生物专业英语第六课-5

Lesson Six（2学时）The Origin and Diversity of LifeA Home for Life: Formation of the Solar System and Planet EarthThe story of life's origins begins with the formation of the earth. The sequence of events that gave rise to our planet began, in turn, with the cosmic explosion physicists call the Big Bang. The sun at the center of our solar system condensed from a cloud of primordial matter roughly 5 billion years ago; the planets, including the earth, condensed about 4.6 billion years ago. The earth is composed of a number of layers: a solid crust, a semisolid mantle, and a largely molten (liquid) core that has a solid center. Basic physical features of Earth that may have made the emergence of life possible include the planet's size, temperature, composition, and distance from the sun. The major current hypothesis holds that life arose spontaneously on the early earth by means of chemical evolution from nonliving substances.生命起源于地球的形成。

《生物专业英语》教学案教学案：生物专业英语课程名称：生物专业英语课程类型：专业课课程学分：3学分课程时长：36学时教学目标：1. 掌握生物学领域常用的英语词汇和表达方式；2. 熟悉生物学领域的相关文献、论文和研究报告的阅读和写作；3. 提高学生的听说读写综合能力，为将来从事生物学研究或相关工作做好准备。

教学内容：1. 生物学领域的基础英语词汇和表达方式；2. 生物学领域的相关文献、论文和研究报告的阅读和写作；3. 生物学领域的听说读写综合能力训练。

教学方法：1. 组织课堂讲授，介绍生物学领域的基础英语词汇和表达方式；2. 组织学生进行文献、论文和研究报告的阅读和写作练习；3. 组织学生进行听说读写综合能力训练，包括听力理解、口语表达、阅读理解和写作能力。

教学评价：1. 平时成绩占总评成绩的50%，包括课堂表现、作业完成情况等；2. 期末考试占总评成绩的50%，包括听力、口语、阅读和写作等方面的考核。

教学安排：第一周：介绍课程内容和教学目标，进行生物学领域的基础英语词汇和表达方式的讲解。

第二周：组织学生进行生物学领域文献、论文和研究报告的阅读练习，要求学生掌握阅读技巧和理解能力。

第三周：进行生物学领域听力训练，包括听取生物学相关讲座、演讲和讨论，并进行口语表达练习。

第四周：组织学生进行生物学领域的写作练习，包括摘要、实验报告和论文等的写作。

第五周：进行生物学领域的阅读理解练习，包括阅读和理解生物学相关文献和研究报告。

第六周：进行生物学领域的综合能力训练，包括听说读写的综合练习和模拟考试。

第七周：进行期末考试，包括听力、口语、阅读和写作等方面的考核。

第八周：总结课程内容和教学效果，进行学生评价和教师评价。

教学资源：1. 生物学领域的教材和参考书籍；2. 生物学领域的相关文献、论文和研究报告；3. 生物学领域的讲座、演讲和讨论录音或视频资料；4. 生物学领域的写作指南和范例；5. 听力、口语、阅读和写作练习题目和模拟试卷。

第一课Inside the Living Cell：Structure and Function of Internal Cell Parts1.Cytoplasm: The Dynamic, Mobile Factory细胞质：动力工厂Most of the properties we associate with life are properties of the cytoplasm. Much of the mass of a cell consists of this semifluid substance, which is bounded on the outside by the plasma membrane. Organelles are suspended within it, supported by the filamentous network of the cytoskeleton. Dissolved in the cytoplasmic fluid are nutrients, ions, soluble proteins, and other materials needed for cell functioning.生命的大部分特征表现在细胞质的特征上。

细胞质大部分由半流体物质组成，并由细胞膜（原生质膜）包被。

细胞器悬浮在其中，并由丝状的细胞骨架支撑。

细胞质中溶解了大量的营养物质，离子，可溶蛋白以及维持细胞生理需求的其它物质。

2.The Nucleus: Information Central（细胞核：信息中心）The eukaryotic cell nucleus is the largest organelle and houses the genetic material (DNA) on chromosomes. (In prokaryotes the hereditary material is found in the nucleoid.) The nucleus also contains one or two organelles-the nucleoli-that play a role in cell division. A pore-perforated sac called the nuclear envelope separates the nucleus and its contents from the cytoplasm. Small molecules can pass through the nuclear envelope, but larger molecules such as mRNA and ribosomes must enter and exit via the pores.真核细胞的细胞核是最大的细胞器，细胞核对染色体组有保护作用（原核细胞的遗传物质存在于拟核中）。

医学英语教程-生物医学Unit 6 Reading AThe Kidney and Its Working Unit肾及其工作单位For many diners, eating tender, pale green shoots of asparagus is a pleasurable springtime event, but the gastronomic experience has a peculiar sequel：The next time they urinate ,even if just 20 minutes after eating, they notice the characteristic scent of asparagus. A chemical in the food crosses the gut ,enters the bloodstream, is filtered out by the kidneys, and appears in the urine with amazing speed. Actually, the chemical is acted on no faster than any other compound. The kidneys are simply marvels at processing body fluids and filtering out the urea; the sodium ,potassium ,or chloride ions ;and the glucose, water ,and other materials that need to be excreted. The key to a kidney's rapid functioning lies in its complicated internal structure and in the effcient plumbing system of which it is a part.对许多用餐者来说，吃到浅绿鲜嫩的芦笋是春季的一大享受，但享用完这种美食后会有一个奇特的后续：即使饭后仅20分钟,人们便会在上厕所时注意到尿液中有芦笋特殊的气味。

生物专业英语第六课：The origin and diversity of lifecosmic['kɔzmik]adj. 宇宙的（等于cosmical）explosion英[ik'spləʊʒ(ə)n; ek-] 美[ik'sploʒən]bang英[bæŋ]美[bæŋ] n.重击；突然巨响adv. 直接地；砰然地；突然巨响地condensed [kən'denst]adj. 浓缩的；扼要的vt. 浓缩（condense的过去分词）primordial [prai'mɔ:diəl]adj. 原始的；根本的；原生的原始的| 本初的| 最初的roughly ['rʌfli]adv. 粗糙地；概略地layers ['leiəz]n. 图层面板，图层集合（layer复数形式）；层面板solid ['sɔlid]adj. 固体的；可靠的；立体的；结实的；一致的n. 固体；立方体crust [krʌst]n. 地壳；外壳；面包皮；坚硬外皮vi. 结硬皮；结成外壳mantle ['mænt(ə)l]n. 地幔；斗篷；覆盖物vi. 覆盖；脸红vt. 覆盖molten ['məult(ə)n]adj. 熔化的；铸造的；炽热的v. 换毛；脱毛（molt过去分词）composition [kɔmpə'ziʃ(ə)n]n. 作文，作曲，作品；[材] 构成；合成物；组成nonliving [nɒn'liviŋ]adj. 无生命的；非生物的prelife ['pri:laif]n. 前世，前生pioneering [paiə'niəriŋ]adj. 首创的；先驱的miller ['milə]n.人名；(西、葡)米列尔；米勒Urey ['juəri]尤里（美国化学家，曾获1934年诺贝尔化学奖）monomer ['mɒnəmə]n. 单体；单元结构；单体；单分子物体；单基体amino [ə'mi:nəʊ; ə'mainəʊ]adj. 氨基的；胺基nucleic [nju:'kli:ik]核的；核酸polymers ['pɔliməs]n. [高分子] 聚合物；[高分子] 高分子（polymer的复数）proteinoid ['prəʊti:nɔid]类蛋白质；类蛋白nuclei ['nju:kliai]n. 核心，核子；原子核（nucleus的复数形式）polymerization [,pɔlimərai'zeiʃn]n. 聚合；[高分子] 聚合作用clay [klei]n. [土壤] 粘土；泥土；肉体；似黏土的东西aggregates ['ægrigət]n. 总量；合体（aggregate的复数）；聚合物polymer ['pɒlimə]n. [高分子] 聚合物；聚合体droplets ['drɒplit]n. [流] 液滴（droplet的复数）；飞沫liposome ['lipəusəum, 'lai-]脂质体| 微脂粒| 微脂囊microsphere ['maikrə(ʊ)sfiə(r)]微球| 微球体| 中心体lipid ['lipid]n. [生化] 脂质；油脂bilayer ['baileiə]n. 双分子层（膜）phospholipid [,fɒsfə(ʊ)'lipid]n. [生化] 磷脂precursor [pri'kɜ:sə]n. 先驱，前导mimic ['mimik]vt. 模仿，摹拟adj. 模仿的，模拟的；假装的动名词mimicking ribozyme ['raibəzaim]n. 酶性核酸；核糖酶catalyst ['kæt(ə)list]n. [物化] 催化剂；刺激因素catalytic [,kætə'litik]adj. 接触反应的；起催化作用的n. 催化剂；刺激因素metabolic [,metə'bɔlik]adj. 变化的；新陈代谢的fossil ['fɔs(ə)l; -sil]化石；地壳中包存的属于古地质年代的动物或植物的遗体anaerobic [[,æneə'rəubik]]厌氧法| 厌氧的| 无氧的heterotroph ['hetərəutrɔf]n. [生物] 异养生物autotrophs [ɔtə,trɔfs]n. [生物] 自养生物（autotroph的复数）ozone ['əuzəun]n. [化学] 臭氧；新鲜的空气penetration [peni'treiʃ(ə)n]n. 渗透；突破；侵入；洞察力ultraviolet [ʌltrə'vaiələt]adj. 紫外的；紫外线的n. 紫外线辐射，紫外光shallow ['ʃæləʊ]n. [地理] 浅滩adj. 浅的；肤浅的aerobic [[eə'rəʊbik]]有氧的；需氧的；好气inner [inə]adj. 内部的；内心的；精神的partially ['pɑ:ʃ(ə)li]adv. 部分地；局部地segment ['segm(ə)nt]n. 段；部分continental [kɒnti'nent(ə)l]adj. 大陆的；大陆性的drift [drift]n. 漂流，漂移；趋势；漂流物sculpt [skʌlpt]vt. vi. 造型；雕刻accompany [ə'kʌmpəni]vt. 陪伴，伴随；伴奏过去式accompanied occasional [ə'keiʒ(ə)n(ə)l]adj. 偶然的；临时的；特殊场合的extinction [ik'stiŋ(k)ʃ(ə)n; ek-]n. 消失；消灭；废止；灭绝glaciation ['glesi'eʃən]冰川作用；冰蚀现象；冻结成冰orbit ['ɔ:bit]n. 轨道；vt. 绕轨道而行taxonomy [tæk'sɒnəmi]n. 分类学；分类法binomial [bai'nəʊmiəl]n. [数] 二项式；二种名称adj. 二项式的；二种名称的nomenclature [nə(ʊ)'meŋklətʃə; 'nəʊmən,kleitʃə]n. 命名法；术语Linnaeus [li'ni(:)əs]n. 林奈（瑞典博物学家，建立了植物等级）categorize ['kætəgəraiz]vt. 分类genus ['dʒi:nəs; 'dʒenəs]n. 类，种；[生物] 属phylum ['failəm]n. 门（分类）；动物门kingdom ['kiŋdəm]n. 王国；界（分类）；领域division [di'viʒ(ə)n]n. [数] 除法；部门；分割；师（军队）；赛区subfield ['sʌbfi:ld]n. [数] 子域；分区anatomy [ə'nætəmi]n. 解剖；解剖学；剖析；骨骼comparative [kəm'pærətiv]adj. 比较的；相当的define [di'fain]vt. 定义；使明确；规定taxon ['tæksɒn]n. [生物] 分类单元；分类学复数taxamorphological [,mɔ:fə'lɒdʒikəl]adj. 形态学的criterion [krai'tiəriən]n. （批评判断的）标准；准则；规范；准据clade [kleid]n. 分化枝；进化枝ancestor ['ænsestə]n. 始祖，祖先；被继承人phylogenetic [,failədʒi'netik]adj. [生物] 系统发生的；动植物种类史的graphic ['græfik]adj. 形象的；图表的；绘画似的；图像representation [,reprizen'teiʃ(ə)n]n. 代表；表现；表示法；陈述graphic representation 图示法| 图形表示法kingdoms monera [məu'ni:rə]原核生物界protista ['prəutistə]n. 原生生物；真核原生生物界plantae ['plæn,ti:]n. 植物界animalia [,æni'meiliə]n. 动物类；动物界organizational [,ɔ:ɡənai'zeiʃənl]adj. 组织的；编制的。

生物专业英语课后练习题含答案1. Multiple Choice1.Which of the following is the most important considerationwhen designing a polymerase chn reaction (PCR)?A. The length of the primerB. The temperature of the PCRC.The amount of DNA in the sample D. The thermal stability of the DNA polymeraseAnswer: D2.Which of the following describes the function of arestriction enzyme in molecular biology?A. Restriction enzymes are used to replicate DNA.B.Restriction enzymes are used to sequence DNA. C. Restrictionenzymes are used to cut DNA at specific sites. D. Restrictionenzymes are used to amplify DNA.Answer: C3.The gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments according towhich of following parameters?A. SequenceB. SizeC. ConcentrationD. ChargeAnswer: B4.Which of the following is not a component of a typicalprokaryotic cell?A. NucleusB. Cell wallC. RibosomeD. PlasmidAnswer: A5.Which of the following is responsible for the majority ofoxygen production on Earth?A. FungiB. AlgaeC. ProtozoaD. BacteriaAnswer: B2. Short Answer1.What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?Genotype refers to the set of genes an organism carries, while phenotype refers to the observable trts that result from the interaction between the organism’s genes and its environmen t.2.Describe the process of translation.Translation is the process by which the information encoded in mRNA is used to synthesize a protein. It occurs on ribosomes, which contn two subunits (the small subunit and the large subunit).The process begins with the small subunit binding to the mRNAmolecule; this initiates the process of recognition of the start codon (AUG). Once the start codon is identified, the ribosome will recruit the first tRNA (transfer RNA) molecule, which carries an amino acid. The amino acid is then added to the growing peptide chn as the ribosome moves along the mRNA molecule, one codon at a time. This continues until a stop codon is reached, at which point the ribosome releases the newly synthesized protein, and the mRNA molecule is degraded.3.What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryoticcells?Prokaryotic cells are simpler in structure than eukaryotic cells and do not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles. They are typically much smaller than eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells, on the other hand, have a nucleus and many membrane-boundorganelles (such as mitochondria, chloroplasts, and theendoplasmic reticulum). They are generally larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells.3. True or False1.Bacteria are always harmful to humans.False2.The most diverse group of organisms on Earth is arthropods. True3.The Calvin cycle is the process by which photosynthesisoccurs.True4.Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that are primarilydecomposers.True5.RNA splicing removes introns from the primary RNA transcript,leaving only exons.True4. MatchingMatch the following terms with their correct definition or function:1.EnzymeC. Protein molecule that acts as a catalyst in a biochemicalreaction2.GlycolysisD. The process by which glucose is broken down into pyruvate3.MitochondriaA. Organelle responsible for cell respiration4.NucleusB. Organelle responsible for the storage and transmission ofgenetic informationAnswer:1.C2.D3.A4.BConclusionThis set of practice questions is designed to test your understanding of some of the key concepts in biology. By exploringtopics like genetics, cell structure, and molecular biology, you can gn a deeper appreciation for the complexity and diversity of life on Earth.By engaging with these questions and testing your knowledge, you can become a more confident and capable biologist.。

医学英语教程生物医学课文翻译生物医学课文翻译：Medical English Tutorial - Biomedical TextbookBiomedical research plays a crucial role in advancing our understanding of human health and developing new treatments for diseases. In this tutorial, we will explore various topics in the field of biomedical sciences.Lesson 1: Introduction to Biomedical ResearchBiomedical research is the investigation of biological processes and diseases at the molecular, cellular, and organismal levels. This lesson will provide an overview of the different research methodologies used in the field, including genome sequencing, proteomics, and animal studies. We will also discuss the ethical considerations associated with biomedical research.Lesson 2: The Human Genome ProjectThe Human Genome Project was a landmark scientific initiative that aimed to map and sequence the entire human genome. This lesson will delve into the history of the project, its impact on biomedical research, and the novel insights gained from analyzing the human genome. We will also explore the future implications of this project in personalized medicine.Lesson 3: Genetics and DiseaseUnderstanding the genetic basis of diseases is crucial for the development of effective treatments. This lesson will focus on the relationship between genetics and common diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular disorders, and neurodegenerative conditions.We will also discuss the advancements in genetic testing and the potential of gene therapy.Lesson 4: Stem Cells and Regenerative MedicineStem cells have the unique ability to differentiate into various cell types, making them valuable tools in regenerative medicine. This lesson will explore the different types of stem cells, their therapeutic potential, and the current challenges in their clinical application. We will also discuss recent breakthroughs in tissue engineering and organ transplantation.Lesson 5: Drug Discovery and DevelopmentDeveloping new drugs is a complex and rigorous process. In this lesson, we will explore the steps involved in drug discovery, from target identification to preclinical and clinical trials. We will also discuss the role of animal models in drug testing and the importance of drug safety and efficacy.Lesson 6: Biomedical ImagingImaging techniques play a vital role in diagnosing diseases and monitoring treatment efficacy. This lesson will provide an overview of various imaging modalities used in biomedical research, such as X-ray, MRI, and PET. We will also discuss the advancements in imaging technology and their application in precision medicine.Lesson 7: Biomedical EthicsEthical considerations are essential in biomedical research to ensure the welfare of human and animal subjects. This lesson will discuss the ethical principles and guidelines governing biomedicalresearch. We will also explore the ethical dilemmas associated with emerging technologies, such as gene editing and artificial intelligence in healthcare.By the end of this tutorial, you will have a comprehensive understanding of key concepts and advancements in the field of biomedical sciences. This knowledge will enable you to actively engage in discussions and contribute to the ever-evolving field of medical research.。