中国地质大学考博经验：曲折的考博英语经历

地大考博辅导班：2019地大科学研究院考博难度解析及经验分享根据《教育部办公厅关于做好2018年招收攻读博士学位研究生工作管理办法》（教学厅函〔2018〕23号）的有关规定和《北京教育考试院关于做好2018年研究生招生录取工作的补充意见》（京考研招〔2018〕1号）通知要求，2018年我校博士研究生招生继续按照“按需招生、德智体全面衡量、择优录取、宁缺毋滥”的原则，进一步提高研究生招生选拔质量，继续优化研究生教育结构，深入推进信息公开，不断加强监督管理，切实严明招生纪律，确保研究生招生录取工作科学公正、规范透明。

下面是启道考博辅导班整理的关于中国地质大学科学研究院考博相关内容。

一、院系简介科学研究院成立于2011年，是我校科研创新团队、实验技术平台和管理服务团队三位一体的二级科研机构，是我校结合自身特点、遵循科研规律、整合科技资源、探索科教融合的发展特区。

科学研究院汇聚了来自地质、资源、环境、地学工程技术等我校优势领域具有深厚学术造诣的一批领军人才，聚焦现代地质学及地学延伸重大基础研究方向，面向国家重大需求和国际研究前沿，开展以重大科学问题为导向、以领军人才为核心的学科团队和实验技术团队建设，已组建了包括壳幔物质循环、岩石圈构造、金属成矿、生命与环境演化在内的多个求真研究群体，近年来相关群体在金属同位素高精度分析测试方法的建立与地质应用、青藏高原生长过程与机制、地球深部过程的浅表响应、复合造山过程与成矿元素富集机理、盆山系统演化与大陆变形等方面取得系列重要进展。

科学研究院建有完善的实验平台，现有包括岩矿成分结构、同位素年代学、同位素地球化学和古地磁等实验室30余个，装备了X射线衍射分析、电子显微分析、质谱、光谱、磁法等相关仪器设备，能够满足地质学主要学科领域的研究所需，相关实验室通过了国家计量认证，建立了统一开放的管理平台。

科学研究院实验平台本着科研、测试、教学和社会服务于一体的原则，以科学研究推动实验测试发展，以实验测试支持科学研究与人才培养，取得了突出成绩，高精度Mg、Ca、Fe、Cu等同位素分析、矿物晶体结构研究等处于国际一流水平。

中科院地理所考博英语中科院地理所考博英语考试难度较大，主要考察考生的英语阅读理解能力、写作能力以及语言表达能力。

考试内容涵盖了地理学、环境科学、人文地理等多个领域，要求考生具备扎实的英语基础和广泛的知识储备。

具体而言，中科院地理所考博英语的考试题型包括阅读理解、词汇语法、完形填空、翻译和写作等。

阅读理解主要测试考生对英文文献的阅读能力和理解能力，包括对文章主旨、细节和推理等方面的理解。

词汇语法部分主要考察考生的词汇量和语法知识，要求考生能够正确理解和运用英语语法和词汇。

完形填空则测试考生的语言综合运用能力，要求考生在语境中理解和运用词汇和语法。

翻译部分要求考生将英文文献翻译成中文，或者将中文文献翻译成英文，测试考生的语言转换能力。

写作部分则要求考生根据给定的主题，用英文撰写一篇议论文或者说明文，测试考生的语言表达能力和逻辑思维能力。

备考中科院地理所考博英语考试，建议考生从以下几个方面入手：1. 扩大词汇量，掌握语法知识。

建议考生通过阅读英文文献、背单词等方式来增加词汇量，同时熟练掌握英语语法知识，避免在考试中出现语法错误。

2. 提高阅读理解能力。

建议考生多读英文文献，尤其是地理学、环境科学和人文地理等方面的专业文献，以提高阅读理解能力和信息筛选能力。

3. 练习翻译技巧。

建议考生多进行英汉互译练习，掌握一些常用的翻译技巧和方法，提高语言转换能力。

4. 加强写作训练。

建议考生多写英文文章，尤其是议论文和说明文，通过不断的练习提高语言表达能力和逻辑思维能力。

5. 熟悉考试形式和题型。

建议考生在备考过程中熟悉考试形式和题型，了解考试要求和评分标准，以便更好地制定备考计划和策略。

总之，中科院地理所考博英语考试需要考生具备扎实的英语基础和广泛的知识储备，同时也需要考生具备一定的应试技巧和策略。

通过科学合理的备考计划和努力，相信考生能够取得优异的成绩。

报考博士英文自我评价（精选12篇）报考博士英文篇1Good afternoon! Professors ：I am honored to introduce myself. My name is 30 years old, born in city, province. In year 20xx and 20xx, I received my Bachelor degree and Master degree in i University. I major in .After my graduation, I got a job in . In the past three years, I was involved in several research projects, such as 。

Owning to my hard work, I was rewarded the Excellent Prize in the successive three years.However, with time going on, the more I experienced, the clearer I realized that I am really interested in the exchange process of . I find that the similar and complicated problems rise in my study subject, so I’m eager to cognize more about this field and I hope I can study further in this University .So I am standing here now. I am really excited. I believe what I am doing is a right thing.Thank you!为什么考I am interested in . I find that the similar and complicated problems rise in my study subj ect, so I’m eager to cognize more about this field and I hope I can study further in this University .介绍你的Firstly, I hope I can form systematic view of . Secondly, I wish to find a way to solve the complicated problem in my study subject.如何毕业并发表论文Firstly, I will work harder than before. I believe I am industrious man and “Time is money”. Secondly, mydissertation can rely on my study subject, they have similarity, so time can be saved.Finally, I will read enough English papers to finish my SCI paper.报考博士英文自我评价篇2Good morning, my dear teachers, my dear professors.I am very glad to be here for your interview. My name is song yonghao, I am 22 years old, come from luoyang, a very beautiful ancient city. my undergraduate period will be accomplished in chang'an university in july,20xx;and now, I am trying my best for obtaining a key to Tongji university.Generally speaking, I am a hard working student especially do the thing I am interested in. I will try my best to finish it no matter how difficult it is. When I was sophomore, I found web design very interesting, so I learned it very hard. To weaver a homepage for myself, I stayed with my personal computer for half a month. And I am the first one in my class who own his homepage.Furthermore, I am a person with great perseverance. During the days preparing for the first examination, I insist on running every day, no matter what the weather was like. And just owning to this, I could concentrate on my study and succeeded in the end.Well, in my spare time, I like basketball, tennis and Chinese chess. Also English is my favorite. I often go to English corner to practice my oral English on every Thursday, and write compositions to improve my written ability .but I know my English is not good enough, I will continue studying.Ok, that is all, thank you for your attention.早上好,我亲爱的老师,我亲爱的教授。

关于考博个人陈述考博个人陈述篇1 作为一个跨专业的考博生，在这里，我从三大方面来介绍自己。

个人情况方面1、个人道德修养我是个善良开朗的人，诚实、热情，生活态度积极向上，乐于参加各项公益活动，有较强的社会责任感和正义感。

尊敬师长，团结同学，对工作热情、吃苦耐劳、责任心强。

2、学第四纪地质学的志愿与恒心我非常喜欢第四纪地质学。

xx年考研的第一志愿就是古生物学与地层学，当时报考的是中国矿业大学地层学方向。

考试成绩是第x名。

做为一名地质学工作者。

确切的说，我是怀着两年之后考地质学学博士的目标在矿大学习。

这一天终于到来。

3、知识储备及英语水平正因为考第四纪地质学的目标，所以读研期间来坚持通过各种途径来进行第四纪地质学的知识储备。

（1）利用网络上的精品课程，自学了相关心理学的专业课程，并通过历年各校心理学考研题的练习，加深对学科知识的理解与掌握。

（2）阅读了相关的期刊，了解地质学界的研究动态及发展趋势。

（3）阅读了相关的当代第四纪地质学国外译著。

学生尽量广地涉猎学科基本知识，尽量深地了解所研究领域的方方面面、过去和现在；建立与完善自己的知识结构。

研究生阶段着重加强了查阅专业外文文献和书面写作的训练，并取得了一定效果，有较好的阅读能力。

口语水平尚可。

4、研究方法与技能方面与求学的经历虽说所学专业并非第四纪地质学，但研究生阶段所受到导师细心指教，较为出色掌握了研究的方法，研究的过程与步骤。

但研究生阶段重要的是一种研究思维的形成，问题意识（或者说研究素质）的培育、严谨务实学风的养成。

读研时所受到的科研思维与方法的训练及教学实践都成为我有资质读第四纪地质学博士的有效证明。

硕士研究生专业是农业工程，这其实已是一次跨专业学习。

这一次跨专业的学习体会将对于我如何安排及进行第四纪地质学博士的学习会起到正性迁移作用。

曲曲折折的求学之路、英文学习的悲悲喜喜、考研时无可奈何的挫败，这些都成为我个人宝贵的经验。

5、不足与可行性弥补我不是第四纪地质学科班出身，也没有进行过专门的实践训练，这是我无法改变的事实。

谈谈我2020年中科院考博英语的备考经历我硕士毕业后在广东某本科公办高校做行政管理工作，工作后其实一直没有考虑过继续读博。

2018年左右，学校因为要提高博士教师比例，出台了系列好政策，包括大力引进博士人才，包括鼓励教职工继续读博的政策。

在此背景和压力下，我也决心要继续读博，因为我个人及家庭原因（家里小孩年龄小），我只考虑国内的高校，定向读博的方式。

经过一番了解，终于确定了报考中科院某研究所。

该研究所采用统考招生的方式，英语+2门专业课。

于是，我拼了命的复习。

考博其实主要是考英语。

我毕业8年多了，英语早就忘得一干二净，只能从背单词学起。

因为工作和家庭的原因，只能想方设法挤时间来学英语。

早上五点半起床复习，开车上班时也放英语单词的广播，上班的任何空隙时间，都拿手机出来背单词（百词斩），下班后再去图书馆或书吧学到10点半左右。

同时，拼命的做真题，做完一本再重新买，再重新做。

身边的同事很多陆陆续续考上博士，我心里压力更大了。

2019年，为了确保能一鼓作气能考上，除了报研究所外，我还报了国内五六所高校，有点广撒网的意思。

后来考了三所，申请考核一所（母校）。

结果是，先考的一所广东某高校进入了面试，因为我是定向培养以及没有提前联系导师的原因，没导师肯要我。

申请考核的母校也没有进入复试。

3月中旬参加中科院某研究所的考试，感觉是正常发挥，英语成绩出来是59分（其实还不错），按往年的录取分数线，其实还是有挺大机会。

于是煎熬的等分数线，结果那年的分数线是历来最高的。

于是没有进入复试，感觉很痛苦，发短信给研究所的导师表示愧疚。

……下定决心，再来一年，并且调整战略，不再广撒网，专心只备考研究所，以及申请考核的母校。

坚持复习了2-3个月，后来因为学校一项特别重大的工作任务，中断学习几个月，一直到10月份，时间才比较有规律些。

这时离3月份考试时间不多了，我突然泄气了，觉得没有信心，恍恍惚惚的想要放弃。

11月的一天，我打电话给我硕士的导师，想向他表达放弃的意思，同时感谢他的鼓励，只是我要辜负他的期望了。

考博经验范文（精选9篇）考博经验范文篇1一切都是水到渠成考博是一件艰难的事情，它需要长期的努力，需要制定相应的目标和计划，还要承担风险，对于已经上班的朋友，考博更是困难重重。

即便如此，我仍然觉得考博并不是一件难事，因为只要合理安排时间，学方法得当，并且不断积累和进步，最后的结果其实是可以预料的。

很多人来问我考博有什么建议，其实我觉得我并没有什么好的建议，因为每个人的情况都不一样，而且每个人所学的东西也不一样，所以我们首先需要针对自己的情况做出适合自己的考博规划，而这一点需要我们自己去完成，别人并不能帮到什么，而且我也相信每一个考博的人应该都有这样的能力。

所以这篇文章更多的是我个人经验的分享，包括有许多偶然的因素导致了我最后的成功，我个人觉得并没有太大的参考价值。

当然我也有一些建议，可能对于提高学效率会有一定的帮助。

文章会分成几个部分，主要介绍我考博的背景，然后是一些前期的准备，再到备考的方法和一些其他的建议。

考博背景我从本科开始，就一直是心理学专业，这对于我考博实际上是有很大帮助的。

所以我首先要提一点就是，无论是考研还是考博，在同等条件下，导师都会更加偏向于本专业的学生。

并不是说跨专业的朋友不好，而是本专业的学生有很多优势，比如本专业的学生不需要接受额外的专业课程或者专业培训(最常见的是实验技术和统计方法)，本专业的学生对学科领域更熟悉等等。

因此，对于跨专业的朋友，我们可能需要花费更多的时间和精力去掌握相应的技巧，把基础知识学透、理解并内化成自己的知识。

这么做第一能够提高我们的竞争力，其次还可以为接下来的学生涯奠定良好的基础，快速适应新的专业。

除此之外，我个人喜欢从事科研学术工作，所以从本科考硕士是因为想做学术，硕士一入学我就决定要读博了，也是因为想继续做学术。

在硕士阶段我也做出了一些成果，发了几篇文章，其中有两篇是CSSCI，另外和一个国外学者合作了一项研究，写了一篇英文的文章投了SSCI，目前还在外审。

中国地质大学考博英语真题常见疑难句解析考博英语中的长难句也是很多考生头疼的问题，一遇到长难句就会觉得脑袋一蒙，越看越迷糊。

其实，长难句的攻克是有技巧的，长难句的解析方法具体来讲可以分为逆序法、顺序法、分译法、综合法等。

下面，就为2015年的广大考生详细的分析一下这四种方法的运用。

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一、逆序法逆序法即倒置法。

有些英语长句的表达次序与汉语习惯不同，甚至语序完全相反，这就必须从原文的后面译起，逆着原文的顺序翻译。

例如：“There was little hope of continuing my inquiries after dark to any useful purpose in a neighborhood that was strange to me.”该句可分为三部分①“There was little hope”;②“continuing my inquiries after dark to any useful purpose”;③“in a neighborhood that was strange to me.”前两层表结果，第三层表原因。

这句英语长句的叙述层次与汉语逻辑相反，因此要打破原句的结构，按照汉语造句的规律重新加以安排。

译为：这一带我不熟悉，天黑以后继续进行调查，取得结果的希望不大。

二、顺序法有些英语长句按逻辑关系安排，与汉语的表达方式比较一致，或者叙述的一连串动作按发生的时间先后安排，这类句子可按原文顺序译出，相比较要容易一些，大家可以按照正常的思维翻译即可。

三、分译法有些英语长句的主句与从句或主句与修饰语间的关系并不十分密切，为使意思连贯，建议考生们可把长句中的从句或短语化为句子分开来叙述，有时还可适当增加词语。

例如：“He became deaf at five after an attack of typhoid fever.”该句有两个介词短语，代表两层意思。

1.The Chinese characters for “coal” and “bad luck” have the same sound (mei), so some superstitious people areconvincedthat digging for coal means bringing bad lucks to oneself.2.Wang Weiping went to the US as a visiting scholar for a year and a half. When he returned back to Beijing, heestablishedA B Ca joint research project with the geologists on the campus where he had done his research.D3.Half of samples we brought back from our expedition to northwestern Tibet are being analysed in this lab. The otherhalf4.In recent years India has witnessed many terrible fires in factories and dormitories. The reasons of these fires areusuallyA Bclear, but this has not led to much effective action to cut the number of deaths from such disasters.C D5.After graduating from Fudan University and working for SINOPEC for five years, Li Weidong went to Australia tostudyA Bfor a MBA. He expects to get his business degree in early 2006.C D6.That construction firm has a poor safety record. When a worker gets hurt or killed, the managers usually givecertain amount of compensation to the family of the victim, but they don t take the safety problem very seriously.C D7.Thank you very much indeed for editing my latest paper and speaking to Professor Johnson about my precariousfinancialA Bsituation. I greatly appreciate all your helps.C D8.Fatalities in China’s coal mines are much too common. No matter whether the mines are large or small, the death rateA Bfrom accidents is unacceptably high. Miners need better safety, not better safety regulations.C D9.Yesterday a police stopped me on the street and asked me to show my identification papers. I had no idea why hewasA B Cstopping me and he wouldn’t explain his action. ED10.The only trip that I have ever taken abroad was to South Korea, but I have ever traveled to 18 provinces of China,includingA BCTibet, Xinjiang and Qinghai. I hope to travel to India on business next year.D11.In part because of increased demand from China and India, both which have rapidly growing economies, the prices ofoil,A Biron and other key resources have almost doubled since the early 1990s.C D12.I stepped up to the inspection window, then I showed the customs official my ticket, passport and entry card. HestudiedABmy visa for what seemed a long time before he finally handed everything back to me.C D13.Three Chinese leading geologists came to the conference and took part in a very stimulating panel discussion. It was14.Yesterday Li Weidong and I took a small truck to Tianjin to pick up some new equipments for our laboratory. On thewayA B Cback we had to change a tire.D15.It wasn’t until Anne received John’s letter from Brazil that she learned of learn of v,+prep. 得知，获悉，听说（与learn about同义）his decision to break off their engagement. HeA B Chadn’t had the courage to tell her directly, so he informed her by letter instead. ED16.Over the years I have found that Chinese students who usually have good math training tend to make bettertechnicians thanA B C17.always make it possible for him to get a good job and earn plenty of money.C D18.In order to do research in this border area we must first apply for permission from the China government. I am notsureA B Chow easy it will be for us to get such permission for work this summer. It’s already May now, after all.D19.Some geographers predict that Beijing and Tianjin will eventually grow together, becoming one gigantic urbancomplexwith 40 million inhabitants. Tianjin, which is in the southeast of Beijing, today has about half the population of the capital.C D20.Both Henan and Anhui have good rail links with the rest of China, but Anhui benefits from being closer tothe Shanghai area. Otherwise the economic problems that Henan faces are more or less the same with those of Anhui.[1] Women live longer than men. This is unfair, but true. In developed countries the average difference in lifespans is five or six years. In the poor world the gap is smaller, owing to the risks of childbirth, but nowhere is it absent. The question is why?[2] That question can be answered at two levels. An evolutionary biologist would tell you that it is because women get evolutionary bonus points from living long enough to help bring up the grandchildren. Men, by contrast, wear themselves out competing for the right to procreate in the first place. That is probably true, but not much help to the medical profession. However, a group of researchers at John Moores University, in Liverpool, England, has just come up with a medically useful answer. It is that while 70-year-old men have the hearts of 70-year-olds, those of their female peers resemble the hearts of 20-year-olds.[3] Professor David Goldspink and his fellow researchers looked at 250 volunteers aged between 18 and 80 over the course of two years. All the volunteers were healthy but physically inactive. The team's principal finding was that the power of the male heart falls by 20-25% between the ages of 18 and 70, while that of the female heart remains undiminished.[4] Each volunteer's heart function was measured before exercise and at peak exertion on a treadmill. In particular, the researchers measured blood flow and blood pressure. Their subjects were also given an ultrasonic scan to measure the size of the chambers of their hearts, the thickness of the heart's muscular wall, and its filling and emptying actions.[5] The researchers found that between the ages of 20 and 70, men lose one-third of the contractile muscle cells in the walls of their hearts. Over the same period, women lose hardly any contractile cells. There is a strong link between the number of these cells and the function of the heart. What remains a mystery is why men lose these cells and women do not.[6] A previous theory of why women outlive men suggested that the female sex hormone, oestrogen, could have a protective effect on the heart. But Dr Goldspink dismisses this idea, saying that there is no discernible drop-off in female heart function after menopause, when oestrogen levels decrease dramatically. However, oestrogen does have a beneficial effect on blood vessels. The study found that blood flow to the muscles and skin of the limbs decreases with age in both sexes. The changes in the structure of the blood vessels occur earlier in men, but women catch up soon after menopause.[7] It's not all bad news for men, though. In a related study, the team found that the hearts of veteran male athletes were as powerful as those of inactive 20-year-old male undergraduates. But can men really recover lost heart function after a lifetime of inactivity and poor diet? Is it ever too late to start exercising? “I think the answer is no,” says Dr Goldspink.“The health benefits to be gained from sensible exercise are to be recommended,regardless of age.” So if you are male and middle-aged, get on with it.1 Professor Goldspink and his colleagues discovered thatA women have stronger hearts than men doB men’s hearts are damaged by the effort to procreateC childbirth weakens women’s heartsD men’s hearts lose power as they age2 Dr Goldspink’s group used ultra-sound toA assess the characteristics and operating capacity of each volunteer’s heartB check the size of the area surrounding each volunteer’s heartC create pictures of each volunteer’s heart as it filled and emptiedD measure the efficiency of each volunteer’s heart before and after exercise on the treadmill3 According to the facts presented in the article, the female hormone oestrogenA shields the female heart from the effects of agingB promotes the flow of blood to a woman’s arms and legsC causes a decline in female heart function after menopauseD greatly improves the quality of blood in women4 At menopause, the amount of oestrogen in a woman’s bodyA rises slightlyB fluctuatesC plungesD soars5 Most males reading this article would probably conclude that they shouldA eat a richer dietB be more careful about the kind of exercise they getC give up smokingD get more exercise[1] When I was a student in the 1960s, anyone who believed that there might be life on other planets was considered a crackpot. Now all that has changed. The claim that life is widespread in the universe is not only respectable, it also underpins NASA's ambitious astrobiology program. Find another Earth-like planet, astrobiologists say, and life should have happened there too. NASA is spending billions of dollars to search for life on Mars, the most Earth-like of our sister planets. But we may not need to go all the way to Mars to find another sample of life. It could be present under our very noses. No planet is more Earth-like than Earth itself, so if life started here once, it could actually have started many times over.[2] Geologists believe life established itself on Earth about four billion years ago. Australian rocks dated at 3.5 billion years contain fossilized traces suggesting that microbes were already well established by then. But the ancient Earth wasnot a pleasant place. Huge asteroids and comets mercilessly pounded the planet; the biggest impacts would have covered our globe in burning rock vapor, boiling the oceans dry and sterilizing the surface worldwide.[3] How did life emerge amid this violence? Quite probably it was a stop-and-go affair, with life first forming during a lull in the bombardment, only to be annihilated by the next big impact. Then the process was repeated, over and over. As the bombardment began to abate and the impacts diminished in severity, isolated colonies of primitive microbes sheltering deep underground managed to survive. One of these colonies was destined to become life as we know it.[4] What about the preceding life forms? Were they all completely destroyed? It's possible that pockets of microbes could have survived in obscure hiding places until the next genesis, opening up the tantalizing prospect of two or more different forms of life co-existing on the same planet. Although they would compete for resources, one type of life was not necessarily bound to eliminate the rest. After all, "life as we know it" includes many very different species of microbes that exist side by side.[5] Thus, microbes from another genesis – life of a very alien, still unfamiliar type - could conceivably have survived on Earth until today. The chances are that we wouldn't have noticed. Under a microscope, many microbes appear similar even if they are as genetically distinct as humans are from starfish. So you probably couldn't tell just by looking whether a micro-organism is "our" life or alien life. Genetic sequencing is used to position unknown microbes on the tree of life, but this technique employs known biochemistry. It wouldn't work for organisms on a different tree using different biochemical machinery. If such organisms exist, they would be eliminated from the analysis and ignored. Our planet could be teeming with alien microbes without anyone suspecting it.[6] How could we go about identifying "life as we DON’T know it"? One idea is to look in unusual environments. Our awareness of the range of conditions in which life can thrive has been extended greatly in recent years, with the discovery of microbes dwelling near scalding volcanic vents, in radioactive pools and in total darkness far underground. Yet there will be limits beyond which our form of life cannot survive; for example, temperatures above about 130 degrees Celsius. If anything is found living in even harsher environments, we could examine it to see whether what enables it to survive is so novel that it cannot have evolved from known life.[7] Identifying alien organisms in less extreme settings would be a much harder challenge, especially if they use the same basic molecules as familiar life - nucleic acids and proteins. But there is one sure indicator. The building blocks of proteins, called amino acids, are all unbalanced in the same distinctive way. Viewed in a mirror, these "left-handed" amino acids would appear right-handed. Such mirror-image molecules exist, but the life forms we are familiar with don't use them. Most biochemists think it is just an accident that "life as we know it" selected the left-handed version. If this supposition is correct, then there is a 50-50 chance that alien life would have favored the right-handed version. Such "anti-life" would eat "anti-food": right-handed amino acids and other mirror molecules. This offers a simple way to filter out known life from alien life. Prepare a culture medium of anti-food and see if anything flourishes. Of course it's a long shot, but it is easy to try, and scientists at the Marshall Space Flight Center are now testing the response of microbes from various extreme environments to a bowl of anti-soup.[8] Even if alien life has not survived to the present day, it may still have left traces. Geochemists have identified organic detritus from ancient microbes in rocks as old as 2.7 billion years. Alien organisms might have left remnants containingodd suites of molecules or produced distinctive geochemical alterations like unusual mineral deposits. These remnants would still give us a genuine “second sample”, a form of biology that is unrelated to familiar life. By comparing the way evolution works in both cases, we could identify which features of life follow from general principles and which are just accidents of history.[9] But there is a more profound dimension to this research. Nobody knows how life began. Somehow a mixture of lifeless chemicals assembled itself into a primitive organism, presumably through a long and complex sequence of chemical reactions. Our ignorance of this process is so great that scientists can't even agree on whether it was a gigantic, one-time chance event, or the expected and frequent outcome of intrinsically life-friendly natural laws, as the astrobiologists hope. The discovery of a second sample of life on Earth would confirm that bio-genesis was not a unique event and strengthen the belief that life is written into the laws of the cosmos. It is hard to imagine a more significant scientific discovery. Our view of the universe and our place within it would be forever transformed, and we would at last have the answer to the biggest of the big questions of existence: Are we alone?6 The word “crackpot” in paragraph 1 meansA a ceramic object with a serious flawB a person with the ability to see far into the futureC someone whose views and insights show that he is far ahead of his timeD someone with strange opinions not respected by most educated people7 When he wrote this article, one objective of the author was probably toA influence the public in favor of spending more money on inter-planetary space travelB answer critics of government spending on basic scientific researchC win public support for research on fossil microbes and microbes living in extreme environmentsD criticize NASA for regarding Mars as the best place to seek confirmation that life exists or has existednot only on Earth but elsewhere in the universe8 The author hypothesizes that early life on EarthA arose many times both despite and because of the violence of the environmentB was helped to diversify by the violent environmentC had to be microbial in order to survive amid the violence of the environmentD would necessarily have survived till our times, given the nature of Earth’s environment9 If it actually exists, the “anti-life” referred to in paragraph 7A traveled to Earth from another planetB is based on “right-handed” amino acids or other right-oriented moleculesC would cancel out “life” if brought into contact with itD can readily be detected with conventional genetic sequencing techniques10 Scientists todayA think that life is a bizarre chemical accident almost certainly limited to EarthB are still unable to achieve a meaningful consensus on how life probably arose on EarthC generally share the view that life on Earth is the product of a single huge eventD agree that conditions in the universe favor the emergence of life on countless planets1. Last Saturday the ___weather____ was beautiful, so John got into his car and ____drove___ to the beach.2.Do you know when the bank ___opens___? I need to cash a ________check_______.3.The traffic in Stockholm moves ___fast_____ even at the rush hour. Usually I can get home from work in __less___than half an hour.4. Everyone ___except__ John and Silvia has seen the film. Is there anything _____else_______ to do this evening?5.Why did you send him the article by regular post? You _______should_______ simply have e-mailed it to him.6.My father has ___taught___ mathematics at a secondary school in Shanghai since 1980. My mother has a__job/career_ as chief accountant in a small manufacturing _______factory_______.7.Alan got very ___excited___ when he heard the news. He turned red in the face and started to shout. I was afraid he________would_______ have a heart attack. It _____took_______ him a long time to calm down.8.We brought some toys for the children to play _____with_________. All three girls seemed to have_____fun_______. We heard them laughing and giggling all afternoon.9.You’ll have to keep very still ______during_/in_______ the performance. The musicians are particularly eager thatthe people in the audience not make ____noise____ while they are playing the two new pieces by the Russiancomposer.10.I’m not very good at telling ______jokes________. Even when the ones I tell are extremely funny, no one__nearly____ laughs. Stories, on the other hand, are no problem for me to tell.11.On Monday I start my new job. I’m really __looking___ forward to it. I can’t _____wait _________ to meet my newcolleagues and ___find____ out what my duties are.12.I don’t _____approve_________ of smoking. It’s such a disgusting ___thing/action___! It’s especially disturbingwhen young people smoke. Don’t they read? Aren’t they aware of the _______danger________ of getting cancer from cigarettes?13.The court has decided that John Adams is guilty _____of_______ stealing from the company that he _____used____to work for. He is being sent to ______prison______ for five years.14.Did you have any __trouble__ finding my office? A lot of visitors _____complain____ about how hard it is to locate.15.It’’t __go/hurry__ now, they’ll be late and the instructor will beannoyed.16.A: How can we get rid of this foul smell?B: ______Keep________ opening all the doors and windows. Maybe that will ______help/work____.17.The authorities ought to put a traffic light here. A light would help to ______avoid_________ accidents.18.One of my roommates is from Jilin and the other is from Baotou. It isn’t surprising that _______none_______ ofthem knows how to cook Sichuan food.19.Our TV set is out of _______order________. The repairman is coming to look at it tomorrow.20.The project was _____planned_____ to be completed last month, but we were __unable__ to finish the work onschedule. _____Fortunately_______________, the authorities were willing to give us an extension.21.Jane is ________such/really______ a liar that you can never trust anything she says.22.We often lend _______each______ other DVDs of foreign films.23.The more you eat, the ______fatter_________ you get.24.Look at all the puddles on the street! It ___must____ have rained pretty hard last night. It’s ___surprising___ that Ididn’t hear any rain falling while I was in bed. Did you?25._Few__ governments can afford to support research in particle physics nowadays. It is hugely expensive. Even theAmerican government is ______ difficult _________ to provide money for new particle physics projects.26.How can I call John ___without___ his telephone number? You can’t call someone _unless__ you have his phonenumber, and John’s is unlisted, so there’s no way to get it that I know of.。

地大博士复试英语In the journey of pursuing a Doctoral degree at China University of Geosciences (CUG), the English interviewplays a pivotal role in assessing the candidates' language proficiency and their readiness to engage in academic research at an international level. Given the importance of this step, it is imperative for aspirants to prepare thoroughly and confidently. This article aims to share insights and strategies for effective preparation for the English interview during the doctoral re-examination at CUG. The first aspect to consider is the comprehension ofthe interview format and its objectives. Typically, the English interview at CUG focuses on assessing candidates' ability to communicate effectively in English, their understanding of relevant academic terminologies, and their capacity to discuss and analyze research topics. Therefore, it is crucial to be familiar with the general structure of the interview, including the types of questions that may be posed and the expected level of detail in responses.One effective strategy for preparation is to brush upon basic and advanced vocabulary related to your field ofstudy. This involves not only memorizing terms but also understanding their nuances and how they are used in context. Reading academic articles, research papers, and books in English can greatly enhance your vocabulary and comprehension skills. Additionally, engaging in mock interviews with peers or mentors can help you practice your speaking skills and gain confidence in expressing complex ideas.Another crucial aspect is to prepare for potential questions related to your research proposal or dissertation. Think through the key points of your research, includingits objectives, methodology, expected outcomes, and contributions to the field. Prepare concise yet comprehensive answers that demonstrate your understandingof the research topic and your ability to articulate its significance.Moreover, it is advisable to stay updated with current trends and developments in your field. This can be achieved by regularly following relevant journals, conferences, and news sources. Being informed about the latest research anddiscussions will not only help you in the interview butalso enhance your overall knowledge base.Finally, remember to maintain a positive attitude and stay calm during the interview. Confidence and clarity of thought are often more important than mere knowledge. Practice positive self-talk and visualization techniques to help you stay focused and relaxed during the interview.In summary, preparing for the English interview during the doctoral re-examination at CUG requires a combinationof language proficiency, knowledge of academic terminologies, and familiarity with current research trends. By following the strategies outlined in this article, you can increase your chances of success and confidently face this crucial step in your academic journey.**中国地质大学博士复试英语准备心得**在中国地质大学（CUG）攻读博士学位的旅程中，英语复试是评估候选人语言能力和国际化学术研究准备情况的关键环节。

中科院地理所考博经验
以下是考取中科院地理所博士的一些经验：
1. 准备阶段：首先，要了解博士招生的具体要求，包括考试科目、报名时间、考试时间等。

其次，要提前了解导师的情况，包括导师的研究方向、研究成果等，以便更好地选择适合自己的导师。

2. 复习阶段：根据考试大纲，认真复习考试科目，尤其是专业科目。

同时，要多做真题，熟悉考试形式和题型。

在复习过程中，要注意梳理知识体系，加深对知识点的理解。

3. 报名阶段：按照规定的时间和要求完成报名手续，确保个人信息准确无误。

同时，要准备好相关材料，如个人简历、推荐信等。

4. 考试阶段：在考试前要调整好心态，认真答题，注意时间分配，不要因为时间不够而影响发挥。

同时，要遵守考试纪律，不要作弊。

5. 后续阶段：考试结束后，要关注成绩公布时间，及时查询自己的成绩。

如果顺利通过初试，要按照规定的时间和要求参加复试。

以上是一些考取中科院地理所博士的经验，希望能对你有所帮助。

中国地质大学（北京）考博英语阅读解析Passage Nine（Holmes' Knowledge）His ignorance was as remarkable as his knowledge. Of contemporary literature, philosophy and politics he appeared to know next to nothing. Upon my quoting Thomas Carlyle, he inquired in the naivest way who he might be and what he had done. My surprise reached a climax, however, when I found incidentally that he was ignorant of the Copernican Theory and of the composition of the Solar system."You appear to be astonished, " Holmes said, smiling at my expression. "Now that I do know it I shall do my best to forget it. You see, I consider that a man's brain originally is like a little empty attic, and you have to stock it with such furniture as you choose： A fool takes in all the lumber of every sort that he comes across, so that the knowledge which might be useful to him gets crowded out, or at best jumbled up with a lot of other things, so that he has difficulty in laying his hand upon it. It is a mistake to think that the little room has elastic walls and can distend to any extent. Depend upon it, there comes a time when for every addition of knowledge you forget something that you know before. It is of the highest importance, therefore, not to have useless facts elbowing out the useful ones.""But the Solar System！ " I protested.（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ: 772678537) "What the deuce is it to me？" he interrupted impatiently.One morning, I picked up a magazine from the table and attempted to while away the time with it, while my companion munched silently at his toast. One of the articles had a pencil mark at the heading, and I naturally began to run my eye through it.Its somewhat ambitious title was "The Book of Life, " and it attempted to show how much an observant man might learn by an accurate and systematic examination of all that came in his way. It struck me as being a remarkable mixture of shrewdness and of absurdity. The reasoning was close and intense, but the deduction appeared to me to be far-fetched and exaggerated. The writer claimed by a momentary expression, a twitch of a muscle or a glance of an eye, to fathom a man's inmost thought. Deceit, according to him, was impossibility in the case of one trained to observation and analysis. His conclusionswere as infallible as so many propositions of Euclid. So startling would his results appear to the uninitiated that until they learned the processes by which he had arrived at them they might well consider him as a necromancer."From a drop of water, "said the writer, "a logician could infer the possibility of an Atlantic. So all life is a great chain, the nature of which is known whenever we are shown a single link of it. Like all other arts, the science of Deduction and Analysis is one which can be acquired by long and patient study, nor is life long enough to allow any mortal to attain the highest possible perfection in it. "This smartly written piece of theory I could not accept until a succession of evidences justified it.1. What is the author's attitude toward Holmes？[A]Praising.[B]Critical.[C]Ironical.[D]Distaste.2. What way did the author take to stick out Holmes' uniqueness？[A]By deduction.[B]By explanation.[C]By contrast.[D]By analysis.3. What was the Holmes' idea about knowledge-learning？[A]Learning what every body learned.[B]Learning what was useful to you.[C]Learning whatever you came across.[D]Learning what was different to you.4. What did the article mentioned in the passage talk about？[A]One may master the way of reasoning through observation.[B]One may become rather critical through observation and analysis.[C]One may become rather sharp through observation and analysis.[D]One may become practical through observation and analysis.本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。

我的考博经验我的考博经验----我没过CET-4考上了北京的两个公费博士的体会,与大家共勉题记：本人现就读北京市某国家级科研所（名字略）的公费研究生。

先后于2003年、2004年参加了2次硕士入学考试，2006年参加2个单位（一个为“211工程”和“985工程”建设的全国重点大学，另一个为国家级科研单位）的博士入学考试。

其中第一次考硕失败是因为英语差3分才达到国家线，而同时报考两个单位的博士则主要是因为一些客观条件所迫。

由于一些主、客观的原因，致使我不得不参加博士入学考试且必须考上，否则学校就不准许我硕士毕业，再加上本人来自农村，家庭条件较差，所以考试之前我已经没有选择：一定要考上，而且必须是公费。

常言道，‘好事多磨’，我终于在24周岁生日时送给了自己一份大礼：博士入学通知书。

本人写此文，不出于卖弄或炫耀，只为了两个目的：第一，于自己而言：回顾历史，鞭策未来。

在人生路上，时常回头看看自己曾经留的那一个个脚印，对我们每一个人来说或许都能得到一份不小收获。

正所谓“过去不等于未来”（陈安之），曾经的辉煌与辛酸都已属于过去，而温习它则可以告诉自己应该用现在的努力去打造更加美好的明天。

第二，于他人而言：借此良机，和正在备战或即将走上战线的同志们聊一聊自己的体会和经验，希望能“抛砖引玉”，给以别人一点点帮助，仅此而已。

正文：一、总体时间规划：考博备考是一个漫长而痛苦的过程，需要很好的规划自己的整个“作战”计划。

在离考试还有半年至一年时间就必须着手规划（时间长短视个人报考目标的难易和个人实力为准）。

先以月份为单元把要复习的科目进行大致的安排，然后再作具体的时间部署。

（可参考的大致分法：（１）资料、信息的收集阶段；（２）英语复习阶段（侧重）阶段；（３）专业课的准备阶段；（４）资料的补充与再复习阶段；（５）考前总结阶段）。

二、资料准备与复习１、英语：了解所报考单位的英语考试题型，是否有指定参考资料或历年试题。

一般来说考试单位都会给一份样卷，要好好的分析该试卷的题型，根据题型作出相应的专题复习。

中国地质大学考博英语应该怎样复习春暖花开，随着大地复苏，考博备考热潮也随之回暖。

有人说：考博就是一场战役，而英语考试就是这场战役中的关键一战，没有足够的词汇量，不可能学好英语。

那么，我们该如何高效复习呢?下面，我们指导老师为大家搜集词汇记忆误区，希望对大家有所帮助!需要各大院校历年考博英语真题及其解析请加扣扣七七二六七八五三七或二八九零零六四三五一，也可以拨打全国免费咨询电话四零零六六八六九七八享受考博辅导体验。

一、只背单词，不去用在考博英语复习过程中，有些同学即便是很努力的记忆英语单词，但也并未使这些同学的单词量有一个质的提高。

其主要原因在于有些同学孤立的记忆单词。

从语言学的角度来讲，孤立地背单词并不是正确的学习方法。

学生为了能在考试中取得良好的成绩，背单词很有必要，但不能孤立、反复地背，要给单词赋予一个理想的语境，让单词利用语言这一载体，在文章中呈现和应用。

教师可以要求学生通过例句或文章记忆单词，主要有两个作用：一方面可以帮助学生了解这个单词的正确用法;另一方面可以帮助学生了解正确使用这个单词的语境。

有了句子或文章这些载体，学生记忆单词就会变得有据可依，用起来也会得心应手。

许多学生一直有这样的感觉：单词背了一大堆，但是真正要用时却找不到合适的，写出来的文章翻来覆去就那么一点词汇，其主要原因是学生对一些单词不会灵活运用。

有些常用的描写性形容词，或者由形容词派生的副词，对写文章非常有帮助，教师应该要求学生多积累一些这方面的词汇。

此外，一些学生面临副词贫乏的问题，如表示很、非常的意思，学生只会用very。

实际上，有很多由形容词派生出来的副词，都可以很好地替代very。

以天冷为例，可以说It’s pretty cold.或者说It’s extremely cold。

这样的表达不仅让人赏心悦目，还可避免重复。

学习的目的，最终是为了运用。

如果记忆和应用的桥梁就中断了，辛苦的记忆不就是浪费精力吗?二、依赖中文释义，只知认词不知辨词许多学生习惯于看汉语背单词，背单词的过程就是把英文单词在脑海里翻成汉语的过程。

考博复试英语稿范文及技巧三篇篇一：考博复试英语稿范文及技巧Part 1: Self-introductionGood morning/afternoon, professors and admissions committee members. My name is [Your Name], and I am honored to have the opportunity to be here today and introduce myself. I have just completed my master’s degree in [Your Major] from [Your University]. During my master’s studies, I developed a deep interest in [Your Research Area] and decided to pursue a Ph.D. degree to further explore this field.Part 2: Academic BackgroundDuring my undergraduate studies, I majored in [Your Undergraduate Major] at [Your Undergraduate University]. This solid foundation provided me with comprehensive knowledge and skills related to my research area. In my master’s studies, I focused on [Specific Topic] and conducted in-depth research on [Research Methods and Findings]. My thesis was well-received by my advisors and peers, and I believe it has laid a solid foundation for my future research.Part 3: Research ExperienceIn addition to my academic studies, I have actively participated in various research projects. For example, I collaborated with a team of researchers to investigate the effects of [Research Topic] on [Target Group]. This project allowed me to develop strong analytical and problem-solving skills, as well as the ability to work effectively in a team. Furthermore, I have presented my researchfindings at several international conferences, which not only enhanced my presentation skills but also widened my academic network.Part 4: Research ProposalFor my Ph.D. research, I plan to focus on [Research Topic]. I believe that this topic is of great significance because [Reasons]. My research aims to [Research Objectives], and I plan to adopt a combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods to achieve these objectives. I have conducted preliminary literature reviews and developed a research framework, and I am confident that my research will contribute to the existing body of knowledge in this field.Part 5: Future PlansAfter completing my Ph.D. studies, I aspire to become a professor/researcher in a renowned university or research institution. I intend to continue conducting research and publishing high-quality papers in top-tier academic journals. I also hope to mentor and inspire future generations of students, just as my advisors have guided me throughout my academic journey.In conclusion, I believe that my academic background, research experience, and future plans make me a suitable candidate for the Ph.D. program. I am prepared to dedicate myself to rigorous academic pursuits and contribute to the advancement of knowledge in my research field. Thank you for considering my application, and I look forward to the opportunity to further discuss my research proposal with you.篇二：考博复试英语稿范文及技巧Part 1: Self-introductionGood morning/afternoon, professors and admissions committee members. It is a great honor to be standing here today and introducing myself. My name is [Your Name], and I am applying for the Ph.D. program in [Your Research Field]. I completed my undergraduate studies in [Your Undergraduate Major] at [Your Undergraduate University]. After that, I pursued a master’s degree in [Your Major] at [Your University], where I deepened my understanding of [Your Research Area].Part 2: Academic BackgroundDuring my undergraduate studies, I gained a solid foundation in [Your Research Field], including courses such as [Course 1] and [Course 2]. These courses not only provided me with theoretical knowledge but also equipped me with practical skills. In my master’s studies, I focused on [Specific Topic] and conducted a research project on [Research Methods and Findings]. This project allowed me to develop strong analytical and critical thinking skills, as well as the ability to independently conduct research.Part 3: Research ExperienceIn addition to my academic studies, I have actively engaged in research activities. For example, I collaborated with a team of researchers to investigate the impact of [Research Topic] on [Target Group]. This project allowed me to gain hands-on experience in research design, data collection, and data analysis. Moreover, I have presented my research findings at several national conferences, which not only improved my presentation skills but also expanded my academic network.Part 4: Research ProposalFor my Ph.D. research, I plan to focus on [Research Topic]. I believe that this topic is of great significance because [Reasons]. My research aims to [Research Objectives], and I plan to adopt a mixed-methods approach to achieve these objectives. I have conducted a comprehensive literature review and developed a research framework, and I am confident that my research will make a valuable contribution to the existing body of knowledge in this field.Part 5: Future PlansAfter completing my Ph.D. studies, my ultimate goal is to become a professor/researcher in a prestigious university or research institution. I aspire to continue conducting research and publishing high-impact papers in top-tier academic journals. Furthermore, I hope to mentor and inspire future generations of students, just as my advisors have inspired me throughout my academic journey. In conclusion, I believe that my academic background, research experience, and future plans make me a strong candidate for the Ph.D. program. I am committed to pursuing excellence in academic research and contributing to the advancement of knowledge in my research field. Thank you for considering my application, and I am looking forward to the opportunity to discuss my research proposal with you in detail.篇三：考博复试英语稿范文及技巧Part 1: Self-introductionGood morning/afternoon, esteemed professors and members of the admissions committee. My name is [Your Name], and I amprivileged to have this opportunity to introduce myself today. I recently completed my master’s degree in [Your Major] from [Your University]. Throughout my academic journey, I have developed a strong passion for [Your Research Field], which has motivated me to pursue a Ph.D. degree.Part 2: Academic BackgroundDuring my undergraduate studies, I majored in [Your Undergraduate Major] at [Your Undergraduate University]. This provided me with a solid foundation in [Your Research Field], including courses such as [Course 1] and [Course 2]. In my master’s studies, I specialized in [Specific Topic] and conducted extensive research on [Research Methods and Findings]. This research experience not only sharpened my critical thinking and problem-solving skills but also deepened my understanding of the complexities within my field.Part 3: Research ExperienceIn addition to my academic studies, I actively engaged in research projects. For instance, I collaborated with a team of researchers to investigate the effects of [Research Topic] on [Target Group]. This project enabled me to enhance my research design, data collection, and data analysis skills. Furthermore, I presented my research findings at several international conferences, which allowed me to receive valuable feedback from experts in the field and expand my academic network.Part 4: Research ProposalFor my Ph.D. research, I intend to focus on [Research Topic]. I believe that this topic is of great significance because [Reasons].My research aims to [Research Objectives], and I plan to utilize a combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods to achieve these objectives. I have conducted a comprehensive literature review and developed a research framework, which I believe will provide a solid foundation for my future research.Part 5: Future PlansUpon completion of my Ph.D. studies, I aspire to become a professor/researcher in a renowned university or research institution. I am determined to continue conducting cutting-edge research and publishing influential papers in esteemed academic journals. Additionally, I hope to contribute to the education of future scholars and inspire them to pursue their own research endeavors.In conclusion, I firmly believe that my academic background, research experience, and future plans make me a suitable candidate for the Ph.D. program. I am eager to immerse myself in rigorous academic pursuits and contribute to the advancement of knowledge in my research field. Thank you for considering my application, and I am eagerly anticipating the opportunity to discuss my research proposal with you further.。

中国地质大学考博英语模拟测试及其解析SectionⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points) Things in the henhouse changed practically overnight when McDonald's announced in1999that it would no longer buy eggs from producers who didn't meet its guidelines for care of chickens.Those guidelines included limiting the1of birds that could be kept in one 2and prohibiting beak removal,3trimming just the tips.Once McDonald's had4the way in issuing animal care guidelines for the company's suppliers,many other giants of the fast-food Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi industry rapidly followed5,including Burger King,Taco Bell,Pizza Hut,Wendy's,A&W. and KFC.Now,the American Meat Institute has6welfare guidelines and audit7for cattle,pigs,and chickens.And the European Union, representing our foreign customers,is also8in with,among other things,legislation banning9use of crates to house pregnant sows, 10in2013.Questions about animal care11with the explosive growth in large-scale livestock farms,12spurred customers to complain about animals being treated as"factory parts".That spurred ARS and thelivestock industry to take a proactive approach to addressing animal 13issues,making sure that guidelines are based on facts14through scientific research.The goal is to share research findings with the retail food industry and others so that the livestock industry can improve its15guidelines.Ten years ago,to16these concerns,ARS started a research program on livestock behavior and stress.The scientists involved were tasked with finding out whether modern farming practices were 17stressing animals.And if so,could scientific methods be developed to measure this stress so that18could be evaluated objectively rather than subjectively?A decade later,the19answer is"yes"to both questions.Many had expected the answer to be"no"on both counts,but science works independently20people's opinions.1.[A]amount[B]number[C]figure[D]sum2.[A]cage[B]cave[C]case[D]cart3.[A]but for[B]except for[C]aside from[D]away from4.[A]paved[B]changed[C]led[D]opened5.[A]suit[B]step[C]set[D]super6.[A]adapted[B]adopted[C]approved[D]accepted7.[A]booklets[B]pamphlets[C]brochures[D]checklists8.[A]measuring[B]weighing[C]considering[D]thinking9.[A]prolonged[B]proceeded[C]programmed[D]progressed10.[A]efficient[B]effective[C]effusive[D]elective11.[A]raised[B]rose[C]arose[D]posed12.[A]who[B]what[C]which[D]how13.[A]health[B]life[C]wealth[D]welfare14.[A]decided[B]determined[C]proved[D]tested15.[A]voluntary[B]revolutionary[C]preliminary[D]necessary16.[A]express[B]address[C]suppress[D]compress17.[A]unduly[B]unequally[C]unfortunately[D]unfavorably18.[A]performances[B]programs[C]problems[D]practices19.[A]sequential[B]initial[C]essential[D]financial20.[A]of[B]on[C]by[D]withSectionⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (40points)Text1Commuter trains are often stuffy and crowded,and they frequently fail to run on time.As if that were not bad enough,Tsuyoshi Hondou, a physicist at Tohoku University in Japan,published a paper in2002 that gave commuters yet another reason to feel uncomfortable.Dr Hondou examined mobile phone usage in enclosed spaces such as railway carriages,buses and lifts,all of which are,in essence,metal boxes. His model predicted that a large number of passengers crowded together,all blathering,sending text messages,or browsing the web on their phones,could produce levels of electromagnetic radiation that exceed international safety standards.That is because the radio waves produced by each phone are reflected off the metal walls of the carriage,bus or lift.Enough radiation escapes to allow the phone to communicate with the network,but the rest bathes the inside of the carriage with bouncing microwaves.This sounds worrying.But maybe it isn't after all.In a paper published recently in Applied Physics Letters,Jaime Ferrer and Lucas Fernández Seivane from the University of Oviedo in Spain-along with colleagues from the Polytechnic University of Madrid and Telefónica Móviles,a Spanish mobile operator-dispute Dr Hondou's findings.They conclude that the level of radiation is safe after all.The key addition to the new research is the effect of the passengers themselves.While each phone produces radiation that bounces around the car,the passengers absorb some of it,which has the effect of reducing the overall intensity,just as the presence of an audience changes the acoustics of a concert hall,making it less reverberant.Dr Hondou's model,in short,was valid only in the case of a single passenger sitting in an empty carriage with an active mobile phone on every seat.While Dr Hondou acknowledged this in his original paper,he did not specifically calculate the effect that leaving out the other passengers would have on the radiation level.As a result,say theauthors of the new paper,he significantly overestimated the level of electromagnetic radiation.When one is sitting on a train,Dr Ferrer and his colleagues found,the most important sources of radiation are one's own phone,and those of one's immediate neighbours. The radiation from these sources far exceeds that from other phones or from waves bouncing around the carriage.And all these sources together produce a level of radiation within the bounds defined by the ICNIRP,the international body that regulates such matters.21.According to paragraph1,the essential common characteristic of train carriages,buses,and lifts is that[A]they are all metal boxes.[B]they are often stuffy and overcrowded.[C]they all allow enough radiation to escape for mobile communications to take place.[D]people use their mobile phones in them.22.How could"levels of electromagnetic radiation that exceed international safety standards"be produced?[A]Mobile phones give off a lot of electromagnetic radiation.[B]Train carriages,buses,and lifts are not safe places to use mobile phones.[C]A lot of people could use their mobile phones in a confined space at the same time.[D]Blathering produces radio waves which bounce around the interior of these places.23.Why do the Spanish researchers dispute Dr.Hondou's theory?[A]Because they are funded by a mobile phone operator.[B]Because people absorb electromagnetic radiation.[C]Because electromagnetic radiation isn't dangerous at all.[D]Because Dr.Hondou assumed that every single person was using their mobile phone at exactly the same time.24.Dr.Hondou's research was not thorough enough because[A]he didn't have enough time to assess everything before his paper was published.[B]he didn't admit that the people in train carriages,buses, and lifts could influence the level of electromagnetic radiation.[C]he didn't investigate the effect of people on electromagnetic radiation levels.[D]Japan is a crowded country where people often use mobile phones,so he only looked at that specific situation.25.According to the Spanish researchers,which of the following statements is true?[A]The closer you are to a mobile phone,the greater your exposure to electromagnetic radiation.[B]The closer you are to a mobile phone that is being used to send and receive signals,the greater your exposure to electromagnetic radiation.[C]The amount of electromagnetic radiation reflected by metal is almost too small to be measured.[D]You shouldn't stand close to people who are using their mobile phones in train carriages,buses,and lifts.Text2Last year a high profile panel of experts known as the Copenhagen Consensus ranked the world's most pressing environmental,health and social problems in a prioritized list.Assembled by the Danish Environmental Assessment Institute under its then director,Bjorn Lomborg,the panel used cost benefit analysis to evaluate where a limited amount of money would do the most good.It concluded that the highest priority should go to immediate concerns with relatively well understood cures,such as control of malaria.Long-term challenges such as climate change,where the path forward and even the scope of the threat remain unclear,ranked lower.Usually each of these problems is treated in isolation,as though humanity had the luxury of dealing with its problems one by one.The Copenhagen Consensus used stat-o-the-art techniques to try to bring a broader perspective.In so doing,however,it revealed how the state of the art fails to grapple with a simple fact:the future is uncertain. Attempts to predict it have a checkered history-from declarations that humans would never fly,to the doom-and-gloom economic and environmental forecasts of the1970s,to claims that the"New Economy" would do away with economic ups and downs.Not surprisingly,those who make decisions tend to stay focused on the next fiscal quarter, the next year,the next election.Feeling unsure of their compass,they hug the familiar shore.This understandable response to an uncertain future means, however,that the nation's and the world's long term threats often get ignored altogether or are even made worse by shortsighted decisions.In everyday life,responsible people look out for the long term despite the needs of the here and now:we do homework,we save for retirement,we take out insurance.The same principles should surely apply to society as a whole.But how can leaders weigh the present against the future?How can they avoid being paralyzed by scientific uncertainty?In well-understood situations,science can reliably predict the implications of alternative policy choices.These predictions, combined with formal methods of decision analysis that use mathematical models and statistical methods to determine optimal courses of action,can specify the trade-offs that society must inevitably make.Corporate executives and elected officials may not always heed this advice,but they do so more often than a cynic might suppose.Analysis has done much to improve the quality of lawmaking, regulation and investment.National economic policy is one example. Concepts introduced by analysts in the1930s and1940s-unemployment rate,current account deficit and gross national product-are now commonplace.For the most part,governments have learned to avoid the radical boom-and-bust cycles that were common in the19th and early 20th centuries.26.The Copenhagen Consensus didn't believe that allocating a limited amount of money to climate change was a good idea because[A]nothing can be done about it in the immediate future.[B]there are too many competing approaches to solving it.[C]it is not a pressing issue.[D]the money would be better spent on immediate concerns.27.Paragraph2intends to demonstrate that[A]technology cannot solve all our problems.[B]predictions are usually inaccurate.[C]solving problems one-by-one is ineffective.[D]thinking short-term is often reasonable.28.According to the text,how could scientific uncertainty paralyze decision-making by world leaders?[A]By presenting many different solutions to problems.[B]By presenting short-term solutions and long-term ones.[C]By presenting solutions to problems that are not well understood.[D]By presenting solutions that are too technical for decision-makers to comprehend.29.According to the text,how have governments learned to avoid boom-and-bust economic cycles?[A]By using mathematical and statistical models prepared by experts.[B]By observing historical economic patterns.[C]By improving the quality of lawmaking.[D]By discussing the implications and effects of various policies.30.What are the"trade-offs"mentioned in the final paragraph?[A]Difficult decisions.[B]Things which have benefits in some ways and costs in others.[C]Key,costly decisions.[D]Things that promote economic prosperity.Text3Ingenious teenagers can find every manner of reason to take a pass on summer school:There's the two-week family vacation in the middle of the four-week session,not to mention the potential for a day job scooping ice cream-or the fear that they might bomb at cramming a semester's worth of work into a month.In the digital age,however, none is reason enough.The rapid spread of online learning at the secondary level-experts estimate that more than half of all school districts offer some virtual coursework,up from just30percent two years ago-is now creating"anywhere,anytime"flexibility for summer students,too.While the total numbers are still small,many hundreds of students around the country will be signing on in the next week or two for everything from U.S.history to human space exploration.In California,Graham Petersen,who just finished his junior year in Palo Alto,will study Algebra II through the online arm of Oregon's SalemKeizer school district while working as a teacher's assistant in a children's program."This is no shortcut-it's the full course.But you can work at11o'clock at night,"says Robert Currie,executive director of Michigan Virtual High School,whose courses,like most, are available nationally.Beyond convenience,there are instructional reasons to consider the virtual classroom.Those who have struggled in a course during the year often find that the online format makes it easier to master the content."Most students finish with A's and B's,because teachers don't let them go through with D's,"says Jan Bleek,principal of the Internet Academy,an arm of the Federal Way district near Seattle that is offering45summer courses at$180each."There's lots of revision, a lot of work that goes on in depth between teacher and student after work has been submitted."While grading policies vary,kids often are free to retake assessments or to work through several practice exams until they're ready to be tested."I got a B-the highest grade in math I've ever,ever gotten since sixth grade,"says Petersen,who took the first half of Salem Keizer's online Algebra II class this spring after failing the course first semester.Success depends largely on actually tackling the content,of course-and nobody(other than parents,perhaps)will be breathing down a student's neck.So it's important to be realistic about whether online study is a good fit with a teenager's learning style."The No. 1thing is,are you capable of working on your own?"says KathyArmstrong,an English teacher at Harris County High in Hamilton,Ga., who is also an instructor for Virtual High School.Since material is presented as text rather than by lecture,being a proficient reader is a must.31.According to the first paragraph,the reason why teenagers used to have an excuse for not taking academic summer courses is that[A]they had more important things to do.[B]they had other distractions and obligations.[C]society wasn't as competitive.[D]they were better at making excuses.32.Why is Graham Peterson studying online?[A]Because he is not up to the required standard in algebra.[B]Because he likes working at night.[C]Because he likes studying at night.[D]Because he wants to study and work.33.It can be inferred from the text that students usually get A's and B's because[A]studying online is better and more convenient for them.[B]the teachers are not as strict and give higher scores than at regular schools.[C]most of the students studying online are smarter than average.[D]the teaching and assessment process continues even after students have submitted their initial work.34.According to the text,how is studying online different toconventional study methods?[A]It's suitable for anyone.[B]It requires some different study skills.[C]Grading policies vary.[D]Students can take more practice tests before taking the real exam.35.The best title of the text might be[A]Learning via the internet is easy.[B]Learning via the internet is relaxing.[C]Learning via the internet can be convenient and instructive.[D]Summer school is easier than before.Text4The BBC,Britain's mammoth public-service broadcaster,has long been a cause for complaint among its competitors in television,radio and educational and magazine publishers.Newspapers,meanwhile,have been protected from it because they published in a different medium. That's no longer the case.The internet has brought the BBC and newspapers in direct competition-and the BBC looks like coming off best.The improbable success online of Britain's lumbering giant of a public-service broadcaster is largely down to John Birt,a former director-general who"got"the internet before any of the other big men of British media.He launched the corporation's online operations in1998,saying that the BBC would be a trusted guide for peoplebewildered by the variety of online services.The BBC now has525sites. It spends￡15m($27m)a year on its news website and another ￡51m on others ranging from society and culture to science, nature and entertainment.But behind the websites are the vast newsgathering and programme-making resources,including over5,000 journalists,funded by its annual￡2.8billion public subsidy.For this year's Chelsea Flower Show,for instance,the BBC's gardening micro-site made it possible to zoom around each competing garden,watch an interview with the designer and click on"leaf hotspots"about individual plants.For this year's election,the news website offered a wealth of easy-to-use statistical detail on constituencies,voting patterns and polls.This week the BBC announced free downloads of several Beethoven symphonies performed by one of its five in-house orchestras.That particularly annoys newspapers,whose online sites sometimes offer free music downloads-but they have to pay the music industry for them.It is the success of the BBC's news website that most troubles newspapers.Its audience has increased from1.6m unique weekly users in2000to7.8m in2005;and its content has a breadth and depth that newspapers struggle to match.Newspapers need to build up their online businesses because their offline businesses are flagging.Total newspaper readership has fallen by about30%since1990and readers are getting older as young people increasingly get their news from other sources-principally the internet.In1990,38%of newspaperreaders were under35.By2002,the figure had dropped to31%.Just this week,Dominic Lawson,the editor of the Sunday Telegraph,was sacked for failing to stem its decline.Some papers are having some success in building audiences online-the Guardian,which has by far the most successful newspaper site,gets nearly half as many weekly users as the BBC-but the problem is turning them into money.36.What does"John Birt…'got'the internet before any of the other big men of British media"mean?[A]John Birt was connected to the internet before his competitors.[B]John Birt launched the BBC website before his competitors launched theirs.[C]John Birt understood how the internet could be used by news media before his competitors did.[D]John Birt understood how the internet worked before his competitors did.37.Why does the text state that the BBC's success in the field of internet news was"improbable"?[A]Because the BBC is a large organisation.[B]Because the BBC is not a private company.[C]Because the BBC is not a successful media organisation.[D]Because the BBC doesn't make a profit.38.The author cites the examples in paragraph3in order to demonstrate that[A]the BBC's websites are innovative and comprehensive.[B]the BBC's websites are free and wide-ranging.[C]the BBC spends its money well.[D]the BBC uses modern technology.39.The BBC needn't to pay the music industry to provide classical music downloads for users of its websites because[A]the BBC is Britain's state-owned media organisation.[B]the BBC has a special copyright agreement with the big music industry companies.[C]the BBC produces classical music itself.[D]the BBC lets the music industry use its orchestras for free.40.According to the final paragraph,the main advantage that the BBC has over newspapers is that[A]more people use the BBC website.[B]the BBC doesn't need to make a profit.[C]the BBC has more competent managers.[D]young people are turning to the internet for news coverage. Part BDirections:In the following text,some sentences have been removed.For Questions41——45,choose the most suitable one from the list A——G to fit into each of numbered blanks.There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10points)From Southeast Asia to the Black Sea,fishing nets have become deathtraps for thousands of whales,dolphins and porpoises-species whose survival will be threatened unless fishing methods change.The World Wildlife Fund,a U.S.based environmental group,lists species threatened by accidental catch,and recommends low cost steps to reduce their entanglement in fishing gear.(41).Dolphins in the Philippines,India and Thailand are urgent priorities.Threatened populations include Irrawaddy dolphins in Malampyaya Sound off the Philippines'Palawan Island,about220miles south of Manila.Only77remain.Dolphins also face the threat of traders who sell them to aquariums,especially in Asia.(42).The WWF report said up to3,000Spinner dolphins may be caught each year in gillnets,which stretch from the sea floor to the surface and are hard for dolphins to see or detect with their sonar.(43).Dolphins are also under threat in Indonesia,Myanmar,India's Chilka Lake and Thailand's Songkhla Lake.Fishing gear kills thousands of porpoises each year in the Black Sea.Atlantic humpback dolphins face the same fate off the coasts of Ghana and Togo in Africa,as do Franciscana dolphins in Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil.Indo-Pacific humpback and bottlenose dolphinsoften die in nets off the south coast of Zanzibar.(44).U.S.fisheries in1993——2003introduced changes that reduced by a third the number of dolphins accidentally killed by fishing,or bycatch.But few other countries have followed that example and in much of the rest of the world,progress on bycatch mitigation has been slow to nonexistent.(45).Slight modifications in fishing gear can mean the difference between life and death for dolphins.[A]In the Pacific Ocean,bottlenose dolphins are found from northern Japan and California to Australia and Chile.They are also found offshore in the eastern tropical Pacific as far west as the Hawaiian islands.Off the California coast bottlenose dolphins have been observed as far north as Monterey,particularly during years of unusual warmth.[B]Researchers estimate that fishing gear kills about300,000 whales,dolphins and porpoises a year in the world's oceans.[C]If the mammals are trapped underwater in nets and can't get to the surface to breathe,they drown.[D]According to IWC reports,in the2003/2004season,Japan killed,under"special permit,"443minke whales in the Antarctic, and in the North Pacific,151minkes,50Bryde's whales,50sei whales, and10sperm whales.Japanese media have reported that Japan plansto expand its annual whale hunt to take two new species-humpback whales and fin whales-as well as nearly doubling its planned catch of minke whales.Both humpback and fin whales are on the World Conservation Union's Red List of Threatened Species.[E]Other threatened populations include Spinner and Fraser's dolphins in the Philippines'Sulu Sea.[F]Most of the animals are threatened by the widespread use of one type of fishing gear-gillnets.[G]These accidental deaths can be significantly reduced,often with very simple,low-cost solutions.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10points)Hollywood and the music industry can file piracy lawsuits against technology companies caught encouraging customers to steal music and movies over the Internet.(46)The justices,aiming to curtail what they called a"staggering"volume of piracy online,largely set aside concerns that new lawsuits would inhibit technology companies from developing the next iPod or other high-tech gadgets or services.The unanimous ruling is expected to have little immediate impact on consumers,though critics said it could lead companies to include digital locks to discourage illegal behavior.The justices left in place legal protections for companies that merely learn customers might be using products for illegal purposes.(47)Copying digital files such as movies,music or software programs "threatens copyright holders as never before"because it's so easy and popular,especially among young people.Entertainment companies maintain that online thieves trade2.6billion songs,movies and other digital files each month.(48)The ruling represents a significant victory for Hollywood and record labels,which have resorted to suing individually the thousands of computer users caught sharing music and movies online. In a tweak at entertainment companies and a demonstration of legal purposes for file-sharing computer users circulated the court's published opinion over Internet file-sharing services. Government-produced documents generally are not protected by copyright.(49)Grokster Ltd.and Streamcast Networks Inc.,developers of leading Internet-file-sharing software,can be sued because they deliberately encouraged customers to download copyrighted files illegally so they could build a larger audience and sell more advertising.Writing for the court.(50)But the court also said a technology company couldn't be sued if it merely learns its customers are using its products for illegal purposes.That balancing test,the court said,is necessary so that it"does nothing to compromise legitimate commerce or discourageinnovation having a lawful promise."The court said it wanted to protect an inventor who must predict how consumers months or years in the future might use new technology.SectionⅢWriting51.Directions:Write an essay ranging from160-200words based on the picture provided.Your essay should:1)show your understanding of the symbolic meaning of the picture;2)state whether you agree or disagree with the idea;and3)give an example which illustrates your opinion.Section I Use of English1.[答案]B number[考点]名词辨析，根据上下文选择合适的名词[解析]amount指不可数名词的"数量"，number指可数名词的"数目"，figure指一个"数字"，sum多指钱的"数量"。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国地质大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.填空题Is （1）a car really such a good idea? Think of how much fuel it would need, and of the cost of maintenance and insurance. In this neighborhood you’d probably have to pay a fee to （2）it at night. On your salary I really （3）that you can（4） it. As a friend, I would（5） you to wait until your financial situation improves.大意: 买车真的是个好想法吗？想想它需要多少油耗，维修和保养要多少花费。

在这附近，晚上，你可能需要付费停车。

以你的工资，我真怀疑你能买得起。

作为朋友，我建议，等你经济状况有所提高后再买。

【答案】1.buying2.park3.doubt4.afford5.advise【解析】1.词汇题。

此处应填一个动词的ing形式, 宾语为a car。

本段讲的应该是关于“购买一辆车”。

2.词汇题。

句意: 在这附近，晚上，你可能需要付费停车。

因此此处填入动词原形park。

3.词汇题。

句意: 以你的工资，我真怀疑你能否买得起。

4.词汇题。

此处应填一个动词,而且表示“买得起”,故填afford。

5.词汇题。

空格处应填一个谓语动词, 根据后面的内容推测此处应该是给与建议。

因此填advise，advise sb. To do sth. 建议某人做某事。

2.填空题This afternoon we’re meeting with（1） E.U. environmental official and some Australian specialists to talk about how to（2） groundwater pollution in the Tianjin area. 【答案】1.an2.prevent【解析】1.语法题。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国地质大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.填空题Last year the director of our company was accused（1） corruption and arrested. At his （2）three senior government （3）testified that he had attempted to bribe them. In the end he was found guilty and sentenced to fifteen years in（4） .【答案】of; trial; officials; prison【解析】句意: 去年，我们公司的董事被控告贪污而被捕。

在审判中，三名政府官员举证其试图贿赂他们。

最终他被判有罪，判处入狱十五年。

1.固定搭配。

be accused of 被控告。

2.语义题。

根据后面的testified （举证）推测此时场景为审判时,故填trail。

3.语义题。

根据后面的bribe (贿赂)可以推断出贿赂的对象一般是指“政府官员”，填officials。

4.语义题。

句意为: 判处入狱十五年。

2.单选题I put mv ear to the object and listened carefully as I first tapped it lightly with a chopstick and then striked it with a hammer; I wanted to find out if it was hollow, preferably without breaking it.问题1选项A.I put mv ear to the objectB.as I first tapped it lightlyC.then striked it with a hammerD.was hollow, preferablyE.没有问题【答案】C【解析】动词误用。

C H I N A U N I V E R S I T Y O F G E O S C I E N C E SPhD Entrance Examination in English21April 2001LISTEN TO THIS!Good morning! You are about to take the English test for people who wish to enter the doctoral program in the earth sciences at this school. The test may be rather different from any exam you’ve taken in the past. The first part is a timed listening exercise. The other four sections test your knowledge of grammar, elementary writing skills and basic vocabulary, plus your reading ability. You can have as much time as you like for the last four parts of the test—within reason, of course.The test has five sections, worth a total of 130 points in all; the answers in part 5, the reading test, are worth three points each.The answers for parts 1,2,3 and 5 (in other words, every part except 4) should be marked on your answer sheet. The answers for part 4 should be written directly on this test paper.Make sure you READ AND FOLLOW THE DIRECTIONS for each part of the test!The results of this exam will enable us to compare your preparation in English with that of the other candidates. The “passing” grade is relative; in other words, it will depend on the scores for the whole body of test-takers. You should just relax and do as well as you can.We shall now begin. Turn the page to part 1. Good luck!PART 1. Imagine that you are on a train to Shanghai. In the seats in front of you there are two foreigners, and you can hear their conversation. One of them is telling the other about his job. He says what he does, not what he is or what field (profession or occupation) he is in.On your paper you see a list of the names of people in 60 different occupations or professions. As you listen, decide what the speaker is. Then find the correct word on the list and write the number beside it in the proper blank on your answer sheet.For instance, suppose you hear this: (Speaker P) “Well, I don’t enjoy lecturing very much, especially to younger students, but I do love my research. I’d be so happy if I could spend every day in the lab with my graduate students and postdocs. However, that’s just not the way university departments operate.”You decide that the speaker must be a professor, so you find “a professor” on your list. You see that the number beside it is 61; you then write the number 61 in the blank beside P on your answer sheet.By the way, in reality there is no P and no 61, and “a professor” is not one of the choices on your list. This is just a theoretical example. You will now have three minutes to read the list. [SILENCE]All right, now let’s begin! [15 points]+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1an accountant 会计31 a librarian2an actor 32 a mathematician 数学家3an airline pilot 民航驾驶员33 a mechanic 机修工（技工）4an architect 建筑师34 a mechanical engineer 机械工程师5an astronomer 天文学家35 a military officer6 a biologist 36 a novelist 小说作家7 a chef 烹调师37 a nurse8 a civil engineer 土木工程师（建筑）38 a paleontologist 古生物学家9 a concert pianist 高级钢琴演奏师39 a press photographer 新闻摄影师10 a construction worker 40 a plumber 管道维修工（水暖工）11 a corporate executive 企业执行总裁41 a poet 诗人12 a dentist 牙医42 a police detective 侦探（刑警）13 a dietician 营养师43 a police patrolman 普通警察（巡警）14 a diplomat 外交官44 p pop singer 流行歌手15an electrician 电工45 a postman 邮递员16 a fashion designer 时装设计师46 a private businessman 私营企业家（个体商人）17 a film critic 电影评论家47 a private detective 私人侦探18 a film director 电影导演48 a psychiatrist 心理医生19 a flight attendant 飞机乘务员49 a psychologist 心理学家20 a florist 花店老板50 a publisher 出版商21 a geologist 51 a radio announcer 电台播音员22 a geophysicist 52 a schoolteacher (primary)23 a graphic designer 图形设计员53 a schoolteacher(secondary)24 a hairdresser 发型设计师54 a software engineer25 a hardware engineer 硬件工程师55 a store clerk/shop assistant26 a hotel manager 56 a surgeon 外科医生27 a journalist 57 a tax official 税务员28 a judge 法官58 a travel agent 旅行社职员29 a lab technician 59 a university student30 a lawyer 60 a vet 宠物医生（兽医）PART 2. In each of the ten sentences below there is an underlined words (or words). Decide which of the words in the list at the bottom of the page can be used to replace the underlined words without changing the meaning of the sentence. The underlined words and the words that you choose must be synonyms. In each case, writer the number found next to the synonym in the appropriate blank on your answer sheet.A.We need to economize, so we are trying to cut down on waste in our lab.B.Our situation is likely to deteriorate if we do not receive help soon.C.You will notice that this material can easily be seen through.D.John thinks he may be laid off when the firm reorganizes.E.Does anyone know who is in charge of this part of the project?F.How soon do you think they will exhaust their supply of oxygen?G.Was there any feedback after you made your presentation?H.We need to keep track of any changes in soil in the area around the factory.I.This plastic looks good, but I think we need something more durable.J.Please hurry. This matter requires immediate attention.The five sentences below also contain underlined words. Find the words in the list at the bottom of the page that mean the OPPOSITE of these underlined words. Again, write the number found next to each item you choose in the appropriate space on your answer sheet.K.Quite a few observers have reported changes in the quality of the air.L.The telescope they are using now is a state-of-the-art device.M.There has been a minor improvement in his condition since he started to take the new drug.N.On the basis of the study, the committee has decided that the dam project is feasible.O.Their experiments will probably shed light on this puzzling phenomenon.++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++POSSIBLE SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS (=OPPOSITES)1. a handful of 21. exacerbate 41. modify2. a host of 22. extremely advanced 42. monitor3.advanced 23. facilitate 43. more abundant4.advancing 24. get a raise 44. optional5.advice or criticism 25. get worse 45. other choice6.antiquated 26. greater 46. perilous7.authorize 27. identical 47. preserve8.be promoted 28. imply 48. questionable9.be transferred 29. impracticable 49. reduce10.become tired of 30. improve 50. refreshments11.challenging 31. is emergent 51. responsible forpatible 32. is invisible 52. responsible to13.constitute 33. is transparent 53. run out of14.contain 34. is urgent 54. safer15.counteract 35. is visible 55. similar16.designate 36. less prone to wear 56. snacks17.do little to explain 37. less tough 57. to blame for18.dramatic 38. lose his job 58. unprecedented19.dwindle 39. many 59. versatile20.eliminate 40. meal 60. very attractivePART 3. Each question in this part consists of one or more sentences in which four words or phrases are underlined. The four underlined parts are marked A, B, C or D. Decide which one of the four parts is not good English. Then write the letter found under that part in the proper space on your answer sheet.If the four underlined parts are all good English and there is no error in the sentence, then write E in the space on your answer sheet. REMEMBER! You always have FIVE possible choices: A, B, C, D or E (= no error).1Despite the claims of later researchers, it was two roman ancient scholars who first noticed the similarityA B Cin the structure of these crystals.D2How likely is the current campaign against spitting to success? To answer this question we must look atA B Cthe achievements of earlier efforts of this sort.D3This afternoon I forgot stopping to check the mail. I think an important letter from the U.K. may haveA B Carrived today, so I’m going to the mailroom the first thing in the morning.D4No sooner had she agreed to marry him than she began to have serious doubts about the wisdom of theA B C Dmatch.5This diagram is illustrating the difference between our data and the findings of the two earlierA B Cinvestigations. You will note that the discrepancies are quite marked, especially in sector F.D6I do a lot of traveling for my job. For example, once every two or three months I fly to Chongqing andA Bthen drive from town to town in east of Sichuan to talk to our clients.C D7I think we should all insure our bikes in case they will be stolen, but my wife doesn’t think the troubleA Band expense are worth it. As a result, my bike is insured against theft, but not hers.C D8 A number of the people came to the lecture were unable to get seats in Room 315, so Professor KleinA Bdecided to ask everyone to move to Room 403, which is much bigger.C D9There are only two methods for dealing with this problem: one is expensive but quick, which another isA B Ccheap but unfortunately takes a rather long time to be effective.D10Toward the end of the twentieth century a new means of communication was invented – the Internet. ByA B Cthe year 2000 the Internet had spread to every part of the globe.D11Hardly anybody passed the most recent physics exam, so Professor Klein has set up a series of make-upA Bclasses to help people who have fallen behind in their work to master the key concepts.C D12After the seminar in Shanghai this September, I will accompany with some of the participants on a tourA B Cof geological points of interest in Yunnan and Guizhou. Would you like to come with us?D13We are awaiting a shipment of new equipments that is scheduled to arrive in Tianjin very soon.A B C D14My boss knew that I was eager to return to my hometown to see my family, but he let me analyse all 400A Bof the rock samples anyway.C D15There is a rumor on campus that Wang Ping is about to be appointed minister of Ministry of Land andA B CResources. Do you think there’s any truth in the rumor?D16He has some experience in writing articles for publication, but not a great deal of it. Specifically, IA Bbelieve he has ever written three pieces that have appeared in professional journals, none of them inC DEnglish.17Yesterday afternoon I was busy reading a long article in the financial pages of the newspaper. At theA B Csame time, the doorbell rang, and I sprang from my chair to answer it.D18If I realized that the trip to South America was going to cost so much, I would almost certainly haveA Bbacked out of it and instead gone to a less distant spot to do my fieldwork.C D19Everyone regards it as a honor to be chosen to give the opening address at so important a conference.A B C D20We’re headed downtown on Saturday to see what’s being shown in the main art galleries. I’m told thatA B CAnne is very interested in modern art, so I hope she would join our group.DPART 4. The sentences below contain one or more blanks. In each blank you must write ONE appropriate word. There may be several appropriate choices, but you must write only one. Your choice must be logical, grammatically correct and properly spelled. In other words, it must be acceptable real English. Any answer in good English is correct.Put one and only one word in each blank. If you put more than one word in a blank, your answer is automatically wrong. Putting nothing in a blank also counts as an error. [50 points]+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1.You’re going to the party? Have _____________!2.Do you want to eat now or would you __________ wait a little while?3.I was _________________ when I opened the letter and discovered a check for $2,000.4.I have ______________good news for you. Your salary is going to be ________, starting next month.5.Do the investigators have any idea what _________ the oil rig to collapse?6.The experiment will be over ________ three hours. ________ then I have to stay in the lab and makesure everything goes according to plan.7.___________ they didn’t understand a word of what a foreign visitor was saying, they ________ onsmiling and nodding as if they did. It was very odd.8.We’re not very __________ with the condition of our lab, but we _________ the funds that would beneeded to renovate it properly.9.You may not __________ our campus very impressive to look at. _________, the university does have anumber of genuinely distinguished researchers ______________ its staff.10.Many earth ___________ want to do research in Tibet, but ___________ there is not a good idea unlessyou are in excellent ____________.11.When John went ___________ this morning, he said he would ___________ around 2:30. __________Itell him to give you a ___________ later this afternoon?12.John got _________ in traffic on his _________ to the campus this morning. By the time he arrived, themeeting _________ already over and everyone __________ gone back to work.13.It’s true that second-hand cars are cheaper than new cars, but they _________ to use more fuel._________, they break down _________ more often. Of course, if you’re a good mechanic, perhaps that’s not such a _________, but I can’t recommend __________ an older car to anyone who is n’t good at __________ them.14.I’m upset because I’ve just witnessed __________ accident. It involved a bus, a taxi and a bike. Theman on the bike and the cab driver were both _________, the first instantly. The cab driver stopped breathing just as the ambulance arrived.15.John _________ to smoke but he ________ after his father, a lifelong heavy smoker, got lung ________.__________ him die of the disease was a terrible experience for John. Nowadays he gets angry whenever he sees an _____________ for cigarettes.16.Professor Smith’s lecture was so _________ that half of the audience had to struggle not to _________asleep. John was one of the few people who were not ______. He thinks Smith’s research is fascinating.17.If you plan to _______ the conference in Sydney next month, you should _______ a seat as soon aspossible. I traveled to Australia at this time last year, and I had a lot of _______ getting a plane ticket. 18.All of Li Bo’s friends are __________ him to take the job that the new computer company has _______him, but thus far he has _________ to leave his current job. __________ can understand why he is so reluctant to change __________, especially since he often complains about he firm he works for now.PART 5. First read the article below carefully and completely. (Notice that the paragraphs are numbered from 1 to 11.) Then answer the questions on its content. In each case write the letter of the correct answer on your answer sheet. Each answer is worth three points.You are not allowed to use a dictionary. However, we have provided a short list of difficult words with their definitions to help you read the text. Read this vocabulary list before you begin the article.VOCABULARY FOR THE ARTICLEacute (adj.): sharp; causing difficult problemsto assimilate A: to make A similar to the other people in a new environment or societya buffer: something that reduces the shock of conflict or misunderstandinga C: a merely passing mark in the usual US grading system (A-B-C-D-F, with A as the high grade)a chasm: a wide, deep gapa corollary: a result of something else; a principle derived from another principlea curriculum: a list of courses taught in a schoolcuts far deeper = is more profound in its effectsa delicatessen: a store where ready-to-eat foods prepared in the store are sold and taken elsewhere despondent (adj.): discouraged and unhappydevastating (adj.): disastrousexotic (adj.): mysteriously foreigna family dynamic [a psychological term]: a pattern of authority and emotion inside a familya go-between: a middlemanto hammer X to A: to emphasize X by constant repetitionHispanic (adj.): from any of the countries in which Spanish is the main languagea privation: a lack of something importantself-esteem: self-respect, related to self-confidenceseventh grade: grade 7 of the 12 grades in US schools (like “CHU-YI” in China)to take a toll on X: to damage Xa toddler: a young child who can walk, but not yet very well (age 2-5)virtually: almost[1] Korean-born Sung Jong Chang and her 16-year-old American son have trouble talking to each other. they barely communicate, in fact. The reason cuts far deeper than the Normal parent-teenager divide in Western societies. Mrs Chang, a Korean immigrant who works seven days a week in the family’s restaurant business, speaks almost no English. Her son, John Kim, who came to the United States as a toddler, knows little Korean. At home in a Virginian suburb of Washington, Mrs Chang watches Korean television and videotapes. In the car she listens to Korean radio. At work and church, she speaks Korean with her friends and colleagues. Working twelve hours a day, she has little opportunity or even need to learn a new language.[2] John, on the other hand, is 100 percent Americanized. His friendships, his classes at school, his tastes in music, in clothes, in recreation – all are firmly rooted in the English language and American culture, especially as represented by the programs that he sees on TV. Television has also had an enormous influence on his spoken English had how he uses it. The direct input from his parents seems to have shrunk to little more than preferences in food and a habit of diligence.[3] In a society that insistently hammers into parents the importance of talking to children and spending time with them, many immigrants can hardly do either. Holding down one or more jobs to provide for their families leaves little time for family life, much less for attending language classes. At the same time, there is evidence that the children of today’s immigrants are losing their parents’ language a good deal faster than second-generation children did years ago.[4] The result, say sociologists and others who study the effects of immigration, is a troubling new family dynamic on the rise: a generation of children growing up almost strangers to their parent. “For most of us, it would be an easy choice,” said Kathleen Harris, a sociology professor at the University of North Carolina. “Of course you would learn to communicate with your child – but not if it meant having to do without food on the table.”[5] Twelve years after arriving in the US, Mrs Chang has come to believe that she is losing her son across a great cultural chasm. It pains her greatly, but she lacks the means to tell him even that much. Instead she relies on her daughter to speak for her. Sun Mi Kim, 18 years old, who grew up speaking English and a child’s oral Korean and is only now striving to learn the spoken and written Korean of an adult, serves as a go-between for her mother and brother, translating nearly everything that passes between the, even during their occasional angry shouting matches. Because Sun Mi’s Korean is limited, however, much is left unspoken – and many feelings unexplored – in the family. Subtlety is lost. Now, when Mrs chang sees her son despondent when she comes home at night after her long workday, she wonders if their language barrier has taken its toll on more than ease of communication within her family. “I’m afraid that by now my son may have given up trying to communicate –and maybe not just with me,”the 47-year-old mother said through a translator one recent afternoon while taking a break from her kitchen duties at one of the family’s two restaurants.[6] Previous waves of American immigrants switched over from their ancestral languages to English in a more gradual fashion, over the course of three or four generations, with a buffer between the immigrant generation and the fully assimilated generation. Back in the decades when Italy was a major source of immigrants to the US, for example, an English-speaking child might have had difficulty talking to his Italian-born grandfather, but usually the generation sandwiched in the middle was fluent in the oral forms of both languages. Nowadays the change is happening far more rapidly, according to Ruben Rumbaut, a sociologist at Michigan State University. “This country is becoming a language graveyard for the second generation,” he said, with children and parents living under the same roof yet substantially unable to talk toeach other except about the most superficial matters of everyday routine.[7] In a long-term study of 5,300 immigrant families, Professor Rumbaut found that 73 percent of the youngsters surveyed in 1991 stated that English was their primary language of communication by the time they reached seventh grade, but 94 percent of the parents spoke another language at home. In 1995, the figure for the parents was about the same, while the number of children speaking mainly English had jumped to 88 percent. A survey of immigrant families conducted last year in the Virginia county where Mrs Chang and her family live found that 53 percent of the households had an adult who spoke little or no English; in 27 percent of the households, no resident adult could speak English.[8] The language barrier separating parent and child may be particularly acute among Asians. Although a higher proportion know some English when they arrive in the US, according to a 1995 University of North Carolina study of 21,000 immigrant youths, Asian children lost their native language considerably more swiftly than do Hispanic children. That is in part because Hispanic young people usually live in larger communities where there are many Spanish-speakers. Asian communities, in contrast, tend to be much smaller and may have several languages, depending on how many countries are represented, said Pyong Gap Min, a Korean-American professor of sociology at Queens College in New York City.[9] Furthermore, Spanish has been woven into the fabric of life in many communities. “How many high schools in this country teach Korean or Vietnamese, or even Chinese?” Professor Min pointed out. “But every high school, virtually without exception, has Spanish in the curriculum, and that’s been the pattern for over a century in the US. People expect Spanish to be taught, whereas Asian language are still regarded as exotic and not of much use to the larger society. This attitude may be short-sighted, but it’s a fact, and a sad corollary is that there is seldom much support for funding instruction in Asian tongues at the primary or secondary school level, at least in public schools.”[10] Adding to the dissolution of communication is the fact that many cultures – particularly those in Asia – do not really encourage parents to sit down for heart-to-heart talks with their children. The most that these parents are likely to do is push their children to get good grades, according to Ms Min. “But if parents only talk about grades, their children’s self-esteem often becomes dependent on their school achievement, rather than on their parents’ love. Then getting a C in school can be devastating.”[11] Sung Jong Chang grew up in a South Korea recovering from the destruction wrought by war. Especially during her childhood, her parents had little food or money. When she migrated to the US in 1988, she came determined to make sure that her family would never have to face similar privations. By working in a relative’s delicatessen and at other jobs, she and her husband saved enough money to open two Japanese restaurants near their home. Now both put in long hours and take just two days off each year: Thanksgiving and New Year’s. John, who was five when he was brought to America, says he is not used to having his parents around. While they were at work, he was either with school friends or watching TV at home. He does not remember how or when he forgot the Korean he spoke as a pre-school child. Little though he now speaks with his mother, communication with his father, who knows no English beyond a few isolated words, is even worse. “We never talk at all,” John said, with a shrug of his shoulders.1In paragraph 1, the author implies thatA native-born American parents often have trouble talking to their childrenB differences between generations in the West often lead to great gaps in languageC Koreans immigrants usually fail to learn to speak English fluentlyD Asians who stay in America for years no longer use Asian languages very well2Mrs Chang’s daughter, Sun Mi Kim, moved to AmericaA at the age of 18B at the age of 5C at an unknown age; there is not enough information in the article even to hazard a guessD presumably around the age of 6 or 73The choice that Kathleen Harris refers to in paragraph 4 is betweenA learning English and ignoring itB learning how to talk to your child and focusing on economic mattersC advancing in your career and building a happy familyD migrating and losing family closeness, and remaining in your homeland4In paragraphs 5 and 11, the author seems to suggest that the boy John KimA will eventually learn to communicate well with his mother but not with his fatherB has been deeply and permanently affected by the long years of not really talking to his parentsC no longer has much trouble saying anything important to his motherD is communicating much better with his father now that his elder sister is improving her Korean5On the basis of this article, which of these statements is NOT true?A The way John Kim speaks English to some degree reflects what he watches on TV.B TV had helped John Kim get through a lot of lonely hours at home.C Spending so much time watching TV had made John Kim a passive, rather lazy boy.D John Kim feels somewhat ill at ease when he is in the company of his mother and father.6English-speaking children talking to immigrant grandparentsA used to face a much greater linguistic barrier than they do todayB seldom need to seek the help of other people nowadaysC often act as a sandwich generation helping their parents and grandparents to communicate betterD ordinarily used to have people in their parents’ generation to help bridge any gap7Researchers who compare young immigrant Asian-Americans to immigrant Hispanic-Americans in the same age group have discovered thatA Hispanic-Americans retain Spanish longer than Asian-Americans keep their native languagesB both groups become primarily English-speaking at roughly the same rateC Hispanic-Americans become English-speakers much more quickly than Asian-Americans doD Asian-Americans have smaller communities and therefore preserve their languages more zealously 8According to Professor Rumbaut’s study, in immigrant families between 1991 and 1995A parents woke up to the fact that they were losing touch with their Americanized childrenB it became a good deal less difficult for children to talk to their parentsC the proportion of children who relied on English to talk to other people rose by 15%D the proportion of parents who spoke a language other than English at home fell by 6%9Spanish is taught in most US schoolsA on account of the huge number of Hispanic immigrants in the US todayB in response to changes in the world in the last few decadesC today, as it has been for 100 years or moreD because there is no money in school budgets to pay teachers of other languages10An appropriate title for this article might beA Among Asian immigrants in the US, a wall of language separates generationsB English as a unifying factor in today’s immigrant families in the USC The Korean language faces hard times in the United States。

中国地质大学考博英语必备复习资料 II. Situation writing1. Story/ Report TypeParagraph 1 描述文字+得出结论It is quite obvious / apparent to all of us that the above story describes that 讲故事(2-3句慨述. From this story, we can easily arrive at such conclusion that _结论(参考提示语).Paragraph 2 根据主题分类展开或举例说明Undoubtedly, such case frequently occur in our daily life. A case in point is that _______. There is another example to illustrate this point. 例子 (也可根据主题分类， 参考前面的models 1-4) Paragraph 3作者的结论或评论Based on what has been illustrated above, we should have a correct attitude towards 主题 ――(解释主题)(如one’s life consists of lots of goals. )If we … , we will necessarily benefit a lot from it.2. Graph TypeParagraph 1 慨述图标+具体变化As can be seen clearly from the above graph, there has been an obvious tendency with respect to ______ (参考提示语) in the past ___years. According to the figures shown in the graph, the number of (private cars )…rose slightly from___ in ____to_____in _____. However, there was a sudden rapid decline in the number of ( private cars ) from … to…in______.Paragraph 2紧扣主题句，分析原因（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ: 772678537) Obviously, it is not difficult for us to come up with some possible factors that contribute to the above tendency. In the first place, …. In the second place, …. At last, ….Paragraph 3发表议论，提出建议或预测Based on what has been analyzed, we can say that the drawer intends not only to tell us the fact itself, but also set us thinking about _____. By the way, we may reasonably predict that, with the further development of reform and opening-up, the number of ______ will continue to grow steadily in the forthcoming decade.3. Cartoon TypeParagraph 1 描述漫画+得出结论Here is a vivid and lively cartoon which depicts ______(2-3句概述, Obviously, this picture conveys us a strong message that _______ Paragraph 2 根据主题分类展开或举例说明It is not difficult for us to come up with some possible factors that contribute to the above phenomenon if thinking carefully. To begin with, …. What’s more,…. At last,…Paragraph 3作者的结论或评论Based on what has been discussed, I personally believe that it is high time for us to adopt some effective measures to deal with such situation. On the one hand,… ; on the other hand,…. Only in these ways can we _____ ( prevent….from…;guarantee …; protect …from…; solve this matter effectively and successfully)III, 考生造句标准和原则必须符合下列句型原则1. 基本句型 (详见笔记---五大基本句型)2. 扩展句型 (详见笔记---三种扩展方式)3. 特殊句型 (详见笔记---十大特殊句型)英语写作句型训练示范1. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that advantages of bicycle far outweigh its disadvantages and it will still play essential roles in modern society.通过以上讨论，我们可以得出结论：自行车的优点远大于缺点，并且在现代社会它仍将发挥重要作用。