英语四级 应用文辅导讲义

四级语法应用法讲义一、什么是长难句&划分长难句的方法：1.长难句定义：2.长难句划分方法：连动切割法（摘自《考研英语语法真经》第九章）·连动切割法：将句子中的所有连词和动词（连词、动词的排列不分先后）作为切割长难句的基础，断开主句和从句。

·长难句划分的具体步骤：【第一步】断开主句和从句：通读整个句子找出所有的连词或动词，并将连词和动词匹配起来（主要是针对从句而言，主句不存在连词，从句连词和动词的匹配遵守就近原则），然后再给动词匹配主语（主句的主语在谓语之前找；从句的主语在连词和与之匹配的谓语动词中间找，如果它们中间没有任何词语，那么连词本身就是这个从句的主语。

）【第二步】断开介词短语和非谓语动词：A．识别介词短语：B．识别非谓语动词：二、总结复习句子的主要成分1、主语（1）定义：（2）位置：（3）什么可以充当主语：2、谓语（1）定义：（2）位置：（3）什么可以充当谓语：（2）位置：（3）什么可以充当宾语：4、表语（1）定义：（2）位置：（3）什么可以充当表语：5、定语（1）定义：（2）位置：（3）什么可以充当定语：6、状语（1）定义：（2）位置：（3）什么可以充当状语：7、补足语（1）定义：（2）位置：（3）什么可以充当补足语：8、同位语：（1）定义：（2）位置：（3）什么可以充当同位语：二、真题实战1.选词填空I①Just because they can’t sing opera or ride a bicycle doesn’t mean that animals don’t have culture.②There’s no better example of this than killer whales. ③As one of the most __26__ predators（食肉动物），killer whales may not fit the __27__ of a cultured creature. ④However, these beasts of the sea do display a vast range of highly __28__ behaviors that appear to be driving their genetic development.II①The word “culture” comes from the Latin “colere,” which __29__ means “to cultivate.” ②In other words, it refers to anything that is __30__ or learnt, rather than instinctive or natural. ③Among human populations, culture not only affects the way we live, but also writes itself into our genes, affectingwho we are. ④For instance, having spent many generations hunting the fat marine mammals of the Arctic, the Eskimos of Greenland have developed certain genetic __31__ that help them digest and utilize this fat-rich diet, thereby allowing them to __32__ in their cold climate.III①Like humans, killer whales have colonized a range of different __33__ across the globe, occupying every ocean basin on the planet with an empire that __34__ from pole to pole. ②As such, different populations of killer whales have had to learn different hunting techniques in order to gain the upper hand over their local prey（猎物）. ③This, in turn, has a major effect on their diet, leading scientists to __35__ that the ability to learn population-specific hunting methods could be driving the animals’genetic development.2.长难句例1.In one the focus could be on building financial success and personal achievement, in another on creating a better work/life balance, still another on exploring and understanding options more fully, or becoming an independent producer, yet another on making a social Contribution.【参考译文】某个阶段的目标可能是获得财富成功和个人成就，另一个阶段的目标可能是更好地平衡工作与生活，若还有另一个阶段的话，其目标可能是更加充分地探索和理解各种选择，或变成独立生产商，如果还有另外一个例2.These stages will span sectors, take people to different cities, and provide Foundation for building a wide variety of skills.【参考译文】这些阶段将涵盖多个领域，将人们带到不同的城市，为培养各种各样的技能打下基础。

英文书信的起首语I was glad to receive your letter of May 4 ...With great delight I learn that ...I have the pleasure to tell you that...We have received with many thanks your letter of 20 May, and take the pleasure of sending you our latest catalog.I’m writing to…英文书信的结束语I hope to hear from you very soon.I look forward to your early reply (your reply at your earliest conv enience.Your early reply will be highly appreciated.I look forward to our next meeting.Please let us know if you want more information.Any other particulars required I shall be pleased to give you.We enclose two copies of...Enclosed is a resume of my background and experience.如何完美表达书信中的“谢谢”I sincerely (deeply) (warmly) appreciate ...我真挚的（深深的）（热情的）感谢......I am very sincerely (most) (truly) grateful to you for ...为了......，我非常真挚的（深深的）（真诚的）感谢您。

1. Young people may find going abroad appealing because they really enjoy it. (空洞句) Young people may find going abroad appealingbecause we can learn a lot and broad oue view ina different counties.2. The reason I like surfing the Internet because it is my favorite hobby. （句子碎片）The reason why is that ………It is widely accepted/ believed thatIt goes without saying that3. Mobile phone is very common in our society, about 1/3 of city dwellers have become accustomed to using it.Mobile phone is very common in our society and about 1/3 of city dwellers have become accustomed to using it（标点）4. Some students did not choose their courses wisely, consequently, their credits for college admission were inadequate.Some students did nit choose their course wisely ,consequently; (分号)5. I kept on thinking about failing in NINEM for MA/MS in last year. Why? Because of the time.Because of the time is limited. （从句不可以成为主句）6. I am going to have a lot of activities during the summer vacation. For example playing in the field, climbing the mountain, and traveling by train.for example 后一般只跟一样东西such as 可以在后面加许多7. College students doing part-time jobs is good to his family, himself and the society.to their family theirselves and the society(错误指代)8. I will meet with lots of difficulties, but I think I can overcome it. (faulty reference)9. Finding a good apartment is as difficult as to pay the rent.10. The canteen should setup several televisions. Improvement of the Sentence Writing1. Many people think birth control is quite necessary in China.2. Many Chinese people have gone to the United States in the past 15 years.3. Such belief is wrong and dangerous.As a matter of fact ,such belief is unfortunately wrong and possible dangerous (副词)4. There are two reasons for the effect.There are two possible resons fot the this dangerous effect (形容词)5. I think we can take three measures to solve the problem.Three measure , I think can be taken to solve the problem. （插入语）6. It seems that the first part is better written than the other parts.the first part ,it seem s is better than the other parts（插入语）7. We are making great efforts to improve our English. Great efforts are being made to improve （多用被动语态)8. Because of social demands, there appear many evening schools.Many eveing schools are made called to existence by social demands(多用被动语态)9. Diplomas are very attractive because it is demanded by our society.Why are these diplones so attractive and charming ?The reason for this is that it is (无中生有)10. English studying is very common because it is widely used in our society.11. Living in the countryside is the best thing for me.Nothing could be better for me than living in the countryside(反问陈述)12. Whenever you pick up a newspaper, you will always find advertisements.It is impossible to pick up an newspaper without fing ads13. We can see from the above graphs that from 1990 to 1995 the price of meat was on the rise, while consumption increased.14. Although we hold different attitudes towards opportunity, no one should neglect its importance.Different as the attitudes one ,no one (as的作用)15. As is shown by the two graphs, from 1800 to 1900, with the rapid growth of U.S. population, the number of species no longer existing shot up, adding up to 70 in 1990.During the period of the time from16. Pollution is an extremely serious problem：the city authorities should take strong measures to deal with it.17. Beijing has won the bid for the 2008 Olympic Game! Many college students could not sleep that night because they were so excited.18. Teenagers are pressured by school work. They are also encouraged by their peers. Under such circumstances, they resort to smoking. But sometimes they feel a little guilty.19. The style of living has become more and more popular and accepted by more and more young people.20. More and more people agree (realize/are aware) that women should enjoy full equality with men.21. Teachers are called “engineers of human soul”.22. Does television have more advantages than disadvantages?23. I am in favor of equal rights for women. I think women should especially have the right to compete with men for jobs on equal terms. They should get the same pay as men for the same job. They should also have equal opportunities for promotion.24. True friends will be very proud of your progress. If you face difficulties true friends will encourage you.①空洞句②句子碎片③标点④分号⑤从句不可成为主句⑥破折号⑦错误指代⑨平行结构⑩被动⑾要用人做主语⑿形容词和副词⒀插入语⒁无中生有⒂⒃陈述⒄冗余结构⒅反面绪论的句型————文章的开头段部分第一类：选择题型的开头For most people today, ____________has become their main source of__________, but as forme, __________should be regarded as a better source.There is no consensus of opinions among people as to the view of____________. Somepeople suggest that, while others argue that____________, l agree with the latter.It is a quite controversial argument whether_____________. In my opinion, l think that____________is a better idea because of_____________.It is often difficult for some people to decide whether ___________. But for others, the advantages of__________ always outweigh the disadvantages.From my point of view it is more advisable to choose______________ rather than____________.People differ greatly in their attitudes towards this problem. Some people hold the opinion that____________. Others, on the contrary, maintain that ____________. Personally, I stand on the side of____________.Despite the fact that most of them like____________, I would like to choose to_____________. 第二类：判断题型的开头赞成类l agree with the statement to some extent that ___________.I can see both advantages and disadvantages to_____________. Overall, l think it is a good idea. Consequently I agree with the title statement that________________.I fully support the statement above because I am very sure that______________.Many people advocate that___________, they claim that_______________, my opinion is the same as theirs in the following reasons.At first glance, it seems very difficult for us to draw a definite concIusion that_______________is right or wrong, because it has both advantages and disadvantages.However, after serious considerahons we can see that under most cireumstances _____________ will do more good than harm.Two different opinions obviously exist to support and to oppose. After pondering theopinions from several aspects, personally, I agree with the idea that____________.反对类Nowadays, the problem of _____________has aroused public attention. Some peoplecriticize that. They believe that____________. However, I firmly objectto this argument.Until recently, ______________ was viewed as the prime argument, but people are taking a fresh look at it.Although it is an admirable idea, ____________ is not always a realistic option.Thinking logically, I can only say that this statement is valid because.Some people think that_______________, frankly speaking, I cannot agree with their opinion for the reasons below.To make it an extreme, the majority would argue that __________．It is essentialFor______________.第三类：论述题型的开头One of the hottest topics many People talk about now is___________.It has become apparent to us that______________.____________ plays a vital part in everyone's daily work and life.In the past few years, there has been a growing trend that____________.One of the universal issues thet draw growing concern is_____________._______________. This view has been shared now by more and more people.____________ is known as one of the most serious problems in today's society. We can see it almost everywhere. This phenomenon is the result of several reasons.With the development of society, _____________.In recent years, many cities have been faced with the serious problem of___________.One of the great writers once said that__________. Now it still has a realisticsignificance.When asked about ___________,people have al1 kind of views concerning it. From mypoint of view, ____________.本论的句型————文章的理由段部分承上启下的过渡句型In my opinion, the phenomenon __________is mainly due to several factors.A number of reasons may help at this point.This quite different view is based on the propensity of following points.Putting too much emphasis on ___________ may result in obscuring other facts.To assume that ________ is destined to miss the following points.The reasons and examples 1isted below will strengthen my point of view.阐述理由的句型The main problem with this argument is that ___________.The root cause for __________ is____________.The most immediate reason for ___________ is ___________.One of the factor accounts for is that _____________.举例This offers a typical instance of ____________.Take __________ for example.We may cite a common example of ___________.结论的句型——文章的结论部分In short,___________. In sum,___________.In summary, ___________. In a word, __________.Taking into account of all these factors, I think that ___________.Based on the points discussed above, we can see ___________.With the improvement of ___________, ___________ will prove to hold great superiority over ____________.From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that _________. There are a lot of details to consider, but al1 in all, I support the idea that _________.While it is true that the argument I disagree hold a little bit of water, I think that ____________. 问题解决提出解决方案Measures must be taken toIt is high time we had toIt is pressing/indispensable/essential that proper actions/effective measures should be taken to Great efforts should be put into/focused onWe need to take a fresh/clear look/view at this matter/problem/situation /in a new perspective/ from a new standpoint.最佳、最重要解决方案的句型What we can do is simply toThe best approach/solution to … isIt is urgent/pressing/significant/practical/feasible to应用文常用句型常见辩论话题理由1．SmokingFor：1．it is pleasurable and relaxing2．it is one's right3．it is difficult to stop smoking4．it is an old custom going back hundreds of years5．it is not always dangerous to one's health6．it makes socializing easier7．it is an important source of tax revenue8．intoxication is a natural drive (e.g., coffee, drugs, alcohol)Against:1．it is harmful to one's health (e.g., heart disease, bronchial trouble, lung cancer )2．it is harmful to those nearby3．it is a dirty and expensive habit4．it is addictive (i.e., nicotine)5．it is quickly being banned in public areas6．it lives off deceptive advertising2．School UniformsFor：1．they build character2．they eliminate class differences3．they allow students to better concentrate on their studies4．they are popular with parents and administrators5．they are inexpensive6．they are attractive and neat7．they eliminate the need to choose what to wear every day8．many countries have themAgainst：1．they lead to conformity2．they are disliked by students (students like to primp)3．they create a military mentality4．they are an infringement on our freedom (different strokes for different folks) 5．they are ugly and childish6．they deprive youths of an important choice: what to wear7．they are losing popularity everywhere3．Legalized GamblingFor：1．it reduces taxes2．it is a source of government revenue3．it is gaining popularity in the world4．it is an old practice dating back thousands of years5．it is pleasurable (e.g., horse racing, casinos)6．it is voluntary7．many people play poker and mahjongAgainst：1．it is banned in most countries2．it is condemned by most religions3．it can become addictive4．it encourages people to throw away their hard-earned savings5．it teaches people not to work for money6．it can destroy happy families7．it can lead to suicide8．it is easily controlled by the Mafia (e.g., bookmakers )4．City LifeFor：1．it is exciting2．it attracts people from the countryside3．it offers the best schools, hospitals, and stores4．it offers many amenities (e.g., swimming pools, bowling alleys, and sports stadiums ) 5．it offers many chances of employment6．its noise and overcrowding are hardly noticeable7．cities have an efficient public transportation system8．city planners can create a good living environment 9．crime can be found in the countryside as wellAgainst ：1．it is unhealthy (e.g., water and air pollution )2．it is not a good environment for children3．it is devoid of Nature and distinct seasons4．it is noisy and dangerous5．it makes people nervous and even neurotic6．it has created awful slums7．cities are overcrowded and expensive8．many city dwellers long to return to the countryside 9．city housing projects are unpopular5．Informing Patients Of CancerFor：1．patients want to know2．it is wrong to hide the truth3．it is not a shock for the patient but for his family4．it gives the patient a chance to plan his last days5．it is the patient' s body, not the doctor' s6．doctors are for it (in the U. S.)7．it allows a person to choose alternate means of treatment Against：1．it is heartless and cruel2．it may make the patient give up3．it causes depression4．it can lead to suicide5．most relatives are against it6．a white lie can save undue suffering7．doctors are against it (in Japan)6．Social SecurityFor：1．the state should help the poor, aged, unemployed, and sick 2．the state should provide good health care for its citizens 3．the strong must help the weak4．Social Darwinism is outdated5．there will always be social misfits that need help6．all religions stress charity7．all advanced countries have some form of social securityAgainst ：1．it costs too much2．it encourages laziness and destroys the work ethic3．it does not work efficiently4．people should look after themselves5．it results in heavy taxes6．Social Darwinism tells us that life is the "survival of the fittest" 7．there are no freebies in life7．CoeducationFor ：1．it is natural (i.e., adult society is not segregated )2．it gives men and women a chance to better understand one another 3．it gives men and women a chance to compete with one another 4．it is the modern trend5．it has many practical advantages (e.g., school plays, music groups) 6．it produces well-adjusted adults7．most parents prefer coeducation.8．separate schools foster sexual rivalry9．women become neurotic in all-women' s schoolsAgainst ：1．women do better academically in their own colleges2．women are in college to get an education, not a husband 3．women have their own values to develop4．it can lead to intimacy and promiscuity5．it is still rare in some countries6．it is opposed by some parents7．it robs women of their self-confidence8．separate schools have existed for centuries9．marry great men and women attended separate schools8．Corporal PunishmentFor ：1．children are not adults2．children respect discipline3．it is a check on excessive permissiveness4．it does no permanent damage because children are hardy creatures 5．it is opposed only by mixed-up psychologists6．it is a form of training7．it builds real character8．it reinforces the authority of teachers and parents9．it works to control juvenile delinquency10. there is the saying: Spare the rod and spoil the childAgainst ：1．it is barbarous2．Freud said it is wrong3．love is better than physical punishment4．it can cause psychological problems5．it is not necessary if children are raised correctly6．it is an emotional, irrational response7．it can result in a lawsuit8．beatings have been known to result in death9．there is the saying : Violence begets violence9．Organ TransplantsFor ：1．they prolong life2．they are supported by the medical profession3．they enhance medical science4．they are a challenge to surgeons5．critically ill people want transplants in order to live6．costs will come down as the surgery becomes routine7．there is no "time" to die8．death is defined as brain death9．the drugs cyclosporine and FK-506 have helped eliminate the problem of rejection Against ：1．they are too expensive2．they favor the rich3．they encourage the poor in Third World countries to sell their organs4．they are unnatural as seen by the body' s rejection5．they are often unsuccessful6．the idea is sinister7．Nature has decided when we should die8．the process of deciding who gets the next available organ is unfair9．there is as yet no agreement on what constitutes death (brain -dead versus heart-dead)10．Civil DisobedienceFor ：1．it draws attention to unjust of unconstitutional laws2．it is a matter of religious or moral convictions3．it is the only way to fight oppression4．it is usually nonviolent5．it is used only in extreme circumstances6．it goes back to the time of Jesus Christ7．it is common, like cheating on taxes and illegal parking8．God' s laws take precedence over man' s laws9．protestors are ready to accept punishment for their beliefs10．many famous people have engaged in civil disobedience (e.g., Mahatma Gandhi and Andrei Sakharov)11．there are many famous examples such as the Boston Tea Party and conscientious objectors during the Vietnam WarAgainst ：1．no one is above the law2．it can quickly destroy law and order3．it leads to anarchy4．it leads to contempt for all laws5．protestors are cowards trying to escape punishment6．protestors often resort to violence7．the democratic process should be used to effect change11．AbortionFor ：1．it is a woman' s fundamental right, say abortion-rights advocates2．it is necessary for unwed mothers3．it is necessary for rape victims4．it is necessary in some cases to save a mother' s life5．procreation is a couple' s choice6．it is a form of birth control7．poor, illiterate women want it8．most women support it9．it is necessary to prevent overpopulation10．it prevents unwanted babies from coming into the world11．it is not murder because a fetus is not yet a human beingAgainst：1．it is murder (infanticide), say anti-choice groups2．life begins at conception3．it is an unnatural practice4．it is immoral because only God can take a life5．a fetus is a human being-unborn but viable6．the rights of a fetus must be protected7．it is painful for the fetus-a barbaric practice8．it is not the same as other modern birth-control devices9．it causes many women to have guilt feelings10．unwanted babies can be put up for adoption12．CensorshipFor ：1．it is for the good of society2．it protects children3．every society has some form of censorship4．the individual is less important than the community 5．absolute freedom leads to anarchy6．many adults are not mature enough to make their own decisions 7．it can be carried out wisely8．pornography is not art9．pornography is in the hands of unscrupulous people 10．obscene works should be banned11．it is necessary in times of warAgainst ：1．it limits the individual' s freedom and human rights2．it is not consistent with democracy3．it is subjective and not objective4．it creates the problem of who will censor5．it is disappearing in advanced countries6．it deprives adults of their right to make decisions7．it can be applied to all aspects of our lives8．it is the first step toward totalitarianism9．it draws attention to banned works and increases sales 10．voluntary censorship is better13．Equality Of the SexesFor ：1．we all have the same Creator2．matriarchal societies go back thousands of years3．all advanced societies have given women equal rights 4．most companies have adopted equal pay for equal work 5．there are no skills women cannot master6．there are even women body builders7．men have a basic inferiority complex8．women are more interested in peace than men9．some world leaders are women (e.g., Margaret Thatcher )10．women are superior to men in some fields11．no scientific studies back up the stereotypes men have of women Against ：1．women have a different biological function2．women are physically weaker than men3．women can' t be mothers and career women at the same time 4．many women want to depend on men5．most women want to stay at home and be mothers6．women haven' t been given the vote in some countries 7．women are emotional and irrational8．women think intuitively (no famous women philosophers) 9．hormones cause women to behave differently14．Foreign AidFor ：1．it is humane2．the rich should help the poor3．all religions teach charity4．it seeks to end poverty, disease, and illiteracy5．it can be used to help refugees and combat slavery6．it is given by all advanced countries7．it is supported by the Red Cross and the United Nations8．it helped rebuild Japan and Germany9．it increases world trade10．it achieves political objectives11．it promotes national securityAgainst ：1．it is degrading to the recipient2．it is never appreciated3．it leads to feelings of inferiority4．it limits the independence of developing countries5．it subsidizes laziness6．it often goes into the pockets of corrupt officials7．it supports Third World dictatorships8．it can be culturally damaging9．it has divided the United Nations10．the money should be spent at home for one' s own people15．DivorceFor ：1．it is the logical solution to a bad marriage2．it allows both persons to seek happiness in a second marriage3．it dates from as early as ancient Babylonia4．it is legally recognized by most countries5．it is accepted by most people6．remarriage is a right7．it is necessary in cases of adultery, alcoholism, desertion, drug addiction, and mental and physical cruelty8．children are better off living with one parent than with both in an unhappy environment 9．feminists support itAgainst ：1．it breaks up the family2．it makes it too easy for two persons to walk out of their marriage3．it is opposed by various religions4．it is banned by some countries5．it was uncommon until fifty years ago6．marriage is a serious responsibility7．it is a sign of immaturity8．counseling is the solution9．it harms children emotionally10．children need both parents11．child custody decisions are messy16．Compulsory Military ServiceFor ：1．it aims to strengthen national defense2．it teaches young men discipline3．it builds character and physical fithess4．it teaches valuable skills5．it nurtures a spirit of comradeship an equality6．it offers opportunities for overseas travel7．it exists in many countries (e.g., Switzerland, Singapore)8．it reduces unemployment9．it instills a sense of patriotismAgainst：1．it is unnecessary in view of today' s professional armies2．it is a step away from peace3．some countries have abolished it (e. g., the U.S., Japan)4．today' s armies do not need unskilled manpower5．it interrupts young men' s studies and careers6．it is a useless experience7．it is a source of slave labor8．it results in bullying and conformity9．it does not build character10．it can cause mental disorders11．military skills are useless in private industry17．V oluntary EuthanasiaFor ：1．it is a basic right-the right to die2．the Greek origin of the word euthanasia means "good death "3．it allows one to die with dignity4．it allows one to choose the time and place of death5．it is logical and humane6．it can be regulated with safeguards (e.g., the person must be rationally lucid) 7．it is painless8．it is the solution to a terminal illness with suffering9．the dying want it10．some doctors will assist the patient to end his life11．it recognizes death as a natural, biological process12．doctor-assisted suicide is legal in Holland, under certain guidelines Against ：1．it is murder or suicide2．it is illegal in most countries3．most doctors oppose it4．it is a first step to killing the old and infirm5．it is irreversible in the event of a new cure6．only God can end a life7．most religions oppose it8．suicide is always irrational9．the dying are too sick to know what they want10．the dying should look to hospices that dispense painkillers11．it can be abused by greedy persons seeking an inheritance18．Capital PunishmentFor：1．it frightens would-be criminals (acts as a deterrent )2．it serves as a just reward for killers3．it lowers crime rates4．it is more economical than a life sentence (saves the state money)5．in rare cases it may lead to the death of an innocent person, but this cannot be helped 6．most countries practice it7．killers should not be allowed to become hero-figures8．a life sentence is never for life but for only a few years9．killers are heartless and cruel and should not be protected by sociologistsAgainst ：1．it frightens no one2．it is motivated by revenge and not justice3．it does not lower crime rates4．it can lead to the death of an innocent person (a mistake)5．it is a barbaric practice (hanging, electric chairs, gas chambers)6．it is unjust because only God can take away life7．the real solution to crime is the elimination of social injustices and rehabilitation 8．killers are often mentally ill and in need of medical treatment9．the death penalty is being abandoned by many countries19．Trade ProtectionismFor ：1．industries need government protection2．no nation can allow its industries to be destroyed3．agriculture must be protected for national security reasons4．real free trade doesn' t exist and never has5．national security is more important than idealistic trade principles6．it has made Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan prosperous7．every nation ' s economy is shaped by its own culture8．there are various forms of free-market economy9．every nation should have an industrial policy10．governments must provide jobs for their workers by whatever meansAgainst ：1．it invites retaliation2．it invites reciprocity based on a quid pro quo basis3．it impedes world trade and prosperity4．it hurts poor, underdeveloped countries5．it leads to trade wars6．it makes industries less competitive7．it costs taxpayers large sums of money8．it gives consumers less choice9．it is denounced by most nations10．it is based not just on high tariffs but also on government regulations, inspections, certification, and distribution20．Nuclear PowerFor：1．it provides huge amounts of energy from small amounts of fuel2．it is the best source of energy for countries without oil3．the world' s supply of oil will be exhausted in 90 years4．it already produces most of the energy needs of some countries5．it could supply all the world' s electricity for millions of years if fully developed6．it is safe if properly supervised7．nuclear power plants create less air pollution than fossil-fuel power plants8．the issue has become far too emotionalAgainst ：1．it is too dangerous (e.g., Chernobyl accident)2．most people are afraid of it3．the world' s supply of uranium is fast decreasing4．it is better to develop other sources of energy (e.g., fusion)5．radioactive wastes cannot be disposed of6．it can produce nuclear weapons for warfare7．certain radical world leaders are trying to buy nuclear weapons8．nuclear plants are expensive to build9．the U.S. is slowly closing down its nuclear power plants10．nuclear wastes can cause cancer。

一．The main types of guided writing:1. 提纲式作文：Directions:Women make a great contribution to the progress of modern society. But there are still some people who don’t agree with it.There has been a discussion recently on the issue in a newspaper. Write an essay to the newspaper based on the following outline.1. Role of women in modern society2. Prejudices and discrimination against women3. My commentY ou should write about 200 words within 40 minutes.Women play an important part in modern society. Now many women are going into professions, such as medicine, law and engineering. They comprise a large part of the workers in offices and factories. Many jobs they are engaged in are in line with their special capabilities of their sex. In addition, some of are working up to important positions which used to be held mainly by men. There are even some businesses which are run completely by women. It is obvious that women are making an outstanding contribution to the progress of modern society.There are, however, still some people who assert that men are superior to women in many ways. In the first place, many jobs men do can hardly be done by women, who are physically not strong enough. They believe that women are the weaker sex – both physically and emotionally. Thus, women are naturally suited, much more so than men, to the performance of domestic duties. According to them, a woman’s place is within the protective environment of the home. Secondly, most of the world-famous scientists and statesmen are found to be males. Finally, the whole society seems to have always been dominated by men only. In their opinion, men should enjoy more rights than do women.Personally, I’m firmly standing on the side of those women right defenders. Since both men and women are equally important in human activities, they should be on an equal footing. (242 words)2. 提纲图表式作文：Directions: In this part, you are to write an essay of about 200 words within 40 minutes. Study the following table care fully and your composition must be based on the information given in the table. Y ou should quote as few figures as possible.Outline: 1. Changes in people’s daily expanses in the past five years2. Possible reasons for the changesIn the past five years, there have been great changes in people’s daily expenses in XX city. According to the figures given in the table, the amount of money spent on food decreased gradually, accounting for 35 per cent in 2001. However, there was a rapid increase in clothing expenses, which made up 15% in 2001. In addition, the table shows an upward tendency in recreation expenses. The same was the case with other expenses.What caused these remarkable changes? In my opinion, there are at least three good reasons. T o begin with, with the rapid development of agriculture in China, the output of grain, fruit, vegetables and milk has sharply increased, which contributes to the decline in their prices. Secondly, the family incomes of people both in the city and in the country have greatly risen so that people now can afford expensive clothing and some of them even want to dress in the latest fashion. Finally, as the living conditions improve, the demand for a variety of recreations is growing steadily, too.In short, with the incomes continuing to rise, people will no longer resign themselves to living a dull, monotonous life. They are eager to make their life interesting and exciting. Therefore, I am sure that people will spend more money on clothing and recreations. (219 words)3．规定情景式作文：Directions: Migrant workers (外地民工) have made a great contribution to the prosperity of cities. In this part, you are to write within 40 minutes a composition of 200 words about “The Role of Migrant Workers”. Y ou can agree and/or disagree, completely or partially to above statement. But no matter which position you take, you should have supporting reasons.As is known to all, migrant workers have made a great contribution to the prosperity of cities. They are an indispensable part of our work force. Most of them work on construction sites. There is no doubt that without migrant workers many of construction projects would have to be held up for lack of manpower. In addition, a large number of migrant workers are a beneficial factor, which enhances the consumption of food and daily items. This in turn helps to develop food industry and service trades in cites. All these are positive aspects of migrant workers in cities.However, as a popular saying goes, “Everything has two sides”. The same is the case with migrant workers. Firstly, most of them are not welleducated and professionally trained. Some of them have had very little schooling. As you know. Illiterate people, who are usually ignorant of the law, tend to make trouble, thus endangering social order. Secondly, most of the migrant workers swarm into big cities just to make money. Being illiterate or unskilled, some of them would stop at nothing to get what they are ambitious for. Therefore, they are a potential threat to the peace and stability of society.In my opinion, in the appraisal of migrant workers, it is one-sided to affirm everything or to negate everything. We should appreciate the great contribution made by them, and at the same time pay enough attention to the problems caused by them. (244 words)二、The structure of a paragraph and its development:1. Structure of a paragraph: topic sentence, development sentence andconcluding sentence.2. Ways of developing a paragraph:1) Comparison and contrast (对比法)2) Cause and effect (因果法)3) Exemplification (举例法)4) Generalization and qualification (概述法)5) Argument (议论法)三、Some sentence patterns commonly-used in controlled writing :---关于利弊、优缺点的句型：1. S + have (or has ) a lot of advantages over ….. (与….相比有许多优点)译：汽车与自行车相比有许多优点。

应用文题型应用文题型 （Applied Writing ）应用文的范围很广，包括书信、便条、广告、简历以及通知等诸方面。

英语考试中的应用文以书信为主、兼或有报告、演讲词、导游介绍之类的要求，这一点在大学英语类的要求，这一点在大学英语四级四级考试中屡有所见。

考试中屡有所见。

实例1----2002年1月真题Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic: A Letter to the University President about the Canteen Service on Campus. You should write at least 100 words, and base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below: 假设你是李明，请你就本校食堂的状况给校长写一封信，请你就本校食堂的状况给校长写一封信，内容应涉及食堂的饭菜内容应涉及食堂的饭菜质量、价格、环境、服务等，可以是表扬，可以是批评建议，也可以兼而有之。

Model Composition January 12th, 2002 Dear Mr. President, It is my great honor to study in this prestigious university. And I hope that I won ’t bother you here as I will say something about the canteen service of our university. I am a student here. I write you this letter to say a few words about the dining halls in this university. I ’m a student studying in this beautiful university and enjoying ass the advanced facilities provided by the school, but I’m afraid I’m not satisfied with the canteen service on cumpus.First, the food in the dining halls is not delicious enough, either too salty or too watery, especially in Dining Hall 3. Second, the prices in dining hall are very high and usually we cannot afford it. Third, the dining halls are always very crowed and we can seldom find find seats seats seats if if if arriving arriving arriving there there there not not not early early early enough enough enough and and and the the the tables tables tables are are are not not not cleaned cleaned cleaned in in in time. time. Anyway, Anyway, what what what is is is good good good is is is that that that the the the working working working staff staff staff in in in the the the dining dining dining halls halls halls are are are quite quite quite kind, kind, friendly and patient, and they usually try their best to meet the demand of the students and teachers. Our canteen is our gas station, so we really hope that our canteen will do a lot more to imporve their services from what have been mentioned above. We will appreciate any effective measure to make our canteen take on a new look not only from its appearance but from its service. Great thanks for your concern about our suggestion, Thus I suggest enlarging the dining halls and improving the quality of foods and reducing the prices to what is acceptable to all the students. These suggestions are not just of my own, but also of many other students. We hope our respectable president will pay attention to our suggestions. By the way, the canteen workers are very patient and always smiling. So I think if our university offers them better conditions, they will offer us better service. Best wishes. Yours sincerely, Li Ming 实例2----2003年12月真题Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a letter in reply to a friend's inquiry about applying for admission to your college or university. You should write at least 120 words according to the outline given below in Chinese: 建议报考的专业及理由建议报考的专业及理由报考该专业的基本条件报考该专业的基本条件应当如何备考应当如何备考Model Composition A Letter of Reply to a Friend December 27, 2003 Dear When it comes to which major you should choose, I propose that you apply for the major of English. To begin with, English is the most popular language in the world, which is widely used in all fields such as teaching, translation, foreign trade and so on. What's more, it goes without saying that English majors are more likely to find a good it goes without saying that English majors are more likely to find a good job in the tighter and tighter job market. In order to study at English Department, you have to meet the following requirements. In the first place, you have to spend a lot of time on it, just as the old saying goes, "Practice makes perfect". In the second place, the basic skills of reading, writing,listening writing,listening and and and speaking speaking speaking are are are necessary, necessary, necessary, because because because they they they are are are the the the foundations foundations foundations for for your your future future future study. study. study. Last Last but not the least important , , you you you need need need an an an intense intense intense interest interest interest in in learning English since "interest is the best teacher." As far as the preparation work is concerned, you should first of all review all the required vocabulary. In addition, you'd better spend some time on reading and writing. Only through these measures can you hope to enroll in our university. Yours Dear friend, I am really delighted and excited to know that you ’d like to apply for admission to my university. How I wish we could see each other again on this beautiful campus. I am glad that I could be of some help in your choosing a major. Since you are good at literature and poem, I strongly recommend that you major in Chinese. On one hand, you are an diligent person who always dig yourself in the sea of knowledge knowledge——especially among the masterpieces of the great authors. On the other hand , you ’ve published published a a lot lot of of of poems poems poems and and and articles articles articles during during during the the the time time time of of of your your your high high high school. school. school. Y ou Y ou really really really have have have the the makings of a talent in literature. Now I’d like to mention some important points you should pay attention to. First of all, you should exert youself to get high scores in the coming college Entrance Examination, for Chinese is very popular in our university. So you must have competitive edge of some kind. In addition to the routine preparation for the exam, you must have good health both physical and spiritual. What ’s more, go go over over over all all all your your your lessons lessons lessons and and and go go go on on on reading reading reading books books books on on on literature, literature, literature, and and and you you you will will will be be be more more confident of your getting enrolled. Just try your best, and you will fully demonstrate your talent and ability in the future. See you soon! Good luck! Y ours, Zhang Ying 实例3----2001年6月真题Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a letter. Suppose you are Zhang Ying. Write a letter to Xiao Wang, a schoolmate of yours who is going to visit you during the the week-long week-long holiday. You should write write at at at least least 100 100 words words according to the suggestions given below in Chinese. 表示欢迎表示欢迎提出过度假安排的建议提出过度假安排的建议提醒应注意的事项提醒应注意的事项Model Composition A Letter to a Schoolmate June 23, 2001 Dear Xiao Wang, I'm very happy that you will come to Beijing and spend holidays with me. It is a long time that we haven't seen each other and I miss you very much. I have always been looking forward to your arrival. Since you will stay in Beijing for a week, I suggest you visit some places of interests, such such as as as the the the Great Great Great Wall, Wall, Wall, the the the Palace Palace Palace Museum, Museum, Museum, the the the Summer Summer Summer Palace, Palace, Palace, the the the Tian'An Tian'An Tian'An Men Men Square, Square, Mount Mount Mount Fregrance Fregrance Fregrance and and and etc. etc. etc. If If If time time time permits, permits, permits, I I I can can can show show show you you you around around around some some famous universities like Peking University, Tsinghua University and so on, which are worth your visit. As the weather here is changeable, I propose you to wear more clothes in case that it is getting colder. Come here as soon as possible and I can't wait to meet you. Wish you a safe and pleasant trip here. Yours, 实例4----2003年6月真题Directions: Directions: For For For this this this part, part, part, you you you are are are allowed allowed allowed thirty thirty thirty minutes minutes minutes to to to write write write An An An Eye-Witness Eye-Witness Account of a Traffic Accident. You should write at least 120 words according to the outline given below in Chinese: 假设你在某日某时某地目击一起车祸，假设你在某日某时某地目击一起车祸，就此写一份见证书。