中国人民大学《大学英语1》(第二版)导学

中国人民大学出版社《逻辑学》参考答案第二章概念（教材P21）一、判定下列断定的正误：1、错,因为属性是对象的性质以及对象间关系的统称。

2、错,一类对象共同具有的属性是固有属性，不一定是本质属性。

3、正确。

4、错,因为任何概念都有外延，空概念的外延是空集合，而不是无集合。

5、错，因为同一个概念可以有不同的内涵，因而可以有不同的正确定义。

6、错。

对正概念下定义不能使用否定句，对负概念下定义可以使用否定句。

7、错。

只有具有属种关系的概念外延之间，才存在内涵与外延的反变关系。

二、运用本章的相关知识以及相关常识，回答下列问题：1、不正确。

定义过宽。

正确的例子：平反就对无罪而判有罪的案件进行纠正。

2、不正确，定义过宽。

正确的例子：科学理论是由科学概念、科学原理和推论组成的具有可检验性的系统化的知识体系。

3、不正确，“勇敢”和“勇敢的战士”之间不存在属种关系。

正确的例子：战士的勇敢。

4、不对。

“喜马拉雅山”和“珠穆朗玛峰”之间不存在属种关系。

正确概括的例子：山。

三、1 C；2，ABC；3，A；4，A；5，B；6，BC；7，B；8，B；9，BC，10，AC。

四、下列各题中括号内的话，是从内涵方面，还是从外延方面说明标有横线的概念的？1、“人们在社会……”从内涵方面说明“社会关系”，“包括经济、政治……”从外延方面说明“社会关系”。

2、“交流思想的工具”从内涵方面说明“语言”；“记录语言的符号”从内涵方面说明“文字”。

3、“用各种纤维……”从内涵方面说明“纺织品”；“棉纺织品、麻纺织品、丝纺织品、天然纺织品、化学纤维纺织品”以及“人造……”从外延说明“纺织品”。

4、“带有原理……”从内涵说明“经”；“《周易》……”从外延说明“十三经”。

5、“由于地球……”从内涵说明“地震”；“火山地震……”从外延说明“地震”；“地下深处……”从内涵说明“震源”；“地面上……”从内涵说明“震中”。

6、“林木和林地……”从外延说明“森林资源”；“防护林……”从外延说明“森林”。

现代大学英语精读1第2版作者介绍《现代大学英语精读1第2版》的作者是潘鸿吉和陈欣，是中国人民大学出版社于2010年出版的一部教材。

潘鸿吉，现代大学英语教育专家，多次参与《大学英语教学大纲》的修订工作。

陈欣，中国人民大学外国语学院外籍语言学教师，拥有丰富的教学经验。

书籍概述《现代大学英语精读1第2版》是大学英语教材中的一本重要教材，旨在提高学生的听说读写四个方面的能力。

该教材包含了丰富的英语学习资源，适用于英语专业的大学本科生使用。

教材结构《现代大学英语精读1第2版》分为15个单元，每个单元分为两个部分：课文学习和语言点学习。

课文学习部分包括真实生活情境和有趣的话题，旨在提高学生的听力和阅读能力。

语言点学习部分介绍了课文中出现的关键语法和词汇知识，以帮助学生更好地理解和运用课文内容。

教材还附带了相关的听力练习、阅读理解题和写作练习，帮助学生巩固所学知识并提升他们的实际应用能力。

另外，教材还提供了课后习题答案和录音文本供学生自我检查和学习。

此外，教材还配有配套网站和多媒体资源，学生可以通过这些资源进行在线学习和练习。

适用人群《现代大学英语精读1第2版》适用于英语专业的大学本科生使用，也可供其他英语学习者参考。

教材以培养学生的英语综合运用能力为目标，旨在帮助学生提高听说读写四个方面的能力。

学习目标通过学习《现代大学英语精读1第2版》教材，学生将能够：1.提高英语听力理解能力，包括听取真实生活情境下的对话和讲座等；2.提高英语阅读理解能力，包括阅读各种文本材料并理解其主旨和细节；3.掌握与课文有关的语法和词汇知识，以便正确理解和运用课文内容；4.运用所学知识进行口头和书面表达，包括参与英语对话和写作练习。

教学方法《现代大学英语精读1第2版》采用了多种教学方法，以提高学生的英语学习效果。

以下是几种常用的教学方法：1.情境教学法：通过创设真实的生活情境来激发学生的兴趣，并帮助他们将所学的语言知识应用到实际生活中。

中国人民大学《大学英语》课程分级教学管理办法（试行）为进一步规范大学英语课程分级教学管理，充分利用学生学习时间，调动学生英语学习积极性，提高英语学习效果，特制定本办法。

一、基本要求根据教育部《大学英语课程教学要求》（2007）及《中国人民大学大学英语课程教学大纲》（2012）文件精神，大学英语课程设置分为基础和高级两个阶段。

学生按照相关规定，完成大学英语课程学习内容并考核合格，即符合大学英语课程结业要求。

此外，按照学校实施“本科人才培养路线图”有关部署，结合提升人才培养国际性，强调学生外语（英语）口语表达能力培养的总体要求，从2013级学生开始，学校全面实施《中国人民大学英语口语能力标准》（试行）（以下简称《口语标准》），实行“中国人民大学英语口语水平测试”（以下简称“口语测试”），并修订完善了大学英语分级教学课程体系。

所有非英语专业本科学生均需参加“口语测试”，通过后可获得2学分口语学习成绩以及口语能力达标证书。

二、分级管理大学英语课程实行分级教学，原则上分为大学英语2级、大学英语3级、大学英语4级三个级别。

大学英语2级是起始级，4级为最高级。

新生入学时，外国语学院统一组织新生进行分级考试，根据学生分级考试成绩，给出学生英语学习的起点建议。

学生可以根据分级建议选择相应级别的课程学习。

被建议到高一级别课程学习的学生，也可以选择低级别的课程学习。

根据学生学习的具体情况，学生也可以跳级学习。

具体办法是：本级别学习期末考试成绩在90分以上的学生，可在下一学期期初第一周提出跳级学习申请，并参加外国语学院组织的跳级考试。

成绩合格者，经任课教师同意，外国语学院跳级学习审核小组审核通过，可调整到高一级别学习。

例如，2级起点学生在第二学期初可申请参加3级水平考试，成绩合格者可跳到4级学习。

分级后进入大学英语3、4级学习的学生不要求补修低级别课程，也不记低级别课程的成绩和学分。

入学时通过考试进入“大学英语国际化拔尖型人才培养实验班”的学生，按《大学英语国际化拔尖型人才培养试点方案》执行。

金融学第二版课后答案英文版中国人民大学Bodie2_IM_Ch01CHAPTER 1 – Financial EconomicsEnd-of-Chapter ProblemsDefining Finance1. What are your main goals in life? How does finance play a part in achieving those goals? What are the major tradeoffs you face?SAMPLE ANSWER:Finish schoolGet good paying job which I likeGet married and have childrenOwn my own homeProvide for familyPay for children’s educationRetireHow Finance Plays a Role:SAMPLE ANSWER:Finance helps me pay for undergraduate and graduate education and helps me decide whether spending the money on graduate education will be a good investment decision or not.Higher education should enhance my earning power and ability to obtain a job I like.Once I am married and have children I will have additional financial responsibilities (dependents) and I will have to learn how to allocate resources among individuals in the household and learn how to set aside enough money to pay for emergencies, education, vacations etc. Finance also helps me understand how to manage risks such as for disability, life and health.Finance helps me determine whether the home I want to buyis a good value or not. The study of finance also helps me determine the cheapest source of financing for the purchase of that home.Finance helps me determine how much money I will have to save in order to pay for my children’s education as well as my own retirement.Major Tradeoffs:SAMPLE ANSWERSpend money now by going to college (and possibly graduate school) but presumably make more money once I graduate due to my higher education.Consume now and have less money saved for future expenditures such as for a house and/or car or save more money now but consume less than some of my friendsFinancial Decisions of Households2. What is your net worth? What have you included among your assets and your liabilities? Would you list the value of your potential lifetime earning power as an asset or liability? How does it compare in value to other assets you have listed?SAMPLE ANSWER:$ ____________ (very possibly negative at this point)Assets:Checking account balanceSavings account balanceFurniture/Jewelry (watch)Car (possibly)Liabilities:Student loansCredit card balanceIf renting, remainder of rental agreement (unless sublettingis a possibility)Car payments (possibly)Students typically don’t think about the high value of their potential lifetime earning power when calculating their net worth but for young people it is often their most valuable asset.3. How are the financial decisions faced by a single person living alone different from those faced by the head of a household with responsibility for several children of school age? Are the tradeoffs they have to make different, or will they evaluate the tradeoffs differently?A single person needs only to support himself and therefore can make every financial decision on his own. If he does not want health insurance (and is willing to bear the financial risks associated with that decision) then no one will be affected by that decision other than that single person. In addition, this person needs to make no decisions about allocating income among dependents. A single person is very mobile and can choose to live almost anywhere. The tradeoffs this individual makes generally concern issues of consuming (or spending) today versus saving for consumption tomorrow. Since this person is supporting only himself, the need to save now is less important than for the head of household discussed next.T he head of household with several children must share resources (income) among dependents. This individual must be prepared to deal with risk management issues such as how to be prepared for potential financial emergencies (such as a serious health problem experienced by a member of the family or home owners insurance in case of a fire or other mishap). Because there are more people in this household than with a single person, there are greater risks that someone will get sick or injured. Andbecause there are dependents, the wage earner(s) should think carefully about life and disability insurance. In addition, the family is not as mobile as the single individual. Because of the school age children, the family might want to live near “good schools” thinking that a stronger education will eventually help those children’s future well being and financial situation. Thus, the tradeoffs for the head of household are more complex: more money is needed to consume today (he or she needs to support more dependents), but a lot more money is also needed to save for future expenses such as education and housing and more money is needed for risk management such as life and disability insurance.4. Family A and family B both consist of a father, mother and two children of school age. In family A both spouses have jobs outside the home and earn a combined income of $100,000 per year. In family B, only one spouse works outside the home and earns $100,000 per year. How do the financial circumstances and decisions faced by the two families differ?With two wage earners, there is less risk of a total loss of family income due to unemployment or disability than there is in a single wage earning household. The single wage earning family will probably want more disability and life insurance than the two wage earning family. On the flip side, however, the two wage earning family may need to spend extra money on child care expenses if they need to pay someone to watch the children after school.5. Suppose we define financial independence as the ability to engage in the four basic household financial decisions without resort to the use of relative’s resources when making financing decisions. At what age should children be expected to becomefinancially independent?Students will have differing responses to this question depending upon their specific experiences and opinions. Most will probably say independence should come after finishing their education, and they have a significant flow of income.6. You are thinking of buying a car. Analyze the decision by addressing the following issues:a.Are there are other ways to satisfy your transportation requirements besides buying a car? Make a list ofall the alternatives and write down the pros and cons.Transportation Mode Pros ConsWalking ?Takes you directly where you wantto goNo out of pocket costsConvenient ?Takes a long time ?Destination may be too far Bicycle ?Takes you directly to where youwant to goNo out of pocket marginal costsConvenient ?Requires physical strength and endurance ?Destination may be too farBus ?InexpensiveReaches more distant destinations ?May not take you directly where you want to go ?Inconvenient schedules to go ?Many stops, not efficientSubway ?InexpensiveFast ?May not take you directly where you want to goLocal destinations only on limited networkTrain ?Reaches distant destinations ?Moderately expensiveMay not take you directly whereyou want to goAirplane ?Reaches distant destinationsFast ?Most expensiveWill not take you directly where you want to gob. What are the different ways you can finance the purchase of a car?F inance through a bank loan or lease, finance through a car dealer with a loan or a lease or finance the car out of your own savings.c. Obtain information from at least three different providers of automobile financing on the terms they offer.d. What criteria should you use in making your decision?Your decision will be to select the financing alternative that has the lowest cost to you.When analyzing the information, you should consider the following:Do you have the cash saved to make an outright purchase? What interest rate would you be giving up to make that purchase? Do you pay a different price for the car if you pay cash rather than finance?For differing loan plans, what is the down payment today? What are the monthly payments? For how long? What is the relevant interest rate you will be paying? Does the whole loan get paid through monthly payments or is there a balloon payment at the end? Are taxes and/or insurance payments included in the monthly payments? ?For differing lease plans, what is the down payment today? What are the monthly payments? For how long? Do you own the car at the end of the lease? If not, what does it cost to buy the car? Do you have to buy the car at the end of the lease or is it an option? Is there a charge if you decide not to buy the car? What relevant interest rate will you be paying? Are taxesand/or insurance payments included in the monthly payments? Are there mileage restrictions?7. Match each of the following examples with one of the four categories of basic types of household financial decisions.At the Safeway paying with your debit card rather than taking the time to write a checkDeciding to take the proceeds from your winning lottery ticket and use it to pay for an extended vacation on the Italian RivieraFollowing Hillary’s advice and selling your Microsoft shares to invest in pork belly futuresHelping your 15-year old son learn to drive by letting putting him behind the wheel on the back road into townTaking up the offer from the pool supply company to pay off your new hot tub with a 15-month loan with zero payments for the first three monthsThe first is the most difficult since in practice it is simply a cash transaction involving no financing. As such the purchase is a consumption decision only and the payment choice is not a financing decision. The second is also a consumption/saving decision. The third is an exchange of one financial asset for another and therefore an investment decision. The fourth is a risk-management decision since you have subjected yourself to increased risk that is not covered by insurance. The final example is a financing decision involving a loan to finance a purchase.Forms of Business Organization8. You are thinking of starting your own business, but have no money.a.Think of a business that you could start without having to borrow any money.A ny business that involves a student’s own personal service would be cheap to start up. For instance he or she could start a business running errands for others, walking their dogs, shopping etc. Along those same lines they could start some kind of consulting business. Both of these businesses could be run out of their dorm room or their own home and could be started with very little capital. If they wanted to hire additional workers, they would have to be paid on a commission basis to limit upfront expenses.b. Now think of a business that you would want to start if you could borrow any amount of money at the going market interest rate.Certainly there are many interesting businesses that could be started if one could finance 100% of the business with borrowed capital and no equity. Since you will be able to borrow 100% of the financing, you will be willing to take a lot greater risk than if you were investing your own money.c. What are the risks you would face in this business?[Answer is, of course, dependent on answer to question “b.”]d. Where can you get financing for your new business?Depending upon the size of the financing needed, students should be looking for both debt and equity financing. The sources of this financing ranges from individuals and credit cards (for very small sums) to banks, venture capitalists, public debt and equity markets, insurance companies and pension funds9. Choose an organization that is not a firm, such as a club or church group and list the most important financial decisions it has to make. What are the key tradeoffs the organization faces? What role do preferences play in choosing among alternatives?Interview the financial manager of the organization and check to see if he or she agrees with you.SAMPLE ANSWER:Local Church group. Most important financial decisions:Whether or not to repair damage done to church and grounds during last big hurricane (specifically repairing the leaking roof)What project to put off in order to pay for repair damageHow to pay for renovations to downstairs Sunday school roomsHow to increase member attendance and contributionsHow to organize and solicit volunteers for the annual Church Sale (largest fund raiser of the year)Key Tradeoffs and Preferences:C hurch group funds are severely limited, so the organization needs to prioritize expenses based upon cost and need. Not all projects that are needed will be undertaken due to the expense involved. An equally large amount of timewill be spent trying to raise financing since funds inflow is variable. Since not all projects can be financed, preferences of different important individuals (such as the pastor) take on great significance in the decision-making process.Market Discipline: Takeovers10. Challenge Question: While there are clear advantages to the separation of management from ownership of business enterprises, there is also a fundamental disadvantage in that it may be costly to align the goals of management with those of the owners. Suggest at least two methods, other than the takeover market, by which the conflict can be reduced, albeit at some cost.One way is to provide incentives for the managers so that they increase their pay when owners interests are improved. An example would be compensating managers with stock options, the value of which increase with the market value of shareholder’s int erests. A second method is to more closely monitor the behavior of the managers. Outside management consultants and auditors serve this role in part particularly to the extent that they report their findings to representatives from ownership groups. Both of these solutions assume the management cannot effectively deceive markets or consultant/auditors through misleading information or actions to inflate the market value of the ownership shares or there performance records.11. Challenge Question:Consider a poorly run local coffee shop with its prime location featuring a steady stream of potential clients passing by on their way to and from campus. How does the longtime disgruntled, sloppy and inefficient owner-manager of Cup-a-Joe survive and avoid disciplining from the takeover market? This is not a question about a misalignment of the goals of the owner(s) and manager(s) of a firm since we have explicitly said the firm is owner-managed. If in fact the coffee shop is mismanaged the potential exists for an outsider to purchase a controlling interest in the operation and put more efficient management into place if the purchase price does not exceed the value of profits to be generated by the efficiently managed firm. If the present owner chooses not to sell he must value the firm for more than the value of the profits generated by an efficiently managed firm. Therefore his position in the firm must generate for him non-pecuniary benefits, or benefits unrelated to the firm’s profitability and he is therefore not avalue maximizer. Perhaps he enjoys making fun of his clients or takes pride in his eclectic tastes in interior decorating. In any case the takeover market does discipline him in the sense that he will be forced to pay for his non-pecuniary benefits in the sense that he trades off profits.The same could be said of an owner-manager who lacks the required specialized skills to properly run the firm but never the less continues to operate the company inefficiently because he ‘likes’ the work!The Role of the Finance Specialist in a Corporation12. Which of the following tasks undertaken within a corporate office are likely to fall under the supervision of the treasurer? The controller?Arranging to extend a line of credit from a bankArranging with an investment bank for a foreign exchange transactionProducing a detailed analysis of the cost structure of the company’s alternative product linesTaking cash payments for company sales and purchasing U.S. Treasury BillsFiling quarterly statements with the Securities and Exchange CommissionThe first two and the fourth items are responsibilities of the treasurer while the third and fifth items fall under the workload of the controller’s office.Objectivesy Define finance.y Explain why finance is worth studying.y Introduce two of the main players in the world of finance—households and firms—and the kinds of financial decisions theymake. The other main players, financial intermediaries and government, are introduced in chapter 2.Contents1.1Defining Finance1.2Why Study Finance?1.3Financial Decisions of Households1.4Financial Decisions of Firms1.5Forms of Business Organization1.6Separation of Ownership and Management1.7The Goal of Management1.8Market Discipline: Takeovers1.9The Role of the Finance Specialist in a CorporationSummaryFinance is the study of how to allocate scarce resources over time. The two features that distinguish finance are that the costs and benefits of financial decisions are spread out over time and are usually not known with certainty in advance by either the decision maker or anybody else.A basic tenet of finance is that the ultimate function of the system is to satisfy people’s consumption preferences. Economic organizations such as firms and governments exist in order to facilitate the achievement of that ultimate function. Many financial decisions can be made strictly on the basis of improving the trade-offs available to people without knowledge of their consumption preferences.There are at least five good reasons to study finance:y To manage your personal resources.y To deal with the world of business.y To pursue interesting and rewarding career opportunities.y To make informed public choices as a citizen.y To expand your mind.The players in finance theory are households, business firms, financial intermediaries, and governments. Households occupy a special place in the theory because the ultimate function of the system is to satisfy the preferences of people, and the theory treats those preferences as given. Finance theory explains household behavior as an attempt to satisfy those preferences. The behavior of firms is viewed from the perspective of how it affects the welfare of households.Households face four basic types of financial decisions:y Saving decisions: How much of their current income should they save for the future?y Investment decisions: How should they invest the money they have saved?y Financing decisions: When and how should they use other people’s money to sa tisfy their wants and needs?y Risk-management decisions: How and on what terms should they seek to reduce the economic uncertainties they face or to take calculated risks?There are three main areas of financial decision making in a business: capital budgeting, capital structure, and working capital management.There are five reasons for separating the management from the ownership of a business enterprise: y Professional managers may be found who have a superior ability to run the business.y To achieve the efficient scale of a business the resources of many households may have to be pooled.y In an uncertain economic environment, owners will want to diversify their risks across many firms. Such efficient diversification is difficult to achieve without separation ofownership and management.y To achieve savings in the costs of gathering information.y The “learning curve” or “going concern” effect: When the owner is also the manager, the new owner has to learn the business from the former owner in order to manage it efficiently. If the owner is not the manager, then when the business is sold, the manager continues in place and works for the new owner.The corporate form is especially well suited to the separation of ownership and management of firms because it allows relatively frequent changes in owners by share transfer without affecting the operations of the firm.The primary goal of corporate management is to maximize shareholder wealth. It leads managers to make the same investment decisions that each of the individual owners would have made had they made the decisions themselves.A competitive stock market imposes a strong discipline on managers to take actions to maximize the market value of the firm’s shares.。

大学学英语教材推荐书英语是一门重要的外语，对于大学生来说，学好英语是非常有益的。

而选择一本好的教材可以提高学习效果，加深对英语知识的理解和应用。

下面是我对于大学学英语教材的推荐。

1.《剑桥英语教材系列》剑桥出版社出版的英语教材系列是目前较为广泛使用的教材。

该系列教材内容覆盖了英语学习的各个方面，包括听力、口语、阅读和写作。

其特点是注重英语实际运用能力的培养，通过大量的例句和练习，帮助学生巩固所学知识，并提高英语的运用能力。

2.《新编大学英语教材系列》这是一套由中国人民大学出版社编写的教材系列。

该系列教材根据中国大学生的实际需求和学习特点编写，内容生活化、贴近大学生的学习和生活。

该系列教材在教授基础知识的同时，注重培养学生的语言交际能力和综合运用能力，对于培养学生的英语实际应用能力非常有帮助。

3.《大学英语四六级教材》大学英语四六级教材是备受大学生关注的教材之一。

这些教材针对中国大学生参加英语四六级考试的需要编写，其中包含了大量的真题和模拟题，并配有详细的解析和答案。

通过学习这些教材，学生可以更好地了解英语四六级考试的出题方式和考试要求，提高应试能力。

4.《牛津英语教材系列》牛津大学出版社出版的英语教材系列也是备受推崇的教材之一。

该系列教材内容丰富多样，涵盖了英语学习的各个方面，如听说读写和翻译等。

该系列教材注重培养学生的语言交际能力和跨文化交流能力，通过实用的例句和练习，帮助学生掌握英语的运用技巧。

总结起来，选择适合自己的英语教材非常重要。

大学学英语教材推荐书中的《剑桥英语教材系列》、《新编大学英语教材系列》、《大学英语四六级教材》和《牛津英语教材系列》都是非常值得推荐的教材。

通过选择适合自己学习风格和需求的教材，大学生可以更好地提高自己的英语水平，为以后的学习和工作打下坚实的基础。

计算机科学与技术专业
专业代号：高中起点本科为990018；专科为080748；独立本科段为080749 一、课程设置及使用教材
说明：
通过（00015）英语（二）课程可顶替（00012）英语（一）课程；
二、报考条件
以下专业专科以上层次的毕业生可直接报考本专业独立本科段：
理工类：计算机科学与技术、计算机网络、计算机信息管理、计算机通信工程、计算机软件、信息管理与服务、电子科学与技术、地理信息系统、工业自动化、光机电一体化、信息安全、数控技术、船舶技术、机械制造技术、机电技术应用、计算机图形图像技术、应用电子、光电子、模具设计与制造、港口与航运管理、公路工程管理、电子信息工程等专业；
管理类：工程管理、电子商务、电子政务、物流管理、土地资源管理等专业。

不符合直接报考条件专业的毕业生报考本专业独立本科段时，须加试（00342）高级语言程序设计（一）、（02316）计算机应用技术、（02318）计算机组成原理3门课程，所有加试课程均为推荐课程。

三、实践性环节考核部分
1
2．（04616）专业实践：本专业所有的专业课均有实践环节。

3．（17991）计算机科学与技术毕业考核：撰写毕业论文并答辩。

四、新旧课程衔接
注：只通过（0001
只通过（0003）法律基础与思想道德修养课程的考生，须参加（03707）毛泽东思想、邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想概论课程的考试。

只通过（0004）毛泽东思想概论和（0005）马克思主义政治经济学原理2门课程中一门的考生，须参加（03708）中国近现代史纲要课程的考试。