美国文学史及选读考试整理

The literature of colonial AmericaJohn Smith1）The 1st American writer2）作品“reports of exploration”have been de scribed as the 1st distinctly American literatur e written in English, attracted Pilgrims(朝圣者) &the Puritans.3）1608，写了封信“A true Relation of Such O ccurance&Accidents of Note as Hath Happen ed in Virginia Since the 1st planting of That c olony”4）1612，第二本书“A map of Virginia :with a Description of the Country”5）他一共出版了八本书，公司破产以后做了向导，he sought a post as guide to the pilgrims. 1624，“General History of Virginia”讲述How the Indian princess Pocahonats Saved him. 6）他早期记录和反映的思想慢慢演变成了美国历史的基本思想，这种思想推动了美国边疆的西移。

7）早期英格兰文学主要关于theological(神学), moral(道德), historical and political.The Puritans in New England embraced hards hips, together with the discipline of a harsh church.They had toughness, purpose and cha racter, they grappled strongly with challenges they set themselves.他们的基本价值观：hard w ork, thrift, piety and sobriety.（也是美国作品的主导思想）William Bradford & John Withrop1）William Bradford：“The History of Plymouth Plantation”（从1630年写起，关于一群清教徒从英国出发到Amsterdam最后到新大陆的过程）Cotton Mather评价：“a common blessing and father to them all.”2）John Withrop：“The History of New England”（1630，登上Arbella号去Massachusetts并keep a journal and to the rest of his life.1826年出版）3）Puritans-Puritans wanted to make pure their religious beliefs and practices.The Puritan was Would-be purifier.-Looked upon themselves as a choosen peolple.-Anyone who challenged their way of life wa s opposing God’s will and was not to be ac cepted.-They were zealous in defense of their own beliefs but often intolerant of the beliefs of others-Made laws about private morality as well as public behavior Nathaniel Hawthorne called them“stern and black browed Puritans”John Cotton & Roger Williams1）John Cotton：The patriarch(教父) of New England2）Roger Williams：“A key into the language of Ameriaca”&“A help to the language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England”(美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南)Anne Bradstreet & Edward Taylor1）Anne Bradstreet：One of the most interest ing of the early poet.(1630乘Arbella到Massa chusetts)“The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in Ameri ca”（在美洲诞生的第十个缪斯）2）Edward Taylor：The best of the Puritan Po ets(作品大部分关于宗教)The Literature of Reason And Revolution1.American Independence WarNoah Webster评价：American must be as ind ependent in literature as she is inpolitics, as famous for arts as for arms.（文化上的独立，艺术上的著名）②Thomas Jefferson：”Declaration of Independ ence(独立宣言)”2.Enlightenment 启蒙运动3文学上独立的代表作1785, Jefferson：“Notes on the State of Virginia.“1791, Bartram：“Travels”Benjamin Franklin 1706-17901）In the colonial period, the only good Ame rican author before the Revolutionary War. -Born in Boston曾创办“Pennsylvania Gazatte”, 1732-1758出版”Poor Richard’s Almanac coll ocation of proverbs”2）founded the Junto&Established America’s first circulating library& founded the Universit y of PennsylvaniaAided Jefferson in writting the Declaration of Independence.3）The 1st major writers.4）“Autobiography”,编辑了美国第一份殖民杂志“General magazine”朋友评价：His shadow lies heavier than any ot her man’s on this young nation.Thomas Paine 1739-18091）“Great Commoner of Mankind”(人类最平凡的人）&Pamphleteer(小册作家)2）1772, he wrote his 1st pamphlet“The case of the Officers of the Excise”1774, Franklin给他写推荐信“an ingenious wort hy young man”He is a political satirist of genius(政治讽刺的天才)3）1776.1.10 His famous pamphlet“Common Sense”appeared, 署名by an Englishman(书中大胆拥护独立宣言各主张，因此成了美国独立革命思想的代言人)4）1776-1783，“American Crisis”signed“Com mon Sense”在部队被广泛传阅鼓舞士气5）1791-1792，“Rights of Man”6）在法国因反对路易十六和恐怖统治入狱，1793-1 795，“The Age of Reason”a deistic treatise a dvocating a rationalistic view of religion.（注重宗教观念的理性）7）最后一部作品“Agrarian Justice”Thomas Jefferson 1743-1826美国历史上最为广泛影响的人物，同Franklin一样具人道主义精神1）1776，with John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman and Robert R Livingston, hedrafted the Declaration of Independence. 2）1800起担任两届美国总统，建立the Library of Congress，1819创建the university of Virginia 并担任第一任校长Philip Freneau1）The most outstanding writter of the Post-Revolutionary period. Double role as poet an d political journalist.2）1770，“The Power of Fancy”因出版有关讽刺英国人作品而被认可3）1776，“The House of Night”（the Gothic mood）F·L·帕蒂称它为“the 1st distinctly romant ic note heard in America”and“The Beauties of Santa Cruz”4）1781，“The British Prison Ship”5）1786，他的早期作品被收录在“The Poems of Philip Freneau Written Chiefly During the Lat e War”6）1788，“Miscellaneous Works”.1791，with Jefferson’s support“National Gaz ette”campaigned against the opinions of the“Gazette of the United States”7）教材作品“The Wild Honey Suckle”“The In dian Burying Ground”“To a Caty-Did”The Literature of Romanticism1）1828年Andrew Jackson as the 7th Presiden t of the United States标志Virginia王朝的结束1 861年开始Civil War.’[[[‘2）美国早期的主要文学形式，被长篇、短篇故事和诗歌所取代novels, short stories, and poems re placed sermons and manifestos as America’s principal literary forms.Washington Irving 1783-18591）He was the 1st great prose stylist of Amer ican romanticism familiar style.第一位浪漫主义散文文体作家，大众化风格2）He was the 1st great belletrist, writing alw ays for pleasure, and to produce pleasure.第一个不折不扣的纯文学作家，他写作只是为了快乐和创造快乐3）1819-1820，His“Sketch Book”appeared t he 1st modern short stories and the 1st great American juvenile literature to write good hi story and biography as literary entertainment.第一部《见闻札记》是现代文学史上的第一部短篇小说，也是美国第一部伟大的青少年文学读物，他把历史与传说当作娱乐形式来写。

0171美国文学史及选读1、艾伦坡（Edgar Allan Poe）的小说表现出怎样的艺术特征？答：作品主题爱伦·坡的恐怖小说带有浪漫主义的特色。

纵观爱伦·坡的恐怖小说创作，其故事主题大都“揭示了人类意识及潜意识中的阴暗面”，这一点显然迥异于同时代的其他浪漫主义作家。

爱伦·坡以恐怖小说这样一种特殊的文学形式深入刻画与呈现了非现实状态下人的精神状态和心理特征，试图“以非现实、非理性的表达方式来揭示现代人的精神因顿”。

他借助想象奇特、恐怖怪异的故事情节，通过夸张、隐喻和象征等修辞手段表现人性的危机，激起读者浓厚阅读兴趣的同时，震撼心灵，发人深省。

爱伦·坡的创作原则是其“效果说”理论，他选择“死亡”作为其文学创作的主题是由他的这个创作原则决定的。

坡认为，无论是创作诗歌还是小说，作家必须讲究效果的统一，必须时刻想到预定的结局，要使每一个情节变得必不可少。

他在《评霍桑的“故事重述”》中曾经这样阐述自己的创作原则：“聪明的艺术家不是将自己的思想纳入他的情节，而是事先精心策划，想出某种独特的、与众不同的效果，然后再杜撰出这样一些情节——他把这些情节联结起来，而他所做的一切都将最大限度地有利于实现在预先构思的效果”。

使“每一事件，每一描写细节，甚至一字一句都收到一定的统一效果，一个预想的效果，印象主义的效果”。

他强调作品对读者所能唤起的情绪和产生的效果。

在“创作的哲学”中，他认为，故事的首要目的是要在情感上扣住读者的心弦，产生最激动人心的效果。

死亡主题是通过谨严紧凑的结构和作品的简洁而表现的。

爱伦坡的作品形式精美，技巧圆熟。

爱伦坡在《评霍桑的“故事重述”》里，强调了作品的简洁和统一效果。

在写作中，他还平萍理留情节和结构的高度简洁，小说中通常只有两个，最多三个人物，也没有离题的枝节和无关的装饰品。

在他看来，一位技巧高明的文学家在写作之前，必须成竹在胸，深思熟虑，为实现预期效果而选择和组织情节，并且不应该有一个词的意向直接或间接与预先的构思无关。

第二章理性时代和革命时期文学填空题1. In Philadelphia, ______ edited the Pennsylvania Magazine, and contributed to the Pennsylvania Journal.【答案】Thomas Paine2. On January 10, 1776, Thomas Paine’s famous pamphlet ______ appeared.【答案】Common Sense【解析】1776年美国独立的风潮开始，托马斯·潘恩支持美国独立，反对英国的殖民专政，撰写了他的成名小册子《常识》，为美国从英国殖民中独立出来辩论，批评英国国王残暴无能，认为独立后的美国应该建立共和国。

3. Except Common Sense, Paine’s the other two famous works were______ and ______.【答案】The Rights of Man，The Age of Reason【解析】潘恩著名的作品包括，《常识》、《人的权利》、《理性的时代》。

4. Thomas Paine’s second most important work ______ was an impassioned plea against hereditary monarchy.【答案】The Rights of Man【解析】1791年3月，托马斯·潘恩在伦敦出版《人权论》，激烈抨击埃德蒙·伯克（Edmund Burke，1729-1797）的《法国革命感言录》（Reflections on the Revolution in France）（1790）。

《人权论》的可贵之处还在于，它冲破了当时笼罩于整个西方思想界对英国君主立宪政体的迷信，深入骨髓地批判了这一政体，给当时还处于摸索状态的法国革命指明了共和主义的崭新方向。

Multiple Choice (1’×15=1515=15’’) 1.______was the first colony in American history. A. Massachusetts B. New Jersey C. Virginia D.Georgia 2. ______ was the only good American author before the Revolutionary War. One of his fellow Americans said, ’s on “His shadow lies heavier than any other manthis young nation.”ArrayA. John Smith B. Benjamin Franklin C. Thomas Jefferson D.Thomas Paine 3. Romantics put emphasis on the following EXCEPT ______. A. common sense B. imagination C. intuition D. individualism 4. The Raven was written in 1844 by ________ A. Philip Freneau B. Edgar Allan Poe C. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow D. Emily Dickinson 5. The ship ______ carried about one hundred Pilgrims and took 66 days to beat its way across the Atlantic. In December of 1620, it put the Pilgrims ashore at Plymouth, Massachusetts. A. Sunflower B. Armada C. Mayflower D. Titanic 6. Melville’s novel ______ is a tremendous chronicle of a whaling voyage inpursuit of a seemingly supernatural white whale. A. Typee B. Omoo C. White Jacket D. Moby Dick 7. As a philosophical and literary movement, ______ flourished in New England from the 1830s to the Civil War. A.Modernism B.Rationalism C.Sentimentalism D.Transcendentalism 8. The theme of original sin is fully reflected in _________. A. The Scarlet Letter B. Sister Carrie C. The Great Gatsby D. The Old Man and Sea 9. In all his novels Theodore Dreiser sets himself to project the ______ American values. For examplSister Carrie, there is not one character whose status is not determined economically. A. Puritan B. materialistic C. psychological D. religious 10. Realism was a reaction against______ or a move away from the bias towards romance and self-creafictions, and paved the way to Modernism. A. Rationalism B. Romanticism C. Neoclassicism D. Enlightenment 11. ________ was a poet in American modern period who was deeply influence by eastern culture. A. T. S Eliot B. Robert Frost C. Ezra Pound D. Walt Whitman 12. Which of the following statements about Emily Dickinson is NOT true? A. After 1862 she became a total recluse, not leaving her house nor seeing close friends. B. She once felt a deep affection for Charles Wadsworth, a married aged minister, but it proved to be a frus love affair for Dickinson. C. She wrote about death, immortality, nature, success and failure. D. During her lifetime, all her poems are published. 13. The realistic period is referred to as “the Gilded Age ” by _______. A. Mark Twain B. Henry James C. Emily Dickinson D. Theodore Dreiser 14. Which of the following works is NOT by Ernest Hemingway? A. The Old Man and Sea B. A Farewell to Arms C. Sound and Fury D. For Whom the Bell Tolls 15. Which one is NOT the characteristic of modernism? A. Modernism in literature is characterized by experimentation, a nti-realism, anti-realism, anti-realism, individualism individualism individualism and a stress and a stress on the cerebral rather than emotive aspects. B. Modernism is greatly influenced by the two world wars. C. C. The The The work work work of of of Marx, Marx, Marx, and and and Freud, Freud, Freud, had had had mounted mounted mounted an an an assault assault assault against against against orthodox orthodox orthodox religious religious religious faith faith faith that that that lasted lasted lasted into into into the the twentieth century. D. Modernists believe that human nature is kind. I. Match the Column A with Column B (1’×10=1010=10’’) Column A Column B ( ) 1. Dimmesdale a. Robert Frost ( ) 2. Ahab b. Mark Twain ( ) 3. Drouet c. The Scarlet Letter ( ) 4. Pulitzer Prizer d. Thomas Jefferson ( ) 5. Reclusive poet e. Moby Dick ( ) 6. humorist and satirist f. Ernest Heminway ( ) 7. The Decalration of Indepenence g. Henry David Thoreau ( ) 8. transcendentalist h. Emily Dickinson ( ) 9. The Great Gatsby i. Sister Carrie ( ) 10. The Lost Generation j. F. Scott Fitzgerald II. Define the following words within one phrase (2(2’’×5=105=10’’) 1. free verse 2. Ralph Waldo Emerson 3. Mark Twain 4. Benjamin Franklin 5. Ezra Pound III. Simple questions (5’×4=204=20’’) 1. What are Puritan thoughts? 2. What is Transcedentalism and list some representative figures? 3. Explain the symbolic meanings of “A ” in The Scarlet Letter. 4. Illustrate the three principles of Imagist Poetry. IV . Interpreting the following texts (45’) Text 1 When a girl leaves her home at eighteen, she does one of two things. Either she falls into s hands hands and and and becomes becomes becomes better, better, better, or or or she she she rapidly rapidly rapidly assumes assumes assumes the the the cosmopolitan cosmopolitan cosmopolitan standard standard standard of of of virtue virtue virtue and and and becomes becomes worse. worse. Of Of Of an an an intermediate intermediate intermediate balance, balance, balance, under under under the the the circumstances, circumstances, circumstances, there there there is is is no no no possibility. possibility. possibility. The The The city city city has has has its its cunning wiles, no less than the infinitely smaller and more human tempter. There are large forces w allure allure with with with all all all the the the soulfulness soulfulness soulfulness of of of expression expression expression possible possible possible in in in the the the most most most cultured cultured cultured human. human. human. The The The gleam gleam gleam of of of a a thousand thousand lights lights lights is is is often often often as as as effective effective effective as as as the the the persuasive persuasive persuasive light light light in in in a a a wooing wooing wooing and and and fascinating fascinating fascinating eye. eye. eye. Half Half Half the the undoing of the unsophisticated and natural mind is accomplished by forces wholly superhuman. A bl of sound, a roar of life, a vast array of human hives, appeal to the astonished senses in equivocal Without a counsellor at hand to whisper cautious interpretations, what falsehoods may not these thi breathe breathe into into into the the the unguarded unguarded unguarded ear! ear! ear! Unrecognised Unrecognised Unrecognised for for for what what what they they they are, are, are, their their their beauty, beauty, beauty, like like like music, music, music, too too too often often relaxes, then weakens, then perverts the simpler human perceptions. Questions 1. Please use one phrase to summarize the above paragraph (2’) 2. What are the two possibilities for a girl of eighteen leaving her home?(2’) 3. Please find out the figures of speech (2’) 4. What are the attractive forces mentioned in a big city? (4’) 5. How are naturalist views are reflected in this paragraph? Illustrate your points with examples (5’) Text 2 Because I could not stop for Death –He kindly stopped for me -- The Carriage held but just Ourselves -- And Immortality. We slowly drove -- He knew no haste And I had put away My labor and my leisure too, For His Civility –We passed the School, where Children strove At Recess -- in the Ring -- We passed the Fields of Gazing Grain -- We passed the Setting Sun –…Since then -- 'tis Centuries -- and yet Feels shorter than the Day I first surmised the Horses' Heads Were toward Eternity –Questions: 1.Identify the poet and the title of this poem? (2’) 2.Explain the underlined words (4’) “the School”, “the fields of Gazing Grain”, “the Setting Sun”? (3’) 3.What are the implications of 4.How do you understand “Since then -- 'tis Centuries -- and yet / Feels shorter than the Day” ? (3’) 5.What are the speaker’s opinions about death? (3’) Text 3 Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, And sorry I could not travel both And be one traveler, long I stood And looked down one as far as I could To where it bent in the undergrowth. Then took the other, as just as fair, And having perhaps the better claim, Because it was grassy and wanted wear; Though as for that the passing there Had worn them really about the same. And both that morning equally lay In leaves no step had trodden black. Oh, I kept the first for another day! Yet knowing how way leads on to way, I doubted if I should ever come back. I shall be telling this with a sigh Somewhere ages and ages hence: Two roads diverged in a wood, and I-- I took the one less traveled by, And that has made all the difference. Questions: ’) 1.Please examine the poetic form (rhyme and meter) (2’) 2.Describe the similarities and differences of these two roads. Which one does the speaker take? (33.How do you understand the word “sigh”? (4’) 4.What might the two roads stand for in the speaker’s mind? (4’) ’) 5.What is the theme of this poem? (2V.Interpreting the following texts (45’) Text 1 ’) 1. Please use one phrase to summarize the above paragraph (2’) 2. What are the two possibilities for a girl of eighteen leaving her home?(2’) 3. Please find out the figures of speech (2’) 4. What are the attractive forces mentioned in a big city? (4’) 5. How are naturalist views are reflected in this paragraph? Illustrate your points with examples (5Text 2 1. Identify the poet and the title of this poem? (2’) ’) 2. Explain the underlined words (4“the School”, “the fields of Gazing Grain”, “the Setting Sun”? (3’) 3. What are the implications of “Since then -- 'tis Centuries -- and yet / Feels shorter than the Day” ? (3’) 4. How do you understand 5. What are the speaker’s opinions about death? (3’) Text 3 ’) V.Please examine the poetic form (rhyme and meter) (2VI. Describe the similarities and differences of these two roads. Which one does the speaker take? (3’) VII. How do you understand the word “sigh ”? (4’) VIII. What might the two roads stand for in the speaker ’s mind? (4’) IX. What is the theme of this poem? (2’) 参考答案参考答案I. Multiple Choice (1’×15=1515=15’’) 1. _C___ 2._B__ 3.__A__ 4.__B__ 5.__C___ 6.__D_ 7.__D__ 8._A__ 9.__B__ 10.__B___ 11._C__ 12.__D__ 13._A_ 14._C __ 15._D__ II. Match the Column A with Column B (1’×10=1010=10’’) 1.( c ) 2.( e ) 3.( i ) 4.( a ) 5.( h ) 6.( b ) 7.( d ) 8.( g ) 9.(j ) 10.( f ) III. Define the following words within one phrase (2’×5=105=10’’) (Any related information can be given marks) 1. poetry without a fived beat or regular rhyme scheme, produced by Walt Whitman 2. 2. is is is the the the representative representative of of transcedentalists, transcedentalists, who who believes believes in in individualism individualism and and self-reliance self-reliance and and brings brings transcedentalism to New England 3．is a humorist and satirist, who uses broad humor and biting social satire 4．is one of Thoreau’s masterpieces, which is the result of the author ’s two years of living near Walden lake. 5. 5. is is is regarded regarded regarded as as as the the the classical classical classical poem poem poem of of of imagist imagist imagist poetry poetry poetry by by by Ezra Ezra Ezra Pound, Pound, Pound, conveying conveying conveying the the the theme theme theme of of of the the the speaker speaker speaker’’s sudden pleasure of finding some beautiful faces in the subway IV . Simple Questions (5’×4=204=20’’) (Answers should be to the points. 1 score for time, 2 scores for features anscore for representative figures when defining the literary terms) a) Puritan thoughts: to make pure their religious beliefs and practices, to restore simplicity, to live a harddisciplined life and oppose pleasure and arts. b) Transcendentalism is the climax of American Romanticism. First, the Transcendentalist placed emphasis on spirit, or the oversoul, as the most important thing in the universe. Secondly, Transcendentalists stressed the importance of the individual. Thirdly, the Transcendentalists offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the spirit. 3. a. The letter ’s meaning shifts as time passes. Originally intended to mark Hester as an adulterer, the “A ” eventually comes to stand for “Able ” or “Angel Angel””. b. Besides Hester, Dimmesdale also ironed the letter A on his body, which provoked his self-consciousness and showed his repent for what he did. c. Pearl, their baby, wore a green letter a in a piece of seaweed while playing on the beach. This green letter A symbolizes vitality or new life, and also suggests her inheritance from her mother. 4. a. direct treatment of the “thing thing””（no fuss, frill, or ornament ）, b. exclusion of superfluous words （precision and economy of expression ）, c. the rhythm of the musical phrase rather than the sequence of a metronome （free verse form and music ）. V . Interpreting the following texts (45’) Text 1 1. The attraction of big city (2’) 2. One is to fall into the saving hands and becomes better; secondly, she may admit the ’) moral value of big city and becomes worse. (2’) 3. Simile, metaphor and synecdoche (24. The gleam of lights, a blare of sound, a roar of life, and a vast array of human hives (4’) 5. Naturalist attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social economic classes who were dominated by their environment and heredity. In this novel, the major fem character Carrie Meeber is deeply influenced by the present environment and heredity, which leads to result of her dynamic character.(5’) (the features of naturalism 3 scores, examples 2 scores) Text 2 ”(2(2’’) 1. Emily Dickinson and “Because I Could not Stop for Death2. He: death; civility: politeness; Recess: break Surmised: guessed (4’) 3. They represent three stages of life. The school is the childhood and young age; the fields of gazing grain ’s life. (3’) to the mature period and the setting sun the old age, that is the end of one’) 4. Because this day is towards death, immortal and eternal (35. Death is immortality (3’) Text 3 ’) 1. It is written in iambic tetrameter and rhymed abaab.(22. Similarities: both of the roads are beautiful (fair) Differences: one is quiet and grassy, less-traveled; the other is trodden by many people and flat ’) He took the less-travelled road (3is a tricky word. Because sigh can be interpreted into nostalgic relief or regret. If it is 3. The word “sigh”is a tricky word. Because sigh can be interpreted into nostalgic relief or regret. If it i relief sigh, then the difference means the speaker feels glad with the road he took. If it is the regret sig the difference would not be good, and the speaker would be sighing in regret. Hence, sigh is ambigous’) for the speaker is not showing whether his choice is right or wrong. (44. The real road; the life road and the road in career (4’) 5.Choice is inevitable but you never know what your choice will mean until you have lived it. This is altheme of the poem. (2’) 。

美国文学史American Literature in the colonical and Revolutionary:Franklin(本杰明.富兰克林)Freneau 菲利普·费瑞诺Benjamin Franklin(本杰明.富兰克林)1)"Poor Richard's Almanac" 穷人查理德的年鉴(以笔名Richard Sunders)2)“annual collection of proverbs “流行谚语集 (It soon became the mostpopular book of its kind, largely because of Franklin's shrewd humor, and first spread his reputation)3)The Way to Wealth (Father Abraham’s Sermon)致富之道(as the “perface to PoorRichard Improved)4)The Autobiography自传 (18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传)5)Founded the Junto, a club for informal discussion of scientific, economic andpolitical ideas. 建立了一个秘密俱乐部，讨论的主题是政治、经济和科学等时事方面的问题.6)established America's first circulating library, founded thecollege--University of Pennsylvania. 建立了美国第一个可租借的图书馆，还创办了一所大学——就是现在的宾夕法尼亚大学.7)first applied the terms "positive" and "negative" to electrical charges.8)Writer,printer,publisher,scientist,philanthropist,and diplomat,he was themost famous and respected private figure of his time.The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲；The British Prison Ship英国囚船；To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士-----同类诗中最佳；The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花；The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地(1)poet and political journalist 诗人和政治方面的新闻记者(2)perhaps the most outstanding writer of the post-revolutionary period.(3)has been called the "Father of American Poetry" 美国诗歌之父(4)Imaginative and melancholy treatment of nature and human life,and sharp satire against the British tyranny19th Century American LiteratureWashington Irving(华盛顿.欧文)1．James Fenimore Cooper(詹姆斯.芬尼莫.库珀)2．Nathaniel Hawthorne(纳萨尼尔.霍桑)3．Edgar Allan Poe （埃德加.阿伦.坡）4．Henry Daived Thoreau(亨利.戴维.梭罗)5．Herman Melville(赫尔曼.麦尔维尔)6．Walt Whiteman(沃尔特.惠特曼)The Rise of American RomanticismOne of the most important periods in the history of American literature, stretches from the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War(1861-65).It started with the publication of Washington Irving's e The h Sketch Book(1820) and ended with Whitman's s Leaves f of Grass(1855)..Romanticism的特点：frequently shared certain general characteristics, moralenthusiam, faith in the value of individualism andintuitive perception, and a presumption that he naturalworld was a source of corruption.浪漫主义之间大多是相通的，都注重道德，强调个人主义价值观和直觉感受，并且认为自然是美的源头，人类社会是腐败之源。

美国文学史及选读期末复习.美国文学史复习1（colonialism)第一部分殖民主义时期的文学一、时期综述1、清教徒采用的文学体裁：a、narratives 日记b、journals 游记2、清教徒在美国的写作容：1）their voyage to the new land2) Adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops3) About dealing with Indians4) Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit3、清教徒的思想：1）puritan want to make up pure their religious beliefs and practices 净化信仰和行为方式2) Wish to restore simplicity to church and the authority of the Bible to the theology. 重建教堂，提供简单服务，建立神圣地位3）look upon themselves as chosen people, and it follow logically that anyone whochallenged their way of life is opposing God's will and is not to be accepted. 认为自己是上帝选民，对他们的生活有异议就是反对上帝4）puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated. 反对对快乐和艺术的追求到了十分荒唐的地步5）religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful God.强调上帝严厉的一面，忽视上帝仁慈的一面。

1.Captain John Smith became the first American writer。

2.The puritans looked upon themselves asa chosen people。

is an annual collection of proverbs written by Benjamin Franklin。

4.Thomas Paine’s famousboldly advo cated a “Declaration for Independence”.5.Thomas Jefferson drafted the Declaration of Independence with John Adams，Benjamin Franklin，Roger Sherman，and Robert Livingston。

has been called the “Father of American Poetry”。

7.In Washington Irving'sappeared the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature。

8.Cooper’s enduring fame rests on hisWilliam Cullen Bryant’s wok.is considered “father of American detective stories and American gothic stories”。

10.Emerson believed above all inand self-reliance.11.12.Moby Dick is a tremendous chronicle of a whaling voyage in pursuit of a seemingly supernatural white whale。

Ⅰ. Write the author of each item. 10’1．Anne Bradstreet（The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America）①Contemplation②To My Dear and Loving Husband2. Benjamin Franklin①The Autobiography (early American Dream)3. Philip Freneau (Poet of American Revolution; The Father of American Poetry)①The Wild Honey Suckle②The Indian Burying Ground③To a Caty-Did4. Washington Irving (The Father of American Short Story; first American writer of imaginative literature to gain international fame; regarded as Father of American literature.)①The legend of Sleep Hollow②Rip Van Winkle③The Sketch Book(the beginning of American Romanticism)5. James Fennimore Cooper①The Last Mohicans②Leather Stocking Tales6. William Cullen Bryant①Thanatopsis②To a Water Fowl7. Edgar Allen Poe (Father of Modern Short Story; Father of Psychoanalysis criticism)①To Helen②The Raven③The Fall of the House of Usher④The Black Cat8. Ralph Waldo Emerson (leading New England transcendentalist)①Nature②Self-Reliance③The American Scholar9. Henry David Thoreau (an active transcendentalist)①Walden10. Nathaniel Hawthorne (a master of symbolism; first great American writer of fiction to work in moralistic tradition. combined the American romanticism with puritan moralism; created a new genre psychological romance)①The Scarlet Letter②Twice Told Tales③The Marble Faun④Blithedale Romance⑤The Minister’s Black Veil11. Herman Melville①Moby Dick12. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (the fireside poet; love of nature, love for the past)①A Psalm of Life②The Slave’s Dream③My Lost Youth④The Song of Hiawatha13. Walt Whitman①Leaves of Grass(first genuine epic poem)②Song of Myself③I Sit and Look Out④Beat！Beat！Drums！14. Emily Dickinson (the theme of her poetry concern religion, life, death, marriage, immorality, nature etc.)①I Taste a Liquor Never Brewed②I Felt a Funeral, in My Brain③A Bird Came Down the Walk④I Died for Beauty ___but Was Scarce⑤I Hear a Fly Buzz ___When I Died⑥Because I Could not Stop for DeathⅡ. True or False choice. 20’Ⅲ. Choose the best answer 10’Ⅳ. Appreciation 30’The Scarlet LetterAuthor: Nathaniel HawthorneSymbolism：The Scarlet Letter, A symbol of shame, but instead it becomes a powerful symbol of identity to Hester. The letter’s meaning shifts as time passes. Originally intended to mark Hester as an adulteress, the “A” eventually comes to stand for “Able.”The Meteor , to Dimmesdale, the meteor implies that he should wear a mark of shame just as Hester does. The meteor is interpreted differently by the rest of the community, which thinks that it stands for “Angel” and marks Governor Winthrop’s entry into heavenThe Rosebush, Next to the Prison Door .The narrator chooses to begin his story with the image of the rosebush beside the prison door. The rosebush symbolizes the ability of nature to endure and outlast man’s activities.Pearl is a sort of living version of her mother’s scarlet letter. She is the physical consequence of sexual sin and the indicator of a transgression (evildoing). Upward American spiritCharacter analysis:Hester: disloyalty, betrayal, deception, sexual desire, adultery. Face, correct, redeem, purify. Praise, content, conformability.Dimmesdale: adultery, cowardice, hypocrisy, dishonesty, selfishness, too coward to confess, tortured by his conscience. Sympathetic, disfavor his hesitation, indecisiveness and cowardice.Chillingworth: revenge. Tortured by the desire of revenge, twisted and reduced to nothing. disgusted, think he committed greater crime.Puritanism in The Scarlet LetterPuritan background: setting, events, characters, thoughts, behaviors.Puritan doctrines: original sin, total depravity, predestination, limited atonement.Ralph Waldo Emerson1.NatureThe declaration of TranscendentalismAnalysis of “Nature”A long essay which has eight parts: the opening, commodity, beauty, language, discipline, Idealism, spirit and prospects. Our selection is taken from the opening. Taken as a whole, “Nature” expresses Emerson’s philosophy in a more systematic fashion than any other work of his.Meanings of natureI BeautyNature is beautiful. : the complete, mysterious, useful and moral beauty of nature. First, nature’s beauty lies in its completeness. Second, nature’s beauty lies in its mystery. cannot be manipulated. Only when he holds a sincere r espect for nature, can man feel the mysterious beauty of nature. Third, nature’s beauty lies in its usefulness. Nature provides man without any benefitII Nature Is Divine●Nature is divine and has the eternal order which should not be violated. Influenced in a way byChinese ancient philosophy, Emerson believes that all the things in the world come from the same root---the Oversoul.●Emerson believes that man can find God in his own heart by direct contact with nature●Nature has permeated (penetrate) all aspects of human life. Spirit embodied in nature hasinfluence upon us. Nature inspires man and gives him\her power. Man should find the truth, goodness and beauty in his own soul and bring into play his potentiality as human being. Then, he will become hims elf “All that Adam had, all that Caesar could, you have and can do".●For Emerson, the individual is potentially the most divine and any organization or existing ideacan not limit the development of individual.III Nature Is ChangingEverything in nature is in a process---growing, withdrawing and falling into the ground. The flowing of nature comes from a force which impels it to develop. For instance, a river is always in constantly flowing. It originates from mountains, flows along great plains and ultimately converges into the sea. Transcendental philosophyNature symbolizes freedom, independence and change. These are Individualism elements which attend to significance of common life. Therefore Emerson's nature is the theoretical base of American Individualism---one of the characteristics of American culture. As the symbol of Spirit, nature helps to prove that man's soul is beautiful, divine and fluid. Man should pursue spiritual fulfillmentExcerpt from Nature: in Nature Emerson puts forward every phenomenon of the nature there was the spirit of the spirit of the nature.Here from this paragraph we could see that emerson found the beauty in the wildness nature rather than the village or something. “in the wildness, I find something more dear and connate than in streets or villages.” In the wildness of the nature, emerson can transcend physical body to the spirit of the God and he can become one part of the spirit.He emerges into the nature, and then he goes into the Oversoul. “I am part or particle of God.” “I am nothing; I see all”. This sentence clearly shows that emerson merges into the sporit. And in the nature we could get the eternal beauty.2.Self-Reliance①“The Confidence”. a man must show his opinion confidently and bravely in spite of different ideas.②“The Independence”. A man should keep himself firmly ; not be easily influenced by environment.③Keep personality, which is closely related to the confidence and the independence. a man must keep his personality and conform to his own principles.④“Showing no Sympathy to the Poor” shows that why the poor are poor is mainly due to their backward thinking. Showing help to this kind of people means doing harm to them.Comment: In Self-reliance, Emerson expressed the romantic idea of individualism, with an emphasis on being self-sufficient. He promoted relying on oneself rather than on established society. Emerson was known for his repeated use of phrase “trust thyself”. “Self-reliance” is his explanation---both systematic and passionate of what he meant by this, and why he was moved to make it his catchphrase. Every individual possesses a unique genius, Emerson argues, that can only be revealed when that individual has the courage to trust his or her own thoughts, attitudes, and inclinations against all public disapproval.Henry Wadsworth Longfellow1. A Psalm of Life①Love of nature, love for the past ②Trochaic tetrameter③constant theme for poets: The relationship of life and death. ④He expresses his pertinent interpretation to that by warning us that though life is hard and everybody must die, time flies and life is short, yet, human beings ought to be hold “to act,” to face the reality straightly so as to make otherwise meaningless life significant.2. My Lost YouthⅤ. Terms 10’New England PoetsThe new England poets were the representatives of imitation, authors like Irving, William Cullen Bryant, Henry wadsworth Longfellow etc. tried to imitate the forms and themes of their English brothers, such as Alexander Pope, Robert Burns, Thomas Gray, wordsworth and so on.Rip van winkleThis is one story in Washington Irving’s Sketch Book. It tells a story of a kind but hen-pecked man rip van winkle. The protagonist does not take care of his own family very well and just wants to live idly. But his wife does not want him to live the life like that and keeps talking to him. Unhappy at home, he enters in the mountain with his gun and dog. One afternoon, he meets some strangers looking people playing at nine pins. Out of curiosity, he drinks the wine and falls into sleep. When he wakes up, he finds his dog missing and his gun rusted. He has to go back to the village again. But can not recognize the village and the folks. Later his surprise, he has been slept for 20 years. And his wife has been dead and his children grow up. At the end of story, his daughter takes him home and he still lives the life as he was used to.Ⅵ.Comment 20’1. Comment on Moby Dick:a. Although the narrator sees insanity in Ahab, Melville’s emotional sympathy is with the deficient Ahab. He begins with a noble intention to crush evil, but in taking this to the extreme, he becomes evil himself. He is destroyed by his consuming desire to root out evil.b. Moby Dick is a symbol to represent cruel, brutal, malicious powers of nature. Nature is capable of destroying the human world. Nature threatens humanity & thus calls out the heroic powers of the human beings. So the power of the universe is both of blessing and curse. In this way, the author constructs a complicated statement about American view of nature.2. Compare: Emily Dickinson with Walt Whitman in their writing style.Similarities①Along with Emily Dickinson, Walt Whitman stands as one of the two giants of American poetry in the nineteenth century.②Pioneers of imagism③Part of American Renaissance④Influenced by transcendentalism⑤Thematically, they both extolled in their different ways and emergent America, its expansion, its individualism and its Americanness, their poetry being part of “American Renaissance”⑥Technically, they both added to the literary independence of the new nation by breaking free of the convention of the iambic pentameter and exhibiting a freedom in form unknown before: they are pioneers in American poetry.Differences①Whitman seems to keep his eyes on society at large; Dickinson explores the inner life of the individual.②Whereas Whitman is “national” in his outlook. Dickinson is “regional”③Whitman has the “catalogue techniques”, all-inclusive catalogue. Whereas Dickinson’s concise, direct, simple diction and syntax。

美国文学史及选读试卷Ⅰ。

Multiple choices. (60 points in total， 2 for each）1。

The Romantic Period in American literature started from the publication of Washington Irving's ______ and ended with Whitman's Leaves of Grass。

A。

The Sketch Book B。

Tales of a TravellerC。

A History of New York D. The Scarlet Letter2. At the middle of 19th century， America witnessed a cultural flowering which is called “_____”.A。

the English Renaissance B。

the Second RenaissanceC。

the American Renaissance D。

the Salem Renaissance3。

As a philosophical and literary movement, the main issues involved in the debate of Transcendentalism are generally concerning ______。

A. nature ， man and the universeB. the relationship between man and womanC。

the development of Romanticism in American literatureD. the cold, rigid rationalism of Unitarianism14. In the following statements, _________ is NOT true about Washington Irving's famous story “Rip Van Winkle。

美国文学史及选读考试试题（卷）A卷院系：考试形式：闭卷专业试时间：100 分钟姓名：学号考试科目：美国文学史及选读考I. Blanks: ( 10points, 1 point for each blank)Directions: In this part of the test, there are 9 items and 10 blanks. Fill in the best answer on the Answer Sheet according to the knowledge you have learned.1. The first American literature was neither ___ nor really ___ .2. Of the immigrants who came to America in the first three quarters ofthe seventeenth century, the overwhelming majority was _______ .3. The English immigrants who settled on America 'n s orthern seacoast werecalled _______ , so named after those who wished to “purify ” theChurch of England.4. Washington Irving, the Father of American literature, developed the as agenre in American literature.5. Franklin 's best writing is found in his masterpiece ____ .6. The most outstanding poet in America of the 18 th century was ____ .th7. In the early 19 century, “Rip Van Winkle ”had established _______ 'sreputation at home and abroad, and designated the beginning ofAmerican Romanticism.8. __ has sometimes been considered the father of the modern shortstory.9. In 1850, Nathaniel Hawthorne brought out his masterpiece ___ , thestory of a triangular love affair in colonial America.II. Multiple choice:(20 points, 1 point for each)Directions: In this part of the test, there are twenty items. Choose the best answer and write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.1. The Colonial Period of American literature stretched roughly from the settlementof America in the early 17th century through the end of century.A. the 18thB. the 19ththC. the 20thD. 21th2. New-England 's Plantation was published in 1630 by ______A. Francis HigginsonB. William BradfordC. John SmithD. Michael Wigglesworth3. Of all the books written by Michael Wigglesworth the beat known isA. The Flesh and the SpiritB. The True TravelsC. The Day of DoomD. Christopher Columbus4. Benjamin Franklin was the epitome of the ___ .A. American EnlightenmentB. Sugar ActC. Chartist movementD. Romanticist5. In the first section of Autobiography the writer addressed to ________A. his sonB. his friendsC. his wifeD. himself6. During 1807-1808, Washington Irving wrote for his brother 's newspaper calledA. New York TimesB. Washington PostC. SalmagundiD. Daily News7. History of New York was published in 1807 under the name of _______A. Washington IrvingB. Diedrich KnickerbokerC. James Fenimore CooperD. John Whittier8. Rip Van Winkle was written by ______A. James Fenimore CooperB. Benjamin FranklinC. Washington IrvingD. Walt Whitman9. The Spy was written by James Fenimore Cooper in 1821. It is a novel aboutA. American Civil WarB. American RevolutionC. American West ExpansionD. The First World War10. Natty Bumppo is the hero in Cooper 's ______A. The PrecautionB. The SpyC. The Gleanings in EuropeD. Leatherstocking Tales11. ______ was regarded as a poet of the American RevolutionA. Philip FreneauB. Walt WhitmanC. Robert FrostD. Cal Sandburg12. The Raven was written in 1844 by _____A. Philip FreneauB. Edgar Allan PoeC. Henry Wadsworth LongfellowD. Emily Dickinson13. The Minister 's Black Veil was written by ______A. Edgar Allan PoeB. Nathaniel HawthorneC. Henry David ThoreauD. Ralph Waldo Emerson14. Anne Bradstreet was a Puritan poet. Her poems made such a stir in England that she became known as the _____ who appeared in America.A. Ninth MuseB. Tenth MuseC. Best MuseD. First Muse15. The ship ____ carried about one hundred Pilgrims and took 66 days tobeat its way across the Atlantic. In December of 1620, it put the Pilgrims ashore at Plymouth, Massachusetts.A. SunflowerB. ArmadaC. MayflowerD. Titanic16. A new ___ had appeared in England in the last years of the 18 th century.It spread to continental Europe and then came to America early in the 19th century.A. RealismB. Critical realismC. RomanticismD. Naturalism17. Washington Irving got his idea for his most famous story, Rip Van Winkle ,from a _______A. Greek legendB. German legendC. French legendD. English legend18. Rip Van Winkle is found in Irving 's longer work, _______A. The Sketch BookB. History of New YorkC. Tales of a TravelerD. The Precaution19. _____ was often regarded as America 's first man of letters, devotingmuch of his career to literature.A. Benjamin FranklinB. Philip FreneauC. Washington IrvingD. James Fenimore Cooper20. All the following novels are in Cooper 's Leatherstocking Tales exceptA. The PioneersB. The PrairieC. The DeerslayerD. The SpyIII. Identification (20 points, 1 point for each)Directions: In this part of the test, there are twenty titles. Judge the authors of these works and fill them on the Answer Sheet.1. Gleanings in Europe2. Oliver Goldsmith3. The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America4. “The Day of Doom ”5. A History of New York6. The Last of the Mohicans7. The House of the Night8. A Forest Hymn9. “The Raven”10. “The Cask of Amontillado ”11. Mosses from an Old Manse12. “Israfel ”13. “The Flesh and the Spirit ”14. Life of George Washington15. The Pathfinder16. “the Wild Honey Suckle ”17. The Flood of Years18. “The Poetic Principle ”19. The Blithedale Romance20. “The Indian Burying Ground ”IV. Terms (20 points, 4 points for each)Directions: In this part of the test, there are f0ur terms. Please give the definition for these terms. Scores will be given for the related contents. Four individual contents will be enough for four points.1. Poor Richard 's Almanac2. Leatherstocking Tales3. Puritanism4. Benjamin FranklinV. Appreciation (10 points, 5 points for each)Directions: In this part of the test, there are two excerpts. Each of the excerpts is followed by three questions. Read the excerpts and answer the questions on the Answer Sheet.Part AFrom morning suns and evening dewsAt first thy little being came:If nothing once, you nothing lose,For when you die you are the same;The space between, is but an hour,The frail duration of a flower.1. Who is the poet of the poem and what is the title of the poem? (2 points)2. Tell the metrical structure and rhyme scheme of the poem. (1 point)3. What does the “little being ”refer to? What meaning is suggested by the phrase “but an hour”? (2 points)Part BThe opinions of this junto were completely controlled by Nicholas Vedder, a patriarch of the village, and landlord of the inn, at the door of which he took his seat from morning till night, just moving sufficiently to avoid the sun and keep in the shade of a large tree; so that the neighbors could tell the hour by his movements as accurately as by a sundial. It is true he was rarely heard to speak, but smoked his pipe incessantly. His adherents, however (for every great man has his adherents), perfectly understood him, and knew how to gather his opinions. When anything that was read or related displeased him, he was observed tosmoke his pipe vehemently, and to send forth short, frequent and angry puffs; but when pleased, he would inhale the smoke slowly and tranquilly, and emit it in light and placid clouds; and sometimes, taking the pipe from his mouth, and letting the fragrant vapor curl about his nose, would gravely nod his head in token of perfect approbation.From even this stronghold the unlucky Rip was at length routed by his termagant wife, who would suddenly break in upon the tranquility of the assemblage and call the members all to naught; nor was that august personage, Nicholas Vedder himself, sacred from the daring tongue of this terrible virago, who charged him outright with encouraging her husband in habits of idleness.1. Who was the writer of this story? What is the title of this story? (2 points)2. Who was Nicholas Vedder? (1 point)3. How did he express his opinions on public matters? (2 points)VI. Comment. (20 points, 10 points for each)Directions: In this part of the test, you are given five topics. Choose TWO of them and give a comment on the Answer Sheet. Scores will be given according to the content, grammar and the completeness of the related knowledge.1. What are the features of literature in Colonial America?2. Comment on Benjamin Franklin 's Autobiography .3. Comment on Nathaniel Hawthorne 's writing techniques.4. What philosophical meaning is implied in Philip Freneau's “The Wild HoneySuckle ”?5. What are the artistic achievements of Edgar Allan Poe?美国文学史及选读考试试题（卷）评分标准及标准答案A卷院系：专业：考试科目：美国文学史及选读考试形式：闭卷考试时间：100 分钟I. Blanks: （10%）（每题1分，共10分，答错不给分）1. American literature2. English3. Puritans4. short story5. Autobiography6. Philip Freneau7. Washington Irving8. Edgar Allan Poe9. The Scarlet LetterII. Multiple Choice: （ 20%）（每题1分，共20分，答错不给分）1. A2. B3. C4. A5. A6. C7. B8. C9. B 10. D11. A 12. B 13. B 14. B 15. C16.C 17. B 18. A 19. C 20. DIII. Identification (20%) (每题1 分，共20分，答错不给分)1. James Fenimore Cooper2. Washington Irving3. Anne Bradstreet4. Michael Wigglesworth5. Washington Irving6. James Fenimore Cooper7. Philip Freneau8. William Cullen Bryant9. Edgar Allan Poe10. Edgar Allan Poe11. Nathaniel Hawthorne12. Edgar Allan Poe13. Anne Bradstreet14. Washington Irving15. James Fenimore Cooper16. Philip Freneau17. William Cullen Bryant18. Edgar Allan Poe19. Nathaniel Hawthorne20. Philip FreneauIV. Terms （20%）（每题4分，共20 分）1. Poor Richard 's Almanackey words: Benjamin Franklin, sayings, hard work, thrift, Puritan, quotes, printed himself, etc.2. Leatherstocking TalesKey words: Cooper, five novels, Natty Bumppo, frontier, frontiersman, life from youth to old age, The Pioneer, The Last of the Mohicans, The Prairie, The Pathfinder, The Deerslayer, etc.3. Puritanismkey words: Calvin, purify, hard work, thrift, predestination, salvation, sin, God, from England to America, immigration, etc.4. Benjamin Franklinkey words: statesman, scientist and writer, Autobiography, Poor Richard 's Almanac, puritan, hard work and thrift, successful, contributions, printer, etc.V. Appreciation （10%）（每题5 分，共10 分）Part Aa） Philip Freneau 's（1 分）The Wild Honey Suckle （1分）b） It is written in iambic tetrameter, the rhyme scheme is ababcc. （1 分）c）“Little being ” refers to the wild honey suckle. （1 分）“Butanhour ” means the lifespan of a flower is very short. （ 1 分）Part B1. Washington Irving 's（1 分）Rip Van Wingkle （1分）2. Nicholas Vedder is the owner of the inn/ a patriarch of the village/ and landlord of the inn, （ 1 分）3. He expressed his opinion by the way of smoking. / When anything that was read or related displeased him, he was observed to smoke his pipe vehemently, and to send forth short, frequent and angry puffs; but when pleased, he would inhale the smoke slowly and tranquilly, and emit it in light and placid clouds; and sometimes, taking the pipe from his mouth, and letting the fragrant vapor curl about his nose, would gravely nod his head in token of perfect approbation. （ 2 分）VI. Comment. （20%）（每题10 分，此题共20 分）答案：（略）。

美国文学史American Literature in the colonical and Revolutionary:1.Benjamin Franklin(本杰明.富兰克林)2.hilip Freneau 菲利普·费瑞诺Benjamin Franklin(本杰明.富兰克林)1)"Poor Richard's Almanac" 穷人查理德的年鉴(以笔名Richard Sunders)2)“annual collection of proverbs “流行谚语集(It soon became the most popular bookof its kind, largely because of Franklin's shrewd humor, and first spread his reputation) 3)The Way to Wealth (Father Abraham’s Sermon)致富之道(as the “perface to Poor RichardImproved)4)The Autobiography自传(18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传)5)Founded the Junto, a club for informal discussion of scientific, economic and politicalideas. 建立了一个秘密俱乐部，讨论的主题是政治、经济和科学等时事方面的问题.6)established America's first circulating library, founded the college--University ofPennsylvania. 建立了美国第一个可租借的图书馆，还创办了一所大学——就是现在的宾夕法尼亚大学.7)first applied the terms "positive" and "negative" to electrical charges.8)Writer,printer,publisher,scientist,philanthropist,and diplomat,he was the most famousand respected private figure of his time.The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲；The British Prison Ship英国囚船；To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士-----同类诗中最佳；The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花；The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地(1)poet and political journalist 诗人和政治方面的新闻记者(2)perhaps the most outstanding writer of the post-revolutionary period.(3)has been called the "Father of American Poetry" 美国诗歌之父(4)Imaginative and melancholy treatment of nature and human life,and sharp satire against the British tyranny19th Century American LiteratureWashington Irving(华盛顿.欧文)1．James Fenimore Cooper(詹姆斯.芬尼莫.库珀)2．Nathaniel Hawthorne(纳萨尼尔.霍桑)3．Edgar Allan Poe （埃德加.阿伦.坡）4．Henry Daived Thoreau(亨利.戴维.梭罗)5．Herman Melville(赫尔曼.麦尔维尔)6．Walt Whiteman(沃尔特.惠特曼)The Rise of American Romanticism• One of the most important periods in the history of American literature, stretches from the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War(1861-65).• It started with the publication of Washington Irving's e T he h Sketch Book(1820) and ended with Whitman's s Leaves f of Grass(1855)..Romanticism的特点：frequently shared certain general characteristics, moral enthusiam,faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and apresumption that he natural world was a source of corruption.浪漫主义之间大多是相通的，都注重道德，强调个人主义价值观和直觉感受，并且认为自然是美的源头，人类社会是腐败之源。

美国文学史及选读考试试题（卷）A卷院系：考试形式：闭卷专业试时间：100 分钟姓名：学号考试科目：美国文学史及选读考I. Blanks: ( 10points, 1 point for each blank)Directions: In this part of the test, there are 9 items and 10 blanks. Fill in the best answer on the Answer Sheet according to the knowledge you have learned.1. The first American literature was neither ___ nor really ___ .2. Of the immigrants who came to America in the first three quarters ofthe seventeenth century, the overwhelming majority was _______ .3. The English immigrants who settled on America 'n s orthern seacoast werecalled _______ , so named after those who wished to “purify ” theChurch of England.4. Washington Irving, the Father of American literature, developed the as agenre in American literature.5. Franklin 's best writing is found in his masterpiece ____ .6. The most outstanding poet in America of the 18 th century was ____ .th7. In the early 19 century, “Rip Van Winkle ”had established _______ 'sreputation at home and abroad, and designated the beginning ofAmerican Romanticism.8. __ has sometimes been considered the father of the modern shortstory.9. In 1850, Nathaniel Hawthorne brought out his masterpiece ___ , thestory of a triangular love affair in colonial America.II. Multiple choice:(20 points, 1 point for each)Directions: In this part of the test, there are twenty items. Choose the best answer and write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.1. The Colonial Period of American literature stretched roughly from the settlementof America in the early 17th century through the end of century.A. the 18thB. the 19ththC. the 20thD. 21th2. New-England 's Plantation was published in 1630 by ______A. Francis HigginsonB. William BradfordC. John SmithD. Michael Wigglesworth3. Of all the books written by Michael Wigglesworth the beat known isA. The Flesh and the SpiritB. The True TravelsC. The Day of DoomD. Christopher Columbus4. Benjamin Franklin was the epitome of the ___ .A. American EnlightenmentB. Sugar ActC. Chartist movementD. Romanticist5. In the first section of Autobiography the writer addressed to ________A. his sonB. his friendsC. his wifeD. himself6. During 1807-1808, Washington Irving wrote for his brother 's newspaper calledA. New York TimesB. Washington PostC. SalmagundiD. Daily News7. History of New York was published in 1807 under the name of _______A. Washington IrvingB. Diedrich KnickerbokerC. James Fenimore CooperD. John Whittier8. Rip Van Winkle was written by ______A. James Fenimore CooperB. Benjamin FranklinC. Washington IrvingD. Walt Whitman9. The Spy was written by James Fenimore Cooper in 1821. It is a novel aboutA. American Civil WarB. American RevolutionC. American West ExpansionD. The First World War10. Natty Bumppo is the hero in Cooper 's ______A. The PrecautionB. The SpyC. The Gleanings in EuropeD. Leatherstocking Tales11. ______ was regarded as a poet of the American RevolutionA. Philip FreneauB. Walt WhitmanC. Robert FrostD. Cal Sandburg12. The Raven was written in 1844 by _____A. Philip FreneauB. Edgar Allan PoeC. Henry Wadsworth LongfellowD. Emily Dickinson13. The Minister 's Black Veil was written by ______A. Edgar Allan PoeB. Nathaniel HawthorneC. Henry David ThoreauD. Ralph Waldo Emerson14. Anne Bradstreet was a Puritan poet. Her poems made such a stir in England that she became known as the _____ who appeared in America.A. Ninth MuseB. Tenth MuseC. Best MuseD. First Muse15. The ship ____ carried about one hundred Pilgrims and took 66 days tobeat its way across the Atlantic. In December of 1620, it put the Pilgrims ashore at Plymouth, Massachusetts.A. SunflowerB. ArmadaC. MayflowerD. Titanic16. A new ___ had appeared in England in the last years of the 18 th century.It spread to continental Europe and then came to America early in the 19th century.A. RealismB. Critical realismC. RomanticismD. Naturalism17. Washington Irving got his idea for his most famous story, Rip Van Winkle ,from a _______A. Greek legendB. German legendC. French legendD. English legend18. Rip Van Winkle is found in Irving 's longer work, _______A. The Sketch BookB. History of New YorkC. Tales of a TravelerD. The Precaution19. _____ was often regarded as America 's first man of letters, devotingmuch of his career to literature.A. Benjamin FranklinB. Philip FreneauC. Washington IrvingD. James Fenimore Cooper20. All the following novels are in Cooper 's Leatherstocking Tales exceptA. The PioneersB. The PrairieC. The DeerslayerD. The SpyIII. Identification (20 points, 1 point for each)Directions: In this part of the test, there are twenty titles. Judge the authors of these works and fill them on the Answer Sheet.1. Gleanings in Europe2. Oliver Goldsmith3. The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America4. “The Day of Doom ”5. A History of New York6. The Last of the Mohicans7. The House of the Night8. A Forest Hymn9. “The Raven”10. “The Cask of Amontillado ”11. Mosses from an Old Manse12. “Israfel ”13. “The Flesh and the Spirit ”14. Life of George Washington15. The Pathfinder16. “the Wild Honey Suckle ”17. The Flood of Years18. “The Poetic Principle ”19. The Blithedale Romance20. “The Indian Burying Ground ”IV. Terms (20 points, 4 points for each)Directions: In this part of the test, there are f0ur terms. Please give the definition for these terms. Scores will be given for the related contents. Four individual contents will be enough for four points.1. Poor Richard 's Almanac2. Leatherstocking Tales3. Puritanism4. Benjamin FranklinV. Appreciation (10 points, 5 points for each)Directions: In this part of the test, there are two excerpts. Each of the excerpts is followed by three questions. Read the excerpts and answer the questions on the Answer Sheet.Part AFrom morning suns and evening dewsAt first thy little being came:If nothing once, you nothing lose,For when you die you are the same;The space between, is but an hour,The frail duration of a flower.1. Who is the poet of the poem and what is the title of the poem? (2 points)2. Tell the metrical structure and rhyme scheme of the poem. (1 point)3. What does the “little being ”refer to? What meaning is suggested by the phrase “but an hour”? (2 points)Part BThe opinions of this junto were completely controlled by Nicholas Vedder, a patriarch of the village, and landlord of the inn, at the door of which he took his seat from morning till night, just moving sufficiently to avoid the sun and keep in the shade of a large tree; so that the neighbors could tell the hour by his movements as accurately as by a sundial. It is true he was rarely heard to speak, but smoked his pipe incessantly. His adherents, however (for every great man has his adherents), perfectly understood him, and knew how to gather his opinions. When anything that was read or related displeased him, he was observed tosmoke his pipe vehemently, and to send forth short, frequent and angry puffs; but when pleased, he would inhale the smoke slowly and tranquilly, and emit it in light and placid clouds; and sometimes, taking the pipe from his mouth, and letting the fragrant vapor curl about his nose, would gravely nod his head in token of perfect approbation.From even this stronghold the unlucky Rip was at length routed by his termagant wife, who would suddenly break in upon the tranquility of the assemblage and call the members all to naught; nor was that august personage, Nicholas Vedder himself, sacred from the daring tongue of this terrible virago, who charged him outright with encouraging her husband in habits of idleness.1. Who was the writer of this story? What is the title of this story? (2 points)2. Who was Nicholas Vedder? (1 point)3. How did he express his opinions on public matters? (2 points)VI. Comment. (20 points, 10 points for each)Directions: In this part of the test, you are given five topics. Choose TWO of them and give a comment on the Answer Sheet. Scores will be given according to the content, grammar and the completeness of the related knowledge.1. What are the features of literature in Colonial America?2. Comment on Benjamin Franklin 's Autobiography .3. Comment on Nathaniel Hawthorne 's writing techniques.4. What philosophical meaning is implied in Philip Freneau's “The Wild HoneySuckle ”?5. What are the artistic achievements of Edgar Allan Poe?美国文学史及选读考试试题（卷）评分标准及标准答案A卷院系：专业：考试科目：美国文学史及选读考试形式：闭卷考试时间：100 分钟I. Blanks: （10%）（每题1分，共10分，答错不给分）1. American literature2. English3. Puritans4. short story5. Autobiography6. Philip Freneau7. Washington Irving8. Edgar Allan Poe9. The Scarlet LetterII. Multiple Choice: （ 20%）（每题1分，共20分，答错不给分）1. A2. B3. C4. A5. A6. C7. B8. C9. B 10. D11. A 12. B 13. B 14. B 15. C16.C 17. B 18. A 19. C 20. DIII. Identification (20%) (每题1 分，共20分，答错不给分)1. James Fenimore Cooper2. Washington Irving3. Anne Bradstreet4. Michael Wigglesworth5. Washington Irving6. James Fenimore Cooper7. Philip Freneau8. William Cullen Bryant9. Edgar Allan Poe10. Edgar Allan Poe11. Nathaniel Hawthorne12. Edgar Allan Poe13. Anne Bradstreet14. Washington Irving15. James Fenimore Cooper16. Philip Freneau17. William Cullen Bryant18. Edgar Allan Poe19. Nathaniel Hawthorne20. Philip FreneauIV. Terms （20%）（每题4分，共20 分）1. Poor Richard 's Almanackey words: Benjamin Franklin, sayings, hard work, thrift, Puritan, quotes, printed himself, etc.2. Leatherstocking TalesKey words: Cooper, five novels, Natty Bumppo, frontier, frontiersman, life from youth to old age, The Pioneer, The Last of the Mohicans, The Prairie, The Pathfinder, The Deerslayer, etc.3. Puritanismkey words: Calvin, purify, hard work, thrift, predestination, salvation, sin, God, from England to America, immigration, etc.4. Benjamin Franklinkey words: statesman, scientist and writer, Autobiography, Poor Richard 's Almanac, puritan, hard work and thrift, successful, contributions, printer, etc.V. Appreciation （10%）（每题5 分，共10 分）Part Aa） Philip Freneau 's（1 分）The Wild Honey Suckle （1分）b） It is written in iambic tetrameter, the rhyme scheme is ababcc. （1 分）c）“Little being ” refers to the wild honey suckle. （1 分）“Butanhour ” means the lifespan of a flower is very short. （ 1 分）Part B1. Washington Irving 's（1 分）Rip Van Wingkle （1分）2. Nicholas Vedder is the owner of the inn/ a patriarch of the village/ and landlord of the inn, （ 1 分）3. He expressed his opinion by the way of smoking. / When anything that was read or related displeased him, he was observed to smoke his pipe vehemently, and to send forth short, frequent and angry puffs; but when pleased, he would inhale the smoke slowly and tranquilly, and emit it in light and placid clouds; and sometimes, taking the pipe from his mouth, and letting the fragrant vapor curl about his nose, would gravely nod his head in token of perfect approbation. （ 2 分）VI. Comment. （20%）（每题10 分，此题共20 分）答案：（略）。

Multiple Choice (1’×15=15’)1.______was the first colony in American history.A. MassachusettsB. New JerseyC. VirginiaD.Georgia2. ______ was the only good American author before the Revolutionary War. Oneof his fellow Americans said, “His shadow lies heavier than any other man’s onthis young nation.”A. John SmithB. Benjamin FranklinC. Thomas JeffersonD.Thomas Paine3. Romantics put emphasis on the following EXCEPT ______.A. common senseB. imaginationC. intuitionD. individualism4. The Raven was written in 1844 by ________A. Philip FreneauB. Edgar Allan PoeC. Henry Wadsworth LongfellowD. Emily Dickinson5. The ship ______ carried about one hundred Pilgrims and took 66 days to beatits way across the Atlantic. In December of 1620, it put the Pilgrims ashore atPlymouth, Massachusetts.A. SunflowerB. ArmadaC. MayflowerD. Titanic6. Melville’s novel ______ is a tremendous chronicle of a whaling voyage inpursuit of a seemingly supernatural white whale.A. TypeeB. OmooC. White JacketD. Moby Dick7. As a philosophical and literary movement, ______ flourished in New Englandfrom the 1830s to the Civil War.A.ModernismB.RationalismC.SentimentalismD.Transcendentalism8. The theme of original sin is fully reflected in _________.A. The Scarlet LetterB. Sister CarrieC. The Great GatsbyD. The Old Man and Sea9. In all his novels Theodore Dreiser sets himself to project the ______ American values. For example, inSister Carrie, there is not one character whose status isnot determined economically.A. PuritanB. materialisticC. psychologicalD. religious10. Realism was a reaction against______ or a move away from the bias towards romance and self-creatingfictions, and paved the way to Modernism.A. RationalismB. RomanticismC. NeoclassicismD. Enlightenment11. ________ was a poet in American modern period who was deeply influence by eastern culture.A. T. S EliotB. Robert FrostC. Ezra PoundD. Walt Whitman12. Which of the following statements about Emily Dickinson is NOT true?A. After 1862 she became a total recluse, not leaving her house nor seeingclose friends.B. She once felt a deep affection for Charles Wadsworth, a married aged minister, but it proved to be a frustratedlove affair for Dickinson.C. She wrote about death, immortality, nature, success and failure.D. During her lifetime, all her poems are published.13. The realistic period is referred to as “the Gilded Age” by _______.A. Mark TwainB. Henry JamesC. Emily DickinsonD. Theodore Dreiser14. Which of the following works is NOT by Ernest Hemingway?A. The Old Man and SeaB. A Farewell to ArmsC. Sound and FuryD. For Whom the Bell Tolls15. Which one is NOT the characteristic of modernism?A. Modernism in literature is characterized by experimentation, anti-realism, individualism and a stress on thecerebral rather than emotive aspects.B. Modernism is greatly influenced by the two world wars.C. The work of Marx, and Freud, had mounted an assault against orthodox religious faith that lasted into thetwentieth century.D. Modernists believe that human nature is kind.I.Match the Column A with Column B (1’×10=10’)Column A Column B( ) 1. Dimmesdale a. Robert Frost( ) 2. Ahab b. Mark Twain( ) 3. Drouet c. The Scarlet Letter( ) 4. Pulitzer Prizer d. Thomas Jefferson( ) 5. Reclusive poet e. Moby Dick( ) 6. humorist and satirist f. Ernest Heminway( ) 7. The Decalration of Indepenence g. Henry David Thoreau( ) 8. transcendentalist h. Emily Dickinson( ) 9. The Great Gatsby i. Sister Carrie( ) 10. The Lost Generation j. F. Scott FitzgeraldII.Define the following words within one phrase(2’×5=10’)1. free verse2. Ralph Waldo Emerson3. Mark Twain4. Benjamin Franklin5. Ezra PoundIII.Simple questions (5’×4=20’)1.What are Puritan thoughts?2.What is Transcedentalism and list some representative figures?3. Explain the symbolic meanings of “A” in The Scarlet Letter.4. Illustrate the three principles of Imagist Poetry.IV.Interpreting the following texts (45’)Text 1When a girl leaves her home at eighteen, she does one of two things. Either she falls into saving hands and becomes better, or she rapidly assumes the cosmopolitan standard of virtue and becomes worse. Of an intermediate balance, under the circumstances, there is no possibility. The city has its cunning wiles, no less than the infinitely smaller and more human tempter. There are large forces which allure with all the soulfulness of expression possible in the most cultured human. The gleam of a thousand lights is often as effective as the persuasive light in a wooing and fascinating eye. Half the undoing of the unsophisticated and natural mind is accomplished by forces wholly superhuman. A blare of sound, a roar of life, a vast array of human hives, appeal to the astonished senses in equivocal terms.Without a counsellor at hand to whisper cautious interpretations, what falsehoods may not these things breathe into the unguarded ear! Unrecognised for what they are, their beauty, like music, too often relaxes, then weakens, then perverts the simpler human perceptions.Questions1.Please use one phrase to summarize the above paragraph (2’)2.What are the two possibilities for a girl of eighteen leaving her home?(2’)3.Please find out the figures of speech (2’)4.What are the attractive forces mentioned in a big city? (4’)5.How are naturalist views are reflected in this paragraph? Illustrate your points with examples (5’)Text 2Because I could not stop for Death –He kindly stopped for me --The Carriage held but just Ourselves --And Immortality.We slowly drove -- He knew no hasteAnd I had put awayMy labor and my leisure too,For His Civility –We passed the School, where Children stroveAt Recess -- in the Ring --We passed the Fields of Gazing Grain --We passed the Setting Sun –…Since then -- 'tis Centuries -- and yetFeels shorter than the DayI first surmised the Horses' HeadsWere toward Eternity –Questions:1.Identify the poet and the title of this poem? (2’)2.Explain the underlined words (4’)3.What are the implications of “the School”, “the fields of Gazing Grain”, “the Setting Sun”? (3’)4.How do you understand “Since then -- 'tis Centuries -- and yet / Feelsshorter than the Day” ? (3’)5.What are the speaker’s opinions about death? (3’)Text 3Two roads diverged in a yellow wood,And sorry I could not travel bothAnd be one traveler, long I stoodAnd looked down one as far as I couldTo where it bent in the undergrowth.Then took the other, as just as fair,And having perhaps the better claim,Because it was grassy and wanted wear;Though as for that the passing thereHad worn them really about the same.And both that morning equally layIn leaves no step had trodden black.Oh, I kept the first for another day!Yet knowing how way leads on to way,I doubted if I should ever come back.I shall be telling this with a sighSomewhere ages and ages hence:Two roads diverged in a wood, and I--I took the one less traveled by,And that has made all the difference.Questions:1.Please examine the poetic form (rhyme and meter) (2’)2.Describe the similarities and differences of these two roads. Which one does the speaker take? (3’)3.How do you understand the word “sigh”? (4’)4.What might the two roads stand for in the speaker’s mind? (4’)5.What is the theme of this poem? (2’)V.Interpreting the following texts (45’)Text 11. Please use one phrase to summarize the above paragraph (2’)2. What are the two possibilities for a girl of eighteen leaving her home?(2’)3. Please find out the figures of speech (2’)4. What are the attractive forces mentioned in a big city? (4’)5. How are naturalist views are reflected in this paragraph? Illustrate your points with examples (5’)Text 21. Identify the poet and the title of this poem? (2’)2. Explain the underlined words (4’)3. What are the implications of “the School”, “the fields of Gazing Grain”, “the Setting Sun”? (3’)4. How do you understand “Since then -- 'tis Centuries -- and yet / Feels shorter than the Day” ? (3’)5. What are the speaker’s opinions about death? (3’)Text 3V.Please examine the poetic form (rhyme and meter) (2’)VI.Describe the similarities and differences of these two roads. Which one does the speaker take? (3’)VII.How do you understand the word “sigh”? (4’)VIII.What might the two roads stand for in the speaker’s mind? (4’)IX.What is the theme of this poem? (2’)参考答案I.Multiple Choice (1’×15=15’)1. _C___2._B__3.__A__4.__B__5.__C___6.__D_7.__D__8._A__9.__B__ 10.__B___11._C__ 12.__D__ 13._A_ 14._C __ 15._D__II.Match the Column A with Column B (1’×10=10’)1.( c )2.( e )3.( i )4.( a )5.( h )6.( b )7.( d )8.( g )9.(j ) 10.( f )III.Define the following words within one phrase (2’×5=10’)(Any related information can be given marks)1. poetry without a fived beat or regular rhyme scheme, produced by Walt Whitman2. is the representative of transcedentalists, who believes in individualism and self-reliance and bringstranscedentalism to New England3．is a humorist and satirist, who uses broad humor and biting social satire4．is one of Thoreau’s masterpieces, which is the result of the author’s two years of living near Walden lake.5. is regarded as the classical poem of imagist poetry by Ezra Pound, conveying the theme of the speaker’ssudden pleasure of finding some beautiful faces in the subwayIV.Simple Questions (5’×4=20’) (Answers should be to the points. 1 score for time, 2 scores for features and 1 score for representative figures when defining theliterary terms)a)Puritan thoughts: to make pure their religious beliefs and practices, to restore simplicity, to live a hard anddisciplined life and oppose pleasure and arts.b)Transcendentalism is the climax of American Romanticism.First, the Transcendentalist placed emphasis on spirit, or the oversoul, as the mostimportant thing in the universe.Secondly, Transcendentalists stressed the importance of the individual.Thirdly, the Transcendentalists offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic ofthe spirit.3. a. The letter’s meaning shifts as time passes. Originally intended to mark Hester asan adulterer, the “A”eventually comes to stand for “Able”or“Angel”.b. Besides Hester, Dimmesdale also ironed the letter A on his body, which provokedhis self-consciousness and showed his repent for what he did.c. Pearl, their baby, wore a green letter a in a piece of seaweed while playing on thebeach. This green letter A symbolizes vitality or new life, and also suggests herinheritance from her mother.4. a. direct treatment of the “thing”（no fuss, frill, or ornament）,b. exclusion of superfluous words（precision and economy of expression）,c. the rhythm of the musical phrase rather than the sequence of a metronome（free verse form and music）.V.Interpreting the following texts (45’)Text 11. The attraction of big city (2’)2. One is to fall into the saving hands and becomes better; secondly, she may admit themoral value of big city and becomes worse. (2’)3. Simile, metaphor and synecdoche (2’)4. The gleam of lights, a blare of sound, a roar of life, and a vast array of humanhives (4’)5. Naturalist attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social andeconomic classes who were dominated by their environment and heredity. In this novel, the major female character Carrie Meeber is deeply influenced by the present environment and heredity, which leads to the result of her dynamic character.(5’) (the features of naturalism 3 scores, examples 2 scores)Text 21. Emily Dickinson and “Because I Could not Stop for Death”(2’)2. He: death; civility: politeness; Recess: break Surmised: guessed (4’)3. They represent three stages of life. The school is the childhood and young age; the fields of gazing grain refersto the mature period and the setting sun the old age, that is the end of one’s life. (3’)4. Because this day is towards death, immortal and eternal (3’)5. Death is immortality (3’)Text 31. It is written in iambic tetrameter and rhymed abaab.(2’)2. Similarities: both of the roads are beautiful (fair)Differences: one is quiet and grassy, less-traveled; the other is trodden by manypeople and flatHe took the less-travelled road (3’)3. The word “sigh”is a tricky word. Because sigh can be interpreted into nostalgic relief or regret. If it is the relief sigh, then the difference means the speaker feels glad with the road he took. If it is the regret sigh, then the difference would not be good, and the speaker would be sighing in regret. Hence, sigh is ambigous here for the speaker is not showing whether his choice is right or wrong. (4’)4. The real road; the life road and the road in career (4’)5.Choice is inevitable but you never know what your choice will mean until you have lived it. This is also thetheme of the poem. (2’)。

一卷I. Choose the best answer to each of the following questions.1.The first American writer is ___________.a. John Cottonb. John Winthropc. John Smithd. Anne Bradstreet2.In the direct line of Metaphysical Poets, _________ is considered the best ofPuritan poets and his works were hailed as the finest 17th century American verse.a. Henry Wadsworth Longfellowb. Edgar Allen Poec. William Cullen Bryantd. Edward Taylor3.“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are cr eated equal, …” is aquotation from __________ drafted by ______________.a. The American Crisis, Thomas Jeffersonb. The American Crisis, Thomas Painec. The Declaration of Independence, Thomas Pained. The Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson4.______________ was called the “Father of American Poetry”.a. Edward Taylorb. William Cullen Bryantc. Edgar Allen Poed. Philip Freneau5.____________ was the first great prose stylist of American romanticism.a. Nathaniel Hawthorneb. Edgar Allen Poec. Washington Irvingd. James Fennimore Cooper6.In the five novels that comprise the Leatherstocking Tales, the central figure,________, goes the various names of Leatherstocking, Deerslayer, Pathfinder, and Hawkeye.a. Chingakgookb. David Gamutc. Natty Bumppod. Uncas7.The publication of ___________ written by _________introduced the mosteloquent spokesman of New England Transcendentalism to American literature.a. Nature, Henry David Thoreaub. Nature, Ralph Waldo Emersonc. Walden, Henry David Thoreaud. Walden, Ralph Waldo Emerson8._____________ was written to show that the consequences of a sin cannot beescaped and that many different lives are influenced by one wrong deed.a. Nathaniel Hawthorneb. Herman Mellvillec. James Fennimore Cooperd. Washington Irving9.__________ was the first American writer to have a bust to be placed in the Poets’Corner at Westminster Abbey.a. William Wordsworthb. Edgar Allen Poec. William Cullen Bryantd. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow10.In a sense, we can say that Romanticism designates a literary and philosophicaltheory, which tends to see the ___________ as the very center of all life and all experience.a. societyb. individualc. familyd. country life11.“He was tall, but exceedingly lank, with narrow shoulders, long arms and legs,hands that dangled a mile out of his sleeves, feet that might have served for shovels, and his whole frame most loosely hung together.” The description is about __________.a. Brom Van Bruntb. Rip Van Winklec. Ichabod Craned. Katrina Van Tassel12.Herman Melville was very much influenced by _________, who he called “thelargest brain with the largest heart” in America Litera ture.a. Nathaniel Hawthorneb. Edgar Allen Poec. Washington Irvingd. James Fennimore Cooper13.In The Last of the Mohicans, the last of the Mohicans refers to _____________.a. David Gamutb. Chigachgookc. Maguad. Uncas14. ___________ consists of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed one.a. Iambb. Trocheec. Dactyld. Spondee15.Among the following short stories, which one is NOT written by NathanielHawthorne?a. Ethan Brandb. The Great Stone Facec. Rapaccini's Daughterd. Bartleby the ScrivenerII. Explain the following terms briefly in English.1.Refrain2.American Puritanism3.New England Transcendentalism4.Familiar essay5.AllegoryIII. Arrange in pairs.Directions: Column A consists of ten writers, please find their corresponding works in Column B and write the answer on the Anwer Sheet.IV. Try to decide whether the following statements are true or false. Please write “T” for “true” and “F” for “false ”.1.The Legend of Sleepy Hollow is a story about a man who falls into a sleep of 20years while out hunting during which the Revolutionary War takes place.2.Bartleby the Scrivener is one of Herman Melville’s short stories.3.The Song of Hiawatha is the first American epic about the American Indians.4.The Birthmark uses the background of witchcraft to explore uncertainties of beliefthat trouble a man’s heart and mind.5.Edgar Allen Poe has often been regarded as the father of modern short story.V. Read the following passages and complete the tasks according to the specific requirements1.Standing on the bareground, - my head bathed by the blithe air, and uplifted intoinfinite space, - all mean egotism vanishes. I become a transparent eye-ball. I am nothing. I see all. The currents of the Universal Being circulate through me; I am part or particle of God.a.Identify the author and the work from which the quotation is selected.b.What does “the Universal Being” refer to? What is the relation between theindividual and the Universal Being? Explain with regard to the author’s philosophical ideas.2.Another peculiar torture was felt in the gaze of a new eye. When strangers lookedcuriously at the scarlet letter, - and none ever failed to do so, - they branded it afresh into Hester’s soul; so that, oftentimes, she could scarcely refrain, yet always did refrain, from covering the symbol with her hand.a.Identify the author and the work from which the quotation is selected.b.What is the character’s full name? What does “the symbol” refer to? Does itchange its meaning for him/ her through out the whole story?3.Let us then be up and doing,With a heart for any fate;Still achieving, still pursuing,Learn to labor and to wait.a.Identify the author and the work from which the quotation is selected.b.Analyze the poem from at least three of the following aspects: structure,rhyme scheme, tone, theme and figures of speech used with regard to thestanza selected.VI. Answer the following questions1.Discuss the symbolism in Moby Dick.2.What are Edgar Allen Poe’s criteria for writing short stories?一卷答案I.Choose the best answer to each of the following questions.1-5：cdddc 6-10：cbadb 11-15：cadadII.Explain the following terms briefly in English.1.Refrain: one or more words repeated at intervals in a poem, usually at theend of a stanza. The most regular is the use of the same line at the close of each stanza.2.American Puritanism stressed predestination, original sin, total depravity,and limited atonement from God’s grace. It was influenced heavily by Calvinism. With such doctrines in their mind Puritans left Europe for America in order to prove that they were God’s chosen people who would enjoy God’s blessings on earth and in Heaven. Over the years in the new homeland, they built a way of life that stressed hard work, thrift, piety, and sobriety.3.New England Transcendentalism was the first American intellectualmovement. Transcendental club became the movement’s center with its magazine The Dial. It was a system of thought that originated from manysources, mainly Idealistic philosophy. It stressed the power of intuition, spirit and the individual. It envisioned religion as an emotional communication between an individual soul and the universal “oversoul”. It was represented by two major writers of the country, Emerson and Thoreau whose writings had great impact in the country.4.Familiar essay is the more personal, intimate type of informal essay. It dealslightly, often humorously, with personal experiences, opinions, and prejudices, stressing especially the unusual or novel, and having to do with the varied aspects of everyday life.5. Allegory is a story or image with a second distinct meaning partially hidden behind its literal or visible meaning.III.Arrange in pairs.1-5：C J H G I 6-10：F D A E BIV.Try to decide whether the following statements are true or false. Please write “T” for “true” and “F” for “false ”1-5: F T T F TV.Read the following passages and complete the tasks according to the specific requirements1. a. Ralph Waldo Emerson, Self-Relianceb. One of Emerson’s philosophy is the importance of the individual. In the passage, he is affirmative about man’s intuitive knowledge, with which a man can trust himself to decide what is right and to act accordingly. There is an emotional communication between an individual and the all-pervading power from which all things come from and of which all are a part. He means to convince people that the possibilities for man to develop and improve himself are infinite.2. a. Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Scarlet Letterb. Hester Prynne; The symbol refers to the scarlet letter A which refers to hersin of adultery; at the very beginning of the romance, the letter “A” symbolizes the act of adultery to Dimmesdale , but towards the end of the story, it symbolizes Angel to the other people in the community.3. a. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, A Psalm of Lifeb. The poem is written in quatrains, with a rhyme scheme of abab and each line in iambic tetrameter. The tone is optimistic. Figures of speech used are alliteration, parallel structure and repetition. It stresses the importance of a full and sincere activity in making the most of life’s brief span, rather than succumbing to moods of vain regret or dejection.VI.Answer the following questions1.①Herman Melville is a master of symbols, that is, objects or persons whorepresent something else.②Different people on board the ship are representations of different ideas anddifferent social and ethnic groups; facts become symbols and incidents acquire universal meanings.③Ishmael , the narrator of the story, is symbolic of a wanderer or displacedperson who is wandering in the world and fails to find out the real meaning of the world.④Ahab, symbolic of the Jewish king who started worship of Pagan gods,suffers both psychological and physical damage inflicted by life in a harsh world that eventually destroys him.⑤The Pequod is the microcosm of human society and the voyage becomes asearch for truth.⑥Queequeg’s Coffin alternately symbolizes life and death. Queequeg has itbuilt when he is seriously ill, but when he recovers, it becomes a chest to hold his belongings and an emblem of his will to live. The coffin furthercomes to symbolize life, in a morbid way, when it replaces the Pequod’s li fe buoy. When the Pequod sinks, the coffin becomes Ishmael’s buoy, saving not only his life but the life of the narrative that he will pass on.⑦The white whale, Moby Dick, symbolizes nature for Melville, for it iscomplex, unfathomable, malignant, and beautiful as well. For the character Ahab, however, the whale represents only evil. Moby Dick is like a wall, hiding some unknown, mysterious things behind. Ahab wills the whole crew on the Pequod to join him in the pursuit of the big whale so as to pierce the wall, to root out the evil, but only to be destroyed by evil, in this case, by his consuming desire, his madness. For the author, as well as for the reader and Ishmael, Moby Dick is still a mystery, an ultimate mystery of the universe, inscrutable and ambivalent, and the voyage of the mind will forever remaina search not a discovery of the truth.2.① A skillful literary artist has constructed a tale. If wise, he has not fashionedhis thoughts to accommodate his incidents; but having conceived, with deliberate care, a certain unique or single effect to be wrought out, he then invents such incidents,--he then combines such events as may best aid him in establishing this preconceived effect. If his very initial sentence tend not to the outbringing of this effect, then he has failed in his first step. In the whole composition there should be no word written, of which the tendency, direct or indirect, is not to the one pre-established design."②Although beauty is the aim of poems, truth is the aim of tales.③Tales can deal with terror, passion, horror, humor, sarcasm, wit, andratiocination.④The merit of a work of art should be judged by its psychological effect uponthe reader.二卷I. Choose the best answer to each of the following questions.1.Written by William Cullen Bryant, __________, is called by the eminent Englishcritic and poet, Mathew Arnold, the “most perfect brief poem in the language”.a. To a Waterfowlb. To Helenc. Thanatopsisd. The Wild Honey Suckle2.The first American writer is ___________.a. John Cottonb. John Winthropc. John Smithd. Anne Bradstreet3.According to ______________, the most poetical topic is the death of a beautifulwoman.a. Henry Wadsworth Longfellowb. Edgar Allen Poec. William Cullen Bryantd. Edward Taylor4.“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, …” is aquotation from __________ drafted by ___________.a. The American Crisis, Thomas Jeffersonb. The American Crisis, Thomas Painec. The Declaration of Independence, Thomas Pained. The Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson5.The Legend of Sleepy Hollow and Rip Van Winkle are the two most famous shortstories from Washington Irving’s ____________.a. Bracebridge Hallb. The Sketch Bookc. A History of New Yorkd. Twice-Told Tales6.______________ was called the “Father of American Poetry”.a. Edward Taylorb. William Cullen Bryantc. Edgar Allen Poed. Philip Freneau7._____________ is called by Oliver Wendell Holmes “our intellectual Declarationof Independence”.a. The American Scholarb. Self-Reliancec. The Divinity School Addressd. Nature8._______, New England’s Utopia, is the record of ____________’s experiment inendeavoring to live an ideal life in the forest.a. Nature, Henry David Thoreaub. Nature, Ralph Waldo Emersonc. Walden, Henry David Thoreaud. Walden, Ralph Waldo Emerson9.____________ is a movement supported by all progressive forces of the countrywhich opposed themselves to the old colonial order and religious obscurantism.a. American Romanticismb. New England Transcendentalismc. American Puritanismd. American Enlightenment10.Among the writers in the Literature of Reason and Revolution, ________ shapedhis writing after the Spectator Papers of the English essayists Joseph Addison and Richard Steele.a. Thomas Jeffersonb. Benjamin Franklinc. Joel Barlowd. William Bartram11.“He was tall, but exceedingly lank, with narrow shoulders, long arms and legs,hands that dangled a mile out of his sleeves, feet that might have served for shovels, and his whole frame most loosely hung together.” The description is about __________.a. Brom Van Bruntb. Rip Van Winklec. Ichabod Craned. Katrina Van Tassel12.Herman Melville was very much influenced by _________, who he called "thelargest brain with the largest heart" in America Literature.a. Nathaniel Hawthorneb. Edgar Allen Poec. Washington Irvingd. James Fennimore Cooper13.In The Last of the Mohicans, the last of the Mohicans refers to _____________.a. David Gamutb. Chigachgookc. Maguad. Uncas14.___________ consists of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed one.a. Iambb. Trocheec. Dactyld. Spondee15.Among the following short stories, which one is NOT written by NathanielHawthorne?a. Ethan Brandb. The Great Stone Facec. Rapaccini's Daughterd. Bartleby the ScrivenerII. Explain the following terms briefly in English.1.Refrain2.American Puritanism3.New England Transcendentalism4.Iambic pentameter5.Familiar essayIII. Arrange in pairs.Directions: Column A consists of ten writers, please find their corresponding works inIV. Try to decide whether the following statements are true or false. Please write “T” for “true” and “F” for “false ”1.The Legend of Sleepy Hollow is a story about a man who falls into a sleep of 20years while out hunting during which the Revolutionary War takes place.2.Bartleby the Scrivener is one of Herman M elville’s short stories.3.The Song of Hiawatha is the first American epic about the American Indians.4.The Birthmark uses the background of witchcraft to explore uncertainties ofbelief that trouble a man’s heart and mind.5.Edgar Allen Poe has often been regarded as the father of modern short story.V. Read the following passages and complete the tasks according to the specific requirements1.I do not propose to write an ode to dejection, but to brag as lustily as chanticleerin the morning, standing on his roost, if only to wake my neighbors up.a.Identify the author and the work from which the quotation is selected.b.Explain the purpose(s ) of the author with regard to the passage.2.Another peculiar torture was felt in the gaze of a new eye. When strangers lookedcuriously at the scarlet letter, - and none ever failed to do so, - they branded it afresh into Hester’s soul; so that, oftentimes, she could scarcely refrain, yet always did refrain, from covering the symbol with her hand.a.Identify the author and the work from which the quotation is selected.b.What is the character’s full name? What does “the symbol” refer to? Does itchange its meaning for him/ her through out the whole story?3.Let us then be up and doing,With a heart for any fate;Still achieving, still pursuing,Learn to labor and to wait.a.Identify the author and the work from which the quotation is selected.b.Analyze the poem from at least three of the following aspects: structure,rhyme scheme, tone, theme and figures of speech used with regard to thestanza selected.VI. Answer the following questions1. Analyze the symbolism appeared in The Scarlet Letter.2. Analyze the character Ahab in Moby Dick.二卷答案I. Choose the best answer to each of the following questions.1-5 acbdb 6-10 dacdb 11-15 cadadII. Explain the following terms briefly in English.1. Refrain: one or more words repeated at intervals in a poem, usually at the end of a stanza. The most regular is the use of the same line at the close of each stanza. A variety is the use of language that, by its mere repetition at the close of each stanza presenting different ideas and moods, seems to take on a different significance on each appearance.2. American Puritanism stressed predestination, original sin, total depravity, and li mited atonement from God’s grace. It was influenced heavily by Calvinism. With such doctrines in their mind they left Europe for America in order to prove that they were God’s chosen people who would enjoy God’s blessings on earth and in Heaven. They felt that they were exiles under the special grace of God to establish a theocracy in the New England. Over the years in the new homeland, they built a way of life that stressed hard work, thrift, piety, and sobriety.3. New England Transcendentalism was the first American intellectual movement which exerted a tremendous influence on the consciousness of American people. Transcendental club became the movement’s center with its magazine The Dial. It was a system of thought that originated from four sources: Unitarianism, Neoplatonism, Idealistic philosophy and Oriental mysticism. It stressed the power of intuition, spirit and the individual. It envisioned religion as an emotional communication between an individual soul and the universal “oversoul”. It was represented by two major writers of the country, Emerson and Thoreau whose writings had great impact in the country and a new group of writers of the period under the influence began to apply transcendental ideas in their works, e.g.Hawthorne, Melville, Dickinson, and Whitman.4. Iambic pentameter a metrical verse line having five feet, with each one having one unstressed syllable followed by one stressed syllable.5. Familiar essay the more personal, intimate type of informal essay. It deals lightly, often humorously, with personal experiences, opinions, and prejudices, stressing especially the unusual or novel, and having to do with the varied aspects of everyday life.III.Arrange in pairs.1-5：C J H G I 6-10：F D A E BIV.Try to decide whether the following statements are true or false. Please write “T” for “true” and “F” for “false ”.FTTFTV. Read the following passages and complete the tasks according to the specific requirements1. a. Henry David Thoreau, Waldenb. He had three purposes in writing the book: To make the readers evaluate the way he lived and thought, to reveal the hidden spiritual possibilities in everyone’s life, and to condemn the weaknesses and errors of society, such as the pursuit of materialism.2. a. Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Scarlet Letterb. Hester Prynne; The Scarlet Letter A which refers to her sin of adultery; at the very beginning of the romance, the letter “A” symbolizes the act of adultery to Dimmesdale , but towards the end of the story, it symbolizes Angel to the other people in the community.3. a. Henry Walworth Longfellow, A Psalm of Lifeb. The poem is written in quatrains, with a rhyme scheme of abab and each line in iambic tetrameter. The tone is optimistic. Figures of speech used are alliteration,parallel structure and repetition. It stresses the importance of a full and sincere activity in making the most of life’s brief span, rather than succumbing to moods of vain regret or dejection.VI. Answer the following questions1. ①Hawthorn is a master of symbolism.②For example, in The Scarlet Letter, the prison door at the beginning may well symbolize the restrictive laws and forces that are typical of the puritan society, as well as a remainder of the presence of evil or sin.③The wild rosebush, on the other hand, will surely associate themselves with the freedom of natural spirit or sympathy of nature for the human beings.④Forest is usually used to refer to moral wilderness where witches wander about and human beings tend to get morally lost.⑤The letter “A” symbolizes the act of adultery to Dimmesdale , but Angel to the other people in the community.2. ①Ahab is basically a noble and intelligent man whose balance has been disturbed by the blind and purposeless fury of the whale that eventually destroys him. As Ishmael wants to understand the meaning of life, he wants to remake the world to his own way. Ishmael avoids the “woe that is madness”, but Ahab is entrapped in that woe.②Ahab represents both an ancient and a modern type of hero. Like the heroes of Greek or Shakespearean tragedy, Ahab suffers from a single fatal flaw, one he shares with such legendary characters as Oedipus and Faust. His tremendous overconfidence leads him to defy common sense and believe that, like a god, he can enact his will and remain immune to the forces of nature.③He considers Moby Dick the embodiment of evil in the world, and he pursues the White Whale monomaniacally because he believes it his inescapable fate to destroy this evil.④According to the critic M. H. Abrams, such a tragic hero “moves us to pit y because, since he is not an evil man, his misfortune is greater than he deserves; but he moves us also to fear, because we recognize similar possibilities of error in our own lesser and fallible selves.”⑤Unlike the heroes of older tragic works, however, Ahab suffers from a fatal flaw that is not necessarily inborn but instead stems from damage, in his case both psychological and physical, inflicted by life in a harsh world. He is as much a victim as he is an aggressor, and the symbolic opposition that he constructs between himself and Moby Dick propels him toward what he considers a destined end.三卷I. Choose the best answer to each of the following questions.1. In Shakespeare＇s Merchant of Venice, Antonio could not pay back the money he borrowed from Shylock, because ________________.A. his money was all invested in the newly-emerging textile industryB. his enterprise went bankruptC. Bassanio was able to pay his own debtD. his ships had all been lost2. Which of the following is not written by Robert Frost?A. To AutumnB. Stopping by Woods on a Snowy EveningC. Mending WallD. A Boy＇s Will3. "The shepherd in Virgil grew at last acquainted with Love, and found him a native of the rocks."(Samuel Johnson, "To the Right Honorable the Earl of Chesterfield")The speaker here is ( ).A. cheerfulB. ironicC. mysteriousD. nonchalant4. Charles Dicken＇s early years were________A. happyB. difficultC. richD. sunny5. Robert Frost described ________________as “a book of people,”which shows a brilliant insight into New England character and the background that formed it.A. North of BostonB. A Boy’s WillC. A Witness TreeD. A Further Range6. The lines, "Two roads diverged in a wood. and l/l took the one less traveled by,/And that has made all the difference. " are found in _________________________.A. Robert Frost’s The Road Not taken"B. William Wordsworth’s "Lines Written in Early Spring"C. John Keats’s "Ode to Autumn"D. Percy Bysshe Shelly’s "ode to the West Wind"7. Robert Frost combined traditional verse forms - the sonnet, rhyming couplets, blank verse - with a clear American local speech rhythm, the speech of _________________ farmers with its idiosyncratic diction and syntax.A. SouthernB. WesternC. New HampshireD. New England8. Mark Twain created ，in ________________________________ ，a masterpiece of American realism that is also one of the great books of world literature.A. Huckleberry FinnB. Tom SowyerC. The Gilded AgeD. The Mysterious Stranger9. "So much the worse for me, that I an strong. Do I want to live? What kind of living will it be when you-oh, God! /Would you like to live with your soul in the grave?"/In the above passage quoted from Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights, the word "soul" apparently refers to _________________ .A. HeathcliffB. CatherineC. ghostD. one's spiritual lift10. American writers of the first postwar era who were devoid of faith and alienated from the civilization were commonly called "________________."A. sons of libertyB. fatherless childrenC. a beat generationD. a lost generation11. All the following poets belong to lake poets EXCEPTA. WordsworthB. ColeridgeC. Robert SoutheyD. Shelley12. Here are some lines from a literary work:I shall be telling this with asigh,/Somewhere ages and ages hence:/Two roads diverged in a wood, and I—/I took the one less traveled by,/And that has made all the difference.The work is ________.A. Robert Frost'sThe Road Not TakenB. John Milton's Paradise LostC. Alexander Pope's Essay on CriticismD. Shakespeare's Midsummer Night's Dream13. What＇s the name of Hester and Dimmesdale ＇s daughter?A. AmyB. PearlC. NinaD. Berry14. Which of the following is NOT written by Jane Austen?A. Sense and SensibilityB. Pride and PrejudiceC. Jane EyreD. Emma15. The literary characters of the American type in early 19th century are generally characterized by all the following features EXCEPT that theyA. speak local dialectsB. are polite and elegant gentlemenC. are simple and crude farmersD. are noble savages(red and white) untainted by societyI. Choose the best answer to each of the following questions. II. Choose the best answers(at least 2 answers) to each of the following questions.1. What are the things that Robinson Crusoe brings with him when he decidesto travel on the other side of the island?Robinson Crusoe brings withhimA. gunB. hatchetC. dogD. raisins2. All of the following works are written by Jane Austen?A. Northanger AbbeyB. Mansfield ParkC. PersuasionD. Emma3. The works Shakespeare wrote in 1594 are________________.A. Timon of AthensB. The Two Gentlemen of VeronaC. Love’s Labour’s LostD. Romeo and Juliet4. The features of style of Robinson Crusoe includeA. the first person singularB. short and plain sentencesC. nothing artificial in his languageD. smooth,easy,colloquial5. What are the insults of this world mentioned by HamletA. the tyrant's crueltiesB. the proud man's attempts to humiliate thosebeneath himC. the heartbreak of being in loveD. the slowness of the law's working6. The works Shakespeare wrote in his second period (1601-1608)are________________.A. HamletB. King LearC. OthelloD. Cymbline。

H i s t o r y A n d A n t h o l o g y o f A m e r i c a n L i t e r a t u r e(V o l u m eⅠⅡ)美国文学史及选读1、2PartⅠThe Literature of Colonial America殖民主义时期的文学1.17世纪早期English and European explorers开始登陆美洲。

在他们之前100多年Caribbean Islands, Mexicoand other Parts of South America已被the Spanish占领。

2.17th早期English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts(弗吉尼亚和马萨诸塞)开始了美国历史3.美国最早殖民者(earliest settlers)included Dutch ,Swedes ,Germans ,French ,Spaniards ,Italians and Portuguese(荷兰人，瑞典人，德国人，法国人，西班牙人，意大利人及葡萄牙人等)。

4.美国早期文学主要为the narratives and journals of these settlements采用in diaries and in journals(日记和日志)，他们写关于the land with dense forests and deep-blue lakes and rich soil.5.第一批美国永久居民：the first permanent English settlement in North America was established atJamestown,Virginia in 1607(北美弗吉尼亚詹姆斯顿)。

6.船长约翰·史密斯Captain John Smith他的作品(reports of exploration)17th早期出版，被认为是美国第一部真正意义上的文学作品in the early 1600s,have been described as the first distinctly American literature written in English.他讲述了filled with themes, myths, images, scenes, character and events,吸引了朝圣者和清教徒前往lure the Pilgrims and the Puritans.7.美国第一位作家：1608年Captain John Smith写了封信《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”.8.他的第二本书1612年《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of theCountry”.9.他一共出版了八本书，其中有关于新英格兰的历史及描述。