Subways_2014
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2014年大连中考英语试题及答案(文字版)第I卷选择题(共74分)I.单项填空(本题共16小题,每小题1分,共16分)从各题所给的四个选项中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项.1。
Jim is good baskball player。
He plays in our school team。
A.a B。
an C.the D。
/2。
In America,people start celebrating the New Year 31st December。
A。
in B。
at C.on D。
for3.Many Asian elephants live in India but you can find in other coutries as well。
A。
him B.them C。
her D.it4。
Look at the nice !I’ve decided to wear it to the party。
A。
doll B。
cup C。
poster D。
dress5.In a green school,everyone agrees to be about the environment.A。
nervous B.careful C.honest D。
rude6。
May I your bike,please? I’ll give it back to you soon。
A。
touch B.bring C。
borrow D。
buy7.The British Museum is very serious.Visitors keep quiet.A.mayB.mightC.can D。
must8.-Who plays the violin ,Sally or Kylie?-Sally。
But she gave the chance to Kylie。
A.well B。
better C.best D。
the best9。
高一英语完成句子试题1.【1】由于“舌尖上的中国”第二季的介绍,这家特色小面馆发生了很大的变化。
Thanks to A Bite of China II, great changes have _______ _______in this small local noodle restaurant.【答案】taken place【解析】考查固定短语。
这里考查固定短语搭配take place发生。
【2】西班牙队在World Cup 2014中以失败告终。
Spain football team ended _______ _______in World Cup 2014.【答案】in failure【解析】考查固定短语。
本题考查固定短语end in failure以失败而告终。
【3】你看见了左边的那条通向大亚湾的路吗?You see the road on the right _______ _______Daya Bay?【答案】leading to【解析】考查非谓语动词。
这里考查现在分词作定语,the road与lead to之间为主动关系。
【4】无论内马尔走到哪里,总是有许多足球迷等着想见他。
_______ Neymar goes, there are many football fans _______to see him.【答案】Wherever; waiting【解析】考查非谓语动词。
Wherever作地点状语,第二空用现在分词作定语,名词fans与wait 之间为主动关系。
【5】本周日是否沿东江绿道骑车得看天气而定。
Whether we will cycle along the East River Greenway this Sunday all _______ _______the weather.【答案】depends on【解析】考查主谓一致。
主语为主语从句,故谓语动词用单数形式。
2015英语专业四级真题及答案解析TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS (2015 -GRADE FOUR-PART I DICTATIONPART II LISTENING COMPREHENSIONSECTION A CONVERSATIONSConversation one1. Why is the trip to Mars a one-way trip?A. The return trip is too expensive.B. There is no technology to get people back.C. People don’t want to return.D. The return trip is too risky.2. According to the man, what is more important for those recruits?A. Intelligence.B. Health.C. Skills.D. Calmness.3. What is the last part of the conversation about?A. The kind of people suitable for the trip.B. Interests and hobbies of the speakers.C. Recruitment of people for the trip.D. Preparation for the trip to Mars.Conversation Two4. What is showrooming?A. Going to the high street.B. Visiting everyday shops.C. Buying things like electrical goods.D. Visiting shops and buying online.5. According to the conversation, the man had bought all the following things online EXCEPTA. shoesB. CDsC. cameraD. food6. According to the conversation, the percentage of people who showroomed while Christmas shopping wasA. 3%B. 33%C. 42%D. 24%7. One reason for people to showroom is that theyA. want to know more about pricingB. can return the product laterC. want to see the real thing firstD. can bargain for a lower shop priceConversation Three8. What is the conversation mainly about?A. How to avoid clashes of exams.B. How to schedule exams.C. How to use the faculty lounge.D. How to choose the courses.9. What does the student have to do first in order to take the exams?A. To choose a date on the draft schedule.B. To find the information on the bulletin board.C. To draw up the final schedule.D. To arrange an invigilator.10. According to the conversation, the Dean willA. sign the sheet in the faculty loungeB. take care of the bulletin boardC. consult the studentsD. finalize the exam scheduleSECTION B PASSAGESPassage One11. Which of the following cities has the oldest Chinatown in North America?A. New York.B. San Francisco.C. Boston.D. San Diego.12. The Chinatown in San Francisco attracts tourists a year.A. 20 ,000B. 100 ,000C. 7 millionD. 17 million13. Where can tourists see the fish markets?A. In Stockton Street.B. In Grant Avenue.C. In Portsmouth Square.D. In Bush Street.Passage Two14. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?A. Obesity can damage one’s health.B. Obesity is a growing problem all over the world.C. Obesity is directly related to one’s habit.D. Obesity has affected both boys and girls.15. The purpose of the three-year study is to .A. find out why some children find it difficult to go to sleepB. learn more about the link between sleep and weightC. identify the ways parents reduce their kids’ weightD. see if there is difference in sleep patterns over the period16. According to the study, the daily healthy sleep time for the 3rd to 6thgraders should be around ___ hours.A. 8B. 9C. 10D. 1117. According to the passage, obesity is most likely related to __ .A. sleep timeB. genderC. raceD. parentsPassage Three18. According to a number of students, __ __ is the main factor for early-age smoking.A. genderB. personalityC. environmentD. money19. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?A. Very few continue smoking throughout their teenage years.B. Most early-age smokers soon stop experimenting.C. Some early-age smokers never go beyond experimenting.D. Children quickly become regular smokers by carrying cigarettes.20. All the following are features of smokers EXCEPT ___ .A. strong peer influenceB. low sense of achievementC. high sense of rebellionD. close family relationshipSECTION C NEWS BROADCASTNews Item 121. Why were some children offered only fruit and milk for lunch?A. The school stopped providing school lunch.B. Their parents failed to pay for school lunch.C. Some parents preferred fruit and milk for lunch.D. These children chose to have something different.22. How did parents react to the school’s way of handling the situation?A. They were upsetB. They were furious.C. They were surprised.D. They were sad.News Item 223. According to the news, what is the main advantage of the digital key?A. Guests can pay without going to the front desk.B. Guests can go direct to their rooms.C. Guests can check out any time.D. Guests can make room reservations.24. The hotel company intends to have the system in ___ of its hotels in the next three months.A. 2B. 3C. 100D. 150News Item 325. According to the court ruling, Shrien Dewani _ ___ .A. will return to the U.K. for medical treatmentB. will remain in South Africa for medical treatmentC. will stand trial in South Africa once proved fitD. will be extradited even if he is unfit to stand trial26. What was Dewani accused of?A. Having his wife killed.B. Killing his wife in the U.K.C. Being involved in a taxi accident.D. Hiring a crew of hit men. News Item 427. The U.N. new vote would allow all the following EXCEPT ___ .A. the use of force by European Union troopsB. the suspension of an existing arms embargoC. the extension of U.N. peacekeeping missionD. the ban on travel and freeze of assetsNews Item 528. What is the news mainly about?A. Causes of early death in Russia.B. Behavior of alcoholics.C. Causes of alcohol poisoning.D. Number of death over 10 years.News Item 629. The total investment in film-making in Britain in 2012 was __ __ .A. £945 millionB. £1.07 billionC. £500,000D. £87,00030. Hollywood studios prefer to make films in Britain because ___ .A. The UK is a good film locationB. The cast usually comes from BritainC. Hollywood emphasizes qualityD. Production cost can be reducedPART III CLOZEElectricity is such a part of our everyday lives and so much ta ken for granted nowadays 31 ___ werarely think twice when we switch on the light or turn on the TV set. At night, roads are brightly lit,enabling people and32 ___ to move freely. Neon lighting used in advertising has become part of the 33 ___ of every modern city. In the home, many 34 ___ devices are powered by electricit y. 35 ___when we turn off the bedside lamp and are 36 ___ asleep, electr icity is working for us, 37 ___ ourrefrigerators, heating our water, or keeping our rooms air-conditio ned. Every day, trains, buses andsubways take us to and from work. We rarely 38 ___ to conside r why or how they run——39 ___ something goes wrong.In the summer of 1959, something 40 ___ go wrong with the pow er-plant that provided New Yorkwith electricity. For a great many hours, life came almost toa 41 ___. Trains refused to move and the people in them satin the dark, 42 ___ to do anything; lifts stopped working, so that 43 ___ you were lucky enough not to be 44. ___ betwee n two floors, you had the unpleasant task of finding your way down 45 ___ of stairs. Famous streets like Broadway and Fifth Avenue in a(n) 46 ___ became asgloomy and uninviting 47 ___ the most remote back streets. Peop le were afraid to leave their houses,48 ___ . although the police had been ordered to 49 ___ in case of emergency, they were just asconfused and50 ___ as anybody else.31. A. that B. thus C. as D. so32. A. car B. truck C. traffic D. pedestrians33. A. appearance B. character C. distinction D. surface34. A. money-saving B. time-saving C. energy-saving D. labor-saving35. A. Only B. Rarely C. Even D. Frequently36. A. fast B. quite C. closely D. quickly37. A. moving B. starting C. repairing D. driving38. A. trouble B. bother C. hesitate D. remember39. A. when B. if C. until D. after40. A. did B. would C. could D. Should41. A. pause B. terminal C. breakdown D. standstill42. A. incompetent B. powerless C. hesitant D. helpless43. A. although B. when C. as D. even if44. A. trapped B. placed C. positioned D. locked45. A. steps B. levels C. flights D. floors46. A. time B. instant C. point D. minute47. A. like B. than C. for D. as48. A. for B. and C. but D. or49. A. stand aside B. stand down C. standby D. stand in50. A. aimless B. helpless C. unfocused D. undecidedPART IV GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY51. When you have finished with that book, don’t forget to put it backon the shelf, ____?A. don’t youB. do youC. will youD. won’t you52. Mary is __ ___ hardworking than her sister, but she failed in theexam.A. no lessB. no moreC. not lessD. not so53. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?A. Only one out of six were present at the meeting.B. Ten dollars was stolen from the cash register.C. Either my sister or my brother is wrong.D. Five miles seem like a long walk to me.54. Which of the italicized parts expresses a future tense?A. My friend teaches chemistry in a school.B. I’ll give it to you after I return.C. What is the matter with you?D. London stands on the River Thames.55. It is not so much the language ____ the cultural background thatmakes the film difficult to understand.A. butB. norC. likeD. as56. There is no doubt ____ the committee has made the right decision on the housing project.A. whyB. thatC. whetherD. when57. All the President’s Men ____ one of the important books forscholars who study the Watergate Scandal.A. remainsB. remainedC. remainD. is remaining58. If you explained the situation to your lawyer, he ___ __ able toadvise you much better than I can.A. will beB. wasC. would beD. were59. Which of the following is a stative verb (静态动词)?A. DrinkB. CloseC. RainD. Belong60. Which of the following italicized parts indicates a subject-verb relation?A. The man has a large family to support.B. She had no wish to quarrel with her brother.C. He was the last guest to leave.D. Mary needs a friend to talk to.61. The following are all correct response s to “Who told the newsto the teacher?” EXCEPT __ ___?A. Bob did itB. Bob did soC. Bob did thatD. Bob did.62. Which of the following is INCORRECT?A. Another two girlsB. Few wordsC. This workD. A bit of flowers63. Which of the following italicized words does NOT indicate willingness?A. What will you do when you graduate?B. They will be home by now.C. Who will go with me?D. Why will you go there alone?64. When one has good health, ___ should feel fortunateA. youB. sheC. heD. we65. There ____ nothing more for discussion, the meeting came to an end half an hour earlier.A. to beB. to have beenC. beD. being66. Two of her brothers were _ __ during the Second World War.A. called upB. called onC. called forD. called out67. Bottles from this region sell __ ____ at about $50 a case.A. entirelyB. totallyC. wholesaleD. together68. The product contains no ____ colours, flavours, or preservatives.A. fakeB. artificialC. falseD. wrong69. Davis accepted the defeat in the semi-final with good grace. Theunderlined part is closest in meaning to ___ ___.A. cheerfullyB. wholeheartedlyC. politelyD. quietly70. __ ___ and business leaders were delighted at the decision to holdthe national motor fair in the city.A. CivilB. CivilizedC. CivilianD. Civic71. The city council is planning a huge road-building programme toease congestion. The underlined part means __ ___.A. calmB. relieveC. comfortD. still72. His unfortunate appearance was offset by an attractivepersonality. The underlined part means all the following EXCEPT ____.A. improvedB. made up forC. balancedD. compensated for73. The doctor said that the gash in his check required stitches. The underlined part means ____.A. lumpB. depressionC. swellingD. cut74. During the economic crisis, they had to cut back production and __ ___ workers.A. lay offB. lay intoC. lay downD. lay aside75. The university consistently receives a high __ ____ for the quality of its teaching and research.A. standardB. evaluationC. ratingD. comment76. To mark its one hundredth anniversary, the university held aseries of activities including conferences, film shows, etc. Theunderlined part means __ ___.A. signifyB. celebrateC. symbolizeD. suggest77. His fertile mind keeps turning out new ideas. The underlined part means _ ____.A. abundantB. unbelievableC. productiveD. generative78. The local news paper has a ___ __ of 100,000 copies a day.A. spreadB. circulationC. motionD. flow79. These issues were discussed at length during the meeting. The underlined part means __ ___.A. eventuallyB. subsequentlyC. lastlyD. fully80. A couple of young people were giving out leaflets in front of thedepartment store. The underlined part means __ ___.A. distributingB. handlingC. dividingD. arrangingPART V READING COMPREHENSIONText AInundated by more information than we can possibly hold in our head, we're increasingly handing off the job of remembering to search engines and smart phones. Google is even reportedly working on eyeglasses that could one day recognize faces and supply details about whoever you're looking at. But new research shows that outsourcing our memory –and expecting that information will be continually and instantaneously available --is changing our cognitivehabits.Research conducted by Betsy Sparrow, an assistant professor of psychology at Columbia University, has identified three new realities about how we process information in the Internet age. First, her experiments showed that when we don't know the answer to a question, we now think about where we can find the nearest Web connection instead of the subject of the question itself.A second revelation is that when we expect to be able to find information again later on, we don't remember it as well as when we think it might become unavailable. And then there is the researchers' final observation: the expectation that we'll he able to locate inf orination down the line leads us to form a memory not of the fact itself but of where we'II be able to find it.But this handoff comes with a downside. Skills like critical thinking and analysis must develop in the context of facts: we need something to think and reason about, after all. And these facts can't be Googled as we go;they need to be stored in the original hard drive, our long-term memory. Especially in the case of children, "factual knowledge must precede skill," says Daniel Willingham, a professor of psychology, at the University of Virginia -- meaning that the days of drilling the multiplication table and memorizing the names of the Presidents aren't over quite yet. Adults, too, need to recruit a supply of stored knowledge in order to situate and evaluate new information they encounter. You can't Google context.Last, there's the possibility, increasingly terrifying to contemplate,that our machines fail us. As Sparrow puts it, "The experience of losing our Internet connection becomes more and more like losing a friend." If you're going to keep your memory on your smart phone, better make sure it's fully charged.81. Google’s eyeglasses are supp osed to _ __.[A]improve our memory [B]function like memory[C]help us see faces better [D]work like smart phones82. According to the passage, “cognitive habits” refers to _ __.[A] how we deal with information [B] functions of human memory[C] the amount of information [D] the availability of information83. Which of the following statements about Sparrow’s research is CORRECT?[A] We remember people and things as much as before.[B] We remember more Internet connections than before.[C] We pay equal attention to location and content of information.[D]We tend to remember location rather than the core of facts.84. What does the author mean by “context”?[A]It refers to long-term memory. [B]It refers to a new situation.[C]It refers to a store of knowledge. [D]It refers to the search engine.85. What is the implied message of the author?[A]Web connections aid our memory.[B]People differ in what to remember.[C]People keep memory on smart phones.[D]People need to exercise their memory.Text BI was a second-year medical student at the university, and was on my second day of rounds at a nearby hospital. My university's philosophy was to get students seeing patients early in their education. Nice idea,but it overlooked one detail:second-year students know next to nothing about medicine.Assigned to my team that day was an attending - a senior faculty member who was there mostly to make patients feel they weren't in the hands of amateurs. Many attendings were researchers who didn't have much recent hospital experience. Mine was actually an arthritis specialist. Also along was a resident (the real boss, with a staggering mastery of medicine, at least to a rookie like myself). In addition there were two interns(住院实习医生). These guys were just as green as I was,but in a scarier way: they had recentlygraduated from the medical school, so they were technically MDs.I began the day at 6:30 am. An intern and I did a quick check of our eight patients; later, we were to present our findings to the resident and then to the attending. I had three patients and the intern had the other five - piece of cake.But when I arrived in the room of 71-year-old Mr. Adams,he was sitting up in bed, sweating heavily and panting (喘气). He'd just had a hip operation and looked terrible. I listened to his lungs with my stethoscope, but they sounded clear. Next I checked the logof his vital signs and saw that his respiration and heart rate had been climbing, but his temperature was steady. It didn't seem like heart failure, nor did it appear to be pneumonia. So I asked Mr. Adams what he thought was going on."It's really hot in here, Doc," he replied.So I attributed his condition to the stuffy room and told him the rest of the team would return in a few hours. He smiled and feebly waved goodbye. At 8:40 am., during our team meeting, "Code Blue Room 307!" blared from the loudspeaker. I froze.That was Mr. Adams's room.When we arrived, he was motionless.The autopsy (尸体解剖) later found Mr. Adams had suffered a massive pulmonary embolism (肺部栓塞). A blood clot had formed in his leg, worked its way to his lungs, and cut his breathing capacity in half. His symptoms had been textbook: heavy perspiration and shortness of breath despite clear lungs. The only thing was: I hadn't read that chapter in the textbook yet. And I was too scared, insecure, and proud to ask a real doctor for help. This mistake has haunted me for nearly 30 years, but what's particularly frustrating is that the same medical education system persists. Who knows how many people have died or suffered harm at the hands of students as naive as I, and how many more will?86. Why was the author doing rounds in a hospital?[A]He himself wanted to have practice.[B]Students of all majors had to do so.[C]It was part of his medical training.[D]He was on a research team.87. We learn that the author’s team members had __.[A]much practical experience [B]adequate knowledge[C]long been working there [D]some professional deficiency88. While the author was examining Mr. Adams, all the followingsymptoms caught his attention EXCEPT __ __.[A]moving difficulty [B]steady temperature[C]faster heart rate [D]breathing problem89. “His symptoms had been textbook” means that his symptoms were _ ___.[A]part of the textbook [B]no longer in the textbook[C]recently included in the textbook [D]explained in the textbook90. At the end of the passage, the author expresses __ __ about the medical education system.[A]optimism [B]hesitation [C]concern [D]supportTEXT CThe war on smoking, now five decades old and counting, is one of the nation's greatest public health success stories - but not for everyone. As a whole, the country has made amazing progress. In 1964, four in ten adults in the US smoked; today fewer than two in ten do. But some states - Kentucky, South Dakota and Alabama to name just a few - seem to have missed the message that smoking is deadly.Their failure is the greatest disappointment in an effort to save lives that was started on Jan. 11, 1964, by the first Surgeon General's Report onSmoking and Health. Its finding that smoking is a cause of lung cancer and other diseases was major news then. The hazards of smoking were just starting to emerge.The report led to cigarette warning labels, a ban on TV ads and eventually an anti-smoking movement that shifted the nation's attitude on smoking. Then, smokers were cool. Today, many are outcasts, rejected by restaurants, bars, public buildings and even their own workplaces. Millions of lives have been saved.The formula for success is no longer guesswork: Adopt tough warning labels, air public service ads, fund smoking cessation programs and impose smoke-free laws. But the surest way to prevent smoking, particularly amongprice-sensitive teens, is to raise taxes. If you can stop them from smoking, you've won the war. Few people start smoking after turning 19.The real-life evidence of taxing power is powerful. The 10 states with the lowest adult smoking rates slap an average tax of $2.42 on every pack -- three times the average tax in the states with the highest smoking rates. New York has the highest cigarette tax in the country, at $4.35 per pack, and just 12 percent of teens smoke, far below the national average of 18 percent. Compare that with Kentucky, where taxes are low (60 cents), smoking restrictions are weak and the teen smoking rate is double New York's. Other low-tax states have similarly dismal records.Enemies of high tobacco taxes cling to the tired argument that they falldisproportionately on the poor. True, but so do the deadly effects of smoking, far worse than a tax. The effect of the taxes is amplified further when the revenue is used to fund initiatives that help smokers quit or persuade teens not to start.Anti-smoking forces have plenty to celebrate this week, having helped avoid 8 million premature deaths in the past 50 years. But as long as 3,000 adolescents and teens take their first puff each day, the war is not won.91. What does "counting" mean in the context?[A] Continuing. [B] Including. [C] Calculating. [D] Relying on.92. According to the context, "Their failure" refers to__ _____.[A] those adults who continue to smoke[B] those states that missed the message[C] findings of the report[D] hazards of smoking93. The following are all efforts that led to the change of attitude on smoking EXCEPT_____.[A] rejecting by the public [B] cigarette warning labels[C] anti-smoking campaigns [D] anti-smoking legislation94. According to the author, raising tax on cigarettes___ ____.[A] is unfair to the poor [B] is an effective measure[C] increases public revenue [D] fails to solve the problem95. What is the passage mainly about?[A] How to stage anti-smoking campaigns.[B] The effects of the report on smoking and health.[C] Tax as the surest path to cut smoking.[D] The efforts to cut down on teenage smoking.TEXT DAttachment Parenting is not Indulgent Parenting. Attachment parents do not "spoil" their children. Spoiling is done when a child is given everything that they want regardless of what they need and regardless of what is practical. Indulgent parents give toys for tantrums(发脾气), ice cream for breakfast. Attachment parents don't give their children everything that they want, they give their children everything that they need. Attachment parents believe that love and comfort are free and necessary. Not sweets or toys.Attachment Parenting is not "afraid of tears" parenting. Our kids cry. The difference is that we understand that tantrums and tears come from emotions and not manipulation. And ourchildren understand this too, They cry and have tantrums sometimes, of course. But they do this because their emotions are so overwhelming that they need to get it out. They do not expect to be "rewarded" for their strong negative emotions; they simply expect that we will listen. We pick up our babies when they cry, and we respond to the tears of our older children because we believe firmly that comfort is free, love is free, and that when a child has need for comfort and love, it is our job to provide those things. We are not afraid of tears. We don't avoid them. We hold our children through them and teach them that when they are hurt or frustrated we are here to comfort them and help them work through their emotions.Attachment Parenting is not Clingy Parenting. I do not cling to my children, In feet, I'm pretty free-range. As soon as they can move they usually move away from me and let me set up a chase as they crawl, run, skip and hop on their merry way to explore the world, Sure, I carry them and hug them and chase them and kiss them and rock them and sleep with them, But this is not me following them everywhere and pulling them back to me. This is me being a home base. The "attachment" comes from their being allowed to attach to us, not from us attaching to them like parental leeches.Attachment Parenting is not Selfish Parenting. It is also not selfless parenting, We are not doing it for us, and we are not doing it to torment ourselves,Attachment parenting is not Helicopter Parenting. I don't hover, I supervise,I follow, I teach, I demonstrate, I explain. I don't slap curious hands away, I show how to do things safely, I let my child do the things that my child wishes to do, first with help and then with supervision and finally with trust, I don't insist that my 23 month old hold my hand when we walk on the sidewalk because I know that I can recall him with my voice because he trusts me to allow him to explore and he trusts me to explain when something is dangerous and to help him satisfy his curiosities safely.Most of the negative things that I hear about "attachment parents" are completely off-base and describe something that is entirely unlike Attachment Parenting. Attachment Parenting is child-centric and focuses on the needs of the child. Children need structure, rules, and boundaries. Attachment Parents simply believe that the child and the parent are allies, not adversaries, And that children are taught, not trained.96. What makes attachment parents different from indulgent parents is that they .A. show more love to their childrenB. think love is more importantC. prefer both love and toys in parentingD. dislike ice cream or sweets97. According to the author, what should parents do when their kids cry?。
2014上半年豆瓣电影【口碑榜】Top502014年7月5日,豆瓣电影口碑榜公布了2014第27周榜单结果,至此,口碑榜已经完成了2014上半年的更新。
根据这半年的上榜条目,我们整理了最受好评的前50部影片,供你参考。
为了让这份榜单更纯粹,我们过滤了以下类型的条目:短片、微电影、动漫剧场版、特别篇以及部分2013范畴的电影。
榜单根据影片“评分+评分人数+已上映天数”等元素综合排序。
韩国电影《辩护人》登顶半年最佳,《布达佩斯大饭店》《达拉斯卖家俱乐部》分别位列第2、第3。
前10名里有七部美国电影,日韩法国电影各一部,0部华语片,排名最高的华语片为第28名的《天注定》。
以下为完整榜单:1 辩护人9.0分변호인/ 剧情/ 韩国/ 2013-12-18导演: 杨宇锡主演: 宋康昊/ 吴达洙/ 金英爱/ 郭道元/ 任时完重要的不是这个电影拍的如何,而是韩国电影人在拍这样的电影,韩国观众在看这样的电影,没有审查阻止、禁止、扼止你拍,没有无形之手阻止、禁止、扼止你看,这,就是民主。
韩国电影这20年的迅猛发展,离不开韩国电影人的勇气和毅力!(via 老晃)2 布达佩斯大饭店8.8分The Grand Budapest Hotel / 剧情喜剧/ 美国德国/ 2014-03-07导演: 韦斯·安德森主演: 拉尔夫·费因斯/ 托尼·雷沃罗利/ 艾德里安·布洛迪/ 威廉·达福/ 裘德·洛/ 爱德华·诺顿/ 西尔莎·罗南/ 蒂尔达·斯文顿/ 比尔·默瑞/ 蕾雅·赛杜/ 欧文·威尔逊《布达佩斯大饭店》里的各种对称,安德森的各种讲究,从色彩到布局甚至是时间线和情感线上均有始有终,新世界和旧世界如齿轮一样完美暗合,不失为一种优雅。
在梦境之上再造梦境,在废墟之上再建废墟,明明颓唐又万分克制,难怪会为你入迷。
(via 眠去)3 达拉斯买家俱乐部8.6分Dallas Buyers Club / 剧情/ 美国/ 2013-11-01导演: 让-马克·瓦雷主演: 马修·麦康纳/ 詹妮弗·加纳/ 杰瑞德·莱托/ 史蒂夫·茨恩一流的表演,除口音尚可辨识,麦康纳已经完全成为了剧中人,莱托的表现也非常惊人,值得敬佩。
2014高考英语阅读理解抓分精品练习(35)及答案阅读下列短文,从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中,选出最佳选项.AHere are some of the world’s most impressive subways.the gap”.1. Which one can provide the riders some wonderful decorations at the stations?A. The Tokyo Metro and Toei LinesB. The Moscow MetroC. The London MetroD. The Hong Kong MTR2. ________ is done with the purpose of making money.A. The Tokyo Metro and Toei LinesB. The Moscow MetroC. The London MetroD. The Hong Kong MTR3. We can learn from the passage that Shanghai Metro ________.A. carries the most people each dayB. is the world’s largestC. may be larger than the Chicago “L” in the futureD. is the busiest in the world4. How many subways carry more than 5 million people per day?A. 2B. 3C. 4D. 5参考答案1. B。
文中只介绍了莫斯科地铁有吊灯、壁画等一些精美的装饰,其余未提及。
2. D。
在对香港地铁的介绍中提到了turns a profit,意思是赚钱。
3. C。
在对上海地铁的介绍中提到了4. A。
metro,subway和underground
metro是个名词,它的意思是“ 地铁,地下铁路”,其复数形式为metros。
the Metro是巴黎和华盛顿市的地铁名称。
subway是个名词,其含义为“ 地铁,地铁交通;(穿越马路等的)地下人行道”,其复数形式为subways。
在北美英语中,通常用subway表示“地铁”,说英国英语的人指美国城市的地铁亦用subway,而指其他欧洲国家的地铁则用metro。
underground既可以是名词,也可以是形容词,还可以是副词。
当其为名词时,意思是“地铁”,通常在英国英语中,人们会使用underground来表示地铁。
当其为副词时,意思是“地下;地面下;秘密地,暗中”。
当其为形容词时,意思是“地下的;秘密的;非法的”。
2014届高考英语二轮复习阅读理解强化训练70i.、阅读理解(本大题共4小题,共0分)A1.C(2013湖北卷)We’ve reached a strange—some would say unusual—point. While fighting world hunger continues to be the matter of vital importance according to a recent report from the World Health Organization (WHO), more people now die from being overweight, or say, from being extremely fat, than from being underweight. It’s the good life that’s more likely to kill us these days.Worse, nearly l8 million children under the age of five around the world are estimated to be overweight. What’s going on?We really don’t have many excuses for our weight problems. The dangers of the problem have been drilled into us by public-health campaigns since 2001 and the message is getting through—up to a point.In the 1970s, Finland, for example, had the highest rate of heart disease in the world and being overweight was its main cause. Not any more. A public-health campaign has greatly reduced the number of heart disease deaths by 80 per cent over the past three decades.Maybe that explains why the percentage of people in Finland taking diet pills doubled between 2001 and 2005, and doctors even offer surgery of removing fat inside and change the shape of the body. That has become a sort of fashion. No wonder it ranks as the world’s most body-conscious country.We know what we should be doing to lose weight—but actually doing it is another matter. By far the most popular excuse is not taking enough exercise. More than half of us admit we lack willpower.Others blame good food. They say: it’s just too inviting and it makes them overeat. Still others lay the blame on the Americans, complaining that pounds have piled on thanks to eating too much American-style fast food.Some also blame their parents—their genes. But unfortunately, the parents are wronged because they’re normal in shape, or rather slim.It’s a similar story around the world, although people are relatively unlikely to have tried to lose weight. Parents are eager to see their kids shape up. Do asI say—not as I do.59. What is the “strange” point mentioned in the first sentence?A. The good life is a greater risk than the bad life.B. Starvation is taking more people’s lives in the world.C. WHO report shows people’s unawareness of food safety.D. Overweight issue remains unresolved despite WHO’s efforts.60. Why does the author think that people have no excuse for being overweight?A. A lot of effective diet pills are available.B. Body image has nothing to do with good food.C. They have been made fully aware of its dangers.D. There are too many overweight people in the world.61. The example of Finland is used to illustrate ______.A. the cause of heart diseaseB. the fashion of body shapingC. the effectiveness of a campaignD. the history of a body-conscious country62. Which would be the best title for the passage?A. Actions or Excuses?B. Overweight or Underweight?C. WHO in a DilemmaD. No Longer Dying of Hunger【答案解析】C篇【文章大意】肥胖现在成了一个社会问题,给人们带来很多严重危害。
2014年第86届奥斯卡获奖影片名单完整版
美国时间2014年3月2日早上已在好莱坞高地中心杜比数字影院举行,美国广播公司将进行实况直播,本届奥斯卡由美国著名脱口秀主持人Ellen DeGeneres主持,奥斯卡还没开始,已引起全世界影迷强烈关注。
最佳影片《为奴十二年》
最佳导演阿方索·卡隆
最佳男主角马修·麦康纳
最佳女主角凯特·布兰切特
最佳男配角杰瑞德·莱托
最佳女配角露皮塔·尼永奥
最佳动画长片《冰雪奇缘》
最佳外语片《绝美之城》
最佳原创剧本《她》
最佳改编剧本《为奴十二年》
最佳配乐《地心引力》
最佳原创歌曲《
最佳视觉效果《地心引力》
最佳音响效果《地心引力》
最佳音效剪辑格伦·弗里曼托
最佳电影剪辑阿方索·卡隆
最佳艺术指导凯瑟琳·马丁、贝弗利·邓恩最佳服装设计《了不起的盖茨比》
最佳摄影《地心引力》
最佳化妆与发型《达拉斯买家俱乐部》
最佳真人短片《氦》
最佳动画短片《哈布洛先生》
最佳纪录长片《离巨星二十英尺》
最佳纪录短片《。
Subways and Urban Growth:Evidence from Earth∗Marco Gonzalez-NavarroUniversity of Toronto†Matthew A.TurnerBrown University‡24November2014Abstract:We investigate the relationship between the extent of a city’s subway network,its population and its spatial configuration.To accomplish this investigation,for a sample of the632 largest cities in the world,we construct panel data describing the extent of each of the138subway systems in these cities,their population,and measures of centralization calculated from lights at night data.These data indicate that large cities are more likely to have subways,but that subways have at most a small effect on urban population growth.Consistent with economic theory and with other studies of the effects of transportation improvements on cities,our data also indicate that subways cause cities to be more decentralized.Key words:subways,public transit,urban growth,urban decentralization.jel classification:l91,r4,r11,r14∗We are grateful to Fern Ramoutar,Mohamed Salat,Mahdy Saddradini and Farhan Yahya for their assistance compiling the subway data.We are also grateful to seminar participants at Brown University,lse and perc,and to Victor Aguirragabiria,Dwayne Benjamin and Frank Kleibergen for helpful comments and conversations.Turner gratefully acknowledgesfinancial support from sshrc,financial support and hospitality of the Property and Environ-ment Research Center,and the Enaudi Institute of Economics and Finance during part of the time that this research was conducted.Gonzalez-Navarro is grateful forfinancial support from the World Bank Urbanisation in Developing Countries Programme and the Ontario Work Study Plan.Both authors are grateful forfinancial support from the Societe du Grand Paris.†121St.George Street Toronto,on m5s2e8,Canada.email:marco.gonzalez.navarro@utoronto.ca.tel:+1(416) 9785-692.‡Department of Economics,Box B,Brown University,Providence,ri02912.email:matthew_turner@.1.IntroductionWe investigate the relationship between the extent of a city’s subway network,its population and its spatial configuration.To accomplish this investigation,for a sample of the632largest cities in the world,we construct panel data describing the extent of each of the138subway systems in these cities,their population,and measures of centralization calculated from lights at night data.These data indicate that large cities are more likely to have subways,but that subways have at most a small effect on urban population growth.Consistent with economic theory and with other studies of the effects of transportation improvements on cities,our data also indicate that subways cause cities to be more decentralized.Our investigation is important for three reasons.First,understanding the effect of subways on cities is important if we are to evaluate proposals to build or extend subway systems.In2010Earth was home to7,886subway stations and about10,700km of subway routes spread across138cities. Subway construction and expansion projects range from merely expensive to truly breathtaking. Among the16subway systems examined by Baum-Snow and Kahn(2005),construction costs range from about25m to550m usd2005per km.On the basis of the mid-point of this range, 287m per km,construction costs for the current stock are about3trillion dollars.The Second Avenue subway extension,currently under construction in New York city,is estimated to cost almost1.6b usd2010per km,while Metropolitan Toronto is considering a45b dollar(us)public transit expansion and Paris is considering a public transit expansion almost as large.These costs are high enough that subway projects generally require large subsidies.To justify these subsidies,proponents often assert the ability of a subway system to have a transformative effect on the city and to encourage employment growth.A statement by the agency responsible for Toronto’s transit expansion is typical:"Effective transit and transportation solutions can bolster our global competitiveness,protect our environment,and improve our quality of life.Expanding transportation can help create thousands of new green and well-paid jobs,and save billions of dollars in time,energy and other efficiencies."1There is little evidence that subways have such transformative effects.Indeed,to date,there has been no city level statistical analysis of the effect of subway extent on any outcome other than ridership.If subways truly transform cities,as their proponents claim,then we should expect a migration of people into these cities.That our data do not provide evidence for such a migration suggests that the evaluation of prospective subway projects should rely more on the demand for mobility and less on the ability of subways to promote growth.Understanding the effect of subways on cities is also important to policy makers interested in the process of urbanization in the developing world.Over the coming decades,we expect an enormous migration of rural population towards major urban areas.As a consequence,we can reasonably expect demands for urban infrastructure that are large relative to the ability of local 1/en/regionalplanning/bigmove/big_move.aspx(accessed July28,2014).and national governments to supply it.In order to assess trade-offs between different types of infrastructure in these cities,understanding the implications of each for welfare is clearly import-ant.Since people move to more attractive places and away from less attractive ones(broadly defined),our investigation of the relationship between subways and population growth will help to inform these decisions.That subways have no measurable effect on population growth suggests that infrastructure spending plans in developing world cities should give serious consideration to non-subway infrastructure.Finally,there is an active academic literature investigating the effect of transportation infra-structure on the growth and configuration of cities.In spite of their prominence in policy debates, subways have so far escaped the attention of this literature.This primarily reflects the relative rarity of subways.Most cities have roads so a single country can provide a large enough sample to analyze the effects of roads on cities.Subways are too scarce for this.To conduct a statistical ana-lysis of the effect of subways on cities requires data from,at least,several countries.An important contribution of this paper is to overcome this data problem by collecting data that describe all of the world’s subway networks.In addition,with few exceptions,the current literature on the effects of infrastructure is static or considers panel data that is too short to investigate the dynamics of infrastructure’s effects on cities.Because our panel spans the60year period from1950until2010, we are able to investigate such dynamic responses to the provision of subways.To estimate the causal effects of subways on urban growth and urban form,we must grapple with the fact that subway systems and stations are not constructed at random times and places. While much of the recent literature investigating the effects of infrastructure on cities relies on quasi-random variation to resolve this problem,a natural experiment to explain city level variation in subways seems unlikely.Instead,to solve this problem we exploit the panel nature of our data in two ways.First,our panel is long enough to allow us to estimate city specific intercepts and trends.If there are city specific levels or trends correlated with subways,then including city specific intercepts and trends can result in causal estimates.However,it remains possible that subway expansions occur in non-random years,even after controlling for city effects.This might occur if,for example,cities build subways only after a sequence of years with improbably high growth or if there are short term populationfluctuations as a consequence of subway construction activity.To resolve the inference problems created by this sort of equilibrium process for subway provision,we develop an econometric framework which models them explicitly.Practically,this leads us to instrument for current subways with long lags of subways.Implementing this econometric model does not substantively change the conclusions based on less sophisticated estimators.2.LiteratureA Subways and urban growthWith a few exceptions that we describe below,the literature that analyzes the effects of subways on cities consists entirely of analyses of a single city.Nevertheless,this literature is large and we here focus our attention on the small set of papers which attempt to resolve the problem of non-random assignment of subways.More complete surveys are available in Billings(2011)and Gibbons and Machin(2005).Gibbons and Machin(2005)examine housing prices in London during the periods1997-1999 and2000-2001.These two year periods bracket two expansions of the London underground,six new stations and an extension of the Docklands light rail.Gibbons and Machin(2005)calculate various difference-in-differences estimates of the effect of these transit expansions on housing prices.Theyfind that houses near a new transit station appreciate about5%relative to houses further away,where a house within2km is‘near’a subway ing a refinement of this estimator that allows distance to vary continuously,theyfind that moving one km away from a subway station decreases values by about2%for thefirst two km,and about zero thereafter.Billings(2011)conducts a similar exercise for a new light rail line in Charlotte,North Carolina. Charlotte opened a new light rail system in November2007.2This system extended along one line,for about15km,with15stations along the route.Like Gibbons and Machin(2005),Billings (2011)estimates the effect of subways on housing prices using a difference-in-differences estimator, where‘before’and‘after’refer to housing prices in the periods before and after the opening of the system.However,‘near’and‘far’are defined slightly differently.First,distance is defined as distance to the subway line rather than distance to a station.Given that stations are about1km apart this is probably not important.Second,houses‘far’from the station are restricted to be close to alternate corridors that were candidates for a transit network that was ultimately not built, on the grounds that houses in alternate corridors are likely to resemble those in the successful corridor in unobserved ways.Despite the differences in milieu and method,Billings(2011)arrives at estimates quite close to those of Gibbons and Machin(2005):single family houses within1.6km of the transit line see their prices increase by about4%while condominiums see their prices rise by about11%.Note that,like Gibbons and Machin(2005),Billings(2011)observes that changes result from subway construction over the course of just a few years.Each of these papers makes a credible attempt to overcome the fact that subway systems are not located randomly within cities.However,neither provides us with much information about the relationship between subways and growth.If subways affect the growth of cities,then they may affect it everywhere,both near and far from the station.Such citywide effects are,by construction, invisible to the differences-in-differences methodology.2The Charlotte light rail system is not completely isolated from pedestrian and automobile traffic and so does not appear in our data as a subway.Therefore,while the existing literature makes some progress on the problem of non-random as-signment of subways to places,it does so at a high cost.The difference-in-differences methodology cannot tell us about the effect of changes in the overall level of activity within a city and,unless we are specifically interested in reorganizing economic activity across neighborhoods within a city,it is such changes in the overall level which are of primary policy interest and which are the object of our investigation.B Other infrastructure and urban growthThe literature relating highway and railroad infrastructure to urban growth has developed rapidly over the past several years and is surveyed in Redding and Turner(2015).For our purposes,it can be divided into studies of the effects of infrastructure on the internal structure of cities and studies of the evolution of city level population or employment.Baum-Snow(2007)investigates the effect of radial highways on population decentralization for a sample of large US cities between1950and1990.He relies on an early plan of the highway network that was drawn for military purposes as a source of quasi-random variation in highway placement.Hefinds that,over the whole40year course of his study period,a single radial highway causes about a9%decrease in central city population.Importantly,he is able to measure partial effects over20year time periods.Baum-Snow,Brandt,Henderson,Turner,and Zhang(2012) conduct a similar exercise.For a sample of Chinese cities between1990and2010,Baum-Snow et al.(2012)investigate the effect of highways and railroads on the decentralization of population, employment and production.They rely on historical networks predating economic reforms of the1990s as a source of quasi-random variation in highway and rail placement.Theyfind that radial highways contribute to the decentralization of population,that railroads contribute to the decentralization of production,and that ring road capacity contributes to the decentralization of both.Again,Baum-Snow et al.(2012)find measurable effects over the whole of their20year study period and also over ten year sub-intervals.Garcia-López(2012)examines the effect of radial highways on Spanish cities between1992and2007and alsofinds that highways decentralize population,again over a10-20year horizon.Probably more relevant to the present investigation,for a sample of US cities between1980-and 2000Duranton and Turner(2012)use a research design similar to Baum-Snow(2007)to investigate the relationship between urban employment growth and a city’s stock of interstate highways.They find that a10%increase in highways in a city causes about a1.5%increase in the population of a city ing a similar research design,Garcia-López,Holl,and Viladecans-Marsal (2013)finds that highways cause about the same rate of population growth in Spanish cities.In addition to investigating the effects of highways using city level variation,both Baum-Snow (2007)and Garcia-López(2012)examine population density within cities as a function of distance to a highway.Theyfind that population tends to be denser near highways and decreases with distance to a highway.Like highways,subways are intended to provide mobility for people andthe available evidence suggests that both highways and subways usually attract economic activity, broadly defined.Therefore,to the extent that subways affect urban form and growth,we can reasonably expect to observe these effects over a10-20year period.This is close to the duration of our panel for lights at night and is shorter than the period for which we observe population.The relationship between highways and railroads and urban growth is better understood than is the relationship between subways and urban growth for two reasons.First,highways and rail-roads are pervasive and so even medium sized countries can provide statistically useful samples of cities.Second,the literature has devised credible instrumental variables strategies to deal with the non-random assignment of highways and railroads to cities.An analysis of subways,on the other hand,requires data from many countries to construct a reasonably large sample and there is little hope for quasi-random variation in the assignment of subways.Two important contributions of the present investigation are to overcome the data problem and to develop an identification strategy that relies on time series variation in panel data.Subways and city level outcomesThe only studies(of which we are aware)to investigate the effects of subways on city level outcomes are primarily or completely interested in ridership.3On the basis of a single cross-section of about50cities,Gordon and Willson(1984)conduct a city level regression to predict riders per mile of track as a function of city population density and country level per capita gdp.Theyfind that these two variables are excellent predictors of ridership.Barnes(2005)provides evidence from a few cities in the US for an unsurprising refinement of this intuition.People are much more likely to take transit for trips to a central business district than for trips to other locations.Finally, Baum-Snow and Kahn(2005)provide evidence from16US cities for a similar relationship between density and transit use,although their small sample size limits the precision of their results.They also show that ridership in catchment areas for new stations attains almost the same level as in the catchment areas of old stations over their30year study period.On a more cautionary note, and consistent with thefinding in Gordon and Willson(1984)that ridership decreases with income and increases with density,Baum-Snow and Kahn(2005)find that most US transit expansions have only small effects on ridership,a conclusion echoed in Gomez-Ibanez(1996)for time series data on the use of Boston’s transit system.Aside from suggesting that pessimism about the growth of transit ridership is in order,these papers illustrate two points important to our analysis.First,they demonstrate the incompleteness of our understanding of the relationship between subways and the fortunes of cities.For practical purposes,there is no systematic evidence to support the claims of subway proponents that sub-3We note the literature on modal choice using individual level data.This important literature is only tangentially related to our present inquiry.A survey is available in Small and Verhoef(2007).Table1:Descriptive statistics for the world’s subway systems and cities in2010World Africa Asia Aus.Europe N.America S.America All citiesN632733416579956 Total Stations7,886512,97702,7821,598478 Total route km10,686564,22403,5582,219628 Population2,4272,1042,5112,4291,9212,4412,825 log(Pop.)14.32914.29614.32514.57214.22714.34414.450∆log(Pop.)0.1800.2480.1980.1070.0460.1430.189∆2t log(Pop.)-0.010-0.014-0.008-0.006-0.005-0.013-0.015 Mean light in25km disk622452658411658 Corr.lights&pop.0.570.560.580.850.690.710.92 Subway cities in2010N1381530403014 Stations575156705334∆Stations 3.758 4.250 4.568 3.965 2.658 2.423∆2t Stations0.6910.000 1.3740.3250.1150.435 log(Stations) 3.551 3.932 3.505 3.872 3.332 3.252∆2t log(Stations)0.2040.1010.3050.1580.1400.117∆2t log(Stations)-0.0470.000-0.054-0.018-0.066-0.088 Route km775680897445 Pop.per route km61196752565141 Pop.per station822161063290185 Pop.4,70611,0315,95122604,8146,300 log(Pop.)14.93416.21615.15314.38015.05115.344∆log(Pop.)0.1130.1240.1440.0450.1230.170∆2t log(Pop.)-0.011-0.014-0.012-0.005-0.013-0.017 Mean light in25km disk12221211795171109 Corr.lights&pop.0.670.670.690.780.91 Population levels reported in thousands.Lights data are based on radiance calibrated lights at night imagery.All entries describing levels report2010values.Entries describing changes are averages over the period from1950to2010.ways transform cities.Second,they point to the importance of putting subways in dense places and of allowing dense development in areas served by subways.3.DataTo investigate the effect of subways on the evolution of a city’s population and its spatial structure we require data describing subways,population and spatial structure for a panel of cities.We construct such data from three principal sources.Our population data are the un World Cities Data,our subway data are the result of primary data collection and our description of urban spatial structure derives from lights at night data.In addition to our three main data sources,for each of the cities in our sample we construct several time-invariant control variables.They are continent of city,capital city status,distance to the ocean,distance to nearest land border and distance to the nearest major navigable river.The un World Cities Data reports continent and capital city ing GIS software,we calculate country,distance to the ocean,to the nearest navigable river and to the nearest land border on the basis of shapefiles describing oceans,rivers and international boundaries.We also use the Penn World Table measure of country level gdp per capita as a time varying control in many of our regressions.A Population dataOur data are organized around the un World Cities Data.4Produced by the United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs,Population Division,these data describe population counts for all cities whose population exceeds750,000at any time during1950-2010.Constructing international data describing city level population is subject to two problems,the availability of population data and cross-country differences in the definitions of cities.Population data are generally available from decennial or quinquennial censuses.However,census years do not synchronize neatly across countries.To resolve this problem,the un World Cities Data interpolate to construct annual values.Therefore,because few countries conduct censuses more often than everyfive years,successive annual population changes must sometimes reflect linear interpolation of the same proximate census years.To avoid making inferences from such imputed population changes,we restrict attention to observations drawn everyfifth year,e.g.,1950,1955, ...,and refer to each such observation as a‘city-year’.This decreases the likelihood that sequential city-years are calculated by interpolation from the same two underlying censuses.Resolving the problem of differential city definitions relies on the judgement of the un researchers who assembled the data.In private correspondence,these researchers assured us that they understood 4Downloaded from /unup/GIS-Files/gis_1.htm,February2013.Figure1:Lights and subways in2010for six citiesTibilisi:1.1m pop,21stations Toulouse:0.9m pop and37stationsBoston:4.7m pop,74stations Singapore:5.1m pop,78stationsMexico City:20.1m pop and147stations Beijing:15m pop and124stations Note:Images show2010radiance calibrated lights at night,2010subway route maps and all subway stations constructed prior to2013.The gray/pink ellipses in eachfigure are projected 5km and25km radius circles to show scale and light gray/blue is water.this problem and endeavored to make their‘cities’as consistent as possible across countries and time.The top panel of Table1describes our population data.Our sample consists of632cities,more than half in Asia.In2010,the mean size of a city in our sample is about2.4million.There is little variation in mean size across continents,although cities in South America tend to be larger while cities in Europe tend to be smaller.Between1950and2010,the meanfive year growth rate of a city in our sample is about18%.This rate falls by about1%everyfive years.Not surprisingly,cities in Africa,Asia and South America grow faster than in North America and Europe.Europeans cities are the obvious outlier and grow more slowly than cities elsewhere.The growth rate of cities is declining on all continents and this decline is somewhat slower in Europe.The bottom panel of Table1describes our population data for the138cities in our sample with a subway in2010.At4.7m people on average,these cities are dramatically larger than non-subway cities.Cairo is the single African city with a subway,and so the Africa column in the bottom panel of table1is really a‘Cairo column’.Australia has no subway cities n and South American subway cities are larger than those in North America and dramatically larger than those in Europe.The growth rate for an average subway city is about13%,somewhat slower than in the whole sample.As for the whole sample,European subway cities are growing more slowly than other subway cities.Also similar to the whole population of cities,growth rates are declining by about1%everyfive years and this decline is somewhat slower in Europe.B Subways dataOur data describe the latitude,longitude and date of opening of every subway station in the world.These data were compiled manually between January2012and February2014using the following process.First,using online sources such as /and links therein,together with links on wikipedia,we complied a list of all subway stations worldwide. Next,for each station on our list,we record opening date,station name,line name,terminal station indicator,transfer station indicator,city and country.This process leads us to enumerate subway stations in161cities.Of these,138are large enough to appear in the un World Cities Data and are the main subject of our analysis.5For our purposes,a‘subway’is defined as an electric powered urban rail that is completely isolated from interactions with automobile traffic and pedestrians.This excludes most streetcars, because they interact with vehicle traffic at stoplights and crossings,although we include under-ground streetcar segments.In order to focus on intra-urban subway transportation systems,we also exclude heavy rail commuter lines.We do not distinguish between surface,underground or 5The23cities with subways in2010that do not occur in our population data are:Bielefeld,Bilbao,Bochum,Catania, Dortmund,Duisburg,Dusseldorf,Essen,Frankfurt,Genova,Hannover,Kitakyushu,Kryvyrih,Lausanne,Mulheim, Naha,Nuremberg,Palma,Perugia,Rennes,Rouen,Seville and Wuppertal.Figure 2:Growth of subway systems for the whole world and by continentNote:In each graph,the dashed line indicates the number of cities with a subway system and the solid line indicates the total number of operational stations.Australia has no subway systems and is omitted.Figure3:Stations in a subway system by time since system openingNote:Vertical axis is log of operation stations in a system.Horizontal axis is years since station opening.Dots indicate individual city-years.aboveground subway lines as long as exclusive right of way condition is satisfied.These subways systems typically operate frequently,e.g.,10minute headways or less during daytimes,and are quick and reliable,and are used mostly for the intra-urban transportation of people.For the most part,our subways data describe public transit systems that would ordinarily be described as ‘subways’,e.g.,the Paris metro and the New York city subway,and only such systems.As with any such definition,the inclusion or exclusions of particular marginal cases in our sample may be controversial.We use our data to construct three measures of subway extent for each city-year.Most simply, we count the number of operational stations in each year.Since our data also enumerate subway lines,we also count the number of operational subway lines in each city in each year.Finally,by connecting stations on each subway line by the shortest possible route,we approximate the route of each subway line.Taking the union of all such lines in a city approximates each city’s network. Calculating the length of this network gives us the length of each system.In this way we arrive at our three primary measures of subway extent for each city-year;operational stations,operational lines and route kilometers.Figure1illustrates our subway data for six cities.Thefigure shows all stations operational prior to2013as black dots.The network maps,on which the2010calculation of route km is based,are shown as black lines.Stations that opened after2010are not connected to the network.In each panel of thefigure,a gray circle or ellipse describes a circle of25km radius to show scale.That this circle is distorted in Northerly cities is a consequence of our map projection.To show the configuration of each city,the background shows lights at night in2010.In the top row,with2010 populations of1.1m and0.9m Tibilsi(Georgia)and Toulouse(France)are among the smallest cities。