Pathogenesis 发病学: the development of morbid conditions or of disease; more specifically the cellular events and reactions and other pathologic mechanisms occurring in the development of disease.Fever 发热: elevation of body temperature above the normal (37°C),which is caused by the set-point invrease due to pyrogens.Myocardial stunning 心肌顿抑: its refer to After a short period of myocardial ischemia Necrosis does not occur, But induced the structure, Metabolic and functional changes in the delayed recovery after reperfusion phenomenon, characterized by systolic dysfunction.Hepatic insufficiency 肝功能不全: a failure or partial failure of normal liver function, Various factors caused by liver damage severe damage to liver cells to metabolism, secretion, synthesis, detoxification and immune function in a serious obstacle, the body often jaundice, bleeding, secondary infection, renal dysfunction, encephalopathy.multiple organ dysfunction syndrome MODS 多器官功能障碍综合征: failure of two or more organ systems in a critically ill patient because of a complex and interrelated series of events. Following a significant insult.paradoxical alkaluria 反常性碱性尿: renal tubular acidosis –decrease HCO3 reabsorption or decrease H excretion, hyperkalemia lead to decrease renal H excretion so H in urine decreases, and the urine is alkaline instead of acidic.. paradoxical aciduria 反常性酸性尿: in alkalosis when hypokalemia occurs, renal tubular epithelium cells increase HCO3 reabsorption or increase H excretion so H in urine increases and the urine is acidic instead of alkaline. Autoinfusion 自身输液: Forcing the blood from the extremities, as by the application of a bandage or pressure device, to raise the blood pressure and fill vessels in the vital organs.Acute renal failure ARF急性肾功能衰竭:acute decline of renal function results in disturbances of homeostasis, characterized by azotemia, water electrolytes, acid-base imbalance, usually oliguria.Anion gap(AG) 阴离子间隙: The difference between the sum of cations and anions found in plasma or serum. Calcium overload 钙超载: the abnormal increase of intracellular calcium which causes cell injury.Calcium paradox 钙反常: the restoration of normal calcium concentration followed by transient no calcium perfusion my induce lethal cell injury.Conscious disorder 意识障碍: parenchymal mental disorder in which there is impairment of the ability to maintain a warness of self and environmental to respond tp environmental stimuli.Cyanosis 发绀: a bluish coloration of the skin or mucous membranes, caused by concentration of HB in capillaries>50 g/L.Dead space like ventilation死腔样通气: partial alveolar hypofusion without corresponding decrease of ventilation in pulmonary embolism, DIC, pulmonary arteritis.Disseminated intravascular coagulation DIC弥散性血管内凝血:a pathologic syndrome characterized by the disturbance of the balance of coagulation, anticoagulation and fibrinolytic processes, extensive activation of intravascular coagulation and fibrinolysis causes diffusing formation of microthrombus and bleeding.Eccentric hypertrophy离心性肥大:Hypertrophic growth of the walls of a hollow organ, especially the heart, in which the overall size and volume are enlarged.Edema 水肿: an abnormal accumulation of fluid in cells, tissues, or cavities of the body, resulting in swelling. endogenous pyrogen 内生致热源:the pyrogenic cytokines which can increase the set-point of body temperature released by EP- releasing cells.false neurotransmitter 假性神经递质: a biological amine that can be stored in presynaptic vesicles but that has little or no effect on postsynaptic receptors when released into the synaptic cleft.functional shunt 功能性分流: COPD—ventilation decreases with normal blood flow ---- V/Q<0.84 . the process of venous blood flowing through these units have not been totally arterialized and mixes into arterial blood.heart failure心力衰竭:is the inability of the heart to supply adequate blood flow and generate a cardiac putput sufficient to meet the metabolic demands of the body.hemic hypoxia 血液性缺氧:tissue hypoxia which is caused by HB decrease, degeneration or intoxication, blood becomes depleted of oxygen-carrying chemicals.hypotonic hypoxia低张性缺氧: hypoxia which is caused by decreased PaO2 so HB cant be saturated by O2, CaO2 decrease, O2 supply decrease atmospheric and respiratory hypoxia.Circulatory hypoxia循环性缺氧: hypoxia which caused by decreased blood flow, O2 supply decrease ischemic andcongestive hypoxia.Histogenous hypoxia 组织性缺氧: hypoxia which caused by O2 utilization trouble, ATP↓.hepatic encephalopathy肝性脑病: neuropsychiatric syndrome secondary to severe hepatic disease, Hepatic coma is the final stage of hepatic encephalopathy.hyperthermia 过热: greatly increased body temperature without set-point upwards, thermoregulation is out of control or in barrier.hypertonic dehydration高渗性脱水:the condition with water loss>sodium loss which causes Serum sodium concentration>150mmol/L and the osmotic pressure higher than 310mmol/L.hypotonic dehydration 低渗性脱水:the condition with sodium loss>water loss which causes Serum sodium concentration<135mmol/L and the osmotic pressure lower than 280mmol/L.hypoxia缺氧:the pathological process of the metabolic, functional and structural abnormal changes of tissue cells because they cant obtain enough oxygen or cant fully utilize oxygen.ischemia reperfusion injury 缺血再灌注损伤:reperfusion injury refers to damage to tissue caused when blood supply returns to the tissue after period of ischemia.respiratory acidosis 呼吸性酸中毒:Acidosis that is caused by retention of CO2, due to inadequate pulmonary ventilation or hypoventilation, and that results in a decrease in blood pH unless compensated for by renal retention of bicarbonate.restrictive hypoventilation限制性通气不足: alveolar hypoventilation caused by restrictive expansion of the lung (impaired activity of respiratory muscle, decreased compliance of thorax, decreased compliance of lungs, thorax fluidify or pneumothorax).hyperpolarized blocking 超极化阻滞:when neuromuscular irritability is decreased, the muscle will response less readily to neural stimulation.depolarization block去极化阻滞: Paralysis of skeletal muscle associated with loss of polarity of the motor end plate, as occurs following administration of succinylcholine.no-reflow phenomenon 无复流现象:is the failure of blood to reperfuse an ischemic area after the physical obstruction has been removed or bypassed.compensatory antiinflammatory response syndrome CARS代偿性抗炎反应综合征:heper-inflammatory (SIRS) of the immune system with overshooting release of pro-inflammatory mediators may be followed by an anti-inflammatory response characterized by paralysis of immune competence.pathological process病理过程:a process in which some common regular alterations of function, metabolism and structure take place in many difference diseases, e.g. fever, shock etc.microangiopathic hemolytic anemia 微血管病性溶血性贫血:The fragmentation of red blood cells because of narrowing or obstruction of small blood vessels. Induced by some chronic or sbacute DIC because of mechanical injury of red blood cells blocked in the capillaries.health健康: indicates not only without any evidence of disease but also a state of complete well-beingphysically psychologicallyand socially.Disease致病: is refereed as aberrant manifestation of deregulated homeostasis caused by harmful agents. Cardiogenic shock 心源性休克: shock resulting from inadequate cardiac function, as from myocardial infarction or mechanical obstruction; characteristics include hypovolemia, hypotension, cold skin, weak pulse, and confusion. cardiac insufficiency 心功能不全: inability of the heart to perform its function properly; heart failure.休克shock: a condition of acute circulatory failure due to derangement of circulatory control or loss of circulating fluid, lead tissue perfusion reduced greatly, severe dysfunction of vital organs, cell damage and eventurally death. trade-off hypothesis矫枉失衡学说:argued that pathogens would tend to evolve toward ever decreasing virulence because the death of the host (or even serious disability) is ultimately harmful to the pathogen living inside.stress 应激: nonspecific response to variety of stimuli, mainly with the activation of sympathetic adrenal medulla and hypothalamus pituitary adrenocortical axis.General adaption syndrome 全身适应综合征: an expression for prolonged stress which finally leads to homeostasis disorder and disease.systemic inflammatory response syndrome全身炎症反应综合症:uncontrolled systemic inflammatory responsefollowing severe trauma, infection, shock ,burns etc, self continuous amplification and destruction.Equal pressure point 等压点:the point along airway where the intra-airway pressure equals tp the extra-airway pressure.。
