中央财经大学考博英语阅读长难句解析3

中央财经大学考博英语语法专项突破训练及解析1.Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age.For these children________to their full adult potential,their education must be adapted to those differences.A.to developB.to be developedC.developingD.will develop2.Space exploration promises to open up many new territories for human settlement,as well as_________the harvest of mineral resources.A.leads toB.to lead toC.leading toD.lead to3.Someday,solar power collected by satellites________the earth or fission power(裂变能)manufactured by mankind may give us all the energy we need for an expanding civilization.A.circledB.to circleC.circlingD.circlesGeng duo yuan xiao wan zheng zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiuqi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi.4.In this experiment,they are wakened several times during the night,and asked to report what they________.A.had just been dreamingB.are just dreamingC.have just been dreamingD.had just dreamt5.Her terror was so great________somewhere to escape,she would have run for her life.A.only ifB.that there had only beenC.that had there only beenD.if there were only试题答案及解析：1.AFor these children to develop to their full adult potential 在句中做目的状语，these children是to develop的逻辑主语，这种主谓关系在目的状语中一般是不能用分词表示的。

中央财经大学考博英语真题解析1.In that country,guests tend to feel they are not highly if the invitation to a dinner party is extended only three or four days before the party date.(A)admired(B)regarded(C)expected(D)worshipped2.A of the long report by the budget committee was submitted to the mayor for approval.(A)shorthand(B)scheme(C)schedule(D)sketch3.A man has to make______for his old age by putting aside enough money to live on when /(A)supply(B)assurance(C)provision(D)adjustment4.The newly-built Science Building seems_______enough to lasta hundred years.(A)spacious(B)sophisticated(C)substantial（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:772678537)(D)steady5.It is well-known that the retired workers in our country are _________free medical care.(A)entitled to(B)involved in(C)associated with(D)assigned to6.The farmers were more anxious for rain than the people in the city because they had more at______.(A)danger(B)stake(C)loss(D)threat7.I felt_________to death because I could make nothing of the chairman’s speech.(A)fatigued(B)tired(C)exhausted(D)bored8.When the engine would not start,the mechanic inspected all the parts to find what was at_____.(A)wrong(B)trouble(C)fault(D)difficulty9.Your advice would be______valuable to him,who is at present at his wit’s end.exceedingly(B)excessively(C)extensively(D)exclusively10.He failed to carry out some of the provisions of the contract, and now he has to______the consequences.(A)answer for(B)runsintos(C)abide by(D)stepsintos11.The river is already_______its banks because of excessive rainfall;and the city is threatened with a likely flood.(A)parallel to(B)level in(C)flat on(D)flush with12.People_______that vertical flight transports would carry millions of passengers as do the airliners of today.(A)convinced(B)anticipated(C)resolved /(D)assured13.In spite of the wide range of reading material specially written or_______for language learning purposes,there is yet no comprehensive systematic programme for the reading skills.(A)adapted(B)acknowledged(C)assembled(D)appointed14.The mother said she would________her son washing the dishes if he could finish his assignment before supper.(A)let down(B)let alone(C)let off(D)let out15.We should always keep in mind that_______decisions often lead to bitter regrets.(A)urgent(B)hasty(C)instant(D)prompt16.John complained to the bookseller that there were several pages_______in the dictionary.(A)missing(B)losing(C)dropping(D)leaking本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。

考博长难句结构分析最新经典一百句1. The American economic system is, organized around a basically private-enterprise, market- oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.[参考译文] 美国的经济是以基本的私有企业和市场导向经济为架构的，在这种经济中，消费者很大程度上通过在市场上为那些他们最想要的货品和服务付费来决定什么应该被制造出来。

2. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.[参考译文] 因此，在美国的经济体系中，个体消费者的需求与商人试图最大化其利润的欲望和个人想最大化其收入效用的欲望相结合，一起决定了什么应该被制造，以及资源如何被用来制造它们。

3. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product.[参考译文] 另一方面，如果大量制造某种商品导致其成本下降，那么这就有可能增加卖方和制造商能提供的供给，而这也就会反过来降低价格并允许更多的消费者购买产品。

★阅读难点关键句200句（以包括译文）★1. Wearing a seat belt saves lives; it reduces your chance of death or serious injury by more than half.2. But it will be the driver’s responsibility to make sure that children under 14 do not ride in the front unless they are wearing a seat belt of some kind.3. However, you do not have to wear a seat belt if you are reversing your vehicle; or you are making a localdelivery or collection using a special vehicle; or if you have a valid medical certificate which excuses you from wearing it.4. Remember you may be taken to court for not doing so, and you may be fined if you cannot prove to the court that you have been excused from wearing it.5. Professor Taiju Matsuzawa wanted to find out why otherwise healthy farmers in northern Japan appeared to be losing their ability to think and reason at a relatively early age, and how the process of ageing could he slowed down.6. With a team of colleagues at Tokyo National University, he set about measuring brain volumes of a thousand people of different ages and varying occupations.7. Computer technology enabled the researchers to obtain precise measurements of the volume of the front and side sections of the brain, which relate to intellect （智能）and emotion, and determine the human character.8. Contraction of front and side parts as cells die off was observed in some subjects in their thirties, but it was still not evident in some sixty and seventy-year-olds.9. The findings show in general terms that contraction of the brain begins sooner in people in the country than in the towns.10. White collar workers doing routine work in government offices are, however, as likely to have shrinking brains as the farm worker, bus driver and shop assistant.11. We know that you have a high opinion of the kind of learning taught in your colleges, and that the costs of living of our young men, while with you, would be very expensive to you.12. But you must know that different nations have different ways of looking at things, and you will therefore not be offended if our ideas of this kind of education happen not to be the same as yours.13. We are, however, not the less obliged by your kind offer, though we refuse to accept it; and, to show our grateful sense of it, if the gentlemen of Virginia will send us a dozen of their sons, we will take care of their education, teach them in all we know , and make men of them.14. In what now seems like the prehistoric times of computer history, the earth’s postwar era, there was quite a wide-spread concern that computers would take over the world from man one day.15. Already today, less than forty years later, as computers are relieving us of more and more of the routine tasks in business and in our personal lives. We are faced with a less dramatic but also less foreseen problem.16. Obviously, there would be no point in investing in a computer if you had tocheck all its answers, but people should also rely on their own internal computers and check the machine when they have the feeling that something has gone wrong.17. Certainly Newton considered some theoretical aspects of it in his writings, but he was reluctant to go to sea to further his work.18. For most people the sea was remote, and with the exception of early intercontinental travellers or others who earned a living from the sea, there was little reason to ask many questions about it , let alone to ask what lay beneath the surface.19. The first time that the question “ What is at the bottom of the oceans?” had to be answered with any commercial consequence was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed.20. At the early attempts, the cable failed and when it was taken out for repairs it was found to be covered in living growths, a fact which defied contemporary scientific opinion that there was no life in the deeper parts of the sea.21. For every course that he follows a student is given a grade, which is recorded, and the record is available for the student to show to prospective employers.22. All this imposes a constant pressure and strain of work, but in spite of this some students still find time for great activity in student affairs.23. The effective work of maintaining discipline is usually performed by students who advise the academic authorities.24. Much family quarrelling ends when husbands and wives realize what these energy cycles mean, and which cycle each member of the family has.25. Whenever possible, do routine work in the afternoon and save tasks requiring more energy or concentration for your sharper hours.26. We also value personal qualities and social skills, and we find that mixed-ability teaching contributes to all these aspects of learning.27. They also learn how to cope with personal problems as well as learning how to think, to make decisions, to analyse and evaluate, and to communicate effectively.28. The problem is, how to encourage a child to express himself freely and confidently in writing without holding him back with the complexities of spelling?29. It may have been a sharp criticism of the pupil’s technical abilities in writing, but it was also a sad reflection on the teacher who had omitted to read the essay, which contained some beautiful expressions of the child’s deep feelings.30. The teacher was not wrong to draw attention to the errors, but if his priorities had centred on the child’s ideas, an expression of his disappointment with the presentation would have given the pupil more motivation to seek improvement.31. Given the nature of government and private employers, it seems most likely that discrimination by private employers would be greater.32. The release of the carbon in these compounds for recycling depends almost entirely on the action of both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and certain typesof fungi.33. A spirited discussion springs up between a young girl who says that women have out grown thejumping-on-a-chair-at-the-sight-of-a mouse era and a major who says that they haven’t.34. They are trying to find out whether there is something about the way we teach language to children which in fact prevents children from learning sooner.35. Mathematicians who have tried to use the computers to copy the way the brain works have found that even using the latest electronic equipment they would have to build a computer which weighed over 10,000 kilos.36. Since different people like to do so many different things in their spare time, we could make a long list of hobbies, taking in everything from collecting matchboxes and raising rare fish, to learning about the stars and making model ships.37. They know that a seal swimming under the ice will keep a breathing hole open by its warm breath, so they will wait beside the hole and kill it.38. We may be able to decide whether someone is white only by seeing if they have none of the features that would mark them clearly as a member of another race.39. Although signs of dishonesty in school , business and government seem much more numerous in years than in the past, could it be that we are getting better at revealing such dishonesty?40. It is not quite a matter of disagreeing with the theory of independence, but of rejecting its implications: that the romances may be taken in any or no particular order, that they have no cumulative effect, and that they are as separate as the works of a modern novelist.41. His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the United States, but his definition of racial prejudice as “ racially-based negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition,” can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews in medieval Europe.42. Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged the transmission of and so was crucial in sustaining — the Black heritage of folklore, music, and religious expression from one generation to another, a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences.43. Even the folk knowledge in social systems on which ordinary life is based in earning, spending, organizing, marrying, taking part in political activities, fighting and so on , is not very dissimilar from the more sophisticated images of the social system derived from the social sciences, even though it is built upon the very imperfect samples of personal experience.44. There are several steps that can be taken, of which the chief one is to demand of all the organizations that exist with the declared objectives ofsafeguarding the interests of animals that they should declare clearly where they stand on violence towards people.45. It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types, however, proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its conduction was influenced by these differences, which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits.46. According to this theory, it is not the quality of the sensory nerve impulses that determines the diverse conscious sensations they produce, but rather the different areas of the brain into which they discharge , and there is some evidence for this view.47. The result of attrition is that, where the areas of the whole leaves follow a normal distribution, a bimodal distribution is produced, one peak composed mainly of fragmented pieces, the other of the larger remains.48. The Bible does not tell us how the Roman census takers made out, and as regards our more immediate concern, the reliability of present day economic forecasting, there are considerable difference of opinion.49. A survey conducted in Britain confirmed that an abnormally high percentage of patients suffering from arthritis of the spine who had been treated with X rays contracted cancer.50. Yet across the gulf of space, minds that are to our minds as ours are to those of the beasts that perish, intellects vast and cool and unsympathetic, regarded this earth with envious eyes, and slowly and surely drew their plans against us.51. Even the doctoral degree, long recognized as a required “ union card” in the academic world, has come under severe criticism as the pursuit of learning for its own sake and the accumulation of knowledge without immediate application to a professor’s classroom duties.52. While a selection of necessary details is involved in both, the officer must remain neutral and clearly try to present a picture of the facts, while the artist usually begins with a preconceived message or attitude which is then transmitted through the use of carefully selected details of action described in words intended to provoke associations and emotional reactions in the reader.53. Articles in the popular press even criticize the Gross National Production (GNP) because it is not such a complete index of welfare, ignoring, on the one hand, that it was never intended to be, and suggesting, on the other, that with appropriate changes it could be converted into one.54. Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size, number, arrangement, and interconnection of the nerve cells, but as far as psychoneuaral correlations were concerned, the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences.55. The Chinese have distributed publications to farmers and other rural residents instructing them in what to watch for their animals so that every household can join in helping to predict earthquakes.56. Supporters of the Star Wars defense system hope that this would not only protect a nation against an actual nuclear attack, but would be enough of a threat to keep a nuclear war from ever happening.57. Neither would it prevent cruise missiles or bombers, whose flights are within the Earth’s atmosphere, from hitting their targets.58. Civil rights activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics, and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack access to the sizable orders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies.59. During the nineteenth century, she argues, the concept of the “useful” child who contributed to the family economy gave way gradually to the present day notion of the “useless” child who, though producing no income for, and indeed extremely costly to its parents, is yet considered emotionally “ priceless”.60. Well established among segments of the middle and upper classes by the mid-1800’s, this new view of childhood spread throughout society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as reformers introduced child labor regulations and compulsory education laws predicted in part on the assumption that a child’s emotional value made child labor taboo.61. Of course, it would be as dangerous to overreact to history by concluding that the majority must now be wrong about expansion as it would be to re-enact the response that greeted the suggestion that the continents had drifted.62. While the fact of this consumer revolution is hardly in doubt, three key questions remain: who were the consumers? What were their motives? And what were the effect of the new demand for luxuries?63. Although it has been possible to infer from the goods and services actually produced what manufacturers and servicing trades thought their customers wanted, only a study of relevant personal documents written by actual consumers will provide a precise picture of who wanted what.64. With respect to their reasons for immigrating, Grassy does not deny their frequently noted fact that some of the immigrants of the 1630’s, most notably the organizers and clergy, advanced religious explanations for departure, but he finds that such explanations usually assumed primacy only in retrospect. 65. If we take the age-and sex-specific unemployment rates that existed in 1956 (when the overall unemployment rate was 4.1 percent) and weight them by the age- and sex-specific shares of the labor force that prevail currently, the overall unemployment rate becomes 5 percent.66. He was puzzled that I did not want what was obviously a “ step up” toward what all Americans are taught to want when they grow up: money and power.67. Unless productivity growth is unexpectedly large, however, the expansion of real output must eventually begin to slow down to the economy’s larger run growth potential if generalized demand pressures on prices are to be avoided.68. However, when investment flows primarily in one direction, as it generally does from industrial to developing countries, the seemingly reciprocalsource-based restrictions produce revenue sacrifices primarily by the state receiving most of the foreign investment and producing most of the income—namely ,the developing country partner.69. The pursuit of private interests with as little interference as possible from government was seen as the road to human happiness and progress rather than the public obligation and involvement in the collective community that emphasized by the Greeks.70. The defense lawyer relied on long-standing principles governing the conduct of prosecuting attorneys: as quasi-judicial officers of the court they are under a duty not to prejudice a party’s case through overzealous prosecution or to detract from the impartiality of courtroom atmosphere.71. No prudent person dared to act on the assumption that, when the continent was settled, one government could include the whole; and when the vast expense broke up, as seemed inevitable, into a collection of separate nations, only discord, antagonism, and wars could be expected.72. If they were right in thinking that the next necessity in human progress was to lift the average person upon an intellectual and social level with the most favored, they stood at least three generations nearer than Europe to that goal.73. Somehow he knows that if our huckstering civilization did not at every moment violate the eternal fitness of things, the poet’s song would have been given to the world, and the poet would have been cared for by the whole human brotherhood, as any man should be who does the duty that every man owes it.74. The instinctive sense of the dishonor which money-purchase does to art is so strong that sometimes a man of letters who can pay his way otherwise refuses pay for his work, as Lord Byron did, for a while, from a noble pride, and as Count Tolstoy has tried to do, from a noble conscience.75. Perhaps he believed that he could not criticize American foreign policy without endangering the support for civil rights that he had won from the federal government.76. Abraham Lincoln, who presided in his stone temple on August 28, 1963 above the children of the slaves he emancipated (解放), may have used just the right words to sum up the general reaction to the Negroes’ massive march on Washington.77. In the Warren Court era, voters asked the Court to pass on issues concerning the size and shape of electoral districts, partly out of desperation because no other branch of government offered relief, and partly out of hope that the Court would reexamine old decisions in this area as it had in others, looking at basic constitutional principles in the light of modern living conditions.78. Some even argue plausibly that this weakness may be irremediable : in any society that, like a capitalist society, seeks to become ever wealthier in material terms disproportionate rewards are bound to flow to the people who are instrumental in producing the increase in its wealth.79. This doctrine has broadened the application of the Fourteenth Amendmentto other, nonracial forms of discrimination, for while some justices have refused to find any legislative classification other than race to be constitutionally disfavored, most have been receptive to arguments that at least some nonracial discriminations, sexual discrimination in particular, are “suspect” and deserve this heightened scrutiny by the courts.80. But as cameras become more sophisticated, more automated, some photographers are tempted to disarm themselves or to suggest that they are not really armed, preferring to submit themselves to the limits imposed by premodern camera technology because a cruder, less high-powered machine is thought to give more interesting or emotive results, to have more room for creative accident.81. Both novelists use a storytelling method that emphasizes ironic disjunctions between different perspectives on the same events as well as ironic tensions that inhere in the relationship between surface drama and concealed authorical intention, a method I call an evidentiary narrative technique.82. When black poets are discussed separately as a group, for instance, the extent to which their work reflects the development of poetry in general should not be forgotten, or a distortion of literacy history may result.83. These differences include the bolder and more forthright speech of the later generation and its technical inventiveness.84. But black poets were not battling over old or new rather, one accomplished Black poet was ready to welcome another, whatever his or her style, for what mattered was racial pride.85. Tolstoy reversed all preconceptions and in every reversal he overthrew the “ system”, the “ machine”, the externally ordained belief, the conventional behaviour in favor of unsystematic, impulsive life, of inward motivation and the solutions of independent thought.86. It was better covered by television and press than any event here since President Kennedy’s inauguration (就职) , and , since indifferent is almost as great a problem to the Negro as hostility, this was a plus.87. But do not the challenge and the excitement of the critical problem as such lie in that ambivalence of attitude which allows us to recognize the intelligence and even the splendor of Meredith’s work, while, at the same time, we experience a lack of sympathy, a failure of any enthusiasm of response?88. In this respect she resembled one of her favourite contemporaries, Mary Brunton, who would rather have “ glided through the world unknown” than been suspected of literary airs—to be shunned, as literary women are, by the more pretending of their own sex, and abhorred, as literary women are, by the more pretending of the other!89. From those sounds which we hear on small or on coarse occasions, we do not easily receive strong impressions, or delightful images; and words to which we are nearly strangers, whenever they occur, draw that attention on themselves which they should transmit to things.90. To proceed thus is to set up a fivefold hypothesis that enables you to gatherfrom the innumerable items cast up by the sea of experience upon the shores of your observation only the limited number of relevant data—relevant, that is, to one or more of the five factors of your hypothesis.91. As an author, I am naturally concerned that a surprisingly large percentage of the population of the United States is functionally illiterate; if they can’t read or cannot understand what they read, they won’t buy books, or this magazine.92. They do not know those parts of the doctrine which explain and justify the remainder ; the considerations which show that a fact which seemingly conflicts with another is reconcilable with it, or that, of two apparently strong reasons, one and not the other ought to be preferred.93. Quite apart from the logistic problems, there existed a well-established tradition in Britain which refused to repatriate against their will people who found themselves in British hands and the nature of whose reception by their own government was, to say the least, dubious.94. An obsession with the exact privileges of a colonial legislature and the precise extent of Britain’s imperial power, the specifics of a state constitution and the absolute necessity of a federal one, all expressed this urge for a careful articulation as proof that the right relationship with external powers did indeed prevail.95. One encyclopaedia tells us that intelligence is related to the ability to learn, to the speed with which things are learned, to how well and how long ideas are remembered, to the ability to understand those ideas and use them in problem-solving, and to creativity.96. The event marked the end of an extended effort by William Barton Rogers, M.I.T. ‘s founder and first president, to create a new kind of educational institution relevant to the times and to the contrary’s need, where young men and women would be educated in the application as well as the acquisition of knowledge.97. Each departmental program consists, in part, of a grouping of subjects in the department’s areas of professional interest and, in part, of additional opportunities for students of their choice.98. Alternatively, a student may use elective time to prepare for advanced study in some professional field, such as medicine or law, for graduate study in some area in which M. I. T. gives no undergraduate degree, such as meteorology or psychology, or for advanced study in an interdisciplinary field, such as astrophysics, communication science, or energy.99. While the undergraduate curriculum for an open Bachelor of Science degree, as listed by a department, may have its own unique features, each program must be laid out in consultation with a departmental representative to assure that it is meaningful in structure and challenging in content.100. Where previously it had concentrated on the big infrastructure projects such as dams, roads and bridges, it began to switch to projects which directly improved the basic services of a country.101. Thus in addition to the chances of going away from the right path outlinedabove, the scientific investigator shares with the ordinary citizen the possibilities of falling into errors of reasoning in the ways we have just indicated, and many others as well.102. He made a hole and peering through, could see jewellery, and other objects stacked in piles in the shadows that extended beyond the beam of light penetrating the interior.103. Neither Ayat nor the Rassoul brothers noticed, however, that most of the pieces they were selling were of a type not previously seen in the marketplace—pieces whose existence had been suspected but which had not yet been discovered by archaeologists.104. “The biggest construction project of this century”, explained French President Francois Mitterand in January, 1986 as he and then British prime minister Margaret Thatcher jointly announced that the two countries would finally overcome ancient quarrels and prejudices and forge a link across the narrow Channel separating them.105. Perhaps the fact that many of these first studies considered only algae(水藻) of a size that could be collected in a net(net phytoplankton), a practice that overlooked the smaller phytoplankton(浮游植物群落) that we now know grazers are most likely to feed on, led to a de-emphasis of the role of grazers in subsequent research.106. The converse observation, of the absence of grazers (食草动物)in areas of high phytoPlankton(浮游植物群落)concentration, led Hardy to propose his principle of animal exclusion , which hypothesized that phytoplankton produced a repellent(驱虫剂) that excluded grazers from regions of high phytoplankton concentration.107. Although these molecules allow radiation at visible at wave lengths, where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated, to pass through, they absorb some of the longer-wavelength, infrared emission(红外辐射) radiated from the Earth,s surface, radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into space. 108. In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer’s Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism(超现实主义), does this technique provide a counter point to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression?109. Roseenblatt’s thematic analysis permits considerable objectivity; he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works—yet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results.110. Thus, for instance, it may come as a shock to mathematicians to learn that the Schrodinger equation (薛定谔的方程式)forthe hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom, but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking account of spin, magnetic dipole (磁性偶极子), and relatiristic effects, and that this corrected equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of quantum field theoretical equations( 量子场论方程式).111. Great comic artists assume that truth may bear all lights, and thus they seek to accentuate( 强调) contradictions in social action, not gloss over or transcend them by appeals to extrasocial symbols of divine ends, cosmic purpose, or laws of nature.112. The hydrologic(水文地质的) cycle, a major topic in this science, is the complete cycle of phenomena through which water passes, beginning as atmospheric water vapor, passing into liquid and solid form as precipitation (降水(量)), thence along and into the ground surface, and finally again returning to the form of atmospheric water vapor by means of evaporation and transpiration(散发).113. My point is that its central consciousness—its profound understanding of class and gender as shaping influences on people’s lives—owes much to that earlier literary heritage, a heritage that, in general, has not been sufficiently valued by most contemporary literary critics.114. In the early 1950’s historians who studies preindustrial Europe (which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800) began, for the first time in large numbers, to investigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite (精华) : the kings, generals, judges, nobles, bishops, and local magnates (要人) who had hitherto (迄今) usually filled history books.115. The historian Frederick J. Tuner wrote in the 1890’s that the agrarian(农民) discontent (不满) that had been developing steadily in the United States since about 1870 had been precipitated (加速) by the closing of the internal frontier—that is , the depletion (枯竭) of available new land needed for further expansion of the American farming system.116. Fallois proposed that Proust had tried to begin a novel in 1908, abandoned it for what was to be a long demonstration of Saint-Beure’s blindness to the real nature of great writing, found the essay giving rise to personal memories and fictional developments, and allowed these to take over in a steadily developing novel.117. The best evidence for the layered mantle (地幔) thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands, islands believed to result from mantle plumes (地柱) arising from the lower mantle, are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the midocean ridge system, whose source, most geologists contend, is the upper mantle.118. In October 1838, I happened to read for amusement Malthus on Population, and being well prepared to appreciate the struggle for existence which everywhere goes on, from long continued observation of the habits of animals and plants, it at once struck me that, under these circumstances, favorable variations would tend to be preserved, and unfavourable ones to be destroyed.119. But these beliefs about peptide hormones (肽激素) were questioned as laboratory after laboratory found that antiserums(抗血清) to peptide hormones, when injected into the brain, bind in places other than the hypothalamus(下丘。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-中共中央党校考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.翻译题It is also clear from his account who is responsible for misrepresenting this threat: the media and politicians. Thoughout this work, he scolds both. Politicians, we are told, “amplify the threat for their own political gains and mislead the public into misunderstanding terrorism and prefer appearing tough on terrorism to effectively combating it at home”. He argues that media reporting is significantly flawed and hysterical and suggests that the media and politicians seldom pass up any opportunity to manipulate and sensationalize news events. The combination of these two factors is a great inflation of the terrorist theat in the United States, resulting in popular hysteria. The focus on the threat to the West is understandable in some ways—it is the threat to one’s own state that the media and politicians are concerned with and attempt to mitigate.【答案】【参考译文】从他的描述中也可以清楚地看出，是谁歪曲了这一威胁：媒体和政客。

中央财经大学考博英语真题常见的一些动词及其时态时态一致(Tense Agreement)：从句和主句谓语动词应在时态上保持一致。

(一)主句动词是过去时态时，从句动词相应采用某种过去时态例句：Darwin was convinced that loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness,but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character.(2008年第50题)分析：该句是复合句，主干结构为Darwin was convinced that...。

宾语从句中有not only...but...引导的并列结构;短语be injurious to 的意思是“对……产生危害，有害……”。

需要各大院校历年考博英语真题及其解析请加扣扣七七二六七八五三七或二八九零零六四三五一，也可以拨打全国免费咨询电话四零零六六八六九七八享受考博辅导体验。

译文：达尔文确信，没有了这些爱好不只是少了乐趣，而且可能会有损于一个人的思维能力，更有可能导致一个人道德品质的下降。

例句：Publication of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a storm of media protest when he said the interpretation of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges rather than to Parliament.(选自2001年Cloze Test)分析：该句是复合句。

在when引导的从句中，the interpretation of privacy controls...作said的宾语;过去分词短语contained in European 作后置定语修饰the interpretation;主句部分为publication of the letter came;另一从句中的主语Lord Irvine与he同指一人。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-中共中央党校考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题I remembered that the real world was wide, and that a varied field of hopes and fears, of （）, awaited those who had the courage to go forth into its expanse, to seek real knowledge of life amidst its perils.问题1选项A.senses and excitementsB.sentiment and excitementC.sensibility and excitementD.sensations and excitements【答案】D【解析】名词词义辨析。

senses and excitements “感觉与兴奋”；sentiment and excitement “情绪与兴奋”；sensibility and excitement “感觉与兴奋”；sensations and excitements “感动与兴奋”。

根据空格前hopes and fears都是用的复数形式，可知空格中也要用名词复数。

句意：我记得真实的世界是广阔的，充满希望和恐惧，充满感动与兴奋，等待着那些有勇气的人走入其中，在生活的冒险中寻求真正的知识。

选项D符合题意。

2.单选题He was the king of farce and the most influential neoclassical playwright. His characters were used to （） real people, and he was interested in showing the reality of human weakness as much as possible.问题1选项A.depictB.ridiculeC.amuseD.imitate【答案】A【解析】动词词义辨析。

中央财经大学考博英语阅读真题解析Text2When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August,his explanation was surprisingly straight up.Rather than cloakinghis exit in the usual vague excuses,he came right out and said hewas leaving“to pursue my goal of running a company.”Broadcastinghis ambition was“very much my decision,”McGee says.Within twoweeks,he was talking for the first time with the board of HartfordFinancial Services Group,which named him CEO and chairman onSeptember29.当八月份，Liam McGee以总裁的身份从美国银行离职的时候，他的解释出人意料的直白。

他没有忸怩的用平常的模糊的理由来遮掩他的离开，他很坦诚的讲他离开就是为了去追求他经营一家公司的目标。

McGee说宣扬自己的目标就是自己的决定。

两周后，他第一次和Hartford FinancialServices Group的董事会第一次会谈，这家公司在9月29日提名他为董事会主席和CEO.（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:772678537) McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time toreflect on what kind of company he wanted to run.It also sent a clearmessage to the outside world about his aspirations.And McGee isn’talone.In recent weeks the No.2executives at Avon and AmericanExpress quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEOpost.As boards scrutinize succession plans in response toshareholder pressure,executives who don’t get the nod also may wishto move on.A turbulent business environment also has senior managerscautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.他说在离开的时候并没有找好后面的职位(下家)，使他有时间去反思他到底想去经营一家什么样的公司。

中央财经大学考博英语应该怎样复习考博英语果真如此神秘莫测、高不可攀吗?学好英语、获得高分的突破口究竟在哪里?根据我近十年的考博辅导经验，我可以十分肯定地说：征服英语并不难，关键要过词汇关。

对于词汇，不能说考生们不知其重要性，更不能说考生们对它不重视。

到我们的辅导中心上课，经常看到这样的情景：上学路上，有人拿着词汇书边走边看;上楼梯时，有人抱着词汇书若有所思;课间休息，很多人争分夺秒记单词……我很佩服同学们的学习精神，但我同时不禁在想：大家如此勤奋努力，为什么学习中还有那么多障碍、考试时还有那么多麻烦呢?通过分析和研究，发现同学们背单词时还存在以下几方面的问题。

需要各大院校历年考博英语真题及其解析请加扣扣七七二六七八五三七或二八九零零六四三五一，也可以拨打全国免费咨询电话四零零六六八六九七八享受考博辅导体验。

第一问题是只知其一，不知其他。

刚开始学英语的时候，我们一般只记一个单词的一个词义和一种用法，而考博英语作为一种较高程度的水平考试，它要求的是全面了解这个词的词义，也就是我们常说的一词多义和一词多用。

由于有些同学在思想上还没有这种认识上的转变，背单词时还停留在一词一义，一词一用的阶段，尽管背了不少单词，做起题来仍然捉襟见肘、处处被动。

如1995年词汇题第21题的regard和2001年第20题中的company 就是考词的多义，1998年第39题中的further就是考词的多用，不了解"regard"除"看作"之外还表示"尊敬"，不明白"company"除"公司"之外还表示"伙伴"，不知道"further"除作形容词、副词外还可作动词表示"增进、促进"，做起题来当然会有困难。

第二个问题是只知大概，不知具体。

由于英语考试多数题型采用多项选项(multiple choice)形式，考生在学习过程中容易养成"只知大概，不知具体"的毛病。

中央财经大学2007年博士研究生入学考试英语试题Part I Vocabulary (15%)Section ADirections:In this section there are 10 incomplete sentences. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that completes best the sentence.1. The discovery of the Americas began ____ of adventure.A. a semesterB. a spellC. an epochD. a span2. All the ____ of the hotel were evacuated when the fire began.A. pioneersB. settlersC. inhabitantsD. residents3. The roses I left in the car yesterday started to ____ after a couple of hours in the heat.A. wiltB. blossomC. budD. bloom4. The two runners crossed the line ____.A. s ometimesB. simultaneouslyC. f r equentlyD. henceforth5. She was not crying but her eyes were ____.A. a ridB. m oistC. s oakedD. dr y6. Some sportsmen ____ to relax before a contest.A. meditateB. predictC. conceiveD. assume7. When there are so many important things to be done, why does she insist on so many ____ distractions?A. drasticB. crucialC. v italD. petty8. A ____ businessman is one who destroys his competitors.A. ge nerousB. s pitefulC. r u thlessD. humane9. The price of housing has remained ____ for six months.A. a gileB. dynamicC. s tationaryD. i n ert10. With a ____ effort he won a million dollars.A. m inimalB. di m inutiveC. m icroscopeD. d warfSection BDirections:In this section there are 20 sentences. Each sentence has one underlined word or phrase. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should identify one of the four choices which would best keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase.11. The breadfruit is a round fruit with a rough rind, and a soft pulpy inside.A. s kinB. hus kC. s hellD. bl o om12. Frederick E. Taylor was the pioneer of scientific management.A. immigrantB. inventorC. f o eD. a lly13. The almond, native to the Mediterranean, grows abundantly in California.A. r e lativeB. pi o neerC. originalD. i m migrant14. Freshwater turtles can survive in frigid waters for three months without oxygen.A. balmyB. sultryC. freezingD. sweltering15. The parched landscape of salt flats is often used to break world land speed records.A. dr i edB. s oakedC. s ultryD. c hilly16. The fruit does well in hot and humid climates.A. a ridB. dampC. s oakedD. de siccated17. Sedatives calm a person without actually inducing sleep.A. pr o longingB. s ubsidingC. gettingD. c ausing18. F. D. Roosevelt was the only man to have been elected president of the United States four successive times.A. s ignificantB. consecutiveC. not a bleD. s ymmetrical19. Aqueducts built during the Roman Empire may still be seen in many parts of Europe.A. B athsB. Water c analsC. RoadsD. Air pi p es20. Guam, as island in the West Pacific, was ceded to the United States.A. gi v en ov er t oB. a ttacked byC. r u led byD. i n fluenced by21. Hypertension is one of the most widespread and potentially dangerous diseases.A. c olossalB. popularC. c ommonD. s cattered22. Jazz appeared as a unique form of American music in the 1920s.A. obs cureB. s carceC. v italD. s ingular23. Gregor Mendel conceived of the laws of heredity from observing the growth of peas.A. a ssumedB. r e minisced ofC. t h ought ofD. m editated a bout24. Harriet Beecher Stowe was an obscure writer until the publication of Uncle Tom’s Cabin.A. a nonymousB. eminentC. i n famousD. unknown25. After years of work and contemplation, the Native American Sequoyah single-handedly invented a written language for his people.A. worryB. sicknessC. deep thoughtD. l o neliness26. The profuse tropical forests of the Amazon are inhabited by different kinds of animals.A. wildB. distantC. abundantD. immersed27. Although Langston Hughes is better known for his poetry, he also wrote a two-volume autobiography.A. book about someone else’s l i feB. book a bout hi s ow n l i feC. book about many people’s l i vesD. bo ok a bout t h e l i fe of a nimals28. Paul Revere daringly rode through the New England countryside to warn the colonists.A. be nevolentlyB. c ourageouslyC. apprehensivelyD. mercilessly29. Ketchup was developed from a tasty, spicy Chinese sauce made of pickled fish and shellfish in the 17th century.A. insipidB. f l avoredC. blandD. s our30. Many of America’s parks and monuments have been made possible by the generous donations of its citizens.A. ki n dheartedB. unw antedC. s elfishD. m eaninglessPart II Cloze (10%)Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on Answer Sheet.The first two stages in the development of civilized man were probably the invention of primitive weapons and the discovery of fire, although nobody knows exactly when he acquired the use of _31_.The 32 of language is also obscure. No doubt it began very gradually. Animals have a few cries that serve 33 signals, 34 even the highest apes have not been found able to pronounce words, 35 with the most intensive professional instruction. The superior brain of man is apparently 36 for the mastering of speech. When man became sufficiently intelligent, we mustsuppose that he 37 the number of cries for different purposes. It was a great day 38 he discovered that speech could be used for narrative. There are those who think that 39 picture language preceded oral language. A man 40 a picture on the wall of his cave to show 41 direction he had gone, or 42 prey he hoped to catch. Probably picture language and oral language developed side by side. I am inclined to think that language 43 the most important single factor in the development of man.Two important stages came not 44 before the dawn of written history. The first was the domestication of animals; the second was agriculture. Agriculture was 45 in human progress to which subsequently there was nothing comparable 46 our own machine age. Agriculture made possible 47 immense increase in the number of the human species in the regions where it could be successfully practiced. 48 were, at first, only those in which nature fertilized the soil 49 each harvest. Agriculture met with violent resistance from the pastoral nomads, but the agricultural way of life prevailed in the end 50 the physical comforts it provided.Part IV Reading Comprehension (50%)Directions:Read the following four passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answer on the Answer Sheet.Passage 1The ideal companion machine – the computer – would not only look, feel, and sound friendly but would also be programmed to behave in a pleasant manner. Those qualities that make interaction with other people enjoyable would be imitated as closely as possible, and the machine would appear to be charming, and easygoing. Its informal conversational style would make interaction comfortable, and yet the machine would remain slightly unpredictable and therefore interesting. In its first encounter it might be somewhat hesitant, but as it came to know the user it would progress to a more relaxed and intimate style. The machine would not be a passive participant but would add its own suggestions, information, and opinions; it would sometimes take the initiative in developing or changing the topic and would have a personality of its own.Friendships are not made in a day, and the computer would be more acceptable as a friend if it imitated the gradual changes that occur when one person is getting to know another. At an appropriate time it might also express the kind of affection that stimulates attachment and intimacy. The whole process would be accomplished in a subtle way to avoid giving an impression of over-familiarity that would be likely to produce irritation. After experiencing a wealth of powerful, well-timed friendship indicators, the user would be very likely to accept the computer as far more than a machine and might well come to regard it as a friend.An artificial relationship of this type would provide many of the benefits that people obtain from interpersonal friendships. The machine would participate in interesting conservation that could continue from previous discussions. It would have a familiarity with the user’s life as revealed in earlier contact, and it would be understanding and good-humored. The computer’s own personality would be lively and impressive, and it would develop in response to that of the user. With features such as these, the machine might indeed become a very attractive social partner.51. Which of the following is NOT a feature of the ideal companion machine?A. Active i n c ommunication.B. Attractive i n pe rsonality.C. Enjoyable i n pe rformance.D. Unpredictable i n be havior.52. The computer would develop friendships with humans in a(n) ________ way.A. qui c kB. un predictableC. pr o ductiveD. i n conspicuous53. Which of the following aspects is NOT mentioned when the passage discusses the benefits of artificial relationships?A. Being able to pick up an interesting conversation.B. Being sensitive to earlier contract.C. Being ready to learn about the person’s life.D. Having a pleasant and adaptable personality.54. Throughout the passage, the author is ________ in his attitude toward the computer.A. favourableB. criticalC. vagueD. hesitant55. Which might be the most appropriate title of the passage?A. Artificial relationships.B. How to form intimate relationships.C. The affectionate m achine.D. Humans a nd c omputers.Passage 2The uniqueness of the Japanese character is the result of two seemingly contradictory forces: the strength of traditions and selective receptivity to foreign achievements and inventions. As early as the 1860s, there were counter movements to the traditional orientation. Yukichi Fukuzawa the most eloquent spokesman of Japan’s “Enlightenment”, claimed “The Confucian civilization of the East seems to me to lack two things possessed by Western civilization: science in the material sphere and a sense of independence in the spiritual sphere.” Fukuzawa’s great influence is found in the free and individualistic philosophy of the Education Code of 1872, but he was not able to prevent the government from turning back to the canons of Confucian thought in the Imperial Rescript of 1890. Another interlude of relative liberalism followed World War I, when the democratic idealism of President Woodrow Wilson had an important impact on Japanese intellectuals and, especially students: but more important was the Leninist ideology of the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution. Again in the early 1930s, nationalism and militarism became dominant, largely as a result of failing economic conditions.Following the end of World War II, substantial changes were undertaken in Japan to liberate the individual from authoritarian restraints. The new democratic value system was accepted by many teachers, students, intellectuals, and old liberals, but it was not immediately embraced by the society as a whole. Japanese traditions were dominated by group values, and notions of personal freedom and individual rights were unfamiliar.Today, democratic processes are clearly evident in the widespread participation of the Japanese people in social and political life: yet, there is no universally accepted and stable value system. Values are constantly modified by strong infusions of Western ideas, both democratic and Marxist. School textbooks expound democratic principles, emphasizing equality over hierarchy and rationalism over tradition; but in practice these values are often misinterpreted and distorted, particularly by the youth who translate the individualistic and humanistic goals of democracy into egoistic and materialistic ones.Most Japanese people have consciously rejected Confucianism, but vestiges of the old order remain. An important feature of relationships in many institutions such as political parties, large corporations, and university faculties is the oyabun-kobun or parent-child relation. A party leader, supervisor, or professor, in return for loyalty, protects those subordinate to him and takes general responsibility for their interests throughout their entire lives, an obligation that sometimes evenextends to arranging marriages. The corresponding loyalty of the individual to his patron reinforces his allegiance to the group to which they both belong. A willingness to cooperate with other members of the group and to support without qualification the interests of the group in all its external relations is still a widely respected virtue. The oyabun-kobun creates ladders of mobility which an individual can ascend, rising as far as abilities permit, so long as he maintains successful personal ties with a superior in the vertical channel, the latter requirement usually taking precedence over a need for exceptional competence. As a consequence, there is little horizontal relationship between people even within the same profession.56. The author is mainly concerned withA. explaining the influence of Confucianism on modern JapanB. analyzing the reasons for Japan’s postwar economic successC. discussing some important determinants of Japanese valuesD. describing managerial practices in Japanese industry57. Which of the following is most like the relationship of the oyabun-kobun described in the passage?A. A political candidate and the voting public.B. A gifted scientist and his studentC. Two brothers who are partners in a businessD. A judge presiding at the trial of a criminal defendant58. According to the passage, Japanese attitudes are influenced by the following factors except ________.A. democratic ideals.B. elements of modern Western culture.C. remnants of an earlier social structure.D. prewar economic success.59. It can be inferred that the Imperial Rescript of 1890A. was a protest by liberals against the lack of individual liberty in Japan.B. marked a return in government policies to conservative valuesC. implemented the ideals set forth in the Education Code of 1872.D. was influenced by the Leninist ideology of the Bolshevik Revolution.60. The tone of the passage can best be described asA. neutral and objectiveB. critical and demandingC. enthusiastic a nd s upportiveD. s keptical a nd que stioningPassage 3A scientist who does research in economic psychology and who wants to predict the way in which consumers will spend their money must study consumer behavior. He must obtain data both on resources of consumers and on the motives that tend to encourage or discourage money spending.If an economist were asked which of three groups borrow most – people with rising incomes, stable incomes, or declining incomes – he would probably answer: those with declining incomes. Actually, in the years 1947-1950, the answer was: people with rising incomes. People with declining incomes were next and people with stable incomes borrowed the least. This shows us that traditional assumptions about earning and spending are not always reliable. Another traditional assumption is that if people who have money expect prices to go up, they will postpone buying. But research surveys have shown that this is not always true. The expectations of priceincreases may not stimulate buying. One typical attitude was expressed by the wife of a mechanic in an interview at a time of rising prices, “In a few months,” she said, “we’ll have to pay more for meat and milk; we’ll have less to spend on other things.” Her family had been planning to buy a new car but they postponed this purchase. Furthermore, the rise in prices that has already taken place may be resented and buyer’s resistance may be evoked. This is shown by the following typical comment: “I just don’t pay these prices; they are too high.”The investigations mentioned above were carried on in America. Investigations conducted at the same time in Great Britain, however, yielded results that were more in agreement with traditional assumptions about saving and spending patterns. The condition most conducive to spending appears to be price stability. If prices have been stable and people consider that they are reasonable, they are likely to buy. Thus, it appears that the common business policy of maintaining stable prices is based on a correct understanding of consumer psychology.61. According to the passage, if one wants to predict the way consumers will spend their money, he should ________.A. rely on traditional assumptions about earning and spendingB. try to encourage or discourage consumers to spend moneyC. carry out investigations on consumer behavior and obtain data on consumers’ incomes andmoney spending motivesD. do researches in consumer psychology in a laboratory62. According to paragraph 2, research surveys have proved that ____.A. price increases always stimulate people to hasten to buy thingsB. rising prices may make people put off their purchase of certain thingsC. women are more sensitive to the rising in prices than menD. the expectations of price increases often make buyers feel angry63. The results of the investigations on consumer psychology carried out in America were ____ those of the investigations made at the same time in Great Britain.A. somewhat different fromB. exactly the same asC. m uch be tter t h anD. not a s good a s64. From the results of the surveys, the writer of this article ____.A. concludes that the saving and spending patterns in Great Britain are better than those inAmericaB. concludes that the consumers always expect prices to remain stableC. concludes that maintaining stable prices is a correct business policyD. does not draw any conclusion65. Which of the following statements is always true according to the surveys mentioned in the passage?A. Consumers will put off buying things if they expect prices to decrease.B. Consumers will spend their money quickly if they expect prices to increase.C. The price condition has an influence on consumer behavior.D. Traditional assumptions about earning and spending are reliable.Passage 4Over the last 25 years, British society has changed a great deal – or at least many parts of it have. In some ways, however, very little has changed, particularly where attitudes are concerned.Ideas about social class – whether a person is “working-class” or “middle-class” – are one area in which changes have been extremely slow.In the past, the working-class tended to be paid less than middle-class people, such as teachers and doctors. As a result of this and also of the fact that workers’ jobs were generally much less secure, distinct differences in life-styles and attitudes came into existence. The typical working man would collect his wages on Friday evening and then, it was widely believed, having given his wife her “housekeeping”, would go out and squander the rest on beer and betting.The stereotype of what a middle-class man did with his money was perhaps nearer the truth. He was – and still is – inclined to take a longer-term view. Not only did he regard buying a house as a top priority, but he also considered the education of his children as extremely important. Both of these provided him and his family with security. Only in very few cases did workers have the opportunity (or the education and training) to make such long-term plans.Nowadays, a great deal has changed. In a large number of cases factory workers earn as much, if not more, than their middle-class supervisors. Social security and laws to improve job-security, combined with a general rise in the standard of living since the mid-fifties of the 20th century, have made it less necessary than before to worry about “tomorrow”. Working-class people seem slowly to be losing the feeling of inferiority they had in the past. In fact there has been a growing tendency in the past few years for the middle-classes to feel slightly ashamed of their position.The changes in both life-styles and attitudes are probably most easily seen amongst younger people. They generally tend to share very similar tastes in music and clothes, they spend their money in having a good time, and save for holidays or longer-term plans when necessary. There seems to be much less difference than in precious generations. Nevertheless, we still have a wide gap between the well-paid (whatever the type of job they may have) and the low-paid. As long as this gap exists, there will always be a possibility that new conflicts and jealousies will emerge, or rather than the old conflicts will reappear, but between different groups.66. Which of the following is seen as the causes of class differences in the past?A. L ife s tyle a nd oc cupation.B. Attitude a nd i n come.C. Income and job security.D. Job security a nd hobbi e s.67. The writer seems to suggest that the description of ____ is closer to truth.A. middle-class w ays of s pending m oneyB. working-class ways of spending the weekendC. working-class drinking habitsD. middle-class attitudes68. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a typical feature of the middle-class?A. D esiring f o r s ecurity.B. M aking l o ng-term plans.C. Having priorities in life.D. Saving money.69. Working-class people’s sense of security increased as a result of all the following factors EXCEPT ________.A. be tter s ocial s ecurityB. m ore j o b oppor t unitiesC. higher l i ving s tandardD. better legal protection70. Which of the following statement is INCORRECT?A. Changes are slowly taking place in all sectors of the British society.B. The gap between working-class and middle-class young people is narrowing.C. Differences in income will remain but those in occupation will disappear.D. Middle-class people may sometimes feel inferior to working-class people.Passage 5There have been a great many explanations, some of them very complicated, of the great demand for college education in America, and they are probably all true in some measure. An oversimplified explanation is that over the last fifty years, three generations of the parents of growing children have realized that better education meant better living and, as individuals, and through group action, have pushed and urged that facilities be made available. Happily the nation has been able to provide the colleges, and the students have been admitted to them in ever-increasing numbers. And the consumers of the products of education – government, business in all its forms, and labor – all welcomed the expansion of opportunity because it simplified their problems of employing new workers, and training and placing them.Forty years ago, when the parents of today’s high-school seniors were themselves in school, a high-school education was enough to get ready for most occupations, and, for those occupations, job training took place either in the high school or on the job. A college degree was necessary only for those who wanted to be ministers, doctors, or lawyers, high school teachers, scientists, or scholars. Today most jobs that offer opportunity for growth and advancement are open only to college graduates, for colleges have assumed the task of offering the specific preparation that is needed. There is very little job training in high schools today. Instead they concentrate on preparing students for college.What has happened is that, as business, industry, government, and the professions have expanded, they have developed a need for many varieties of specialists. Colleges and universities, responding to these developments, have organized new programs of study to train these specialists, and in turn these new programs draw students who would not have gone to college forty years ago.For example, almost all of the college programs in business and commerce have developed and the more advanced programs in agriculture and home economics. And there is a long list of other offerings that were not available except in a few experimental programs. Accounting, social science, various forms of administration, public hospital and public health medical technology, and advanced nurses training have been developed in higher education within those same forty years. And as evidence that the process is still continuing, we can see the emergence of atomic technology, unclear engineering, computer technology, and, most recently, international administration.71. In Paragraph 1, the word “consumers” most probably refers to ____.A. high-school graduatesB. college graduatesC. those who employ college graduatesD. those who consume commercial goods72. According to paragraph 2, the parents of today’s high-school students ____.A. did not receive enough high-school educationB. received a level of education which is almost equivalent to that of today’s collegeC. received a level of education high enough for most occupations 40 years agoD. who received only high-school education are not qualified for such professional work as ministers, doctors or lawyers73. Which of the following does not seem to be an explanation of the great demand for collegeeducation in America?A. The parents have realized that higher education means a higher standard of living.B. A high-school education is not “high” enough for most occupations.C. A great need has been developed for many varieties of specialists.D. High schools concentrate mainly on preparing students for colleges.74. Which of the following specialties and programs was the least possibly available in America colleges and universities 40 years ago?A. I n ternational a dministration.B. Computer s cience a nd t e chnology.C. Nuclear engineering.D. Advanced nur s e t r aining.75. What is the theme of the passage?A. A general survey of American colleges and universities.B. The main causes for the development of American higher education.C. The historical development of American colleges and universities.D. The higher education, the better living condition.Part V Translation (10%)Section ADirections:Translate the following paragraph into Chinese. Write your translation on Answer Sheet.If I were a boy again, I would practice perseverance more often, and never give up a thing because it was hard or inconvenient. If we want light, we must conquer darkness. Perseverance can sometimes equal genius in its result. “There are only two creatures,” says a proverb, “who can surmount the pyramids – the eagle and the snail.” If I were a boy again, I would school myself into a habit of attention; I would let nothing come between me and the subject in hand. I would remember that a good skater never tries to skate in two directions at once. The habit of attention becomes part of our life, if we begin early enough.Section BDirections:Translate the following paragraph into English. Write your translation on the Answer Sheet.完善国家计划和财政政策、货币政策等相互配合的宏观调控体系，发挥经济杠杆的调节作用。

考博英语（阅读理解）历年真题试卷汇编3(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. On top of that, U. S. anti-terrorism laws cut off food aid because Al-Shabaab, listed as a terrorist group, was taking some of it. Though the United Nations has declared the famine over, that was based on statistical measures, such as the number of people dying each day and the number of children who are malnourished. Though the official famine may be over, both U. N. officials and Monday’s speakers said the crisis continues for the people of Somalia. Almost a third of the population remains dependent on humanitarian assistance, crops growing from recent rains will take months to reach maturity, and herds of cows, goats, and other animals were greatly reduced during the crisis. Michael Delaney, director of humanitarian response for Oxfam America, warned that the world will have another chance to get its response fight, because the warning signs are pointing to an impending famine in Africa’s Sahel, the arid, continent-spanning transition zone just below the Sahara Desert.6．The current Somali famine is different from the 1991 -1992 one in that______.A．it received less international aidB．worst effects came more slowlyC．it caught more attention from the worldD．it lasted longer despite help from the UN正确答案：B解析：细节题。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国财政科学研究院考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题Our modern civilization must not be thought of as ______ in a short period of time.问题1选项A.being createB.having createdC.having been createdD.creating【答案】C【解析】考查定语从句。

句意：我们的现代文明不应该被认为是在短时间内创造出来的。

根据civilization 被create确定用被动语态，根据create的动作从过去开始发生，持续到现在，并且将持续下去确定用现在完成时，C选项having been created符合题意。

因此C选项正确。

2.单选题Not only ______ much bigger than any planet, but unlike the planets, it consists completely of gaseous material.问题1选项A.the sun isB.the sun, which isC.is the sunD.that the sun【答案】C【解析】考查定语从句。

句意：太阳不仅比任何行星都要大得多，而且不同的是，它完全由气体物质组成。

根据题目和选项确定考查固定搭配not only…but的部分倒装，not only放在句首的倒装结构为not only+助动词/情态动词/be动词+主语+其他，C选项is the sun选项符合题意。

因此C选项正确。

3.单选题______ any previous experience, John doesn’t stand a chance of getting that job.问题1选项A.Not havingB.Not having hadC.Having notD.Having not had【答案】A【解析】考查非谓语动词。

Passage 1The physical distribution of products has two primary aspects: transportation and storage. Both aspects are highly developed and specialized phases of marketing. The costs of both trans-porting and storing are built into the prices of products. Transportation can be by truck, rail-way, ship, or barge. For some items, such as exotic plants and flowers, or when rapid delivery is essential, air freight may be used.Storage, or warehousing, is a necessary function because production and consumption of goods rarely match: items generally are not sold as quickly as they are made. Inventories build up, both in warehouses and at retail establishments, before the foods are sold. The transporta-tion function is involved in bringing goods to a warehouse and taking them from it to retail stores.Storage performs the service of stabilizing market price. If, for example, no agricultural product could be stored, all food would have to be put on the market immediately. This would, of course, create a glut and lower prices drastically. There would be an immediate benefit to consumers, but in the long run they would suffer. Farmers, because of low prices, would be forced off the land, and the amount of food produced would decrease. This, in turn, would raise consumer prices.Warehouses for storage are of several types. Private warehouses are owned by manufactur-ers. Public warehouses, in spite of their name, are privately owned facilities, but they are in-dependent of manufacturer ownership. General-merchandise warehouses store a great variety of products. Cold-storage warehouses store perishable goods, especially food products. Grain ele-vators are a kind of warehouse used to keep wheat and other grains from spoiling. A bonded warehouse is one that stores foods, frequently imported, on which taxes must be paid before they are sold. Cigarettes and alcoholic beverages are common examples.The distribution center is a more recently developed kind of warehouse. Many large com- panics have several manufacturing plants, sometimes located outside the country. Each plant does not make every company product but specializes in one or more of them. The distribution center allows a manufacturer to bring together all product lines in one place. Its purpose is to minimize storage and to ease the flow of goods from manufacturers to retailers rather than build up extensive inventories. It reduces costs by speeding up product turnover. Very large corporations will have several distribution centers regionally or internationally based1. The main subject of this passage is______.A) transportation and storage B) storage of productsC) distribution center D) two main aspects of product distribution2. Warehousing is important in that _A) inventories build up before the goods are soldB) the prices will go downC) more goods are produced than can be consumedD) the food has to be put on the market immediately3. How many types of warehouses for storage are discussed in the passage?A) 3. B) 4. C) 6. D) 7.4. Where might one find meat and milk?A) Grain elevator. B) Cold-storage warehouse.C) Private warehouse. D) Bonded warehouse.5. What is NOT true of a distribution center?A) It is a relatively new type of warehouse.B) Product is replaced more quickly and costs are down.C) Some distribution centers are not built in the sane country as the factoryD) It builds up extensive inventories to minimize storage.Passage 2How much pain do animals feel? This is a question which has caused endless controversy. Opponents of big game shooting, for example, arouse our pity by describing tile agonies of a badly-wounded beast that has crawled into a comer to die. In countries where the fox, the hare and the deer are hunted, animal-lovers paint harrowing pictures of the pursued animal suffering not only the physical distress of the chase but the mental anguish of anticipated death.The usual answer to these criticisms is that animals do not suffer in the same way, or to the same extent, as we de. Man was created with a delicate nervous system and has never lost his acute sensitiveness to pain; animals, on the other hand, had less sensitive systems to begin with and in the course of millions of years, have developed a capacity of ignoring injuries and disorders which human beings would find intolerable. For example, a dog will continue to play with a ball even after a serious injury to his foot; he may be unable to run without limping, but he will go on trying long after a human child would have had to stop because of the pain. We are told, moreover, that even when animals appear to us to be suffering acutely, this is not so; what seems to us to be agonized contortions caused by pain are in fact no more than muscular contractions over which they have no control.These arguments are unsatisfactory because something about which we know a great deal is being compared with something we can only conjecture. We know what we feel; we have no means of knowing what animals feet. Some creatures with a less delicate nervous system than ours may be incapable of feeling pain to the same extent as we do: that as far as we are entitled to do, the most humane attitude, surely, is to assume that no animals are entirely exempt from physical pain and that we ought, therefore, wherever possible, to avoid causing suffering even to the least of them.6. Animal-lovers assume that animals, being hunted, would suffer from ____.A) a great deal of agony both in body and in spiritB) mental distress once they are woundedC) only body pains without feeling sadD) crawling into the comer to die7. Supporters of game shooting may argue that animals ______.A) cannot control their muscular contractionsB) have developed a capacity of feeling no painC) are not as acutely sensitive as human beings to injuriesD) can endure all kinds of disorders8. The author feels sure that _____.A) animals don't show suffering to usB) dogs are more endurable than human childrenC) we cannot know what animals feelD) comparing animals with human beings is not appropriate9. What is the author's opinion about animal hunting?A) We should feel the same as the hunted animals do.B) We should protect and save all the animals.C) We shouldn't cause suffering to them.D) We should take care of them if we can.10. This passage seems to ____.A) argue for something B) explain somethingC) tell a story D) describe an objectPassage 3In science, a theory is a reasonable explanation of observed events that are related. A the-ory often involves an imaginary model that helps scientists picture the way an observed event could be produced. A good example of this is found in the kinetic molecular theory, in which gases are pictured as being made up of many small particles that are in constant motion.A useful theory, in addition to explaining past observations, helps to predict events that have not as yet been observed. After a theory has been publicized, scientists design experi-merits to test the theory. If observations confirm the scientists' predictions, the theory is sup-ported. If observations do not confirm the predictions, the scientists must search further. There may be a fault in the experiment, or the theory may have to be revised or rejected.Science involves imagination and creative thinking as well as collecting information and performing experiments. Facts by themselves are not science. As the mathematician Jules Henri Poincare said: "Science is built with facts just as a house is built with bricks, but a collection of facts cannot be called science any more than a pile of bricks can be called a house."Most scientists start an investigation by finding out what other scientists have learned about a particular problem. After known facts have been gathered, the scientist comes to the part of the investigation that requires considerable imagination. Possible solutions to the problem areformulated. These possible solutions are called hypotheses.In a way, any hypothesis is a leap into the unknown. It extends the scientist's thinking beyond the known facts. The scientist plans experiments, performs calculations, and makes ob-servations to test hypotheses. For without hypotheses, further investigation lacks purpose and direction. When hypotheses are confirmed, they are incorporated into theories.11. The word "this" in the 3rd sentence in paragraph 1 refers to ______.A) a good example B) an imaginary modelC) the kinetic molecular theory D) an observed event12. Bricks are mentioned in the 3rd paragraph to indicate how ____.A) mathematicians approach scienceB) building a house is like performing experimentsC) science is more than a collection of factsD) scientific experiments have led to improved technology13. In the last paragraph, the author refers to a hypothesis as "a leap into the unknown" in or- der to show that hypotheses ______.A) are sometimes ill-conceived B) can lead to dangerous resultsC) go beyond available facts D) require effort to formulate14. What is a major function of hypotheses as implied in the last paragraph7A) Sifting through known facts.B) Communicating a scientist's thoughts to others.C) Providing direction for scientific research.D) Linking together different theories.15. Which of the following statements is supported by the passage?A) Theories are simply imaginary models of past events.B) It is better to revise a hypothesis than to reject it.C) A scientist's most difficult task is testing hypotheses.D) A good scientist needs to be creative.文章大意：这篇文章从定义、作用及产生过程几方面阐述了科学理论。

中央财经大学考博英语模拟试题解析PartⅠSection A:1.Between1897and1919at least29motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed_____.A.had producedB.have been producedC.would have producedD.had been produced2.There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than___in the public mind today.Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi huo kao bo fu dao ti yan qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi.A.existsB.existC.existingD.existed3.The professor can hardly find sufficient grounds_____his argument in favor of the new theory.A.which to base onB.on which to baseC.to base on whichD.which to be based on4.________can help but be fascinated by the world into which he is taken by the science fiction.A.EverybodyB.AnybodyC.SomebodyD.Nobody5.How many of us___,say,a meeting that is irrelevant to us would be interested in the discussion?A.attendedB.AttendingC.to attendD.have attended6.Hydrogen is the fundamental element of the universe____it provides he building blocs from which the other elements are produced.A.so thatB.but thatC.in thatD.provided that7.We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style____in a personal one.A.rather thanB.Other thanC.better thanD.less than8.______is generally accepted,economical growth is determined by the smooth development of production.A.WhatB.ThatC.ItD.As9.It is believed that today's pop music can serve as a creative force____stimulating the thinking of its listeners.A.byB.withC.atD.on10.Just as the soil is a part of the earth,_____the atmosphere.A.as it isB.the same asC.so isD.and so isSection B(改错):11.The conveniences that Americans desire reflectingA not so much a leisurelyB lifestyle as a busy lifestyle in which even minutes of time areC too valuable to be wastedD.12.In debating one must conect the opponent'sA facts,deny the relevance of his proof,or deny that B whatC he presents as proof, unlessD relevant,is sufficient.13.We are not consciousA of the extent of whichB provides the psychological satisfaction that Ccan make the differenceD between afull and an empty life.14.The Portuguese giveA a great deal of credit to one manB for having promotedC sea travel,that man was Prince Henry the navigator, who lived in the15th century.D15.Accounts of A scientific experiments are generally correct forB those write about Cscience are careful in checkingD the accuracy of their reports.16.whenever we hear of A a natural disaster,even B in a distant part of the world,we feel sympathy C for the people to have affected D.17.It is perhaps not an exaggeration to sayA that we shall soon be trusting Bour health,wealth and happiness to elements with whomC very names the general public areD unfamiliar.18.The speaker claimed that no otherA modern nation devotes so smallB a portion of its wealth to public assistance and health thanC the United States doesD.19.There are those who consider it questionable that these defence-linkedA research projects will account forB an improvement in the standard of living or,alternately,to do much Cto protect our diminishing Dresources.20.If individuals are awakendA each time asB they begin a dream phase of sleep,they are likely to become irritable even thoughC their total amount of sleep has beenD sufficient.Section C:21.In that country,guests tend to feel they are not highly___ if the invitation to a dinner party is extended only three or four days before the party date.A.admiredB.regardedC.expectedD.worshipped22.A_____of the long report by the budget committed was submitted to the mayor for approval.A.shorthandB.schemeC.scheduleD.sketch23.A man has to make____for his old age by putting aside enough money to live on when old.A.supplyB.assuranceC.provisionD.adjustment24.The newly-built Science Building seems_____enough to lasta hundred years.A.spaciousB.sophisticatedC.substantialD. steady25.It is well-known that the retired workers in our country are ___free medical care.A.entitled toB.involved inC.associated withD. assigned to26.The farmers were more anxious for rain than the people in the city because they had more at____.A.dangerB.stakeC.lossD.threat27.I felt____to death because I could make nothing of the chairman's speech.A.fatiguedB.tiredC.exhaustedD.bored28.When the engine would nto start,the mechanic inspected all the parts to find what was at___.A.wrongB.troubleC.faultD.difficulty29.Your advice would be____valuable to him,who is at present at his wit's end.A.exceedinglyB.excessivelyC.extensivelyD. exclusively30.He failed to carry out some of the provisions of the contract, and now he has to_____the consequences.A.answer forB.run intoC.abide byD.step into31.The river is already_____its bans because of excessive rainfall;and the city is threatened with a likely flood.A.parallel toB.level inC.flat onD.flush with32.People_____that vertical flight transports would carry millions of passengers as do the airliners of today.A.convincedB.anticipatedC.resolvedD.assured33.In spite of the wide range of reading material specially written or_____for language learning purposes,there is yet no comprehensive systematic programmed for the reading skills.A.adaptedB.acknowledgedC.assembledD. appointed34.The mother said she would____her son washing the dished If he could finish his assignment before supper.A.let downB.let aloneC.let offD.let out35.We should always keep in mind that_____decisions often lead to bitter regrets.A.urgentB.hastyC.instantD.prompt36.John complained to the bookseller that there were several pages____in the dictionary.A.missingB.losing C dropping D.leaking37.In the past,most foresters have been men,but today,the number of women____this field is climbing.A.engagingB.devotingC.registeringD.pursuing38.The supervisor didn't have time so far to go into it_____, but he gave us an idea about his plan.A.at handB.in turnC.in conclusionD.at length39.Their demand for a pay raise has not the slightest____of being met.A.prospectB.predictionC.prosperityD. permission40.It's usually the case that people seldom behave in a_____ way when in a furious state.A.stableB.rationalC.legalD.crediblePart Two:Sleep is divided into periods of so-called REM sleep, characterized by rapid eye movements and dreaming,and longer periods of non-REM sleep.41kind of sleep is at all well-understood,but REM sleep is42to serve some restorative function of the brain.Thepurpose of non-REM sleep is even more43.The new experiments,such as these44for the first time at a recent meeting of the Society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis,suggest fascinating explanations45 of non-REM sleep.For example,it has long been known thattotal sleep 46is1OO percent fatal to rats,yet,47exanlination of the dead bodies,the animals look completely normal.A researcher has now 48the mystery of why the aninlals die.The rats49bacterial infections of the blood,50their immune systems――theself-protecting mechanism against disease――had crashed.41.(A)Either(B)Ndther(C)Eachtn)Any42.(A)intended(B)required(C)assumed(D) inferred43.(A)subtle(B)obvious(C)mysterious(D)doubtful44.(A)maintained(B)described(C)settled(D)afforded45.(A)in the light(B)by virtue(C)with the exception(D)for the purpose46.(A)reduction(B)destruction(C)deprivation(D)restriction47.(A)upon(B)by(C)through(D)with48.(A)paid attention to(B)caught sight of(C)laid emphasis on(D)cast light on49.(A)develop(B)produce(c)stimulate(D)induce50.(A)if(B)as if(C)only if(D)if onlyPartⅢReading ComprehensinnPassage lMoney spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of.It serves directly to assist a rapid distribotion of goods at reasonable price,thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices.By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living.By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labour,and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers the costs of many services:without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much,the price of your television licence would need to be doubled,and travel by bus or tube would cost20per cent more.And perhaps most important of all, advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the products and services you buy.Apart from the fact that twenty-seven acts of Parliament gov-ern the terms of advertising,no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements.He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising.He will not do so for long,for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once.If you see an article consistently advertised,it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it, and that it represents good value.Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of.There is one more point I feel I ought to touch on.Recently I heard a well-known television personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs.He was drawing excessively fine distinctions.Of course advertising seeks to persuade.If its message were confined merely to information-and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve,for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive――advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention.But perhaps that is what the well-known television personality wants.51.By the first sentence of the passage the author means that__.(A)he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising(B)everybody knows well that advertising is money consuming(C)advertising costs money like everything else(D)it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising52.In the passage,which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of advertising?(A)Securing greater fame.(B)Providing more jobs.(C)Enhancing living standards.(D)Reducing newspaper cost.53.The author deems that the well-known TV personality is_.(A)very precise in passing his judgement on advertising(B)interested in nothing but the buyers'attention(C)correct in telling the difference between persuasion and information(D)obviously partial in his views on advertising54.In the author's opinton,__.(A)advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providing.(B)advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over.(C)there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer.(D)the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advenisement.Passage2There are two basic ways to see growth:one as a product,the other as a process.People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a promotion,the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language-all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts.By contrast,the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine,since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way.The process is not the roaditsetf,but rather the attitudes and feellings people have,their caution or courge,as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles.In this process,the journey never really ends;there are always new ways to experience the world,new ideas to try,new challenges to accept.In order to grow,to travel new roads,people need to have a willingness to take risks,to confront the unknown,and to accept the possibility that they may"fail"at first.How we see our-selves as we try a new way of being is essential to our abitity to grow.Do we perceive ourselves as quick and curious?If so,then we tend to take more chances and to be more open to unfamiliar experiences.Do we think we're shy and indecisive?Then our sense of timidity can cause us to hesitate,to move slowly,and not to take a step until we know the ground is safe.Do we thiQk we're slow to adapt to change or that we' re not smart enough to cope with a new challenge?Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all.These feelings of insecurity and self-doubt are both unavoidable and necessary if we are to change and grow.If we do not confront and overcome these internal fears and doubts,if we protect ourselves too much,then we cease to grow.We become trapped inside a shell of our own making.55.A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth then__.(A)he has given up his smoking habit(B)he has made great efforts in his work(C)he is keen on leaming anything new(D)he has tried to determine where he is on his journey56.In the author's eyes,one who views personal growth as a process would__.(A)succeed in climbing up the social ladder(B)judge his ability to glow from his own achievements(C)face difficulties and take up challenges(D)aim high and reach his goal each time57.When the author says"a new way of being"(line3,para.3) he is referring to__.(A)a new approach to experiencing the world(B)a new way of taking risks(C)a new method of perceiving ourselves(D)a new system of adaptation to change58.For personal growth,the author advocates all of the following except_.(A)curiosity about more chances(B)promptness in self-adaptation(C)open-mindedness to new experiences(D)avoidance of intemal fears and doubtsPassage3In such a changing,complex society formerly simple solutions to informational needs become complicated.Many of life's problemswhich were solved by asking family members,friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve.Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are qaestions facing many people today.In addition to this,there is the growing mobility of people since World WarⅡ.As families move away from their stable community,their friends of many years,their extended family relationships,the informal flow of information is cut off,and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.The almost unconscious flow of information about the simplest aspects of living can be cut off.Thus,things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended family must be consciously learned.Adding to societal changes today is an enormous stockpile of information.The individual now has more information available than any generation,and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated,time-consuming and sometimes even overwhelming.Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible puter technology makes it possible to store vast amounts of data in machine-readable files,and to program computers to locate specific information.Telecommunicationsdevelopments enable the sending of messages via television,radio, and very shortly,electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages.Satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence.Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing,and problems in dispute can be settled without the parttcipants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site.Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and delivery of information, thus making more information available to more people.In this world of change and complexity,the need for infomtatian is of greatest importance.Those people who have accurate,reliable up-to-date information to solve the day-to-day problems,the critical problems of their business,social and family life,will survive and succeed. "Knowledge is power"may well be the truest saying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all people.59.The word"it"(line3,para.2)most probably refers to__.(A)the lack of stable communities(B)the breakdown of informal information channels(C)the increased mobility of families(D)the growing number of people moving from place to place60.The main problem people may encounter today arises form the fact that__.(A)they have to learn new things consciously(B)they lack the confidence of securing reliable and trustworthy information(C)they have difficulty obtaining the needed informatton readily(D)they can hardly carry out casual communications with an extended family.61.From the passage we can infer that__.(A)electronic mail will soon play a dominant role in transmitting messages(B)it will become more difficult for people to keep secrets in an information era(C)people will spend less time holding meetings or conferences(D)events will be reported on the spot mainly through satellites62.We can learn from the last paragraph that__.(A)it is necessary to obtain as much(B)people should make the best use of the information(C)we shoutd realize the importance of accumulating information.(D)it is of vital importance to acquire needed information efficientlyPassage4Personality is to a large extent inherent――A-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring.But the environment must also have a profound effect,since if competition is important to the parents,it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of theirchildren.One place where children soak up A-characteristics is school, which is,by its very nature,a highly competitive institution.Too many schools adopt the'win at all costs'moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements.The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system,in which competitive Atypes seem in some way better than their B-type fellows.Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences:remember that Pheidippides,the first marathon runner,dropped dead seconds after saying:'Rejoice,we conquer!'By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations.It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well.The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable,but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.Obviously,it is neither practical nor desirable that allA-youngsters change into B's.The world needs A types,and schools have an important duty to try to fit a child's personality to his possible future employment.It is top management.If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values.Perhaps selection for the caring professions,especially medicine,could bemade less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy.It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A-type stock.B's are important and should be encouraged.63.According to the passage,A-type individuals are usually__.(A)impatient(B)considerate(C)aggressive(D) agreeable64.The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schoois because__.(A)the pressure is too great on the students(B)some students are bound to fail(C)failure rates are too high(D)the results of exarninations are doubtful65.The selection of medical professionals are currentiy based on__.(A)candidates'sensitivity(B)academic acbievements(C)competitive spirit(D)surer values66.From the passage we can draw the oonclusion that__.(A)the personality of a child is well established at birth(B)family innuence dominates the shaping of one's characteristics.(C)the development of one's personality is due to multiple factors(D)B-type characteristics can find no place in competitivesocietyPassage5That experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering. Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory.Constant practice has such as effect on memory as to lead to skillful performance on the piano,to recitation of a poem,and even to reading and understanding these words.So-called intelligent behaviour demands memory,remembering being a primary requirement for reasoning.The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory.Typically,the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences.Practice(or review)tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material.Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten;and the adaptive consquences may not seem obvious.Yet,dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can seem to be adaptive.In this sense,the ability to forget can be intffpreted to have survived through a process of natural selection in animals.Inded,when one's memory of an emotionally painful experience lead to serious anxiety,forgetting may produoe relief. Nevertheless,an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection.In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all itspossible aspects,it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade.Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time, since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out,providing clues for inferring duration.Without fotgetting,adaptive ability would suffer,for example,learned behaviour that might have been correct a decade ago may no longer be.Cases are recorded of people who(by or-dinary standards)forgot so little that their everyday activities were full of confusion.This forgetting seems to serve that survival of the individual and the species.Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting.In this view,continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage(input)and forgetting(output).Indeed, there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned.Such data offers gross support of contemporary models of memory that assume an input-output balance.67.From the evolutionary point of view,__.(A)forgetting for lack of practice tends to be obviously inadaptive.(B)if a person gets very forgetful all of a sudden he must be very adaptive(C)the gradual process of forgetting is an indication of an individual's adaptability(D)sudden forgetting may bring about adaptive consequences68.According to the passage,if a person never forgot,__.(A)he would survive best(B)he would have a lot of trouble(C)his ability to learn would be enhanced(D)the evolution of memory would stop69.From the last paragraph we know that__.(A)forgetfulness is a response to learning(B)the memory storage system is an exactly balanced input-output systenl(C)memory is a compensation for forgetting(D)the capacity of a memory storage system is limited because forgetting occurs70.In this article,the author tries to interpret the function of__.(A)remembering(B)forgetting(C)adapting(D) experiencingPartⅣEnglish-Chinese TranslationThe standardized educational or psychological test that are widely used to aid in selecting,classifying,assigning,or promoting students,employees,and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books,magazines,the daily press,and even in congress.71)The target is wrong,for in attacking the tests,critics divert attention form the fault that lies with ill-informed orincompetent users.The tests themselves are merely tools,with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions.Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless,or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user.All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance:school grades,research productivity,sales records,or whatever is appropriate.72)How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount,reliability,and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error. Standardized tests should be considered in this context.They provide a quick,objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned,the sktlls he has developed,or the kind of person he is.The information so obtained has,qualitatively,the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information.73)Whether to use tests.other kinds of information,or both in a particular situation depends,therefore,upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.74)In general,the tests work most effectivelv when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively whenwhat is to be messured or predicted cannot be well defined.Properly used,they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized,but there are many things they do not do.75)For example,they do not compensate for gross social inequality,and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.PartⅤWrlting(15points)DIRECTIONS:A.Title:THE"PROJECT HOPE"B.Time limit:40minutesC.Word limit:120-150words(not including the given opening sentence)D.Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the given opening sentence:"Education plays a very important role in the modernization of our country".E.Your composition must be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.OUTLEVE:1.Present sluation2.Necessity of the project3.My suggestion答案：1.D2.A3.B4.D5.B6.C7.A8.D9.A10.C11.A，renect12.D，if13.B，to which14.D，being 15.C，writing about或who write about16.D，affected17.C，whose18.C，as19.C，do much20.B，each time21.B 22.D23.C24.C25.A26.B27.D28.C29.A30. A31.D32.B33.A34.C35.B36.A37.D38.D39. A40.B41.B42.C43.C44.B45.D46.C47.A 48.D49.A50.B51.D52.A53.D54.C55.A56. C57.A58.D59.B60.C61.A62.D63.C64.B65. B66.C67.D68.B69.A70.B71.把标准化测试作为抨击目标是错误的，因为在抨击这类测试时，批评者不考虑其弊病来自人们对测试不甚了解或使用不当。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国财政科学研究院考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题The fact is that motherhood makes the heaviest demands in _______ the areas of least experience. 问题1选项A.that it might be calledB.what might be calledC.which might be calledD.it might be called【答案】B【解析】考查宾语从句。

根据in可知横线部分是宾语从句，根据横线后面判断宾语从句缺主语。

A选项中that不做主语，故A选项错误。

D选项构成完整句子，不符合从句结构，故错误。

C选项which表示“哪一个”，不符合句意，故错误。

B选项中what指areas of least experience“经验最少的领域”，是从句主语，符合题意。

句意：事实是，当母亲在所谓不需要经验的领域里有最高的要求。

因此B选项正确。

2.单选题Black people are by no means ______ white people.问题1选项A.inferior overB.more inferior thanC.inferior toD.more inferior to【答案】C【解析】考查形容词用法。

A选项inferior over错误，inferior不和over连用；B选项more inferior than“更低劣的”，黑人和白人都不低劣，用比较级不符合语境；C选项inferior to，be inferior to s b./sth.“较差的”，符合题意；D选项more inferior to用法错误。

句意：黑人一点也不比白人低劣。

因此C选项正确。

3.单选题It is one of the ironies of Western man that he has never felt ______ invention as a threat to his way of life.问题1选项A.any concern withB.any concern aboutC.any concern inD.any concern at【答案】B【解析】考查词组辨析。

中央财经大学考博英语翻译真题解析及命题规律教你如46.It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words,all we can do is articulate our reactions to it,and not grasp music itself.【句型分析】本句主句主干为it is the reason，why引导定语从句，修饰the reason。

定语从句的主干是all we can do is articulate our reactions and not grasp music itself，其表语是不定式短语，由于主语中含有do，不定式符号to省略：articulate our reactions and not grasp music itself。

our reactions之后to it为其定语，it指代music。

定语从句中还包含when引导的时间状语从句。

【翻译要点】①本句主干的主句是主系表结构，reason后why引导的定语从句较长，翻译时可以与主干部分结合，调整表达为：这也就是为什么….。

②定语从句中，when引导时间状语从句，其中with words做状语，翻译时需调整语序到其修饰的to describe之前，可以表达为“当我们尝试用语言来描述音乐时”。

定语从句的主干顺译即可，其中reaction根据语境，可以翻译为“感受”，其定语to it在表达时前置，it指代还原为“音乐”，则可以翻译为“所有我们能做的，就是明确表达我们对于音乐的感受”，或者调整表达为“我们只能明确表达我们对于音乐的感受”。

and之后，grasp 依据语境，需要翻译为“理解”。

【译文总结】这也是为什么当我们试图用语言来描述音乐时，我们只能明确表达我们对于音乐的感受，而不能完全理解音乐本身。

（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:772678537)47.By all accounts he was a freethinking person,and a courageous one,and I find courage an essential quality for the understanding, let alone the performance,of his works.【句型分析】本句为并列句。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国财政科学研究院考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析B卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题______ divorce ourselves from the masses of the people.问题1选项A.In no time we shouldB.In no time should weC.At no time we shouldD.At no time should we【答案】D【解析】考查部分倒装和固定搭配。

句意：在任何时候我们都不应该脱离人民群众。

in no time“立刻”，at no time“绝不”，结合语境确定用at no time；根据选项确定考查具有否定意义的词组放句首的部分倒装，其结构为否定意义的词组+助动词/情态动词/be动词+主语+其他，所以D选项At no time should we符合题意。

因此D选项正确。

2.单选题In the last few years, intensive design and development effort ______ to the introduction of electronic exchanges.问题1选项A.have been appliedB.has been appliedC.is being appliedD.would be applied【答案】A【解析】考查时态和主谓一致。

句意：在过去几年中，密集的设计和开发努力已应用于电子交换的引进。

根据谓语动词apply的动作从过去开始发生，持续到现在，并且将持续下去确定用现在完成时态；根据主语intensive design and development effort是复数确定用复数形式，所以A选项have been applied 符合题意。

因此A选项正确。

3.单选题The fact is that motherhood makes the heaviest demands in _______ the areas of least experience. 问题1选项A.that it might be calledB.what might be calledC.which might be calledD.it might be called【答案】B【解析】考查宾语从句。