the evening.句意:她从早上6点工作到晚上6点。
from...to...表示"从……到……"。
from表示"地点、方位"的介词★★★典例3The new railway winds its way to Jieyang,over mountains,tunnels and rivers.through表示从物体内部通过,across表示从物体表面横过。
故第一空填through,表示"从隧道里面穿过";第二空填across,表示"横穿河面"。
through; across表示"工具或手段"的介词:by,with,in, on★★☆典例4[2016丙卷(全国Ⅲ),70]In India,for example,most people traditionally eat their hands.此处指用手吃饭,故填with。
with表示"关于"的介词:of,about,on★★☆典例5[2019河北衡水中学高三二调,69]According to Miao,policies promoting the development of digital economy will also be published in the country.此处表示"关于促进数字经济发展的政策",故填介词on,表示"关于"。
on考点2介词短语及搭配常见的介词短语★★★典例6Many English people, travelling away from home, feel a loss if their favourite tea bags are not available.at a loss意为"困惑,不知所措",是固定搭配,故用介词at。
at典例7In this fast-changing and competitive world, many people are heavy pressure.语境表示"很多人都承受着巨大的压力",under pressure表示"承受压力"。
under典例8[2019河南中原名校高三第一次质量考评,65]Thanks Emperor Qianlong of the Qing dynasty, the tea has earned a high reputation.句意:茶享有盛誉,这多亏清朝的乾隆皇帝。
这里应用短语Thanks to表示"因为,多亏",故填介词to。
to其他词类与介词的常见搭配典例9[2020陕西部分学校摸底考试,68]We found that singing as part of a group contributes people’s recovery from mental health problems.句意:我们发现合唱有助于人们从精神健康问题中康复。
contribute to 是固定搭配,意为"出一份力,起一份作用",故填to。
to考法1 考查介词的搭配典例10[2017丙卷(全国Ⅲ),68]After school she plans to take a year off to model full-time before going to university to get a degree engineering or architecture.degree与介词in搭配,表示某专业的学位。
故填in。
in考法总结本题考查名词与介词的搭配,某专业的学位应用介词in。
高考往往着重考查介词的搭配。
典例11[2016甲卷(全国Ⅱ),64]Most of us are more focused our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day.句意:我们中的大多数人早上会比我们一天中的晚些时候更加专注于我们的工作。
固定短语be focused on 意为"专注于……"。
故填on。
on考法总结高考有时考查短语的变式,比如本题就是考查focus...on的形容词短语形式。
考法2 考查单一介词典例12[2018浙江6月,65]If you are not going to suffer this problem,then I suggest that the next time you go to your mum’s home dinner,get a few cooking tips from her.句意:如果你不想被这个问题所困,那么我建议,下次你去你妈妈家吃晚饭时,从她那儿获得一些有关烹饪的窍门儿。
空格后的名词dinner是"go to your mum’s home"的目的,所以要用介词for表示目的。
for考法总结此题考查的是介词for表示"目的",属于其基本含义。
for的其他常考用法有:①(表示去向)往,向,如leave for(动身去……);②表示对象、用途;③表示一段时间,如for two years (两年);④因为,由于;⑤就……而言。
难点1 同一介词所表达的多种含义典例13[2020石家庄毕业班摸底考试,68]Holmwood, who translated A Hero Born, told China Daily, "It’s a big momentChinese fiction abroad."句意:翻译《英雄诞生》(《射雕英雄传》第1卷)的Holmwood告诉《中国日报》:"在国外,对中国小说来说,这是一个重要历程。
"此处用介词for表示"就……而言"。
for典例14[2014重庆,7]She drove so fast at the turn that the car almost went the road.句意:她车开得太快了,在拐弯处汽车几乎偏离了公路。
此处off表示"偏离"。
off典例15[2019北京中央民族大学附属中学高三检测,2]—Can David take charge of the international department?—I’m afraid it’s his ability.句意:——戴维能负责国际部吗?——恐怕这超出了他的能力。
根据空前的afraid可知,此处表示"超出(beyond)了他的能力"。
beyond典例16[2019福建厦门双十中学高三模拟, 80]At the end of the trip, I came home a great sense of fulfillment.with在此表示"具有,带有",with a great sense of fulfillment表示"带着一种极大的满足感"。
with典例17In my opinion, wine improves age, and it is the same with friendship.句意:依我看,年份越久远酒香越醇厚,友谊也一样。
with"随着……"符合句意。
with难点2 介词的省略典例18I had great difficulty (find) the suitable food on the menu in that restaurant.分析句子结构可知,题干中含有have difficulty (in) doing sth.结构,在该结构中介词in可省略。
finding方法1 分析具体语境,注意介词含义典例19We should talk about the things the children’s understanding in a simple way.句意:我们应当用一种简单的方式谈论超出儿童理解能力的事物。
beyond"超出, 为……所不能及"符合句意。
beyond方法2 积累介词的用法,注意一词多义典例20You should fly your kite the wind, or it cannot fly high.句意:你应该逆着风放风筝,否则它飞不高。
against"逆着"符合句意。
against方法3 体会英语本义,注意介词的习惯搭配典例21In some cases, different approaches the same scientific problem lead to conflicting theories.句意:在某些情况下,对同一个科学难题(所采用的)方法不同,会得出相互矛盾的看法。
approach to"……的方法"是习惯搭配。
to1.[2020浙江1月,59]This aging of the population is driven two factors.2.[2019全国Ⅰ,63]Modern methods tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s...3.[2019浙江6月,61]The answer this question is not clear.4.[2018全国I,65]While running regularly can’t make you live forever, the review says it is more effective at lengthening life walking, cycling or swimming.5.[2018全国Ⅲ,67]I was searching these three western lowland gorillas I’d been observing.6.[2018浙江11月,60]One cup of coffee the late afternoon or evening will cause them to stay awake almost all night.7.[2017江苏,33]—What does the stuff on your T-shirt mean?—It’s nothing. Just something the top of my head.8.[2016天津,8]Mary was silent during the early part of the discussion but finally she gave voice her opinion on the subject.9.[2015陕西,12]The little pupil took his grandma the arm and walked her across the street.10.[2015浙江,17]These comments came response to specific questions often asked by local newsmen.11.[2014陕西,14]The Scottish girl blue eyes won the first prize in the Fifth Chinese Speech Contest.1.by句意:这种人口老龄化现象是由两个因素造成的。
