Outside viewVoice-over Welcome to Changing Lifestyles. Today we'll take a look at the changing role of fathers. In the 1950s and the 1960s, most fathers went to work every day and most mothers stayed at home to take care of the children. However, since the late 60s and the early 70s, family life has been changing dramatically. Instead of accepting the rigid roles imposed by society, many couples have been deciding to change their work-life balance. More mothers have been pursuing careers, while at the same time fathers have been devoting more time to caring for children and doing household chores. This is David Noll. David is 33 years old, husband and father of two girls. David is a modern father. He and his wife both pursue careers and share in raising the children and doing housework.Diane OK, well then are you going to go to the playground?Children 1 Right. Right, Mama.Diane Right. I love you.Children 2 Bububa.Diane Bye-bye.Children 1 Bye.Diane Bye-bye.Voice-over David's father Bob Noll was also a loving father, but David's role as a father was different. During the early part of his career, Bob went to work every day while his wife Shirley stayed home. Bob worked for 38 years at Westinghouse as an electrical engineer. Bob worked on some of the first computers ever produced. Bob had always been an involved father. But in 1970 Shirley decided to go back to work. That was when Bob's role as a father changed.Bob When Shirley went back to work, I had to change my, uh, role and start to do more cooking, um, driving the children here and there. When our children were growing up I took a lot of interest in them, what they were doing. David I think in many ways I, I was probably better prepared for the changing roles that I've had to take on by, by my father.Bob We did many things together and I tried to get them involved in other areas that they seemed to show interest in, such as theatre and magic.David He did a great deal more than I think many fathers, I mean I, I can think of childhood friends whose fathers, you know, were running businesses who, who participated almost at, not, not at all in their, in their, in their development. Um, and I think I had, I think I had a role model.Bob I remember David was interested in, he got very interested in magic and, and juggling, and he was an avid reader.Voice-over As a young man, David loved magic. But he pursued a career as a biochemist. Before having children, David spent 40 hours per week studying cellular DNA in a research lab. And his wife Diane spent 40 hours a week working as a lawyer in Washington DC. After the girls were born, David and Diane both cut back on their hours in order to take care of their daughters. As a research scientist, David's schedule was more flexible. So he took on more responsibility for the children's day-to-day care.David Well, I have been able, uh, to adjust my schedule so that I can be home at 5 o'clock, um, for the kids and if the children are sick, being able to come home, um, take them to the doctors. We go for a walk, we take the dogs up the street, go to the park, hang out at the park. And then we head back, uh, to the house and, and begin preparing dinner.Voice-over Since Bob retired ten years ago, he has been enjoying his role as a grandfather. He's been travelling with his wife, Shirley, and he's been playing tennis. Meanwhile, David is just beginning his journey as a father in a new era.David It can be difficult, especially when, you know, you're, you're taking on new roles for the first time. And it can be, it can be disconcerting and it can be more comfortable to take on those traditional roles. Um, I have, I think I have many more responsibilities than, than even most fathers do today, um, and certainly more, I, I think than when my father was, was raising his children. Um, but the, the difference is not the sort of classic role reversal. I'm, I'm not a stay-at-home Dad. We have an excellent babysitter who, that, who has allowed us, um, allowed both my wife and I the opportunities to continue pursuing our career.Voice-over While there are many differences in how David and Bob have raised their children, there are many important similarities.Listening inPassage 1Host There's a question that's been argued about for a long time. Which is more important, your family environment or your genes? Well, a story has come up in the news about identical twins, separated at birth. They've just been reunited - and guess what - there are some amazing coincidences in their life stories.Here's the story - two American girls called Tamara and Adriana were separated at birth and adopted by two different sets of parents. And this is where the coincidences begin. Both families ended up living 25 miles apart. Both girls decided to study psychology at universities that are only a mile apart from each other. Isn't that strange? And this girl, who's a friend of both of them, insists they meet. Just before they meet, Adriana's mother tells herthat she has a twin sister. Can you imagine how that must feel when you're 20 years old to learn you have a twin? And when the girls meet, it's like looking in a mirror - they're identical! Now get this! Both Tamara and Adriana's adoptive fathers died when the girls were children. Both girls fell through glass doors at the age of five - that's hard to believe, isn't it? Their boyfriends look alike and have similar names - Alex and Adam. And this is the best part - both of them have the same recurring dream. Isn't that incredible - they have the same dream!I think it's an amazing story. So, for all those of you out there who have comments, and I'm sure you do, the lines are open. OK, we've got Josh on the line. Hi Josh!Josh Hi.Host So, what do you make of this story?Josh It's a great story but it doesn't surprise me at all. I'm an identical twin.Host You are?Josh Yeah, my brother's called Toby, and we're 22, and we're going out with two sisters ... and we're having a double wedding next June.Host Congratulations! So-what do you think-is it our genes that decide who we are? These kind of stories seem to suggest it.Josh Well, I'm not a scientist, but I think so.Host Research tells us that it's about fifty-fifty.Josh I, I disagree.Host Thanks Josh. OK, our next caller is ...Passage 2Part 1Voice-over Kidney transplants are of two kinds -transplants from dead people and living transplants, transplants from people who are alive. Mostly the donor, the person who gives the kidney, is a relative - a parent, brother or sister. We all recognize that it's one of the most selfless things a person can do, to give a kidney to someone, but as the operation becomes safer and safer, more and more people are doing it. We talked to two sisters who have had the experience -Henrietta Longmore, a journalist aged 40, married with one son, and her sister, Teresa Parker, aged 38, married with two children. They come from a family with four children. Here's their story.Teresa Henrietta and I were close as children. She was the big sister and she was -just like a mother to us younger kids. Our parents were both doctors and our mum was very busy.We were close right through our teenage years. And then we shared a flat and had a lot of the same friends. It was great.Henrietta Yes, we've always been close. I felt very protective of my brother and sisters because, like Teresa says, our parents were always so busy. But I also felt a bit jealous of Teresa - she was my dad's favourite -but it didn't affect our relationship.Teresa Henrietta got kidney failure five years ago, but for several years she was fine and seemed quite healthy. Henrietta Yes, I never thought of asking my family for a kidney. The hospital was brilliant and I really did feel fine, most of the time.Part 2Teresa But then a year ago she became very ill and almost died. I was terrified. I knew if she died, I'd blame myself. You know, why I hadn't done more to help her. So I decided to find out more about giving her a kidney. Henrietta Yes, I did almost die. It was awful. I, I was never going to ask Teresa for a kidney but I kind of knew that she would offer. To be honest, I felt I would have done the same.Teresa Yes. At first I was a bit scared. But we went for a three-hour talk at the hospital and it was very reassuring. My whole family came. And they felt OK about it too, which was very important.Henrietta People don't know that you only need ten per cent of one kidney to be completely healthy, and kidney donors often live longer than other people.Teresa Yes, you have to be very healthy to give a kidney. The hospital makes sure of that. Anyway, after the operation I got better very fast - probably because you know you've done something worthwhile and it does make you feel very good.Henrietta I can't describe how grateful I feel to Teresa. It's such an amazing thing to do. What can I say? Her courage was, was extraordinary. She just didn't seem afraid at all.Teresa You do get a lot of praise for doing something like this. I'd like to do something that no one knows about. Outside viewSpeaker 1 Let's take a trip to Australia.Speaker 2 That sounds like fun, but I won't be able to come. I'm too busy. You can go if you promise to tell me all about it.Speaker 1 OK.Speaker 2 Oh, and get me some photos of kangaroos and koalas. I'd love to see them.Voice-over So here I am in Australia. How about a few facts to start with? Australia is the largest "island" in the world. There are over 27,000 kilometres of coastline. It's the world's smallest continent, but the sixth largest country. Its population is only 20 million, so there's a lot of space. This is Perth on the west coast. It's famous for its black swans. If you come here, you'll definitely want to go sailing. This is Uluru, or Ayers Rock. This amazing rock formation is in the traditional lands of the original inhabitants of Australia -the Aborigines. Their rock paintings have been preserved here for centuries. If you want sun, sea and sand, Queensland is the place to be. This is where you can find the famous Great Barrier Reef. It's the world's largest natural feature and is 2,300 kilometres long. Sydney is Australia's biggest city with over four million people -nearly a quarter of the entire population. The Opera House and Sydney Harbour Bridge are famous landmarks. If you like surfing, you'll have to visit the world-famous Bondi Beach. The smallest state is the Australian Capital Territory around the city of Canberra, which is the capital of Australia. And finally, this is Melbourne -a lively city in the southeast. I did promise pictures of koalas and kangaroos. Are these OK?Listening inPassage 1Part 1Matt So how was your visit to the USA? How did you get on?Caroline Well, it was great. A bit difficult at the start, but it got better.Matt So what happened?Caroline Well, I started my trip in New York, but the trouble was I forgot to ring my friend Dave before I left London and ask him to meet me. Then, just as the plane was landing at New York airport, this French businessman sitting next to me called Serge, gave me a warning, "You shouldn’t arrive in New York alone." This made me a bit worried, but I was going to call Dave as soon as I arrived, so I hoped I'd be OK. But when we got off the plane, I was feeling a bit nervous. As soon as I walked out into the arrivals hall this crowd of people surrounded me. And when Serge disappeared, I did feel lonely and rather foolish.Matt I can see why.Caroline And when I saw a smiling group of new arrivals, you know, tourists from England, I wanted to join them. Just as I was starting to panic, someone tapped me on the shoulder. It was Serge. I was so relieved.Matt Thank heavens for strange men!Caroline Exactly! But when I called Dave from Serge's office, he was out. It was late by now so I had to find a hotel. Serge told his driver to take me to a hotel in the Bronx. As soon as I got out of the car, two policemen in a police car stopped me and asked what I was doing in the district as it was dangerous at night. And at the reception desk, when I explained that I was on my own, they didn't want to give me a room.Matt So what did you do?Caroline Well, I had to wait at reception until the school in Albany, where I was going to work, sent an email. When the hotel knew what I was doing in the States, I got a room.Part 2Caroline Well, in the end I got in touch with Dave and spent the next few nights with his family. But it was cold, and a freezing cold wind was blowing all the time.Matt But it all went better for you after that?Caroline Well, yes, until one morning I decided to go for a walk. I was really enjoying the fresh air, when I realized that I was lost. Then I found a street, which looked like the one the fiat was on ... but then I found another one, and another one.Matt Oh no! You must have been very frightened!Caroline Well, I was. I couldn't remember the address of the flat. It was freezing cold, minus 12 degrees. I was standing by the side of the road, praying that Dave would . send out a search party when suddenly a car stopped, and the driver said, "Taxi?" I was so relieved. Within a couple of minutes I was drinking tea with Dave and the driver back home. His name was Kevin and he was on his way to work. He wasn't a taxi driver at all.Matt Was he a friend of Dave's?Caroline No, just someone who was going to work when he saw someone looking lost, I think. They can be very friendly, the Americans.Part3Caroline I then took the train to Albany. No one was waiting for me at the station, although the school where I was working was going to send someone. I later learnt that the person didn't recognize me because I was wearing a thick coat and a warm hat. So I took a taxi to the school, where I met one of the other teachers, Rebecca. She invited me to stay with her. She lived in a fiat near the schobol, which she was sharing with three other people. I didn't have much money, because I hadn't been paid yet, and I wasn't living on the school campus, so I tried to find some cheap food in the evenings. There was an old man selling hot dogs on a street corner. By the end of thefirst week, he greeted me and had a hot dog and coffee ready for me. Ah, it was an amazing experience. Passage 2There was this man, and he's riding his bike along the road, heading towards the border between Mexico and the United States. So he comes up to the border, and this guard stops him. And he points to two sacks the man has on his shoulders."What's in the bags?" says the guard."Sand," says the man on the bike.So the guard says, "Sand? Get them off your shoulders. We'll take a look."So the man on the bike did as he was told, emptied the sacks, and poured the sand on the ground."Sure enough, it's nothing but sand," says the guard, and the man on the bike loads the sand back into the sacks, puts them on his shoulders and goes across the border.Anyway, two weeks later, the man on the bike turns up at the border again, on his bike with two sacks on his shoulders.So the guard says, "What's in the sacks?" The man takes them off his shoulders, pours the sand onto the ground, puts the sand back in the sacks, puts the sacks on his shoulders, gets back on his bike and goes across the border. This goes on every week for six months, man on the bike, guard at the border, sacks on the man's shoulders, sand on the ground, sand back in the sacks, man across the border ... until one day the man on the bike with the sand bags doesn't turn up.A few days later, the guard happens to meet the man on the bike downtown. "Say friend, you sure made us crazy," says the guard. "We knew you were smuggling something across the border. I won't say a word - but what is it you were smuggling?"The man on the bike says, "Bicycles!"Outside viewCustomer 1 Hi, can I get, um, a HULK please.Customer 2 Can I have a HULK?Customer 3 I'd like to try the HULK.Voice-over Welcome to the bodyfactory, one of the hottest spots in Los Angeles.Customer 4 The service is great.Customer 5 I come to the bodyfactory quite often.Voice-over Company founder, CEO, and president, Robert Green, has made a career for himself by following his passion: health and fitness. Trained as a dancer, Robert has been an exercise instructor, a TV show host, and a successful entrepreneur. Robert has built the bodyfactory around the HULK. The HULK is a smoothie, but it's not like any other smoothie you've ever tried.Robert We have over 30 smoothies, but what seems to be the most popular smoothie is the HULK. It's absolutely amazing. We beg and we plead people to try other drinks, but the HULK is really where it's at. The HULK smoothie was created by me about 12 years ago and what's so amazing is there's nothing out there for the average consumer that contains all your green vegetables, that tastes really, really good and that actually has the nutritional breakdown that your body needs on a daily basis. So some of these ingredients include broccoli, spinach, cayenne pepper, celery, tomatoes, onions, brown rice, seaweed, sage, thyme, sea salt. With so many ingredients, people might expect it to taste not so good, but this drink is absolutely the best drink you'll ever have.Customer 6 I love the HULK. I drink it every day.Customer 4 I hate swallowing pills, so I get all of my vitamins in the HULK.Customer 7 It gets me through my day.Robert People actually develop a craving for this, an actual addiction, in a good way, for this positive food. So someone who's never worked out in their life, someone who's never eaten healthy in their life, could drink the shake and actually love drinking the shake, develop a craving for this good, quality shake. It actually makes them want to continue this new lifestyle that they have.Listening inPassage 1In 1812 a young man called James Barry finished his studies in medicine at Edinburgh University. After graduating he moved to London where he studied surgery at Guy's Hospital. After that, the popular young doctor joined the army and over the next 40 years had a brilliant career as an army medical officer, working in many far off countries and fighting successfully for improved conditions in hospitals. It was a remarkable career - made even more remarkable by the discovery upon his death that James Barry had kept an extraordinary secret.Barry was a pleasant and good-humoured person with high cheek bones, red hair, a long nose and large eyes. He was well-liked by his patients and had a reputation for great speed at surgery — an important quality at a time when operations were performed without anaesthetic. He was also quick-tempered. When he was working in armyhospitals and prisons overseas, the terrible conditions often made him very angry. He fought hard against injustice and cruelty and his temper sometimes got him into trouble with the authorities. After a long career overseas he returned to London where he died in 1865.So was this the end of the story? Not quite. When they were preparing his body for his funeral, they discovered James Barry's secret. HE was in fact a SHE. James Barry was a woman.No one was more surprised at this discovery than her many friends and colleagues. It was true that throughout her life people had remarked on her small size, slight build and smooth pale face. One officer had even objected to her appointment as a medical assistant because he couldn't believe that Barry was old enough to have graduated in medicine. But no one seriously suggested that Barry was anything other than a man.So why did James Barry deceive people for so long? At that time, a woman couldn't study medicine, work as a doctor or join the army. Perhaps Barry had always wanted to do these things and pretending to be a man was the only way to make it possible. Perhaps she was going to tell the truth one day, but didn't because she was enjoying her life as a man too much. By the time it was discovered that she was the first woman in Britain to have qualified as a doctor, it was too late for the authorities to do anything about it.Passage 2Speaker 1Interviewer Tell me about medical care in Britain. What happens when you need to go to the doctor?Speaker 1 Well, first of all, you need to register with your local doctor. And, then of course, if you need to see him or her, you have to phone in and make an appointment which can be two or three days later. But, of course, if you have an accident and it's more urgent, you go to a department called the Accident and Emergency Department, which is usually in a hospital. And, if it's really urgent, someone will call a number, which is 999 here in Britain and you, er, get an ambulance.Interviewer What about getting medicine? Do you get it from the doctor or do you get it from the chemist? Speaker 1 Well, you actually get the medicine itself from the chemist but the doctor has to prescribe the medicine first. So, you then take the prescription to the chemist's and the chemist then gives you your medicine. The medicine isn't actually at the doctor's surgery.Interviewer Right. Right. What happens about paying for medical care? How do you pay for medical treatment? Speaker 1 Ah, yea. You don't pay the doctor. The payment is covered by taxes or medical agreements between the UK and your country. But you pay a fixed charge for the medicine.Interviewer Right.Speaker 1 That you're prescribed.Interviewer I see, yes. And what happens if... you know, I hope it never happens. What happens if you, you stay in hospital?Speaker 1 Well, if you are seriously ill, you will stay in hospital and your family and friends can visit and come and see how you are but they don't usually stay actually overnight with you. And they don't need to bring you food or anything. Or look after you. I mean everything is done for you in the hospital, really.Interviewer I see. I see.Speaker 2Interviewer Tell me about medical care in the States. What do you do when you need to go to a doctor? Speaker 2OK, well, when you arrive, you choose your doctor. And, it doesn't have to be you know, exactly where you're staying -just anywhere that is convenient for you.Interviewer Uh-huh. And do you get these tests and treatment at the doctor's surgery?Speaker 2 You do indeed. The doctor will do a lot of tests on you. It's very high-tech care. They have to consider every possibility that could occur with any illness.Interviewer I see. Yeah.Speaker 2 On the other hand, if it's an emergency, if you have an accident, you call 911 and an ambulance will come and take you to your nearest hospital.Interviewer And what about getting medicine? Do you get the medicine at the doctor's or ...?Speaker 2 Yeah, you do. The doctor writes all the prescriptions for you and then you take it to the pharmacy to pick it up. And you will pay the full price for every bit of medicine that you get...Interviewer I see. So, it's quite expensive.Speaker 2 Yes, it certainly is.Interviewer I mean, how do you pay for it?Speaker 2 Well, that is a problem for some people. I mean, we do not have a national health plan here in the USA. So, you really do have to have medical insurance. You see, you know, you can be refused admission to a hospital if you don't have insurance. It's an absolute nightmare. And then you have to pay for absolutely everything. You pay for your x-rays, for your medicine, for your tests; you know for the care, for everything. And, of course, well you do get it back from your insurance company.Interviewer If you pay an insurance premium ...Speaker 2 Well, that is the thing. You absolutely -it's compulsory - you have to have it.Interviewer Right. And what about staying in hospital? What are American hospitals like?Speaker 2Well, they're very good. They're very quiet and calm. Sick people need to rest and they do not encourage large groups of people. They keep visiting hours very short.Interviewer I see. OK. Thank you.Speaker 2 You're welcome.Outside viewThe weather is a very popular topic of conversation in Britain. That's because the weather changes a lot.Sixty-five per cent of all the days in Britain are overcast - dull, grey and often cold. That's 260 dull days. What do people find to talk about? When the weather is good, people complain that it's too hot. When it rains, they say it's too wet. When it isn't sunny, they say it's too cold. The seasons in Britain are fairly clear. Winter lasts from December to February. It's cold and wet but doesn't often snow. Spring is from March to May. It starts to get a bit warmer and there are more sunny days. The summer months are June, July and August, when it can be very hot. Then the autumn - September, October, November - often has foggy, cold, wet days, and the leaves fall from the trees. It's not surprising that Britain has got one of the most important weather centres in the world. The Met Office employs over 1,000 years. They provide weather forecasts for radio, television and newspapers - and on the Internet. Two huge supercomputers analyze information from many sources, including satellites. This is very different from some of the early weather forecasts. These instruments were used for the earliest weather forecasts. This is the first one - published in The Times in 1879. Scientists at the Met Office make weather forecasts for the public and for special purposes - military, shipping, airlines and many others. The Met Office also looks at environmental issues such as global warming and climate change. The computers can predict the tropical storms and hurricanes that cause so much damage around the world. The trouble is, weather changes very quickly so nobody ever believes the weather forecast. They still go out in their shorts and get wet! But at least it's something to talk about.Listening inPassage 1Bridget These days everyone is talking about building houses that are eco-friendly - houses that use energy as efficiently as possible. But although there's a lot of talk about eco-houses, not many people have actually built one. Today we talk to a young couple who have done exactly that. Jacky and Lenny Carter are in their 30s with one child, and their house in west Wales is a splendid example of what an eco-house should be. I'm here now at their house and they're going to show me round it.Jacky Hi, Bridget.Lenny Welcome.Bridget It's great to see you. It's quite cold out here.Lenny Yes, do you want to come in?Bridget I'd love to, but can we look at the outside of the house first?Lenny Sure.Bridget It's very attractive. It's built of timber and it's two storeys high.Jacky Yes, we got the timber from Sweden, where they know how to build wooden houses, but it's reclaimed wood, wood that's been used before.Bridget I like the house a lot. So tell me more about it. When did you first start thinking about building an eco-house?Lenny We thought about it for years. It was our dream, really, wasn't it, Jacky?Jacky Yes, when we met we found that we both wanted to do the same thing - build a house that used as little energy as possible.Bridget So how did you do it?Lenny Well, we bought a very old cottage and we knocked it down. That was the first step.Jacky We found an architect who had some experience with eco-houses and we spent about eight months designing the house. We used local builders and as much as possible, local materials.Bridget And those are solar panels on the roof, aren't they?Lenny Yes. They provide hot water in summer and warm water in winter for the underfloor heating.Bridget Underfloor heating? Can we go inside and take a look?Lenny Sure.Bridget It's lovely and warm in here. And gosh, yes, the floors do feel warm. Urn, lovely.Jacky Yes, we love the underfloor heating. And it's so cheap, compared to using electricity.Bridget So how much are your heating bills?Jacky Very low. They've gone down by about 70 per cent.Bridget That's a lot of money you've saved.Jacky Absolutely. Let's go into the kitchen.Bridget What a wonderful kitchen. Did you put it in yourselves?Lenny Yes, we did. It's made of reclaimed wood again.。
