BRT vs LRT
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地铁知识考试题及答案一、选择题(每题2分,共20分)1. 地铁的英文缩写是什么?A. MRTB. BRTC. LRTD. HRT答案:A2. 世界上第一条地铁线路是在哪一年开通的?A. 1860年B. 1863年C. 1870年D. 1880年答案:B3. 地铁车辆通常采用的供电方式是什么?A. 柴油B. 电力C. 太阳能D. 风能答案:B4. 地铁车站通常分为哪两种类型?A. 地面站和地下站B. 地上站和地下站C. 地上站和高架站D. 地下站和高架站5. 地铁运行时,乘客应遵守哪些基本规则?A. 随意进出车厢B. 遵守乘车秩序C. 携带易燃易爆物品D. 在车厢内大声喧哗答案:B二、判断题(每题1分,共10分)6. 地铁是城市公共交通的重要组成部分,具有速度快、容量大、安全舒适的特点。
()答案:√7. 地铁车厢内禁止吸烟,但可以随意丢弃垃圾。
()答案:×8. 地铁的运行不受天气影响,因此可以全天候运行。
()答案:√9. 地铁的票价通常比公交车贵,但比出租车便宜。
()答案:√10. 地铁车辆在紧急情况下可以由乘客操作。
()答案:×三、填空题(每题2分,共20分)11. 地铁的运行速度通常在________公里/小时以上。
答案:6012. 地铁车辆的制动系统通常采用________制动。
13. 地铁车站的自动售票机可以购买________和________。
答案:单程票,储值卡14. 地铁车辆的运行控制中心通常称为________。
答案:OCC(Operation Control Center)15. 地铁车站的紧急出口通常标有________标志。
答案:安全出口四、简答题(每题5分,共10分)16. 地铁在缓解城市交通拥堵方面有哪些作用?答案:地铁作为城市公共交通的重要组成部分,能够提供大量快速、高效的运输能力,减少私家车的使用,从而有效缓解城市交通拥堵。
17. 地铁在紧急情况下,乘客应如何正确应对?答案:在紧急情况下,乘客应保持冷静,听从工作人员指挥,迅速有序地疏散至安全区域,避免造成更大的伤害。
生活常见的英语缩写100个IT:信息技术(Information Technology)PC:个人电脑(Personal Computer)APP:应用程序(Application)CPU:中央处理器(Central Processing Unit)WiFi:无线网络/无线保真技术(Wireless Fidelity)CD:光盘/激光唱片(Compact Disk)DJ:音乐节目主持人(Disc Jockey)TEL:电话机(Telephone)VCD:录像光盘(Video Compact Disk)DVD:数字录像光盘(Digital Video Disk)VCR:盒式磁带录像(Video Cassette Recorder)MV:音乐短片(Music Video)KTV:卡拉OK(Karaok TV)TV:电视(TeleVision)GPS:全球定位系统(Global Positioning System)ETC:不停车收费系统(Electronic Toll Collection)ABS:防锁死刹车系统(Antilock Brake System)SUV:运动型多用途轿车(Sport Utility Vehicle)BRT:快速公交系统(Bus Rapid Transit)LRT:轻轨公交系统(Light Rail Transit)ATM:自动取款机(Automatic Teller Machine)PRC:中华人民共和国(The People s Republic of China)HK:香港(Hong Kong)JP:日本(Japan)KR:韩国(Korea)UK:英国(UnitedKingdom)US:美国(United States)USA:美国(United States of America)RUS:俄罗斯(Russia)SGP:新加坡(Singapore)EU:欧洲联盟/欧盟(European Union)UN:联合国(United Nations)WTO:世界贸易组织(World Trade Organization)WHO:世界卫生组织(World Health Organization)CIA:美国中央情报局(Central Intelligence Agency)FBI:美国联邦调查局(Federal Bureau of investigation)FDA:食品药品监督管理局(Food and Drug Administration)ICAC:廉政公署(Independent Commission Against Corruption)OPEC:石油输出国组织/欧佩克(Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)EMS:邮政特快专递(Express Mail Service)PLA:中国人民解放军(People s Liberation Army)CCTV:中国中央电视台(China Central Television)CBA:中国篮球协会(Chinese Basketball Association)NBA:美国篮球协会(National Basketball Association)BBC:英国广播公司(British Broad-casting Corporation)VOA:美国之音(Voice of America)IOC:国际奥委会(International Olympic Committee)ISBN:国际标准书号(International Standard Book Number)Ad:广告(Advertisement)Add:地址(Address)BBQ:烧烤(Barbecue)DIY:自己动手/自助服务(Do it Yourself)ET:外星人(Extra Terrestrial)ID:身证(Identification Card)IQ:智商(Intelligence Quotient)EQ:情商(Emotional Quotient)PE:体育(Physical Education)No.:号码/编号(Number)KFC:肯德基(Kentucky Fried Chicken)DNA:遗传基因组织(Deoxyribonucleic Acid)GMT:格林威治时间或国际标准时间(Greenwich Mean Time)GDP:国内生产总值(Gross Domestic Product)OMG:我的上帝/我的天哪(Oh My God)SOS:求救信号(Save Our Soul)UFO:不明飞行物(Unknown Flying Object)VIP:重要人物/贵宾(Very Important Person)WC:厕所(Water Closet)Mr.:先生(Mister)Ms.:女士(Mrs. or Miss)Mrs.:夫人/太太(Mistress)AD:公元(Anno Domini)BC:公元前(Before Christ)AM:上午(Ante Meridiem)(before noon)PM:下午(Post Meridiem)(afternoon)CEO:首席执行官(Chief Executive Officer)CFO:首席财务官(Chief Finance Officer)COO:首席运营官(Chief Operating Officer)CTO:首席技术官(Chief Technology Officer)PhD:博士(Philosophy Doctor)MBA:工商管理硕士(Master of Business Administration)MPA:公共管理硕士(Master of Public Administration)中国人民银行:PBC(The People s Bank of China)中国建设银行:CCB(China Construction Bank)中国农业银行:ABC (Agriculture Bank of China)中国工商银行:ICBC(Industrial & Commercial Bank of China)中国银行:BOC(Bank of China)交通银行:BCM(Bank of Communications)招商银行:CMB(China Merchants Bank)星期一:Mon.(Monday)星期二:Tues.(Tuesday)星期三:Wed.(Wednesday)星期四:Thur.(Thursday)星期五:Fri.(Friday)星期六:Sat.(Saturday)星期天:Sun.(Sunday)一月:Jan.(January)二月:Feb.(February)三月:Mar.(March)四月:Apr.(April)五月:无简写(May)六月:Jun.(June)七月:Jul.(July)八月:Aug.(August)九月:Sep.(September)十月:Oct.(October)十一月:Nov.(November)十二月:Dec.(December)克 G(Gram)公斤 KG(Kilogram)公吨 MT(Metric Ton)米 M(Metre)厘米 CM (Centimetre)毫米 MM(Milimetre)公里 KM(Kilometre)码 Yd.(Yard)英尺 Ft.(Foot)英寸 In.(Inch)升 L(Litre)毫升 ML (Millilitre)加仑 Gal(Gallon)千瓦 KW(Kilowatt)马力 HP(Horse Power)平方米 Sq.m(Square metre)立方米 Cu.m (Cubic metre)小时 Hr.(Hour); 分 Min.(Minute); 秒 Sec.(Second)2英文句子表达常见缩写通常在原词后加n’t,若原词以n结尾,直接加’t。
B R T系统与济南城市交通发展刍议吴书锋。
李强(北京交通大学机械与电子控制学院,北京100044)摘要:随着城市化进程的加速推进,济南市交通阻塞问题日益严重,城市交通管理面临考验,需要探索新的交通运载工具和新的交通组织方式解决城市交通问题。
近年来,快速地面公交系统(B R T)作为一种新型的城市公共交通模式。
以投入少见效快的优点受到我国大城市地区的关注。
对济南市建设的B R T进行了系统介绍,阐述了济南B R T 的构成特点和长远规划,并对济南市公交现状和公交发展中遇到的问题进行了剖析,提出了现阶段发展B R T存在的问题及解决对策。
关键词:BR T;济南;城市交通;发展中图分类号:U491.I文献标识码:AT he D i s cus s i on of t he B R T Sys t em and J i nan M uni ci palT r anspor t at i on D evel opm entw u Shu一知ng,U Q i angt sd埘ofM tchani cal a n d Cor o nal Engi棚.‰J嘶吨U蜘时。
Be日吨1000044) A bst r act:W i t h t he r ap i d deve l opm e nt of t he cit y tr aff ic,t he t ra f fi c j anl i n Ji n an i s i ncr easi n gl y st r i ct.T he di f fic ul—ty of ci ty t ra f fi c m anagem ent i s f a ced,r eq ui r i n g t o sear ch t he new c o m m u ni ca t i on veh i cl e a nd new or ga ni zat i on m et hods t o sol ve t he probl em.In r ece nt yea r s,as a new ki n d of c om m un i c a t i on m ode,B R T i s pay at t ent i o n t o by m ore bi g c it i es f or i t s l ow capi t al i n put a nd r ap i d ef fec t.T hi s pape r i nt r oduc es t he B R T w hi ch i s be i ng buil t i n Ji na n,i l l um i nat e s t he B R T’S char act er i st i c a nd l o ng pr o—gra m.In or d er t o sol ve t he probl em f ac ed i n t he devel op—m e n t of publ i c c om m uni ca t i on,t he c ount er m e as ur e i n de—vel opi ng B R T i s pr oposed.K e y w or ds:BRT;J i nan;ur ban t r af f i c;devel op m ent收稿日期:2008—05—05作者简介:吴书锋(1967一),男。
关于公交知识试题及答案
1. 公交车的英文缩写是什么?
A. BTR
B. BRT
C. MRT
D. LRT
答案:B
2. 公交车的运营时间通常是怎样的?
A. 24小时
B. 6:00-22:00
C. 7:00-19:00
D. 5:00-23:00
答案:B
3. 公交车上禁止的行为有哪些?
A. 吸烟
B. 吃东西
C. 打电话
D. 以上都是
答案:D
4. 公交车的载客量一般是多少?
A. 10-20人
B. 20-50人
C. 50-100人
D. 100人以上
答案:C
5. 公交车的票价是如何确定的?
A. 根据路程长短
B. 根据乘客年龄
C. 根据乘客身高
D. 根据乘客体重
答案:A
6. 公交车的停靠站点是如何设置的?
A. 随机设置
B. 根据人流量设置
C. 根据城市交通规划设置
D. 以上都是
答案:C
7. 公交车上应如何正确使用安全带?
A. 系在腰部
B. 系在肩部
C. 系在腰部和肩部
D. 公交车上没有安全带
答案:D
8. 公交车上遇到紧急情况时,乘客应该做什么?
A. 保持冷静
B. 寻找最近的紧急出口
C. 听从司机的指示
D. 以上都是
答案:D
9. 公交车的环保标准是什么?
A. 国三标准
B. 国四标准
C. 国五标准
D. 国六标准
答案:D
10. 公交车的运营公司一般由哪些部门组成?
A. 运营部
B. 安全部
C. 维修部
D. 以上都是
答案:D。
快速公交系统(Bus Rapid Transit)简称BRT ,是一种介于快速轨道交通(Rapid Rail Transit,简称RRT)与常规公交(Normal Bus Transit,简称NBT)之间的新型公共客运系统,是一种大运量交通方式,通常也被人称作“地面上的地铁系统”。
它是利用现代化公交技术配合智能交通和运营管理,开辟公交专用道路和建造新式公交车站,实现轨道交通运营服务,达到轻轨服务水准的一种独特的城市客运系统。
自 1974 年巴西库里蒂巴市建成第一条快速公交线以来,快速公交已经迅速风靡全球。
BRT系统在类型、容量和表现形式上的多样性,反映出它在运营方面广阔的发展空间以及大运量公交系统与生俱来的灵活性。
BRT既适用于一个拥有几十万人口的小城市,同时也适用于特大型都市。
库里蒂巴的公交出行比例高达75%,日客运量高达19万人。
世界上许多城市通过仿效库里蒂巴市的经验,开发改良建设了不同类型的快速公交系统。
由于这种客运方式具有投资省、见效快的特点,已经被国外不少城市所接受,尤其是尚未建立轨道交通系统的人口密集的大中型城市,加快发展BRT已成为首选之一。
一、BRT在库里蒂巴的发挥巨大作用的原因库里蒂巴市目前已形成了较为完善的综合公共交通系统,将不同公共汽车线路在物理上和运营上统一为一个网络。
物理上的结合,即将不同的公共汽车线路通过换乘站连接在一起,乘客可以在不同的线路间进行方便的换乘。
运营上的结合则是基于单一的收费系统,它允许乘客向各个方向免费换乘,而不论旅程的长短。
库里蒂巴综合公交系统之所以能取得如此成功,除了BRT系统因其本身固有的特性而具有吸引力之外,以下几个因素也在库里蒂巴系统的发展过程中起了举足轻重的作用:1) 持续实施城市的长远发展目标规划库里蒂巴一体化公共交通系统的成功首先要归功于周密的城市规划和决策者的英明决策。
城市决策者最初就确立了城市未来发展的理想居住模式,即一个线型城市,然后采用一个集成的、由主干线和支线组合的公交网络来促成城市的发展形态。
交通科技与管理3智慧交通与信息技术1 研究背景 快速交通(RT)系统在发展中国家改善了人们的吸引力,因为它们改善了城市地区的交通和出行条件,减少了对机动化的影响,并为旅行者提供了高质量,高性价比的服务。
轻轨交通(LRT)和公交快速交通(BRT)是兼具高容量和相对较低投资成本的RT系统,因此,在发展中国家,它们比常规的地铁系统更受青睐[1]。
我国在借鉴国外成熟的快速公交系统的同时,还应当参考我国城市环境、人口密度、人口分布、道路环境等情况,建立具有中国特色的快速公交系统。
2 国外研究现状 2008年,Remi利用多元线性回归分析得到快速公交路中式隔离的车辆站台停靠时间与上下乘客量的关系式,发现若乘客量增加则快速公交停靠时间也会相应增加[2]。
Henser 将定量分析(Quantitative Analysis)引入了城市公交服务水平评价中,通过比较客服人员的服务质量,识别影响公交服务水平的潜在因素并进行因素权重判定[3]。
Botzow通过对旧金山快速公交系统的发展现状进行调查分析,分别从运行服务管理和乘客角度出发建立了对快速公交系统性能及价值评价的模型。
他曾对美国旧金山的公共交通系统的服务质量实行调研,根据公共交通的安全性、快速性和便利性三个特性建立了评价指标体系并建立了综合评价模型[4]。
Alter从可达性、旅程时间、可靠性、线网设计、运行服务频率、载客率的维度建立了服务水平综合指标评价体系[5]。
而Allen等人通过建立较完善的公交服务水平评价方法,为政府对收费政策、补贴政策的制定提供建议[6]。
Dhingra分析了印度德里的数条公交线路的运行状况,提出了包含九种重要指标的综合评价指标体系并建立了评价模型[7]。
3 国内研究现状 国内的快速交通系统起步于2005年国务院发布的《关于优化发展城市公共交通的意见》中特别提出要发展以快速公交系统为代表的城市大运量公共交通系统[8]。
胡润洲曾通过进行几种公共交通方式的综合效益成本比较分析,提出了对于发展中国家,快速公交系统一定程度上可以帮助传统交通向轨道交通的过渡[9]。
各种交通运输系统1. 轻轨轻轨运输(Light Rail Transport, LRT),泛指与路面交通混行的有轨电车和铁路列车,又称“轻轨捷运”、“轻轨铁路”,简称“轻轨”、“轻铁”。
“混行”是这个定义的关键,而非载客量。
中国大陆有时将这种轻轨称之为有轨电车,如:长春轨道交通三号线的一期工程、大连有轨电车、苏州高新区有轨电车、香港轻铁等。
城市轨道交通中的平面铁路及高架铁路:中国大陆的新闻报道和非专业人士常把不是建在“地下”的城市轨道交通误称为“轻轨”,但轻轨与地铁的区别与线路处于地上或地下无关。
与“地下铁路”相对的词汇,正确的应该是“高架铁路”与“平面铁路”,如:武汉地铁一号线,误称为“武汉轻轨”;重庆轨道交通二号线,误称为“重庆轻轨二号线”;上海轨道交通三号线,误称为“轻轨明珠线”或“轻轨三号线”;广珠城际铁路,误称为“广珠轻轨”,事实上不在城市轨道交通的范畴内;天津地铁九号线,误称为“津滨轻轨”;长春轨道交通四号线,不符合混行的定义,有专有封闭路权。
重量小于或等于每米30公斤的铁轨为“轻轨”,重量大于每米30公斤的铁轨为“重轨”。
但是目前中国大陆的城市轨道交通中轨距为1435毫米标准轨的系统,即使称为“轻轨”的线路,使用的铁轨也大多是每米30公斤的重轨。
2.BRT快速公交系统(英语:Bus Rapid Transit,经常缩写为BRT),是一种以公交车为基础而发展成的大众运输系统。
一个快速公交系统应具有专门的设计、服务和基础设施,以提高系统的品质以屏除可能误点的因素。
快速公交系统的目的是结合轻轨与捷运的容量、速度与公交车系统的低成本、灵活性和简单性,并能提供类似铁路的服务水平,被喻为“地面上的地铁”。
快速公交系统起源于1974年巴西库里奇巴(Curitiba)启用的整合交通网(Rede Integrada de Transporte, RIT)。
之后启发了许多与巴西RIT相似的系统,如于2000年在哥伦比亚波哥大启用的的TransMilenio。
railway coaches铁路客车soft berth tickets软卧票lower berth下铺sea sickness晕船motion sickness晕车express train特快列车trolley电车platform站台luggage rack行李架railway station火车站subway/underground railway地铁cross junction交叉口traffic lights交通灯passenger train旅客列车ordinary road普通公路traffic jam交通拥挤boat time-table船期表book预定home port母港passenger ferry客渡船charging station充电站heavy traffic交通高峰dispatch调度mass transportation公共交通运输economy class经济舱first class头等舱商务舱business classairport terminal机场候机楼magnetic levitation train/maglev磁悬浮列车maiden flight首飞flight crew机组人员cabin baggage机舱行李ticket office售票处traffic flow交通流distant signal预告信号cab signal机车信号running signal行车信号shunting signal调车信号shunting neck牵出线parking and riding停车换乘CY=cylinder圆筒汽缸bogie/truck转向架GWT=gross weight毛重总重shipper托运人carrier承运人container集装箱less-than-truck load卡车零担urban freight systems城市货运系统urban freight network城市货运网络urban transportation systems城市交通系统traffic congestion交通拥挤intelligent transportation systems智能运输系统global positioning systems全球定位系统bids of lading提单electronic vehicle tagging汽车电子标签jam拥挤,堵塞headway车头(间)时距platoon车队regular transit bus常规公交traffic scenarios交通环境backing shunting推进调车fly shunting溜放调车jump shunting驼峰调车interlocking联锁的moving block移动闭塞block section闭塞分区catenary接触网traffic control调度dispatcher/traffic controller调度员slip事故block闭塞motorway/autoroute/expressway高速公路robustness健壮性、鲁棒性Intelligent Transport ManagementSystems(ITMS)智能交通管理系统red traffic light infringement闯红灯license plate车牌Intelligent Transportationsystems(ITS)智能交通系统electronic tags电子标签heavy haul重载运输passing/crossing station会让站overtaking station越行站intermediate station中间站district station区段站marshalling station编组站marshaling yard(集装箱)编组场technical station技术站passenger station客运站freight station货运站section区间district区段box car箱式车major trunk line干线seasonal demand季节性需求speed up/speed increase提速double-track percentage复线率electrified percentage电化率average travel time平均旅行时间CFS-container freight station集装箱货运站combined transportation联合运输through transportation直达运输transfer transportation中转运输drop and pull transportation甩挂运输container transportation集装箱运输door to door门到门full container load整装箱less than container load拼装箱maintenance time天窗时间driver’s license驾驶执照marine Terminal港口站airport Terminal航站楼bus Terminal公交终点站ferry Terminal轮渡站terminal3T3航站楼hub枢纽central station中央火车站Junction中间站-过轨站marine Terminal港口站airport Terminal航站楼bus Terminal公交终点站ferry Terminal轮渡站terminal3T3航站楼hub枢纽central station中央火车站铁路市场份额rail market share首航maiden flight添乘On-board inspection on traincrew’s word by management/on traincrew’s work再生制动regenerative brakeATIS先进的交通信息系统ATMS先进的交通管理系统AVCS先进的车辆控制系统AGV自动导引小车BRT城市快速公交系统CTC调度集中ETC电子收费EMU电力动车组ECR有效客户反应EOQ经济订货批量EOS电子订货系统HRT重轨交通HY驼峰编组场驼峰调车厂ITS智能交通系统LCL零担货FCL整箱货LRT轻轨交通UT城市交通单元列车UR地下铁路MY编组场YR厂修MRP物料需求计划MRPⅡ制造资源计划APTS先进的公共交通系统EOT列尾检查装置CRH和谐号动车组/中国高速铁路ATC(automatic train control system)列车自动控制系统The vehicle is actually easier to control than normal cars because you don’t have to change gears while driving.电动汽车实际上比普通汽车更容易控制,因为驾驶过程中你不需要换挡。
BUS RAPID TRANSIT vs. LIGHT RAIL TRANSITA Side-by-Side Comparison of Competing Mass Transit OptionsThis document compares the pros and cons of bus rapid transit (BRT) systems and light rail transit (LRT) systems. There are many upsides and downsides to both mass transportation options.In summary, LRTs can only serve a limited number of stations, but those stations can stimulate intense development, with increased density (residents, employees and business activity per acre), higher per capita transit ridership and walking trips, and lower per capita vehicle ownership and trips. Meanwhile, BRTs can serve more destinations, including dispersed, suburban activity centers, but attracts fewer riders per capita and has little or no effect on land-use patterns (i.e., economic development). Buses tend to have lower costs per vehicle-mile, but rail often has lower costs per passenger-mile due to higher load factors.Following is more insight on the “Pros” and “Cons” of each mass transit option:BRT PROS LRT PROSFlexibility. Bus routes can change and expand when needed, for example, if a roadway is closed or if destinations or demand changes. Greater demand. LRT attracts more discretionary riders—those who leave cars at home—than BRT.Requires no special facilities. Buses can use existing roadways and general traffic lanes can be converted into a busway. Greater comfort due to larger seats with more legroom, more space per passenger and smoother and quieter ride.Several routes can converge onto one busway thereby reducing the need for transfers. BRT therefore is more suitable for dispersed land use, such as suburban locations. Greater maximum capacity. Rail requires less space and is more cost effective on high-volume routes.Lower capital costs for initial infrastructure investment. A GAO study found that in 2000 dollars the capital costs for the various types of BRT systems range from a low of $200,000 per mile for an arterial street-based system to $55 million per mile for a dedicated busway system. More voter support for rail than for buses. A December 2005 Harris Poll found 44% of voters support LRT while only 23% support BRT.Lower operating costs per passenger-mile where transit demand is low. Lower operating costs per passenger-mile where transit demand is high (i.e., in D.C. region).Is used more by people who are transit-dependent, so bus service improvements provide greater equity benefits. More positive land-use impacts. Rail tends to be a catalyst for more accessible development patterns. Developers are more likely to locate new business, residential or retail development along a LRT line than a BRT. This positive economic impact offsets on average higher capital costs.Can serve a larger geographical area. Increases property values near transit stations.Can phase in service instead of waiting for entire system to be completed. Less air and noise pollution, particularly when electric-powered.Higher ridership. BRTs average 15,600 riders per day across the country while LRTs average 29,000 daily riders.Rail stations tend to be more pleasant than bus stations, so rail is preferred where many transit vehicles congregate.LRTs have helped preserve and revitalize downtown areas of major U.S. cities (e.g., New York, San Francisco and Washington, D.C.). More “New Starts Program” investment in LRT ($4.67 billion) versus $831 million for BRT(FY2001).Greater travel speed and reliability where rail transit is grade separated.Improves community image.Provides superior service quality (e.g., speed, comfort and convenience).Less environmental impact, especially if electric trains are used.BRT CONS LRT CONSBuses have poor public image. No matter how comfortable the seats, a bus is still a bus! Higher initial costs. LRTs have higher infrastructure investment costs than BRT.Poor quality service. Service in many urban centers is deficient. Federal support waning. U.S. government appears to be on a pro-BRT, anti-LRT bent.Flexibility and decentralization have downsides. These result in a lack of system visibility and permanence that drives public perceptions of unreliability and disorganization. Higher infrastructure costs. A GAO study found that in 2000 dollars the cost of most LRTs range from $12.4 million per mile to $118.8 million per mile.Many BRT-dedicated lanes have been converted to HOV lanes. Skewed Benefits. Rail investments are inequitable because they primarily benefit higher-income people and drain funding from basic bus service used by lower-income, transit-dependent people.Hit-or-miss funding eligibility. BRTs that do not operate on separate, dedicated lanes are not eligible for funding through the federal “New Starts Program”. More stops=Longer trips. LRTs with more stations and more-frequent stops have lower overall speed.A temporary solution. Many BRTs are temporary solutions until an LRT system is built. (See case study below.)Less voter support. A December 2005 Harris Pollfound only 23% of voters support BRT while 44%support LRT.Can cause traffic disruption. BRTs with signalpriority systems (changes signal lights to greenwhen a bus approaches) cause severe trafficdisruptions to traffic flow on major cross streets.This doesn’t alleviate traffic it just redistributestraffic congestion problems.Lower ridership. BRTs average 15,600 riders perday across the country while LRTs average 29,000daily riders.Less “New Starts Program” investments inBRTs ($831 million) than LRTs ($4.67 billion)(FY2001).Higher operating & maintenance (O&E) costs.A comparison of St. Louis BRT and LRT systemsover a 10-year period showed the BRT with anannual average O&E of $104.6 million vs. $26.2million for the LRT. Further, the study found thatin 2005 the total cost per passenger mile was $0.97for the BRT compared to $0.82 for the LRT.More susceptible to cost overruns. A 1999 GAOstudy of approved “New Start Programs” foundthat 2 BRTs had exceeded estimated budget (by7.4% and 27.8%, respectively), while all 7 LRTprojects had come in at or below estimated budget.A LOCAL BRT CONVERSION CASE STUDY:Northern Virginia suburbs of Washington, D.C., 1970-1996.The Shirley Busway was deemed a great success upon its opening in 1970. The pre-existing Route 18 was expanded from three trips per day (without subsidy) to approximately 30 trips with subsidy—yielding a substantial increase in ridership. However, with long gaps between buses, political pressure grew to convert the busway into an HOV lane, opening it up for use by automobiles and other private motor vehicles. Ridership peaked in 1980-81 during the second energy crisis. Subsequently it declined 67% as costs increased sharply. At the same time, transit ridership in the National Capital area ballooned from 135 million per year to 270 million, mainly because of the introduction of the MetroRail system. In 1996, ridership on the Route 18 Shirley Busway buses had plunged to 2,350 weekday rider-trips.As MetroRail service was introduced to the Route 18 territory (Springfield, Va.), bus ridership dropped further to 1,650 per day. However, MetroRail patronage in Springfield soared to 13,000, even though bus fares were lower than rail and travel time was approximately equal. Furthermore, the operating cost of rail transit was far less per passenger.。