中央财经大学+考博真题+英语+2007-2013

考博士英语试题及答案一、词汇和语法（共20分，每题2分）1. The word "innovate" is most closely related to which of the following?A. CreateB. ImitateC. DuplicateD. Annihilate答案：A2. Which sentence is grammatically correct?A. She has been working here since she graduated.B. She has been working here since she graduated from university.C. She has been working here since she graduated university.D. She has been working here since she was graduated.答案：B3. The correct usage of the word "subsequent" is demonstrated in which sentence?A. The subsequent event was unexpected.B. The subsequent events were unexpected.C. The subsequent event was not expected.D. The subsequent events were not expected.答案：B4. What is the antonym of "abundant"?A. ScarceB. AbundantC. PlentifulD. Ample答案：A5. The phrase "at the mercy of" means:A. To be in a position of power.B. To be controlled by someone or something.C. To show mercy to someone.D. To be in a state of uncertainty.答案：B...二、阅读理解（共30分，每篇阅读5题，每题2分）Passage 1[文章内容略]6. What is the main idea of the passage?A. [选项A]B. [选项B]C. [选项C]D. [选项D]答案：[正确答案]7. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true?A. [选项A]B. [选项B]C. [选项C]D. [选项D]答案：[正确答案]8. The author's attitude towards the subject can be best described as:A. SkepticalB. OptimisticC. NeutralD. Pessimistic答案：[正确答案]9. What does the term "paradigm shift" refer to in the context of the passage?A. [选项A]B. [选项B]C. [选项C]D. [选项D]答案：[正确答案]10. What conclusion can be drawn from the passage?A. [选项A]B. [选项B]C. [选项C]D. [选项D]答案：[正确答案][其他Passage及问题略]三、完形填空（共20分，每题2分）[文章内容略]11. The blank [ ] should be filled with:A. [选项A]B. [选项B]C. [选项C]D. [选项D]答案：[正确答案]12. The word that best completes the sentence is:A. [选项A]B. [选项B]C. [选项C]D. [选项D]答案：[正确答案]...四、翻译（共20分，每题5分）13. Translate the following sentence into English: [中文句子]答案：[英文翻译]14. Translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: [英文句子]答案：[中文翻译]...五、写作（共10分）15. Write an essay of about 300 words on the topic "The Impact of Technology on Education".[写作指导略][学生作文略]注意：以上试题及答案仅为示例，实际考试内容会有所不同。

考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编59(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．Nobody knew how he came up with this______ idea about the trip.(2004年清华大学考博试题)A．wearyB．twilightC．unanimousD．weird正确答案：D解析：本句空格处意为“提出这个怪主意”。

weird的意思是“怪异的”，与句意相符。

而“weary疲倦的：twilight模糊的；unanimous意见一致的”都不正确。

2．An old woman was badly hurt in ______the police describe as an apparently motiveless attack.(2003年复旦大学考博试题)A．thatB．whichC．whatD．whatever正确答案：C解析：本题也可以用“An old woman was badly hurt in an accident that the police describe as an apparently motiveless attack”来表达。

因此，能代替an accident that的只有what。

3．He thought I was lying, ______ I was telling the truth.A．hithertoB．henceforthC．whereasD．nevertheless正确答案：C解析：whereas conj．(表示对比关系)然而，但是，尽管(如：One arrived promptly，whereas the others were late．Some praise him，whereas others condemn him．)。

2007年西南财经大学考博英语真题及详解Part I Vocabulary(15points,0.5point each)Directions:There are30incomplete sentences in this part.For each sentence there are four choices marked A.B.C and D.Choose the ONE answer that best completes thesentence.Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single pencilline through the center.1.A number of______clients have expressed their interest in our business.A.possibleB.potentialC.originalD.relevant【答案】B【解析】potential潜在的。

possible可能的，可以接受的。

original最初的，原始的。

relevant有关系的。

2.I’m pleased to hear of your job offer—all that hard work at school has obviously______.A.paid offB.taken its tollC.made a differenceD.shown up【答案】A【解析】pay off回报，成功。

take its toll造成损失。

make a difference有很大不同。

showup露面。

3.Based on the______that every business is now free to formulate its own strategy in light of the changing market.I would predict a marked improvement in the efficiency of China’s economy.A.guidanceB.instructionC.premiseD.quantity【答案】C【解析】on the premise that在…的前提下。

中央财经大学考博英语真题解析1.In that country,guests tend to feel they are not highly if the invitation to a dinner party is extended only three or four days before the party date.(A)admired(B)regarded(C)expected(D)worshipped2.A of the long report by the budget committee was submitted to the mayor for approval.(A)shorthand(B)scheme(C)schedule(D)sketch3.A man has to make______for his old age by putting aside enough money to live on when /(A)supply(B)assurance(C)provision(D)adjustment4.The newly-built Science Building seems_______enough to lasta hundred years.(A)spacious(B)sophisticated(C)substantial（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:772678537)(D)steady5.It is well-known that the retired workers in our country are _________free medical care.(A)entitled to(B)involved in(C)associated with(D)assigned to6.The farmers were more anxious for rain than the people in the city because they had more at______.(A)danger(B)stake(C)loss(D)threat7.I felt_________to death because I could make nothing of the chairman’s speech.(A)fatigued(B)tired(C)exhausted(D)bored8.When the engine would not start,the mechanic inspected all the parts to find what was at_____.(A)wrong(B)trouble(C)fault(D)difficulty9.Your advice would be______valuable to him,who is at present at his wit’s end.exceedingly(B)excessively(C)extensively(D)exclusively10.He failed to carry out some of the provisions of the contract, and now he has to______the consequences.(A)answer for(B)runsintos(C)abide by(D)stepsintos11.The river is already_______its banks because of excessive rainfall;and the city is threatened with a likely flood.(A)parallel to(B)level in(C)flat on(D)flush with12.People_______that vertical flight transports would carry millions of passengers as do the airliners of today.(A)convinced(B)anticipated(C)resolved /(D)assured13.In spite of the wide range of reading material specially written or_______for language learning purposes,there is yet no comprehensive systematic programme for the reading skills.(A)adapted(B)acknowledged(C)assembled(D)appointed14.The mother said she would________her son washing the dishes if he could finish his assignment before supper.(A)let down(B)let alone(C)let off(D)let out15.We should always keep in mind that_______decisions often lead to bitter regrets.(A)urgent(B)hasty(C)instant(D)prompt16.John complained to the bookseller that there were several pages_______in the dictionary.(A)missing(B)losing(C)dropping(D)leaking本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。

中央财经经济学院经济史考博考试内容复习规划-育明考博一、中央财经大学经济史专业博士招生考试内容（育明课程中心）招生专业招生人数初试考试科目复试考试科目020103经济史专业1人①1001英语②2001经济学基础③3006现代经济学前沿①科研基础与科研潜质测试（90分）②外语听说能力测试（10分）育明考博辅导中心杜老师解析：1、央财经济学院经济史考博的报录比平均在4:1左右（竞争较激烈）2、研究方向：01.中外经济关系、金融史3、初试英语拉开的分差较小，两门专业课拉开的分差非常大。

要进入复试就必须在两门专业课中取得较高的分数。

专业课的复习备考中“信息”和“方向”比单纯的时间投入和努力程度更重要。

4、从2014年起普通计划定向就业博士研究生招生数原则上控制在普通计划总招生人数的30%以内。

每名博导同一招生年度至多招收1名普通计划定向就业博士研究生，同时，一名博导不能连续2年招收普通计划定向就业博士研究生。

育明教育考博分校针对中央财经大学各专业考博开设的辅导课程有：考博英语课程班·专业课课程班·视频班·复试保过班·高端协议班。

每年专业课课程班的平均通过率都在80%以上。

根植育明学校从2006年开始积累的深厚高校资源，整合利用历届育明优秀学员的成功经验与高分资料，为每一位学员构建考博成功的基础保障。

（中央财经考博资料获取、课程咨询育明教育杜老师叩叩：八九三、二四一、二二六）二、中央财经大学经济史专业考博参考书(育明考博课程中心)020205经济史专业二参考书《微观经济学：现代观点》哈尔.R.范里安费方域等译格致出版社(2011第八版)《高级微观经济理论》杰弗瑞.A.杰里菲利普.J.瑞尼王根蓓上海财经大学出版社(2005第二版)《高级宏观经济学基础》海德拉范德普罗格著陈彦斌等译中国人民大学出版社(2012)《高级宏观经济学》戴维.罗默著王根蓓译上海财经大学出版社(2009第三版)《经济史与组织》[英]多纳德.海德里克.莫瑞斯经济科学出版社（2001）《经济开放与中国产业发展》王如忠社会科学文献出版社（2006）《政府管制经济学导论》王俊豪商务印书馆（2001）《市场国际化与市场结构优化问题研究》齐兰著中国经济出版社（1999）《经济史》近一年中国人民大学书报资料中心1、参考书是理论知识建立所需的载体，如何从参考书抓取核心书目，从核心书目中遴选出重点章节常考的考点，如何高效的研读参考书、建立参考书框架，如何初步将参考书中的知识内容对应到答题中，是考生复习的第一阶段最需完成的任务。

考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编7(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．The apartment was______at $20,000 and its owner was happy about that. (2009年北京航空航天大学考博试题)A．assaultedB．assessedC．assertedD．avenged正确答案：B解析：四个选项的意思分别是：assaulted攻击，突袭；assessed评价，估值；asserted断言，宣称；avenged报仇，复仇。

根据句子意思可知，正确答案是B 选项。

如：The lawyers assessed the property at $35,000(律师们估计这笔财产价值35000美元。

)2．It is too early to ______ the effect of the new measure.(2004年湖北省考博试题)A．administerB．assessC．elevateD．contribute正确答案：B解析：本题意为“评价新措施的影响为时尚早”。

B项的“assess评价，评估”符合题意，如：Damages were assessed at 1,000RMB．(损失估计达1 000元人民币。

)其他三项“administer管理，支配，执行；elevate抬起，使升高；contribute捐献，投稿”都不正确。

3．The nurse ______ the doctor in the operation room.(2003年西南财经大学考博试题)A．insistedB．resistedC．assistedD．persisted正确答案：C解析：本题是说护士在手术室帮助医生。

C项的assisted(帮助)符合题意。

其他三项“insisted坚持；resisted反抗：persisted坚持”都不正确。

中央财经大学考博英语真题常见的一些动词及其时态时态一致(Tense Agreement)：从句和主句谓语动词应在时态上保持一致。

(一)主句动词是过去时态时，从句动词相应采用某种过去时态例句：Darwin was convinced that loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness,but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character.(2008年第50题)分析：该句是复合句，主干结构为Darwin was convinced that...。

宾语从句中有not only...but...引导的并列结构;短语be injurious to 的意思是“对……产生危害，有害……”。

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译文：达尔文确信，没有了这些爱好不只是少了乐趣，而且可能会有损于一个人的思维能力，更有可能导致一个人道德品质的下降。

例句：Publication of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a storm of media protest when he said the interpretation of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges rather than to Parliament.(选自2001年Cloze Test)分析：该句是复合句。

在when引导的从句中，the interpretation of privacy controls...作said的宾语;过去分词短语contained in European 作后置定语修饰the interpretation;主句部分为publication of the letter came;另一从句中的主语Lord Irvine与he同指一人。

中央财经大学考博英语阅读真题解析Text2When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August,his explanation was surprisingly straight up.Rather than cloakinghis exit in the usual vague excuses,he came right out and said hewas leaving“to pursue my goal of running a company.”Broadcastinghis ambition was“very much my decision,”McGee says.Within twoweeks,he was talking for the first time with the board of HartfordFinancial Services Group,which named him CEO and chairman onSeptember29.当八月份，Liam McGee以总裁的身份从美国银行离职的时候，他的解释出人意料的直白。

他没有忸怩的用平常的模糊的理由来遮掩他的离开，他很坦诚的讲他离开就是为了去追求他经营一家公司的目标。

McGee说宣扬自己的目标就是自己的决定。

两周后，他第一次和Hartford FinancialServices Group的董事会第一次会谈，这家公司在9月29日提名他为董事会主席和CEO.（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:772678537) McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time toreflect on what kind of company he wanted to run.It also sent a clearmessage to the outside world about his aspirations.And McGee isn’talone.In recent weeks the No.2executives at Avon and AmericanExpress quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEOpost.As boards scrutinize succession plans in response toshareholder pressure,executives who don’t get the nod also may wishto move on.A turbulent business environment also has senior managerscautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.他说在离开的时候并没有找好后面的职位(下家)，使他有时间去反思他到底想去经营一家什么样的公司。

中央财经大学2007年博士研究生入学考试英语试题Part I Vocabulary (15%)Section ADirections:In this section there are 10 incomplete sentences. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that completes best the sentence.1. The discovery of the Americas began ____ of adventure.A. a semesterB. a spellC. an epochD. a span2. All the ____ of the hotel were evacuated when the fire began.A. pioneersB. settlersC. inhabitantsD. residents3. The roses I left in the car yesterday started to ____ after a couple of hours in the heat.A. wiltB. blossomC. budD. bloom4. The two runners crossed the line ____.A. s ometimesB. simultaneouslyC. f r equentlyD. henceforth5. She was not crying but her eyes were ____.A. a ridB. m oistC. s oakedD. dr y6. Some sportsmen ____ to relax before a contest.A. meditateB. predictC. conceiveD. assume7. When there are so many important things to be done, why does she insist on so many ____ distractions?A. drasticB. crucialC. v italD. petty8. A ____ businessman is one who destroys his competitors.A. ge nerousB. s pitefulC. r u thlessD. humane9. The price of housing has remained ____ for six months.A. a gileB. dynamicC. s tationaryD. i n ert10. With a ____ effort he won a million dollars.A. m inimalB. di m inutiveC. m icroscopeD. d warfSection BDirections:In this section there are 20 sentences. Each sentence has one underlined word or phrase. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should identify one of the four choices which would best keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase.11. The breadfruit is a round fruit with a rough rind, and a soft pulpy inside.A. s kinB. hus kC. s hellD. bl o om12. Frederick E. Taylor was the pioneer of scientific management.A. immigrantB. inventorC. f o eD. a lly13. The almond, native to the Mediterranean, grows abundantly in California.A. r e lativeB. pi o neerC. originalD. i m migrant14. Freshwater turtles can survive in frigid waters for three months without oxygen.A. balmyB. sultryC. freezingD. sweltering15. The parched landscape of salt flats is often used to break world land speed records.A. dr i edB. s oakedC. s ultryD. c hilly16. The fruit does well in hot and humid climates.A. a ridB. dampC. s oakedD. de siccated17. Sedatives calm a person without actually inducing sleep.A. pr o longingB. s ubsidingC. gettingD. c ausing18. F. D. Roosevelt was the only man to have been elected president of the United States four successive times.A. s ignificantB. consecutiveC. not a bleD. s ymmetrical19. Aqueducts built during the Roman Empire may still be seen in many parts of Europe.A. B athsB. Water c analsC. RoadsD. Air pi p es20. Guam, as island in the West Pacific, was ceded to the United States.A. gi v en ov er t oB. a ttacked byC. r u led byD. i n fluenced by21. Hypertension is one of the most widespread and potentially dangerous diseases.A. c olossalB. popularC. c ommonD. s cattered22. Jazz appeared as a unique form of American music in the 1920s.A. obs cureB. s carceC. v italD. s ingular23. Gregor Mendel conceived of the laws of heredity from observing the growth of peas.A. a ssumedB. r e minisced ofC. t h ought ofD. m editated a bout24. Harriet Beecher Stowe was an obscure writer until the publication of Uncle Tom’s Cabin.A. a nonymousB. eminentC. i n famousD. unknown25. After years of work and contemplation, the Native American Sequoyah single-handedly invented a written language for his people.A. worryB. sicknessC. deep thoughtD. l o neliness26. The profuse tropical forests of the Amazon are inhabited by different kinds of animals.A. wildB. distantC. abundantD. immersed27. Although Langston Hughes is better known for his poetry, he also wrote a two-volume autobiography.A. book about someone else’s l i feB. book a bout hi s ow n l i feC. book about many people’s l i vesD. bo ok a bout t h e l i fe of a nimals28. Paul Revere daringly rode through the New England countryside to warn the colonists.A. be nevolentlyB. c ourageouslyC. apprehensivelyD. mercilessly29. Ketchup was developed from a tasty, spicy Chinese sauce made of pickled fish and shellfish in the 17th century.A. insipidB. f l avoredC. blandD. s our30. Many of America’s parks and monuments have been made possible by the generous donations of its citizens.A. ki n dheartedB. unw antedC. s elfishD. m eaninglessPart II Cloze (10%)Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on Answer Sheet.The first two stages in the development of civilized man were probably the invention of primitive weapons and the discovery of fire, although nobody knows exactly when he acquired the use of _31_.The 32 of language is also obscure. No doubt it began very gradually. Animals have a few cries that serve 33 signals, 34 even the highest apes have not been found able to pronounce words, 35 with the most intensive professional instruction. The superior brain of man is apparently 36 for the mastering of speech. When man became sufficiently intelligent, we mustsuppose that he 37 the number of cries for different purposes. It was a great day 38 he discovered that speech could be used for narrative. There are those who think that 39 picture language preceded oral language. A man 40 a picture on the wall of his cave to show 41 direction he had gone, or 42 prey he hoped to catch. Probably picture language and oral language developed side by side. I am inclined to think that language 43 the most important single factor in the development of man.Two important stages came not 44 before the dawn of written history. The first was the domestication of animals; the second was agriculture. Agriculture was 45 in human progress to which subsequently there was nothing comparable 46 our own machine age. Agriculture made possible 47 immense increase in the number of the human species in the regions where it could be successfully practiced. 48 were, at first, only those in which nature fertilized the soil 49 each harvest. Agriculture met with violent resistance from the pastoral nomads, but the agricultural way of life prevailed in the end 50 the physical comforts it provided.Part IV Reading Comprehension (50%)Directions:Read the following four passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answer on the Answer Sheet.Passage 1The ideal companion machine – the computer – would not only look, feel, and sound friendly but would also be programmed to behave in a pleasant manner. Those qualities that make interaction with other people enjoyable would be imitated as closely as possible, and the machine would appear to be charming, and easygoing. Its informal conversational style would make interaction comfortable, and yet the machine would remain slightly unpredictable and therefore interesting. In its first encounter it might be somewhat hesitant, but as it came to know the user it would progress to a more relaxed and intimate style. The machine would not be a passive participant but would add its own suggestions, information, and opinions; it would sometimes take the initiative in developing or changing the topic and would have a personality of its own.Friendships are not made in a day, and the computer would be more acceptable as a friend if it imitated the gradual changes that occur when one person is getting to know another. At an appropriate time it might also express the kind of affection that stimulates attachment and intimacy. The whole process would be accomplished in a subtle way to avoid giving an impression of over-familiarity that would be likely to produce irritation. After experiencing a wealth of powerful, well-timed friendship indicators, the user would be very likely to accept the computer as far more than a machine and might well come to regard it as a friend.An artificial relationship of this type would provide many of the benefits that people obtain from interpersonal friendships. The machine would participate in interesting conservation that could continue from previous discussions. It would have a familiarity with the user’s life as revealed in earlier contact, and it would be understanding and good-humored. The computer’s own personality would be lively and impressive, and it would develop in response to that of the user. With features such as these, the machine might indeed become a very attractive social partner.51. Which of the following is NOT a feature of the ideal companion machine?A. Active i n c ommunication.B. Attractive i n pe rsonality.C. Enjoyable i n pe rformance.D. Unpredictable i n be havior.52. The computer would develop friendships with humans in a(n) ________ way.A. qui c kB. un predictableC. pr o ductiveD. i n conspicuous53. Which of the following aspects is NOT mentioned when the passage discusses the benefits of artificial relationships?A. Being able to pick up an interesting conversation.B. Being sensitive to earlier contract.C. Being ready to learn about the person’s life.D. Having a pleasant and adaptable personality.54. Throughout the passage, the author is ________ in his attitude toward the computer.A. favourableB. criticalC. vagueD. hesitant55. Which might be the most appropriate title of the passage?A. Artificial relationships.B. How to form intimate relationships.C. The affectionate m achine.D. Humans a nd c omputers.Passage 2The uniqueness of the Japanese character is the result of two seemingly contradictory forces: the strength of traditions and selective receptivity to foreign achievements and inventions. As early as the 1860s, there were counter movements to the traditional orientation. Yukichi Fukuzawa the most eloquent spokesman of Japan’s “Enlightenment”, claimed “The Confucian civilization of the East seems to me to lack two things possessed by Western civilization: science in the material sphere and a sense of independence in the spiritual sphere.” Fukuzawa’s great influence is found in the free and individualistic philosophy of the Education Code of 1872, but he was not able to prevent the government from turning back to the canons of Confucian thought in the Imperial Rescript of 1890. Another interlude of relative liberalism followed World War I, when the democratic idealism of President Woodrow Wilson had an important impact on Japanese intellectuals and, especially students: but more important was the Leninist ideology of the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution. Again in the early 1930s, nationalism and militarism became dominant, largely as a result of failing economic conditions.Following the end of World War II, substantial changes were undertaken in Japan to liberate the individual from authoritarian restraints. The new democratic value system was accepted by many teachers, students, intellectuals, and old liberals, but it was not immediately embraced by the society as a whole. Japanese traditions were dominated by group values, and notions of personal freedom and individual rights were unfamiliar.Today, democratic processes are clearly evident in the widespread participation of the Japanese people in social and political life: yet, there is no universally accepted and stable value system. Values are constantly modified by strong infusions of Western ideas, both democratic and Marxist. School textbooks expound democratic principles, emphasizing equality over hierarchy and rationalism over tradition; but in practice these values are often misinterpreted and distorted, particularly by the youth who translate the individualistic and humanistic goals of democracy into egoistic and materialistic ones.Most Japanese people have consciously rejected Confucianism, but vestiges of the old order remain. An important feature of relationships in many institutions such as political parties, large corporations, and university faculties is the oyabun-kobun or parent-child relation. A party leader, supervisor, or professor, in return for loyalty, protects those subordinate to him and takes general responsibility for their interests throughout their entire lives, an obligation that sometimes evenextends to arranging marriages. The corresponding loyalty of the individual to his patron reinforces his allegiance to the group to which they both belong. A willingness to cooperate with other members of the group and to support without qualification the interests of the group in all its external relations is still a widely respected virtue. The oyabun-kobun creates ladders of mobility which an individual can ascend, rising as far as abilities permit, so long as he maintains successful personal ties with a superior in the vertical channel, the latter requirement usually taking precedence over a need for exceptional competence. As a consequence, there is little horizontal relationship between people even within the same profession.56. The author is mainly concerned withA. explaining the influence of Confucianism on modern JapanB. analyzing the reasons for Japan’s postwar economic successC. discussing some important determinants of Japanese valuesD. describing managerial practices in Japanese industry57. Which of the following is most like the relationship of the oyabun-kobun described in the passage?A. A political candidate and the voting public.B. A gifted scientist and his studentC. Two brothers who are partners in a businessD. A judge presiding at the trial of a criminal defendant58. According to the passage, Japanese attitudes are influenced by the following factors except ________.A. democratic ideals.B. elements of modern Western culture.C. remnants of an earlier social structure.D. prewar economic success.59. It can be inferred that the Imperial Rescript of 1890A. was a protest by liberals against the lack of individual liberty in Japan.B. marked a return in government policies to conservative valuesC. implemented the ideals set forth in the Education Code of 1872.D. was influenced by the Leninist ideology of the Bolshevik Revolution.60. The tone of the passage can best be described asA. neutral and objectiveB. critical and demandingC. enthusiastic a nd s upportiveD. s keptical a nd que stioningPassage 3A scientist who does research in economic psychology and who wants to predict the way in which consumers will spend their money must study consumer behavior. He must obtain data both on resources of consumers and on the motives that tend to encourage or discourage money spending.If an economist were asked which of three groups borrow most – people with rising incomes, stable incomes, or declining incomes – he would probably answer: those with declining incomes. Actually, in the years 1947-1950, the answer was: people with rising incomes. People with declining incomes were next and people with stable incomes borrowed the least. This shows us that traditional assumptions about earning and spending are not always reliable. Another traditional assumption is that if people who have money expect prices to go up, they will postpone buying. But research surveys have shown that this is not always true. The expectations of priceincreases may not stimulate buying. One typical attitude was expressed by the wife of a mechanic in an interview at a time of rising prices, “In a few months,” she said, “we’ll have to pay more for meat and milk; we’ll have less to spend on other things.” Her family had been planning to buy a new car but they postponed this purchase. Furthermore, the rise in prices that has already taken place may be resented and buyer’s resistance may be evoked. This is shown by the following typical comment: “I just don’t pay these prices; they are too high.”The investigations mentioned above were carried on in America. Investigations conducted at the same time in Great Britain, however, yielded results that were more in agreement with traditional assumptions about saving and spending patterns. The condition most conducive to spending appears to be price stability. If prices have been stable and people consider that they are reasonable, they are likely to buy. Thus, it appears that the common business policy of maintaining stable prices is based on a correct understanding of consumer psychology.61. According to the passage, if one wants to predict the way consumers will spend their money, he should ________.A. rely on traditional assumptions about earning and spendingB. try to encourage or discourage consumers to spend moneyC. carry out investigations on consumer behavior and obtain data on consumers’ incomes andmoney spending motivesD. do researches in consumer psychology in a laboratory62. According to paragraph 2, research surveys have proved that ____.A. price increases always stimulate people to hasten to buy thingsB. rising prices may make people put off their purchase of certain thingsC. women are more sensitive to the rising in prices than menD. the expectations of price increases often make buyers feel angry63. The results of the investigations on consumer psychology carried out in America were ____ those of the investigations made at the same time in Great Britain.A. somewhat different fromB. exactly the same asC. m uch be tter t h anD. not a s good a s64. From the results of the surveys, the writer of this article ____.A. concludes that the saving and spending patterns in Great Britain are better than those inAmericaB. concludes that the consumers always expect prices to remain stableC. concludes that maintaining stable prices is a correct business policyD. does not draw any conclusion65. Which of the following statements is always true according to the surveys mentioned in the passage?A. Consumers will put off buying things if they expect prices to decrease.B. Consumers will spend their money quickly if they expect prices to increase.C. The price condition has an influence on consumer behavior.D. Traditional assumptions about earning and spending are reliable.Passage 4Over the last 25 years, British society has changed a great deal – or at least many parts of it have. In some ways, however, very little has changed, particularly where attitudes are concerned.Ideas about social class – whether a person is “working-class” or “middle-class” – are one area in which changes have been extremely slow.In the past, the working-class tended to be paid less than middle-class people, such as teachers and doctors. As a result of this and also of the fact that workers’ jobs were generally much less secure, distinct differences in life-styles and attitudes came into existence. The typical working man would collect his wages on Friday evening and then, it was widely believed, having given his wife her “housekeeping”, would go out and squander the rest on beer and betting.The stereotype of what a middle-class man did with his money was perhaps nearer the truth. He was – and still is – inclined to take a longer-term view. Not only did he regard buying a house as a top priority, but he also considered the education of his children as extremely important. Both of these provided him and his family with security. Only in very few cases did workers have the opportunity (or the education and training) to make such long-term plans.Nowadays, a great deal has changed. In a large number of cases factory workers earn as much, if not more, than their middle-class supervisors. Social security and laws to improve job-security, combined with a general rise in the standard of living since the mid-fifties of the 20th century, have made it less necessary than before to worry about “tomorrow”. Working-class people seem slowly to be losing the feeling of inferiority they had in the past. In fact there has been a growing tendency in the past few years for the middle-classes to feel slightly ashamed of their position.The changes in both life-styles and attitudes are probably most easily seen amongst younger people. They generally tend to share very similar tastes in music and clothes, they spend their money in having a good time, and save for holidays or longer-term plans when necessary. There seems to be much less difference than in precious generations. Nevertheless, we still have a wide gap between the well-paid (whatever the type of job they may have) and the low-paid. As long as this gap exists, there will always be a possibility that new conflicts and jealousies will emerge, or rather than the old conflicts will reappear, but between different groups.66. Which of the following is seen as the causes of class differences in the past?A. L ife s tyle a nd oc cupation.B. Attitude a nd i n come.C. Income and job security.D. Job security a nd hobbi e s.67. The writer seems to suggest that the description of ____ is closer to truth.A. middle-class w ays of s pending m oneyB. working-class ways of spending the weekendC. working-class drinking habitsD. middle-class attitudes68. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a typical feature of the middle-class?A. D esiring f o r s ecurity.B. M aking l o ng-term plans.C. Having priorities in life.D. Saving money.69. Working-class people’s sense of security increased as a result of all the following factors EXCEPT ________.A. be tter s ocial s ecurityB. m ore j o b oppor t unitiesC. higher l i ving s tandardD. better legal protection70. Which of the following statement is INCORRECT?A. Changes are slowly taking place in all sectors of the British society.B. The gap between working-class and middle-class young people is narrowing.C. Differences in income will remain but those in occupation will disappear.D. Middle-class people may sometimes feel inferior to working-class people.Passage 5There have been a great many explanations, some of them very complicated, of the great demand for college education in America, and they are probably all true in some measure. An oversimplified explanation is that over the last fifty years, three generations of the parents of growing children have realized that better education meant better living and, as individuals, and through group action, have pushed and urged that facilities be made available. Happily the nation has been able to provide the colleges, and the students have been admitted to them in ever-increasing numbers. And the consumers of the products of education – government, business in all its forms, and labor – all welcomed the expansion of opportunity because it simplified their problems of employing new workers, and training and placing them.Forty years ago, when the parents of today’s high-school seniors were themselves in school, a high-school education was enough to get ready for most occupations, and, for those occupations, job training took place either in the high school or on the job. A college degree was necessary only for those who wanted to be ministers, doctors, or lawyers, high school teachers, scientists, or scholars. Today most jobs that offer opportunity for growth and advancement are open only to college graduates, for colleges have assumed the task of offering the specific preparation that is needed. There is very little job training in high schools today. Instead they concentrate on preparing students for college.What has happened is that, as business, industry, government, and the professions have expanded, they have developed a need for many varieties of specialists. Colleges and universities, responding to these developments, have organized new programs of study to train these specialists, and in turn these new programs draw students who would not have gone to college forty years ago.For example, almost all of the college programs in business and commerce have developed and the more advanced programs in agriculture and home economics. And there is a long list of other offerings that were not available except in a few experimental programs. Accounting, social science, various forms of administration, public hospital and public health medical technology, and advanced nurses training have been developed in higher education within those same forty years. And as evidence that the process is still continuing, we can see the emergence of atomic technology, unclear engineering, computer technology, and, most recently, international administration.71. In Paragraph 1, the word “consumers” most probably refers to ____.A. high-school graduatesB. college graduatesC. those who employ college graduatesD. those who consume commercial goods72. According to paragraph 2, the parents of today’s high-school students ____.A. did not receive enough high-school educationB. received a level of education which is almost equivalent to that of today’s collegeC. received a level of education high enough for most occupations 40 years agoD. who received only high-school education are not qualified for such professional work as ministers, doctors or lawyers73. Which of the following does not seem to be an explanation of the great demand for collegeeducation in America?A. The parents have realized that higher education means a higher standard of living.B. A high-school education is not “high” enough for most occupations.C. A great need has been developed for many varieties of specialists.D. High schools concentrate mainly on preparing students for colleges.74. Which of the following specialties and programs was the least possibly available in America colleges and universities 40 years ago?A. I n ternational a dministration.B. Computer s cience a nd t e chnology.C. Nuclear engineering.D. Advanced nur s e t r aining.75. What is the theme of the passage?A. A general survey of American colleges and universities.B. The main causes for the development of American higher education.C. The historical development of American colleges and universities.D. The higher education, the better living condition.Part V Translation (10%)Section ADirections:Translate the following paragraph into Chinese. Write your translation on Answer Sheet.If I were a boy again, I would practice perseverance more often, and never give up a thing because it was hard or inconvenient. If we want light, we must conquer darkness. Perseverance can sometimes equal genius in its result. “There are only two creatures,” says a proverb, “who can surmount the pyramids – the eagle and the snail.” If I were a boy again, I would school myself into a habit of attention; I would let nothing come between me and the subject in hand. I would remember that a good skater never tries to skate in two directions at once. The habit of attention becomes part of our life, if we begin early enough.Section BDirections:Translate the following paragraph into English. Write your translation on the Answer Sheet.完善国家计划和财政政策、货币政策等相互配合的宏观调控体系，发挥经济杠杆的调节作用。

考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编49(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．If you want to go to the concert, you’ll have to make a______, or there will be no tickets. (2003年上海交通大学考博试题)A．reservationB．punctualityC．complimentD．clarity正确答案：A解析：本题空格处是说你得预定。

A项的“reservation预约，预定”符合题意。

2．One of the most interesting inhabitants of our world is the bee, an insect which is indigenous to all parts of the globe except the polar regions.(2003年电子科技大学考博试题)A．residentsB．petsC．intimatesD．creatures正确答案：A解析：本题中，inhabitant的意思是“居民”。

四个选项中，residents的意思是“居民”，如：City residents complain that migrant workers have threatened to take already scarge urban jobs．(城市居民抱怨民工威胁着本来已很紧张的城市就业机会。

)pets的意思是“宠物”；intimates的意思是“亲密伙伴”；creatures的意思是“人，动物，傀儡”。

只有A项符合题意。

3．They seized Belgrade, though only after having encountered a stubborn______.A．resistanceB．oppositionC．challengeD．attack正确答案：A解析：resistance(to)n．抵抗，反抗，抵制：抵抗力；阻力．电阻(如：There has been much resistance to the new law．Copper has less resistance to electricity than many other metals．)。

中财考博辅导班：中央财经大学金融学院考博资料汇集大全在整个考博复习备考阶段，院校内部的考博资料收集整理在整个考博过程中起着关键性的作用，选择好的渠道获取资源就显得尤为重要，启道中财考博辅导班老师为大家做了一个考博资料的汇集。

针对考博参考书、考试题目和真题，分数线、报录比和考博注意事项进行讲解。

一、中财考博辅导班-金融学院金融学博士考试参考书经济学基础（2001）01《社会主义经济理论》卫兴华、张宇编著高等教育出版社 2009年第二版02《社会主义经济理论》杨瑞龙编著中国人民大学出版社2008年第二版03《社会主义经济理论与实践》中国人民大学书报资料中心（近两年）04《高级宏观经济学》（Dovid Romer）“Advanced Macro-Economics”戴维·罗默编著上海财经大学出版社2009年第三版05《宏观经济学》多恩布什、费希尔、斯塔兹编著中国人民大学出版社（2010年第十版）06《计量经济学》潘省初编著中国人民大学出版社2009年第三版金融学（3002）01《金融学》李健高等教育出版社 2014年第二版02《金融中介学》王广谦高等教育出版社 2011年第二版03《商业银行管理》史建平机械工业出版社2014年版04《国际金融》张礼卿高等教育出版社2011年版05《证券市场运行与管理》贺强机械工业出版社2013年版06《金融市场计量经济学》（美）坎贝尔（Campbell,J.）,朱平芳、刘弘上海财经大学出版社2003年版07《应用计量经济学（原书第3版）：时间序列分析》（沃尔特·恩德斯）机械工业出版社2012年8月版08《中国金融史》姚遂高等教育出版社2007年版09《金融思想史（下）》姚遂上海交通大学出版社2012年版二、中财考博辅导班考试题目和真题1、经济学2005主要看多恩布什宏观，罗默高宏（前四章），范里安微观。

课后题最好做一下，便于理解和掌握知识点，不得不说，范里安的微观写的真好！2、计量3025课后题都做一下，看主流，抓重点，考的都很基础。

中财考博辅导班：中央财经大学考博英语真题大全对于申博考博的笔试来说，最重要的就是练习真题。

启道仲裁考博辅导班，根据理念的辅导经验，总结考博英语真题如下，仅供参考：Part IVocabulary (15%)Section ADirections:In this section there are 10 incomplete sentences. For each sentenc e there are fourchoices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that completes best t he sentence. 1. The discovery of the Americas began ____ of adventure.A. a semesterB. a spellC. an epochD. a span2. All the ____ of the hotel were evacuated when the fire began.A. pioneersB. settlersC. inhabitantsD. residents3. The roses I left in the car yesterday started to ____ after a couple of hours in the heat.A. wiltB. blossomC. bud D . bloom4. The two runners crossed the line ____.A. sometimesB. simultaneouslyC. frequent lyD. henceforth5. She was not crying but her eyes were ____.A. aridB. moistC. soakedD. dry6. Some sportsmen ____ to relax before a contest.A. meditateB. predictC. conceiveD. assume7. When there are so many important things to be done, why does she insist on so many ____distractions?A. drasticB. crucialC. vitalD. petty8. A ____ businessman is one who destroys his competitors.A. generousB. spitefulC. ruthlessD. humane9. The price of housing has remained ____ for six months.A. agileB. dynamicC. stationaryD. inert10. With a ____ effort he won a million dollars.A. minimalB. diminutiveC. microscopeD. dwarfSection BDirections:In this section there are 20 sentences. Each sentence has one underl ined word orphrase. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should identify one ofthe four choices which would best keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase11. The breadfruit is a round fruit with a rough rind, and a soft pulpy inside.A. skinB. huskC. shellD. bloom12. Frederick E. Taylor was the pioneer of scientific management.A. immigrantB. inventorC. foeD. ally13. The almond, native to the Mediterranean, grows abundantly in Cali fornia.A. relativeB. pioneerC. originalD. immigrant14. Freshwater turtles can survive in frigid waters for three months without oxygen.A. balmyB. sultryC. freezingD. sweltering15. The parched landscape of salt flats is often used to break world land speed records.A. driedB. soakedC. sultryD. chilly16. The fruit does well in hot and humid climates.A. aridB. dampC. soaked D . desiccated17. Sedatives calm a person without actually inducing sleep.A. prolongingB. subsidingC. gettingD. causing18. F. D. Roosevelt was the only man to have been elected president of the United States foursuccessive times.A. significantB. consecutiveC. notableD. symmetrical19. Aqueducts built during the Roman Empire may still be seen in ma ny parts of Europe.A. BathsB. Water canalsC. RoadsD. Air pipes20. Guam, as island in the West Pacific, was ceded to the United States.A. given over toB. attacked byC. ruled by D. influenced by21. Hypertension is one of the most widespread and potentially danger ous diseases.A. colossalB. popularC. commonD. scattered22. Jazz appeared as a unique form of American music in the 1920s.A. obscureB. scarceC. vitalD. singular23. Gregor Mendel conceived of the laws of heredity from observing t he growth of peas.A. assumedB. reminisced ofC. thought of D . meditated about24. Harriet Beecher Stowe was an obscure writer until the publication of Uncle Tom’s Cabin.A. anonymousB. eminentC. infamousD. unknown25. After years of work and contemplation, the Native American Sequoy ah single-handedlyinvented a written language for his people.A. worryB. sicknessC. deep thoughtD. loneliness26. The profuse tropical forests of the Amazon are inhabited by diff erent kinds of animals.A. wildB. distantC. abundantD. immersed27. Although Langston Hughes is better known for his poetry, he also wrote a two-volumeautobiography.A. book about someone else’s lifeB. book about his own lifeC. book about many people’s livesD. book about the life of animals28. Paul Revere daringly rode through the New England countryside to warn the colonists.A. benevolentlyB. courageouslyC. apprehe nsivelyD. mercilessly29. Ketchup was developed from a tasty, spicy Chinese sauce made of pickled fish and shellfish inthe 17th century.A. insipidB. flavoredC. blandD. sour30. Many of America’s parks and monuments have been made possible by the generous donati onsof its citizens. A. kindhearted B. unwantedC. selfishD. meaninglessPart IICloze (10%)Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word for each num bered blank and mark A, B,C orD on Answer Sheet. The first two stages in the development of civilized man were probably the invention ofprimitive weapons and the discovery of fire, although nobody knows ex actly when he acquired theuse of _31_. The 32 of language is also obscure. No doubt it bega n very gradually. Animals have a fewcries that serve 33 signals, 34 even the highest apes have not been found able to pronounce words, 35 with the most intensive profess ional instruction. The superior brain of man is apparently 36 for th e mastering of speech. When man became sufficiently intelligent, we m ust suppose that he 37 the number of cries for different purposes . It was a great day 38 he discovered that speech could be used for narrative. There are those who think that 39 picturelanguage preceded oral language. A man 40 a picture on the wall o f his cave to show 41 direction he had gone, or42 prey he hoped to catch. Probably picture language and oral language developed side by side. I am inclined to think that language 43 the most impo rtant single factor in the development of man. Two important stage s came not 44 before the dawn of written history. The first was th e domestication of animals; the second was agriculture. Agriculture wa s 45 in human progress to which subsequently there was nothing compa rable 46 our own machine age. Agriculture made possible 47 immense i ncrease in the number of the human species in the regions where it couldbe successfully practiced. 48 were, at first, only those in which na ture fertilized the soil 49 each harvest. Agriculture met with violen t resistance from the pastoral nomads, but the agricultural way of l ife prevailed in the end 50 the physical comforts it provided.Part IV ReadingComprehension (50%)Directions:Read the following four passages. Answer the questions below each pas sage bychoosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answer on the Answer Sheet. Passage 1The ideal companion machine –the computer –would not only look, feel, and sound friendlybut would also be programmed to behave in a pleasant manner. Those qualities that makeinteraction with other people enjoyable would be imitated as closely as possible, and the machinewould appear to be charming, and easygoing. Its informal conversationa l style would makeinteraction comfortable, and yet the machine would remain slightly unp redictable and thereforeinteresting. In its first encounter it might be somewhat hesitant, bu t as it came to know the user itwould progress to a more relaxed and intimate style. The machine wou ld not be a passiveparticipant but would add its own suggestions, information, and opinio ns; it would sometimes takethe initiative in developing or changing the topic and would have a personality of its own.Friendships are not made in a day, and the computer would be more acceptable as a friend ifit imitated the gradual changes that occur when one person is gettin g to know another. At anappropriate time it might also express the kind of affection that st imulates attachment and intimacy.The whole process would be accomplished in a subtle way to avoid gi ving an impression ofover-familiarity that would be likely to produce irritation. After exp eriencing a wealth of powerful,well-timed friendship indicators, the user would be very likely to ac cept the computer as far morethan a machine and might well come to regard it as a friend.An artificial relationship of this type would provide many of th e benefits that people obtainfrom interpersonal friendships. The machine would participate in intere sting conservation thatcould continue from previous discussions. It would have a familiarity with the user’s life asrevealed in earlier contact, and it would be understanding and good-h umored. The computer’s ownpersonality would be lively and impressive, and it would develop in response to that of the user.With features such as these, the machine might indeed become a very attractive social partner.51. Which of the following is NOT a feature of the ideal companion machine?A. Active in communication.B. Attractive inpersonality.C. Enjoyable in performance.D. Unpredicta ble in behavior.52. The computer would develop friendships with humans in a(n) ______ __ way.A. quickB. unpredictableC. productiveD. inconspicuous53. Which of the following aspects is NOT mentioned when the passage discusses the benefits ofartificial relationships?A. Being able to pick up an interesting conversation.B. Being sensitive to earlier contract.C. Being ready to learn about the person’s life.D. Having a pleasant and adaptable personality.54. Throughout the passage, the author is ________ in his attitude t oward the computer.A. favourableB. criticalC. vagueD. hesitant55. Which might be the most appropriate title of the passage?A. Artificial relationships.B. How to form intimate relationships.C. The affectionate machine.D. Humans and computers.Passage 2The uniqueness of the Japanese character is the result of two seemingly contradictory forces: the strength of traditions and select ive receptivity to foreign achievements and inventions. As early as t he 1860s, there were counter movements to the traditional orientation. Yukichi Fukuzawa the most eloquent spokesman of Japan’s “Enlightenment”, claimed “The Confucian civilization of the East seems to me to lack two things possessed by Western civilization: sc ience in the material sphere and a sense of independence in the spi ritual sphere.”Fukuzawas great influence is found in the free and individualistic philosophy of the Education Code of 1872, but he was not able to prevent the government from turning back to the canons of Confucian thought in the Imperial Rescript of 1890. Another inte rlude of relative liberalism followed World War I, when the democrati c idealism of President Woodrow Wilson had an important impact on Ja panese intellectuals and, especially students: but more important was the Leninist ideology of the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution. Again in the early 1930s, nationalism and militarism became dominant, largely as a result of failing economic conditions.Following the end of World War II, substantial changes were undertaken in Japan to liberate the individual from authoritarian restr aints. The new democratic value system was accepted by many teachers, students, intellectuals, and old liberals, but it was not immediatel y embraced by the society as a whole. Japanese traditions were domin ated by group values, and notions of personalfreedom and individual rights were unfamiliar.Today, democratic processes are clearly evident in the widespre ad participation of the Japanese people in social and political life: yet, there is no universally accepted and stable value system. Valu es are constantly modified by strong infusions of Western ideas, both democratic and Marxist. School textbooks expound democratic principles , emphasizing equality over hierarchy and rationalism over tradition; but in practice these values are often misinterpreted and distorted, particularly by the youth who translate the individualistic and humani stic goals of democracy intoegoistic and materialistic ones.Most Japanese people have consciously rejected Confucianism, but vestiges of the old orderremain. An important feature of relationships in many institutions suc h as political parties, large corporations, and university faculties i s the oyabun-kobun or parent-child relation. A party leader, superviso r, or professor, in return for loyalty, protects those subordinate to him and takes general responsibility for their interests throughout their entire lives, an obligation that sometimes even extends to arra nging marriages. The corresponding loyalty of the individual to his p atron reinforces his allegiance to the group to which they both belo ng. A willingness to cooperate with other members of the group and to support without qualification the interests of the group in all i ts external relations is still a widely respected virtue. The oyabun-kobun creates ladders of mobility which an individual can ascend, rising as far as abilities permit, so long as he maintains successful personal ties with a superior in the vertical channel, the latter re quirement usually takingprecedence over a need for exceptional competence. As a consequence, there is little horizontal relationship between people even within the same profession.56. The author is mainly concerned withA. explaining the influence of Confucianism on modern JapanB. analyzing the reasons for Japan’s postwar economic successC. discussing some important determinants of Japanese valuesD. describing managerial practices in Japanese industry57. Which of the following is most like the relationship of the oya bun-kobun described in thepassage?A. A political candidate and the voting public.B. A gifted scientist and his studentC. Two brothers who are partners in a businessD. A judge presiding at the trial of a criminal defendant58. According to the passage, Japanese attitudes are influenced by the following factors except________.A. democratic ideals.B. elements of modern Western culture.C. remnants of an earlier social structure.D. prewar ec onomic success.59. It can be inferred that the Imperial Rescript of 1890A. was a protest by liberals against the lack of individual libe rty in Japan.B. marked a return in government policies to conservative valuesC. implemented the ideals set forth in the Education Code of 1872.D. was influenced by the Leninist ideology of the Bolshevik Revol ution.60. The tone of the passage can best be described asA. neutral and objectiveB. critical and demand ingC. enthusiastic and supportiveD. skeptical and ques tioningPassage 3A scientist who does research in economic psychology and who wants to predict the way in which consumers will spend their money must study consumer behavior. He must obtain data both on resourcesof consumers and on the motives that tend to encourage or discourage money spending.If an economist were asked which of three groups borrow most –people with rising incomes, stable incomes, or declining incomes –he would probably answer: those with declining incomes. Actually, in the years 1947-1950, the answer was: people with rising incomes. People with declining incomes were next and people with stable inco mes borrowed the least. This shows us that traditional assumptions ab out earning and spending are not always reliable. Another traditional assumption is that if people who have money expect prices to go u p, they will postponebuying. But research surveys have shown that this is not always true . The expectations of price increases may not stimulate buying. One typical attitude was expressed by the wife of a mechanic in an inte rview at a time of rising prices, “In a few months,”she said, “we’ll have to pay more for meat and milk; we’ll have less to spend on other things.”Her family had been planning to buy a new car but they postponed this purchase. Furthermore, the rise in prices that has already taken place may be resented and buyer’s resistance may be evoked. This is shown by the following typical comment: “I just don’t pay these prices; they are too high.” The investigations mentione d above were carried on in America. Investigations conducted at the same time in Great Britain, however, yielded results that were more in agreement with traditional assumptions about saving and spending pa tterns. The condition most conducive to spending appears to be price stability. If prices have been stable and people consider that they are reasonable, they are likely to buy. Thus, it appears that the common business policy of maintainingstable prices is based on a correct understanding of consumer psychol ogy.61. According to the passage, if one wants to predict the way c onsumers will spend their money,he should ________.A. rely on traditional assumptions about earning and spendingB. try to encourage or discourage consumers to spend moneyC. carry out investigations on consumer behavior and obtain da ta on consumers’incomes andmoney spending motivesD. do researches in consumer psychology in a laboratory62. According to paragraph 2, research surveys have proved that _ ___.A. price increases always stimulate people to hasten to buy t hingsB. rising prices may make people put off their purchase of c ertain thingsC. women are more sensitive to the rising in prices than menD. the expectations of price increases often make buyers feel angry63. The results of the investigations on consumer psychology carri ed out in America were ____those of the investigations made at the same time in Great Brita in.A. somewhat different fromB. exac tly the same asC. much better thanD. not as good as64. From the results of the surveys, the writer of this article ____.A. concludes that the saving and spending patterns in Great B ritain are better than those inAmericaB. concludes that the consumers always expect prices to remain stableC. concludes that maintaining stable prices is a correct busin ess policyD. does not draw any conclusion65. Which of the following statements is always true according to the surveys mentioned in thepassage?A. Consumers will put off buying things if they expect prices to decrease.B. Consumers will spend their money quickly if they expect pr ices to increase.C. The price condition has an influence on consumer behavior.D. Traditional assumptions about earning and spending are relia ble.Passage 4Over the last 25 years, British society has changed a gre at deal –or at least many parts of ithave. In some ways, however, very little has changed, particularly where attitudes are concerned.Ideas about social class –whether a person is “working-class”or “middle-class”–are one area inwhich changes have been extremely slow.In the past, the working-class tended to be paid less tha n middle-class people, such asteachers and doctors. As a result of this and also of the fact that workers’jobs were generally muchless secure, distinct differences in life-styles and attitudes came into existence. The typicalworking man would collect his wages on Friday evening and then, it was widely believed, havinggiven his wife her “housekeeping”, would go out and squander th e rest on beer and betting.The stereotype of what a middle-class man did with his mo ney was perhaps nearer the truth.He was –and still is –inclined to take a longer-term view. Not only did he regard buying a houseas a top priority, but he also considered the education of his children as extremely important. Bothof these provided him and his family with security. Only in very few cases did workers have theopportunity (or the education and training) to make such long-term plans.Nowadays, a great deal has changed. In a large number of cases factory workers earn asmuch, if not more, than their middle-class supervisors. Social sec urity and laws to improvejob-security, combined with a general rise in the standard of liv ing since the mid-fifties of the 20thcentury, have made it less necessary than before to worry about “to morrow”. Working-classpeople seem slowly to be losing the feeling of inferiority they had in the past. In fact there hasbeen a growing tendency in the past few years for the middle-cla sses to feel slightly ashamed oftheir position.The changes in both life-styles and attitudes are probably most easily seen amongst youngerpeople. They generally tend to share very similar tastes in music and clothes, they spend theirmoney in having a good time, and save for holidays or longer-ter m plans when necessary. Thereseems to be much less difference than in precious generations. Ne vertheless, we still have a widegap between the well-paid (whatever the type of job they may hav e) and the low-paid. As long asthis gap exists, there will always be a possibility that new con flicts and jealousies will emerge, orrather than the old conflicts will reappear, but between different groups.66. Which of the following is seen as the causes of class diffe rences in the past?A. Life style and occupation.B. Atti tude and income.C. Income and job security.D. Job sec urity and hobbies.67. The writer seems to suggest that the description of ____ is closer to truth.A. middle-class ways of spending moneyB. working-class ways of spending the weekendC. working-class drinking habitsD. middle-class attitudes68. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a t ypical feature of the middle-class?A. Desiring for security.B. M aking longterm plans.C. Having priorities in life.D. Sa ving money.69. Working-class people’s sense of security increased as a result of all the following fact orsEXCEPT ________.A. better social securityB. more job opportunitiesC. higher living standardD. b etter legal protection70. Which of the following statement is INCORRECT?A. Changes are slowly taking place in all sectors of the Bri tish society.B. The gap between working-class and middle-class young peopleis narrowing.C. Differences in income will remain but those in occupation will disappear.D. Middle-class people may sometimes feel inferior to working-c lass people.Passage 5There have been a great many explanations, some of them v ery complicated, of the greatdemand for college educationin America, and they are probably all true in some measure. An oversimplified explanation is that over the last fifty years, thre e generations of the parents ofgrowing children have realized that better education meant better living and, as individuals, andthrough group action, have pushed and urged that facilities be ma de available. Happily the nationhas been able to provide the colleges, and the students have bee n admitted to them inever-increasing numbers. And the consumers of the products of educ ation –government, businessin all its forms, and labor –all welcomed the expansion of op portunity because it simplified theirproblems of employing new workers, and training and placing them.Forty years ago, when the parents of today’s high-school seniors were themselves in school, ahigh-school education was enough to get ready for most occupations , and, for those occupations,job training took place either in the high school or on the job. A college degree was necessary onlyfor those who wanted tobe ministers, doctors, or lawyers, high school teachers, scientists , orscholars. Today most jobs that offer opportunity for growth and a dvancement are open only tocollege graduates, for colleges have assumed the task of offering the specific preparation that isneeded. There is very little job training in high schools today. Instead they concentrate onpreparing students for college.What has happened is that, as business, industry, government, and the professions haveexpanded, they have developed a need for many varieties of specia lists. Colleges and universities,responding to these developments, have organized new programs of s tudy to train these specialists,and in turn these new programs draw students who would not have gone to college forty yearsago.For example, almost all of the college programs in business and commerce have developedand the more advanced programs in agriculture and home economics. And there is a long list ofother offerings that were not available except in a few experimen tal programs. Accounting, socialscience, various forms of administration, public hospital and publi c health medical technology,and advanced nurses training have been developed in higher educati on within those same fortyyears. And as evidence that the process is still continuing, we can see the emergence of atomictechnology, unclear engineering, computer technology, and, most rece ntly, internationaladministration.71. In Paragraph 1, the word “consumers”most probably refers t o ____.A. high-school graduatesB. colle ge graduatesC. those who employ college graduatesD. those who consume commercial goods72. According to paragraph 2, the parents of today’s high-school students ____.A. did not receive enough high-school educationB. received a level of education which is almost equivalent to that of today’s collegeC. received a level of education high enough for most occupat ions 40 years agoD. who received only high-school education are not qualified f or such professional work asministers, doctors or lawyers73. Which of the following does not seem to be an explanation of the great demand for collegeeducation in America?A. The parents have realized that higher education means a hi gher standard of living.B. A high-school education is not “high”enough for most oc cupations.C. A great need has been developed for many varieties of spe cialists.D. High schools concentrate mainly on preparing students for c olleges.74. Which of the following specialties and programs was the least possibly available in Americacolleges and universities 40 years ago?A. Iternational administration.B. Comput er science and technology.C. Nuclear engineering.D. Advanced nurse training.75. What is the theme of the passage?A. A general survey of American colleges and universities.B. The main causes for the development of American higher edu cation.C. The historical development of American colleges and universi ties.D. The higher education, the better living condition.Part V Translation (10%)Section ADirections:Translate the following paragraph into Chinese. Write you r translation on AnswerSheet. If I were a boy again, I would practice perseverance more often, and never give up a thingbecause it was hard or inconvenient. If we want light, we must conquer darkness. Perseverancecan sometimes equal genius in its result. “There are only two c reatures,”says a proverb, “who cansurmount the pyramids –the eagle and the snail.”If I were a boy again, I would school myselfinto a habit of attention; I would let nothing come between me and the subject in hand. I wouldremember that a good skater never tries to skate in two directio ns at once. The habit of attentionbecomes part of our life, if we begin early enough.Section BDirections:Translate the following paragraph into English. Write your translation on the AnswerSheet完善国家计划和财政政策、货币政策等相互配合的宏观调控体系，发挥经济杠杆的调节作用。

2013年财科所博士研究生入学考试英语试题PART ONE: Grammar (10 points)Directions: Below each sentence, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that is closest in meaning to the underlined word in the sentence or that best completes the sentence. Please write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.1. ________ I have already mentioned, cardio surgery is one of the amazing new surgical techniques that have been developed in recent years.A. WhichB. WhatC. AsD. This2. We held a meeting to sum up our experience ________ we finish the work.A. incidentallyB. whileC. immediatelyD. before3. _________ that as both birds and mammals become larger, their metabolic rates per unit of tissue decrease, and they generally live longer.A. The truthB. It is trueC. If trueD. To be true4. Our modem civilization must not be thought of as _______ in a short period of time.havingcreatedcreated B.A.beingC. having been createdD. creating5. Sometimes _________ to place physics and chemistry into separate categories.A. that is difficultB. is difficultC. it is difficultD. that is difficult6. The teacher said that he wouldn't tolerate ________ late every day.A. for me to arriveB. me arrivedC. me to arriveD. my arriving7. __________ the financial means to remain independent, Thomas Edison was compelled to seek employment as a night telegraph operator.A. He was deprived ofB. That he was deprived ofC. Although he was deprived ofD. Deprived of8. What do you think of Tom's proposal that ________ put on the play at tonight's ceremony?A. we will notB. we notC. we hadn'tD. we wouldn't9. In the last few years, intensive design and development effort _______ to the introduction of electronic exchanges.A. have been appliedB. has been appliedC. is being appliedD. would be applied10. Among the first plans to grow the land regions of Earth ________, which in prehistoric times grew to immense size.A. segregationB. specificationC. spectrumD. subscriptionPART TWO: Cloze (5 points)Directions: Fill in each of the following blanks with ONE word to complete the meaning of the passage. Please write your answer on the Answer SheetA child who has once been pleased with a tale likes, as a rule, to have it retold in identically the same words, but this should not lead parents to treat printed fairy stories as sacred texts. It is always much better to tell a story than read it 11 of a book, and, if a parent can produce 12 in the actual circumstances of the time and the individual child, is an improvement on the printed text, so much the better.A charge made against fairy tales is that they harm the child by frightening him or arousinghis sadistic impulses. To prove the 13 , one would have to show in a controlled experiment that children who have read fairy stories were more often guilty of cruelty than those who had not. Aggressive, destructive, sadistic impulses every child has had,_ 14 on the whole, their symbolic verbal discharge seems to be Father a safety valve than an incitement to overt action. As to fears, there are, I think, well-authenticated cases of children _15_dangerously terrified by some fairy stow. Often, however, this arises from the child having heard the stow once. Familiarity with the story by repetition turns the pain of fear 16 the pleasure of a fear faced and mastered.There are also people who object to fairy stories on the grounds 17 they are not objectively true, that giants, witches, two-headed dragons, magic carpets, etc., do not exist; and that, instead of indulging his fantasies 18 fairy tales, the child should be taught how to adapt to reality by studying history and mechanics. I find such people, I must confess, so unsympathetic and peculiar that I do not know how to argue with them. If their case 19_ sound, the world should be full of madmen attempting to fly from New York to Philadelphia on a broomstick 20 covering a telephone with kisses in the belief that it was their enchanted girl-friend. No fairy stow ever claimed to be a description of the external world and no same child has ever believed that it was.PART THREE: Reading Comprehension (20 points)Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished sentences. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and write the corresponding letter on the Answer SheetPassage 1 (5 points)The word for "The Da Vinci Code" is a rare invertible palindrome. Rotated 180 degrees on a horizontal axis so that it is upside down, it denotes the maternal essence that is sometimes linked to the sport of soccer. Read right side up, it concisely conveys the kind of extreme enthusiasm with which this riddle-filled, code-breaking, exhilaratingly brainy thriller can be recommended. That word is wow.The author is Dan Brown (a name you will want to remember), hi this gleefully erudite suspense novel. Mr. Brown takes the format he has been developing through three earlier novels and fine-tunes it to blockbuster perfection. Not since the advent of Harry Potter has an author so flagrantly delighted in leading readers on a breathless chase and coaxing them through hoops. Consider the new book's prologue, set in the Grand Gallery of the Louvre. (This is the kind of book that notices that tiffs one gallery's length is three times that of the Washington Monument.) It embroils a Caravaggio, an albino monk and a curator in a fight to the death. That's scene leaving little doubt that the author knows how to pique interest, as the curator, Jacques Sauniere, fights for his life.Desperately seizing the painting in order to activate the museum's alarm system, Sauniere succeeds in buying some time. And he uses these stolen moments? Which are his last? To take off his clothes, draw a circle and arrange himself like the figure in Leonardo's most famous drawing, "The Vitruvian Man." And to leave behind an anagram and Fibonacci's famous numerical series as clues.Whatever this is about, it is enough to summon Langdon, who by now, he blushes to recall, has been described in an adoring magazine article as "Harrison Ford in Harris tweed." Langdon's latest manuscript, which "proposed some very unconventional interpretations of established religious iconography which would certainly be controversial," is definitely germane.Also soon on the scene is the cryptologist Sophie Neveu, a chip off the author's earlier prototypes: "Unlike the cookie-cutter blondes that adorned Harvard dorm room walls, this woman was healthy with an unembellished beauty and genuineness that radiated a striking personal confidence." Even if he had not contrived this entire story as a hunt for the Lost Sacred Feminine essence, women in particular would love Mr. Brown.The book moves at a breakneck pace, with the author seeming thoroughly to enjoy his contrivances. Virtually every chapter ends with a cliffhanger: not easy, considering the amount of plain old taking that gets done. And Sophie and Langdon are sent on the run, the better to churn up a thriller atmosphere. To their credit, they evade their pursuers as ingeniously as they do most everything else.When being followed via a global positioning system, for instance, it is smart to send the sensor flying out a 40-foot window and lead pursuers to think you have done the same. Somehow the book manages to reconcile such derring-do with remarks like. "And did you know that if you divide the number of female bees by the number of male bees in any beehive in the world, you always get the same number?""The Da Vinci Code" is breezy enough even to make fun of its characters' own cleverness. At one point Langdon is asked by his host whether he has hidden a sought-after treasure carefully enough. "Actually," Langdon says, unable to hide his grin, "that depends on how often you dust under your couch."21. Why does the author use the word "wow" to describe the novel The Da Vinci Code?A. Became the word reads the same backwards.B. Became it is also linked to the sport of football.C. Became the novel is imbued with perplexing enigmas and smartly wrought.D. Became the novel is a bestseller22. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?A. Dan Brown, author of "The Da Vinci Code" has published so far four novels.B. The Da Vinci Code begins with a mysterious murder case in the Gallery of Luvre.C. In his earlier novels, Dan Brown has created characters like Spohie Neveu.D. The Da Vinci Code wins the popularity among women became Dan Brown is a fervent feminist.23. It can be inferred from the passage that Harry Potter is all the following EXCEPT______A. It is also a bestseller around the worldB. It attracts readers with heart-throbbing suspenseC. It is characterized by hoax and unreliable plotsD. It has achieved immense popularity with readers24. The major factor that contributes to the success of The Da Vinci Code isA. the engrossing prologueB. the depiction of the female protagonist Sophie NeveuC. the breakneck pace and a cliffhanger at the end of almost every chapterD. the colorful description of the cleverness of the characters25. The author's attitude towards "The Da Vince Code" isA. criticalB. indifferentC. affirmativeD. sarcasticPassage 2 (5 points)Ever since the Industrial Revolution brought workers from small shops into factories,supervision have been required. Only during the last hundred years, however, has industrial management grown into a highly organized set of modem methods for achieving efficiency. Thus, management is a new human history, and it has already become vitally important for the success of all kinds of businesses and of national economies.Efficiency means getting results with the least possible waste of time, effort, and money. Therefore, efficiency is the aim of all management, both public and private. In private business, efficiency can be measured by profit, the surplus of income over expenditures.The manager's a job, then, is to get people to do things efficiently. The tip manager manages other managers, chooses and trains them, plans their operations, and checks the results. All managers have practical complex problems, but they utilize methods based on a growing body of knowledge. Shop managers carry out time and motion studies to improve workers' efficiency, and foremen give on-the-job training to workers. Industrial mangers employ specialists to keep machines working properly and to ensure the supply of spare parts. The flow of work is supervised to avoid any unplanned idleness of workers of equipment. Each step in manufacturing is planned in detail, and the cost of each step is carefully calculated. Supervisors consult experts regularly in order to master new techniques. Personnel managers have learned to obtain greater efficiency from workers by providing rest periods and by improving morale through better heating, lighting, safety devices, cafeterias, and recreation facilities--even when these have not been demanded by labor unions. The use of modern electronic devices had led to increasing automation, in which many automatic machines function without any need for human labor.Scientific management methods have spread to all branches of industry--not only manufacturing, but also accounting, finance, marketing, and other office work. There are planning systems, organization systems and control systems. Within these there are other systems for delegation of authority, budgeting, information feedback for control, and so on. The essence of all the functions of management is coordination, the harmonious combination of all individual efforts for the achievement of the objectives of the enterprise.26. From the first paragraph, we know that______.A. industrial management depends on the success of all kinds of businesses and of national economiesB. industrial management is indispensable to the successes of all kinds of businesses and of national economies.C. the success of all kinds of businesses and of national economies has nothing to do with industrial managementD. industrial management did not develop until the last fifty years27. The top manager________.A. is responsible for selecting other managers and help them do things efficientlyB. gets other managers to choose and train themselvesC. manages other managers' operationsD. learns new techniques from other managers28. All managers employ_______.A. various methods to solve their practical and complex problemsB. specialists to keep machines working properlyC. workers who give on-the-j ob trainingD. advisers to handle practical and complex problems29.Personnel managers provide rest periods, safety devices, recreation facilities, etc._______.A. because the labor unions demand themB. just to improve the workers' moraleC. to obtain greater efficiency from workersD. to ensure the good working conditions30. The essence of all management functions is_______.A. to combine individual efforts to achieve the objectives of the enterpriseB. the coordination of the functions of managementC. the harmonious coordination of organization efforts for the achievement of individual objectivesD. to coordinate the systems for planning, organization and controlPassage 3 (5 points)Millionaires can breathe a bit easier. While President Barack Obama says he wants to let income tax cuts that benefit only the wealthiest Americans expire in 2013, several states are rolling back tax increases for top earners.New York's highest tax rates on incomes exceeding $500,000 will fall back to 7.85 percent, from 8.97 percent, this year. Maryland's 6.25 percent tax on incomes above $1 million expired at the end of 2010, while California's top tax rate for Millionaires has dropped to 10.3 percent from 10.55 percent.At least seven states instituted temporary so-called millionaire taxes during the recession Those levies are becoming harder to justify now that state revenues are rebounding. Overall, state tax revenue grew 12 percent in April compared with a year earlier, which may trim $20 billion from estimated states budget shortfall, according to a recent Goldman Sachs (GS) report. The soak-the-rich drive "just petered out", says Joseph Henchman, vice president for legal and state projects at the Tax Foundation in Washington, a group focused on lowering taxes. "All of these states are backing away now."Business groups have been vocal opponents of the temporary hikes. The Business Council of New York State has opposed efforts to maintain the tax increase on the grounds that such measures are an indirect tax on business income. More business owners who are paid by partnerships or S corporations report business income on their individual returns. Kenneth J. Pokalsky, the Business Council's' senior director of government affairs, says 25 percent of revenue generated from the state's tax on higher earners came from business income. In California. the Silicon Valley Leadership Group, whose members include Bank of America (BAC), Apple (AAPL), and Microsoft (MSFT), along with 12 other business groups, have told lawmakers that tax increases should be extended only if lawmakers agree to "structural reform" of the budget.Republicans, who typically oppose tax hikes, now hold a majority of governorships-29-and many were elected last year after campaigning against tax increases. New Jersey governor Chris Christie, a Republican, received national attention after vetoing a bill that would have extended a tax on millionaires in the state.Some Democrats are also fighting the higher taxes. New York Governor Andrew Cuomo sparked a battle with fellow party members in the legislature earlier this year by opposing legislation that would maintain the higher rates on individuals earning more than $1 million. Maryland Governor Martin O'Malley, a Democrat, didn't push to extend his State's millionaire tax last year. "I would like to think it's because these are not very good policies," Henchman says, "Ifyou're a conservative, you don't really like these taxes. If you're a liberal, these services should be so important that everyone should have to pay for them".The American public is almost evenly divided on the questions of whether the wealthy should shoulder a higher tax burden. A Gallup poll released on June 2 found 49 percent respondents opposed higher taxes on the rich, while 47 percent supported them.31. Barack Obama wants to________A. cut income tax in 2013B. extend millionaire tax to 2013C. benefit the wealthiest Americans by cutting income taxD. roll back tax increases for top earners32. ______is one of the possible reasons why state revenues revived?A. Initiating temporary millionaire taxes during the depressionB. Levying tax on at least seven states institutionsC. Trimming $20 billion from state budgetD. Estimating state budget shortfalls33. What can be inferred from Joseph Henchman's words?A. The state that instituted millionaire taxes are going to abolish it.B. All of these sates are focusing on the soak-the-rich drive now.C. The soak-the-rich drive has just started out.D. Only a handful of these states are focusing on lowering taxes.34. Which of the following statements about the Silicon Valley Leadership Group is correct?A. It was 15 members in total.B. It agrees to extend tax increase.C. It proposed to make a "structural reform" of the budget.D. It would agree the extension of tax increase provided that lawmakers agree to "structural reform" of the budget.35. Which is probably the best title for this passage?A. The Wealthy Are Willing to Shoulder a Higher Tax BurdenB. Obama Is Proposing an Income Tax CutC. Obama Is Proposing an Income Tax Cut ExtensionD. States Are Rejecting Millionaire TaxesPassage 4 (5 points)For a large number of young adults in Britain homeownership has become increasingly difficult to achieve, viewed as a distant goal attainable only later in life, if at all.That is a significant shift in Britain. For years owners occupy a higher percentage of homes in Britain than in the United States, France, or Germany. One reason homeownership is so attractive in Britain is because property values dropped less drastically than in the United States, in part because of a shortage in housing. Prices in some large cities, including London, have even increased recently. People still perceive a home to be a better and safer investment than a pension fund, said Andrew Hull, research fellow at the Institute for Public Policy Research. "Homeownership is also culturally entrenched," he said. "Owning a home is the main way of showing you made it."The big shift toward homeownership came in the 1980s when Mrs. Thatcher issued right-to-buy policy, which allowed many in rented government housing to buy their homes. Abouttwo million homes were sold, earning the government tens of billions of pounds. At the same time, the rental market became increasingly unattractive. Unlike Germany and other Continental European countries, Britain's private rental market is highly fragmented, with many landlords and laws that generally favor the property owner. Most leases are for six months only, with landlords rarely agreeing to commit to longer terms; this makes renting highly insecure.But as the pain of government-imposed austerity sinks in disposable income has shrunk and loan requirement have toughened, forcing more and more Britons into renting rather than buying. Over the last 10 years the number of people who owned homes here dropped to 67 percent from 70 percent. Meanwhile, the number of people in private rented house rose to 16 percent from 10 percent over the same period, according to the Office for National Statistics. Rising demand has pushed up rents by. an average of 4.4 percent over the last year, according to LSL Property Service. In London rents increased 7.8 percent."A growing number of young would-be buyers are preparing for lifelong-renting .... by necessity rather than choice,' said Jonathan Moore, director of easy roommate, co. uk, a property Web site. Charlotte Ashton, 30, has lived in rented accommodations ever since she left her parent's home to attend university. She said she was saving for a down payment to buy her own home. "I do believe in the fundamentals of owning bricks and mortar as security for the future, more than leaving my money in the banks as a low interest rate", said Ms. Ashton, who works in public relations. "But now it seems unless you have a very well paid job and are willing to save every penny, it's unfeasible to buy without the help of the bank of Mum and Dad."Some economists are concerned that as more people are forced to wait to buy a home, it could open up a widening of the wealth gap that already exists between homeowners and non homeowners, endangering the retirement prospects for a swelling group of young adults they call "generation rent." It could also have implications for the cohesion of neighborhoods, Alison Blackwell, a research director at the National Center for Social Research and author of the Halifax report said. Renters tend to be less involved in local communities because they are forced to move more often. And the economy as a whole may suffer because renters tend to curb spending to save for a deposit.36. For British people, buying house is__________.A. a distant goalB. a symbol of successC. a compulsory choiceD. nothing but an investment37. Mrs. Thatcher's right-to-buy policy has lead to_______A. the homeownership bustB. the economic recoveryC. the homeownership boomD. the economic recession38. Which of the following statements about Generation Rent is true?A. They consider renting as a lifelong plan rather than a temporary choiceB. They are in face of economic downturn and a risk of early retirementC. They despise the idea of asking parents for money to buy houseD. They still believe in the blessing of house just like their previous generation39. It can be inferred from the passage that_______.A. the rental market and the buying market always develop in reverse directionB. It is impossible for the first-time buyers to get a mortgage under current economic situationC. buying house is a more profitable investment than buying fund under current economic situationD. Britain's real estate market is less volatile than that of other European countries40. More people's inclination to rent rather than buy a house will not_____.A. enlarge the wealth disparity between the haves and have notsB reduce the renter's commitment to the communityC. slow the recovery of economyD. curb social mobilityPART FOUR (20 points)Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation must be written on the Answer Sheet.Human beings: in all times and places think about their world and wonder at their place in it. Humans are thoughtful and creative, possessed of insatiable curiosity.41 Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus Subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. Therefore, it is important to study humans in all their richness and diversify in a calm and systematic manner, with the hope that the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to a more harmonious way of living with themselves and with all other life forms on this planet Earth."Anthropology" derives from the Greek words anthropos "human" and logos "the study of." By its very name, Anthropology encompasses the study of all humankind, Anthropology is one of the social sciences. 42. Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.Social science disciplines include geography, economics, political science, psychology, and sociology. Each of these social sciences has a subfield or specialization which lies particularly close to anthropology.All the social sciences focus upon the study of humanity. Anthropology is a field-study oriented discipline which makes extensive use of the comparative method in analysis.43. The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present ,makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.Anthropology analysis rests heavily upon the concept of culture. Sir Edward Tylor's formulation of the concept of culture was one of the great intellectual achievements of 19th century science. 44. Tylor defined culture as "....that complex whole which includes belief, art .morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society." So profound in its simplicity, this insight opened up an entirely new way of perceiving and understanding human life. Implicit within Tylor's definition is the concept that culture is learned, shared, and patterned behavior.45. Thus, the Anthropological concept of "culture", like the concept of "set" in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.PART FIVE (20 points)Directions: Translate the following Chinese sentences into English. Your translation must be written on the Answer Sheet.46．当有人对我说，他们喜爱动物是因为动物有感情，然后又虐待动物，我就对他们说，幸亏他们不喜欢我。

中央财经大学考博英语模拟试题解析PartⅠSection A:1.Between1897and1919at least29motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed_____.A.had producedB.have been producedC.would have producedD.had been produced2.There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than___in the public mind today.Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi huo kao bo fu dao ti yan qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi.A.existsB.existC.existingD.existed3.The professor can hardly find sufficient grounds_____his argument in favor of the new theory.A.which to base onB.on which to baseC.to base on whichD.which to be based on4.________can help but be fascinated by the world into which he is taken by the science fiction.A.EverybodyB.AnybodyC.SomebodyD.Nobody5.How many of us___,say,a meeting that is irrelevant to us would be interested in the discussion?A.attendedB.AttendingC.to attendD.have attended6.Hydrogen is the fundamental element of the universe____it provides he building blocs from which the other elements are produced.A.so thatB.but thatC.in thatD.provided that7.We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style____in a personal one.A.rather thanB.Other thanC.better thanD.less than8.______is generally accepted,economical growth is determined by the smooth development of production.A.WhatB.ThatC.ItD.As9.It is believed that today's pop music can serve as a creative force____stimulating the thinking of its listeners.A.byB.withC.atD.on10.Just as the soil is a part of the earth,_____the atmosphere.A.as it isB.the same asC.so isD.and so isSection B(改错):11.The conveniences that Americans desire reflectingA not so much a leisurelyB lifestyle as a busy lifestyle in which even minutes of time areC too valuable to be wastedD.12.In debating one must conect the opponent'sA facts,deny the relevance of his proof,or deny that B whatC he presents as proof, unlessD relevant,is sufficient.13.We are not consciousA of the extent of whichB provides the psychological satisfaction that Ccan make the differenceD between afull and an empty life.14.The Portuguese giveA a great deal of credit to one manB for having promotedC sea travel,that man was Prince Henry the navigator, who lived in the15th century.D15.Accounts of A scientific experiments are generally correct forB those write about Cscience are careful in checkingD the accuracy of their reports.16.whenever we hear of A a natural disaster,even B in a distant part of the world,we feel sympathy C for the people to have affected D.17.It is perhaps not an exaggeration to sayA that we shall soon be trusting Bour health,wealth and happiness to elements with whomC very names the general public areD unfamiliar.18.The speaker claimed that no otherA modern nation devotes so smallB a portion of its wealth to public assistance and health thanC the United States doesD.19.There are those who consider it questionable that these defence-linkedA research projects will account forB an improvement in the standard of living or,alternately,to do much Cto protect our diminishing Dresources.20.If individuals are awakendA each time asB they begin a dream phase of sleep,they are likely to become irritable even thoughC their total amount of sleep has beenD sufficient.Section C:21.In that country,guests tend to feel they are not highly___ if the invitation to a dinner party is extended only three or four days before the party date.A.admiredB.regardedC.expectedD.worshipped22.A_____of the long report by the budget committed was submitted to the mayor for approval.A.shorthandB.schemeC.scheduleD.sketch23.A man has to make____for his old age by putting aside enough money to live on when old.A.supplyB.assuranceC.provisionD.adjustment24.The newly-built Science Building seems_____enough to lasta hundred years.A.spaciousB.sophisticatedC.substantialD. steady25.It is well-known that the retired workers in our country are ___free medical care.A.entitled toB.involved inC.associated withD. assigned to26.The farmers were more anxious for rain than the people in the city because they had more at____.A.dangerB.stakeC.lossD.threat27.I felt____to death because I could make nothing of the chairman's speech.A.fatiguedB.tiredC.exhaustedD.bored28.When the engine would nto start,the mechanic inspected all the parts to find what was at___.A.wrongB.troubleC.faultD.difficulty29.Your advice would be____valuable to him,who is at present at his wit's end.A.exceedinglyB.excessivelyC.extensivelyD. exclusively30.He failed to carry out some of the provisions of the contract, and now he has to_____the consequences.A.answer forB.run intoC.abide byD.step into31.The river is already_____its bans because of excessive rainfall;and the city is threatened with a likely flood.A.parallel toB.level inC.flat onD.flush with32.People_____that vertical flight transports would carry millions of passengers as do the airliners of today.A.convincedB.anticipatedC.resolvedD.assured33.In spite of the wide range of reading material specially written or_____for language learning purposes,there is yet no comprehensive systematic programmed for the reading skills.A.adaptedB.acknowledgedC.assembledD. appointed34.The mother said she would____her son washing the dished If he could finish his assignment before supper.A.let downB.let aloneC.let offD.let out35.We should always keep in mind that_____decisions often lead to bitter regrets.A.urgentB.hastyC.instantD.prompt36.John complained to the bookseller that there were several pages____in the dictionary.A.missingB.losing C dropping D.leaking37.In the past,most foresters have been men,but today,the number of women____this field is climbing.A.engagingB.devotingC.registeringD.pursuing38.The supervisor didn't have time so far to go into it_____, but he gave us an idea about his plan.A.at handB.in turnC.in conclusionD.at length39.Their demand for a pay raise has not the slightest____of being met.A.prospectB.predictionC.prosperityD. permission40.It's usually the case that people seldom behave in a_____ way when in a furious state.A.stableB.rationalC.legalD.crediblePart Two:Sleep is divided into periods of so-called REM sleep, characterized by rapid eye movements and dreaming,and longer periods of non-REM sleep.41kind of sleep is at all well-understood,but REM sleep is42to serve some restorative function of the brain.Thepurpose of non-REM sleep is even more43.The new experiments,such as these44for the first time at a recent meeting of the Society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis,suggest fascinating explanations45 of non-REM sleep.For example,it has long been known thattotal sleep 46is1OO percent fatal to rats,yet,47exanlination of the dead bodies,the animals look completely normal.A researcher has now 48the mystery of why the aninlals die.The rats49bacterial infections of the blood,50their immune systems――theself-protecting mechanism against disease――had crashed.41.(A)Either(B)Ndther(C)Eachtn)Any42.(A)intended(B)required(C)assumed(D) inferred43.(A)subtle(B)obvious(C)mysterious(D)doubtful44.(A)maintained(B)described(C)settled(D)afforded45.(A)in the light(B)by virtue(C)with the exception(D)for the purpose46.(A)reduction(B)destruction(C)deprivation(D)restriction47.(A)upon(B)by(C)through(D)with48.(A)paid attention to(B)caught sight of(C)laid emphasis on(D)cast light on49.(A)develop(B)produce(c)stimulate(D)induce50.(A)if(B)as if(C)only if(D)if onlyPartⅢReading ComprehensinnPassage lMoney spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of.It serves directly to assist a rapid distribotion of goods at reasonable price,thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices.By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living.By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labour,and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers the costs of many services:without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much,the price of your television licence would need to be doubled,and travel by bus or tube would cost20per cent more.And perhaps most important of all, advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the products and services you buy.Apart from the fact that twenty-seven acts of Parliament gov-ern the terms of advertising,no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements.He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising.He will not do so for long,for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once.If you see an article consistently advertised,it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it, and that it represents good value.Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of.There is one more point I feel I ought to touch on.Recently I heard a well-known television personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs.He was drawing excessively fine distinctions.Of course advertising seeks to persuade.If its message were confined merely to information-and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve,for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive――advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention.But perhaps that is what the well-known television personality wants.51.By the first sentence of the passage the author means that__.(A)he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising(B)everybody knows well that advertising is money consuming(C)advertising costs money like everything else(D)it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising52.In the passage,which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of advertising?(A)Securing greater fame.(B)Providing more jobs.(C)Enhancing living standards.(D)Reducing newspaper cost.53.The author deems that the well-known TV personality is_.(A)very precise in passing his judgement on advertising(B)interested in nothing but the buyers'attention(C)correct in telling the difference between persuasion and information(D)obviously partial in his views on advertising54.In the author's opinton,__.(A)advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providing.(B)advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over.(C)there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer.(D)the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advenisement.Passage2There are two basic ways to see growth:one as a product,the other as a process.People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a promotion,the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language-all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts.By contrast,the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine,since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way.The process is not the roaditsetf,but rather the attitudes and feellings people have,their caution or courge,as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles.In this process,the journey never really ends;there are always new ways to experience the world,new ideas to try,new challenges to accept.In order to grow,to travel new roads,people need to have a willingness to take risks,to confront the unknown,and to accept the possibility that they may"fail"at first.How we see our-selves as we try a new way of being is essential to our abitity to grow.Do we perceive ourselves as quick and curious?If so,then we tend to take more chances and to be more open to unfamiliar experiences.Do we think we're shy and indecisive?Then our sense of timidity can cause us to hesitate,to move slowly,and not to take a step until we know the ground is safe.Do we thiQk we're slow to adapt to change or that we' re not smart enough to cope with a new challenge?Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all.These feelings of insecurity and self-doubt are both unavoidable and necessary if we are to change and grow.If we do not confront and overcome these internal fears and doubts,if we protect ourselves too much,then we cease to grow.We become trapped inside a shell of our own making.55.A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth then__.(A)he has given up his smoking habit(B)he has made great efforts in his work(C)he is keen on leaming anything new(D)he has tried to determine where he is on his journey56.In the author's eyes,one who views personal growth as a process would__.(A)succeed in climbing up the social ladder(B)judge his ability to glow from his own achievements(C)face difficulties and take up challenges(D)aim high and reach his goal each time57.When the author says"a new way of being"(line3,para.3) he is referring to__.(A)a new approach to experiencing the world(B)a new way of taking risks(C)a new method of perceiving ourselves(D)a new system of adaptation to change58.For personal growth,the author advocates all of the following except_.(A)curiosity about more chances(B)promptness in self-adaptation(C)open-mindedness to new experiences(D)avoidance of intemal fears and doubtsPassage3In such a changing,complex society formerly simple solutions to informational needs become complicated.Many of life's problemswhich were solved by asking family members,friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve.Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are qaestions facing many people today.In addition to this,there is the growing mobility of people since World WarⅡ.As families move away from their stable community,their friends of many years,their extended family relationships,the informal flow of information is cut off,and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.The almost unconscious flow of information about the simplest aspects of living can be cut off.Thus,things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended family must be consciously learned.Adding to societal changes today is an enormous stockpile of information.The individual now has more information available than any generation,and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated,time-consuming and sometimes even overwhelming.Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible puter technology makes it possible to store vast amounts of data in machine-readable files,and to program computers to locate specific information.Telecommunicationsdevelopments enable the sending of messages via television,radio, and very shortly,electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages.Satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence.Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing,and problems in dispute can be settled without the parttcipants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site.Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and delivery of information, thus making more information available to more people.In this world of change and complexity,the need for infomtatian is of greatest importance.Those people who have accurate,reliable up-to-date information to solve the day-to-day problems,the critical problems of their business,social and family life,will survive and succeed. "Knowledge is power"may well be the truest saying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all people.59.The word"it"(line3,para.2)most probably refers to__.(A)the lack of stable communities(B)the breakdown of informal information channels(C)the increased mobility of families(D)the growing number of people moving from place to place60.The main problem people may encounter today arises form the fact that__.(A)they have to learn new things consciously(B)they lack the confidence of securing reliable and trustworthy information(C)they have difficulty obtaining the needed informatton readily(D)they can hardly carry out casual communications with an extended family.61.From the passage we can infer that__.(A)electronic mail will soon play a dominant role in transmitting messages(B)it will become more difficult for people to keep secrets in an information era(C)people will spend less time holding meetings or conferences(D)events will be reported on the spot mainly through satellites62.We can learn from the last paragraph that__.(A)it is necessary to obtain as much(B)people should make the best use of the information(C)we shoutd realize the importance of accumulating information.(D)it is of vital importance to acquire needed information efficientlyPassage4Personality is to a large extent inherent――A-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring.But the environment must also have a profound effect,since if competition is important to the parents,it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of theirchildren.One place where children soak up A-characteristics is school, which is,by its very nature,a highly competitive institution.Too many schools adopt the'win at all costs'moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements.The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system,in which competitive Atypes seem in some way better than their B-type fellows.Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences:remember that Pheidippides,the first marathon runner,dropped dead seconds after saying:'Rejoice,we conquer!'By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations.It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well.The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable,but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.Obviously,it is neither practical nor desirable that allA-youngsters change into B's.The world needs A types,and schools have an important duty to try to fit a child's personality to his possible future employment.It is top management.If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values.Perhaps selection for the caring professions,especially medicine,could bemade less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy.It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A-type stock.B's are important and should be encouraged.63.According to the passage,A-type individuals are usually__.(A)impatient(B)considerate(C)aggressive(D) agreeable64.The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schoois because__.(A)the pressure is too great on the students(B)some students are bound to fail(C)failure rates are too high(D)the results of exarninations are doubtful65.The selection of medical professionals are currentiy based on__.(A)candidates'sensitivity(B)academic acbievements(C)competitive spirit(D)surer values66.From the passage we can draw the oonclusion that__.(A)the personality of a child is well established at birth(B)family innuence dominates the shaping of one's characteristics.(C)the development of one's personality is due to multiple factors(D)B-type characteristics can find no place in competitivesocietyPassage5That experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering. Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory.Constant practice has such as effect on memory as to lead to skillful performance on the piano,to recitation of a poem,and even to reading and understanding these words.So-called intelligent behaviour demands memory,remembering being a primary requirement for reasoning.The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory.Typically,the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences.Practice(or review)tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material.Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten;and the adaptive consquences may not seem obvious.Yet,dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can seem to be adaptive.In this sense,the ability to forget can be intffpreted to have survived through a process of natural selection in animals.Inded,when one's memory of an emotionally painful experience lead to serious anxiety,forgetting may produoe relief. Nevertheless,an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection.In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all itspossible aspects,it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade.Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time, since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out,providing clues for inferring duration.Without fotgetting,adaptive ability would suffer,for example,learned behaviour that might have been correct a decade ago may no longer be.Cases are recorded of people who(by or-dinary standards)forgot so little that their everyday activities were full of confusion.This forgetting seems to serve that survival of the individual and the species.Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting.In this view,continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage(input)and forgetting(output).Indeed, there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned.Such data offers gross support of contemporary models of memory that assume an input-output balance.67.From the evolutionary point of view,__.(A)forgetting for lack of practice tends to be obviously inadaptive.(B)if a person gets very forgetful all of a sudden he must be very adaptive(C)the gradual process of forgetting is an indication of an individual's adaptability(D)sudden forgetting may bring about adaptive consequences68.According to the passage,if a person never forgot,__.(A)he would survive best(B)he would have a lot of trouble(C)his ability to learn would be enhanced(D)the evolution of memory would stop69.From the last paragraph we know that__.(A)forgetfulness is a response to learning(B)the memory storage system is an exactly balanced input-output systenl(C)memory is a compensation for forgetting(D)the capacity of a memory storage system is limited because forgetting occurs70.In this article,the author tries to interpret the function of__.(A)remembering(B)forgetting(C)adapting(D) experiencingPartⅣEnglish-Chinese TranslationThe standardized educational or psychological test that are widely used to aid in selecting,classifying,assigning,or promoting students,employees,and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books,magazines,the daily press,and even in congress.71)The target is wrong,for in attacking the tests,critics divert attention form the fault that lies with ill-informed orincompetent users.The tests themselves are merely tools,with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions.Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless,or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user.All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance:school grades,research productivity,sales records,or whatever is appropriate.72)How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount,reliability,and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error. Standardized tests should be considered in this context.They provide a quick,objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned,the sktlls he has developed,or the kind of person he is.The information so obtained has,qualitatively,the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information.73)Whether to use tests.other kinds of information,or both in a particular situation depends,therefore,upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.74)In general,the tests work most effectivelv when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively whenwhat is to be messured or predicted cannot be well defined.Properly used,they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized,but there are many things they do not do.75)For example,they do not compensate for gross social inequality,and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.PartⅤWrlting(15points)DIRECTIONS:A.Title:THE"PROJECT HOPE"B.Time limit:40minutesC.Word limit:120-150words(not including the given opening sentence)D.Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the given opening sentence:"Education plays a very important role in the modernization of our country".E.Your composition must be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.OUTLEVE:1.Present sluation2.Necessity of the project3.My suggestion答案：1.D2.A3.B4.D5.B6.C7.A8.D9.A10.C11.A，renect12.D，if13.B，to which14.D，being 15.C，writing about或who write about16.D，affected17.C，whose18.C，as19.C，do much20.B，each time21.B 22.D23.C24.C25.A26.B27.D28.C29.A30. A31.D32.B33.A34.C35.B36.A37.D38.D39. A40.B41.B42.C43.C44.B45.D46.C47.A 48.D49.A50.B51.D52.A53.D54.C55.A56. C57.A58.D59.B60.C61.A62.D63.C64.B65. B66.C67.D68.B69.A70.B71.把标准化测试作为抨击目标是错误的，因为在抨击这类测试时，批评者不考虑其弊病来自人们对测试不甚了解或使用不当。

中央财经大学考博英语翻译真题解析及命题规律教你如46.It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words,all we can do is articulate our reactions to it,and not grasp music itself.【句型分析】本句主句主干为it is the reason，why引导定语从句，修饰the reason。

定语从句的主干是all we can do is articulate our reactions and not grasp music itself，其表语是不定式短语，由于主语中含有do，不定式符号to省略：articulate our reactions and not grasp music itself。

our reactions之后to it为其定语，it指代music。

定语从句中还包含when引导的时间状语从句。

【翻译要点】①本句主干的主句是主系表结构，reason后why引导的定语从句较长，翻译时可以与主干部分结合，调整表达为：这也就是为什么….。

②定语从句中，when引导时间状语从句，其中with words做状语，翻译时需调整语序到其修饰的to describe之前，可以表达为“当我们尝试用语言来描述音乐时”。

定语从句的主干顺译即可，其中reaction根据语境，可以翻译为“感受”，其定语to it在表达时前置，it指代还原为“音乐”，则可以翻译为“所有我们能做的，就是明确表达我们对于音乐的感受”，或者调整表达为“我们只能明确表达我们对于音乐的感受”。

and之后，grasp 依据语境，需要翻译为“理解”。

【译文总结】这也是为什么当我们试图用语言来描述音乐时，我们只能明确表达我们对于音乐的感受，而不能完全理解音乐本身。

（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:772678537)47.By all accounts he was a freethinking person,and a courageous one,and I find courage an essential quality for the understanding, let alone the performance,of his works.【句型分析】本句为并列句。

财经政法大学考博英语试题单选题1. To shut your eyes to the facts,_A_many of you often do,is foolish.A.asB.whatC.whichD.that2. ---What would you like to eat?---I can eat_C_.A.somethingB.everythingC.anythingD.all3. Why didn’t Jack ask for the job?He _C_it.A.might getB.could getC.could have gotD.must have got4. The lecture_A_me to death.A.boredB.forcedC.killedD.put5. The pictures that he_A_on the wall yesterday are very beautiful.A.hungB.hangedC.hangingD.was hanged6. He achieved his aim_D_.A.by hard workingB.through hard workingC.working hardD.by hard work7. My wallet is nowhere to be founD.I_C_when I was on the bus.A.musy drop itB.should have dropped itC.must have dropped itD.had dropped it8. _D_,we should be glad.A.They arrive tomorrowB.Were they arriving tomorrowC.They were to arrive tomorrowD.Were they to arrive tomorrow9. I could have done it better if I_C_more time.A.have hadB.hadC.had hadD.will have had10. He was a good swimmer,so he_D_swim to the river bank when the boat sank.A.couldB.mightC.succeeded toD.was able to11. _C_,that step is not safe!A.Look aroundB.Look upC.Look outD.Look down12. Is there any_B_ medicine to cure that patient of his illness?A.efficientB.effectiveC.attractiveD.enjoyable13. Make greater efforts,and you are sure to reach your goal_A_.A.eventuallyB.especiallyC.effectivelyD.endlessly14. As I felt so much better,my doctor_B_me to take a holiday by the sea.A.suggestedB.advisedC.consideredD.made15. Every picture has been sold_A_these two,so you’d better make a decision earlier.A.expectB.besidesC.expect forD.beside16. Seldom_B_him in the past two years.A.I have seenB.have I seenC.I sawD.did I see17. ---He went to see the film last night.---_A_.A.So he did,and so did IB.So did he,and so I didC.So he did,and so I didD.So did he,and so did I18. I wish I_B_you better.A.knowB.knewC.will knowD.have known19. This is the student_A_I know will pass the TOEFL test.A.whoB.whomC.whoseD.what20. They are looking forward to_C_to the lecture by the famous professor.A.sendB.be sentC.being sentD.sending21. Not only_A_us light,but it gives us heat.A.does the sun giveB.the sun givesC.gives the sunD.the sun does give22. They were too dirty to walk;_B_,it was late.A.besideB.besidesC.exceptD.yet23. The book looked_C_it had been out in the rain.A.thatB.whetherC.as throughD.what24. My brother had a cold last week,so_B_I.A.hadB.didC.amD.have25. I haven’t met him for ages,but his mother_B_him quite often.A.had seenB.seesC.has seenD.saw26. I sat near the entrance for a long time_A_him,but he didn’t arrive.A.expectingB.attendingC.waitingD.excepting27. I’m_D_in this newspaper.A.making a word puzzleB.having a puzzle wordC.getting a word puzzleD.doing a word puzzle28. I’m not_B_beautiful dreams.I want beautiful realities.A.content toB.content withC.content ofD.content at29. As there is no butter,we shall have to_A_dry bread.A.content ourselves withB.content us withC.content toD.content30. The Anti-Japanses War_B_in 1973and it__8 years.A.was broken out;lastedB.broke out;lastedC.broke;remainedD.had been broken out;kept31. What do you think_C_?A.what he isB.that he isC.he isD.is he32. I still remember the place_C_he visiteD.A.whereB.in whichC.thatD.at33. Mother was worried because little Alice was ill,especially_A_Father was out.A.asB.thatC.duringD.if34. He plays football_B_,if not better than,John.A.as wellB.as well asC.so wellD.so well as35. Finallt,the thief handed everything_D_he had stolen to the police.A.afterB.whatC.thatD.which36. If you climb up to the top,you can get a good_B_of the whole city.A.sightB.viewC.sceneD.sigh37. You look tireD.You_ A_all day long.A.must have been workingB.might be workingC.should have been workingD.should have worked38. Come and see me_B_two day’s time.A.forB.inC.afterD.during39. _B_Java Man.who lived before the first Ice Age,was thefirst man-like animal.A.Generally believed it isB.It is generally believed thatC.Believed it generally is thatD.That is generally believed40. I haven’t seen Tom yet today,and I haven’t seen Joe,_B_.A.bothB.eitherC.tooD.neither41. ---You forgot to turn the gas off when you finished cooking this evening.---Good heavens,_B_.A.so did IB.so I didC.so you didD.you did so42. Mary is_A_.She is a bit too strong.A.on a dietB.at a dietC.on a dietingD.going for dieting43. How many_B_do you need?A.hour’s sleepB.hours of sleepC.hours of sleepingD.sleeping hours44. I want to know how much you_A_since you__last time.A.have read;didB.had read;didC.had read;readD.would have read;had read45. _A_he said made me __.A.What;sickB.That;sickC.whether;illD.If;to sick46. They have been in Hawaii_A_the end of the war.A.sinceB.atC.byD.in47. Under the tree_B_two boys.A.lyingyC.liesin48. As a_C_of fact,talking to a friend is nice,but being alone is also enjoyable.A.thingB.businessC.matterD.affair49. My brother said_C_eraser he had bought was__help to him.A.the;/B.a;aC.the;aD.the;the50. You can often see the runners_B_on the playground.A.to trainB.trainingC.trainD.to be training。

2010-2011学年第二学期《大学外语4》期末考试题型及分值
出题范围
听力：从课本以外出。

Section A和Section B 都只放一遍，Section C 放三遍，第二遍长句子之间有15秒间隔。

阅读：四篇文章均从课外出
Banked Cloze: 文章从课本中出（全册书10个单元的Section A）
词汇&语法：每个考点（词，短语，语法现象）都出自于读写教程（全册书10个单元的Section A）。

词汇和语法部分考查的词语都是课文中的词，但不会是原句。

词形变换：10个句子均出自于读写教程（10个单元，不包括Section B）课文原句。

形式为：Ann Estelle is the ________ (imagine) representative of Mary’s outlook.
翻译(汉译英)：5个句子均出自于读写教程10个单元后的书后习题（Translation部分）形式为：We look forward to __________________ (被邀请出席开幕式).
其中被翻译部分为课文重点短语或用法。

写作：议论文。

范围出自于读写教程10个单元中的任意一主题。

不少于120字。