[考研类试卷]2013年北京航空航天大学英语专业（基础英语）真题试卷一、选词填空0 Building trust among key stakeholders is a strategic concern for any corporation. Today,【C1】______companies seek to improve their reputations, they can't ignore the environment. These issues are not only top of mind among consumers but also【C2】______by almost half of the survey respondents as an area in which corporations have a negative impact on society【C3】______they pollute and otherwise damage【C4】______ecosystems.Each company must analyze what role environmental issues and climate change can and should【C5】______in its strategies. For some, building trust among【C6】______and seizing an important business opportunity can【C7】______hand in hand. A packaged-goods company that introduces smaller containers【C8】______of recycled pulp products, for example, not only stands to benefit from lower materials and transportation【C9】______but also visibly contributes to the reduction of【C10】______gas emissions.But many corporations would be wrong to focus almost all of their societal efforts【C11】______environmental issues and to forget about【C12】______that are important in their industries. In retailing, for example, our consumer research suggests that【C13】______such as reducing energy consumption and【C14】______environment-friendly products are important for winning credibility as a socially responsible【C15】______The most burning issue for this industry,【C16】______, is the way global retailers treat their employees, so companies should address that one as 【C17】______Indeed, when asked which specific area would be most effective if large corporations wanted to raise their overall【C18】______, 19 percent of consumers said that companies should improve the benefits and conditions of【C19】______employees, 17 percent that they ought to become more environmentally【C20】______.1 【C1】2 【C2】3 【C3】4 【C4】5 【C5】6 【C6】7 【C7】8 【C8】9 【C9】10 【C10】11 【C11】12 【C12】13 【C13】14 【C14】15 【C15】16 【C16】17 【C17】18 【C18】19 【C19】20 【C20】二、选择题21 She had to exercise all her______to prevent clashes between the two opinionated guests.（A）tacks（B）tactics（C）tarts（D）thinks22 His______behavior shows that he's honest, but he seems rude to some people.（A）forehead（B）degenerate（C）forthright（D）forming23 The right of citizens to vote shall not be denied or abridged on account of race, color, or previous condition of______.（A）simulation（B）solitude（C）seclusion（D）servitude24 Doubt and mistrust could creep into our lives, ______personal and professional relationships.（A）converting（B）corresponding（C）consoling（D）corroding25 Dramatic literature often______the history of a culture in that it takes as its subject matter the important events that have shaped and guided the culture.（A）confounds（B）repudiates（C）recapitulates（D）anticipates26 Contrary to the popular conception that it is powered by conscious objectivity, science often operates through error, happy accidents, ______and persistence in spite of mistakes.（A）fact（B）controls（C）hunches（D）deductions27 Compared with their parties, politicians are ______: they are considerably less enduring than the organizations in which they function.（A）ubiquitous（B）autonomous（C）transitory（D）fickle28 Researchers______that genes may determine the strength of the immune system, which could help explain how an infectious disease could have a hereditary link.（A）evaluate（B）estimate（C）speculate（D）anticipate29 The writer has gained such popularity with his readers that even his inanities are now considered（A）trenchant（B）vacuous（C）speculative（D）allusive30 The idealized paintings of nature produced in the eighteenth century are evidence that the medieval______ natural settings had been ______ and that the outdoors now could be enjoyed without trepidation.（A）fear of...exorcised（B）concerns about...regained（C）affection for... surmounted（D）disinterest in... alleviated31 The river was______with industrial waste from the nearby factory.（A）irradiated（B）corrupted（C）contaminated（D）fragmented32 Nonviolent demonstrations often create such tensions that a community that has constantly refused to______its injustices is forced to correct them: the injustices can no longer be______.（A）acknowledge...ignored（B）decrease...verified（C）tolerate...accepted（D）address...eliminated33 In order to be successful in life, one needs to______ in spite of life's challenges.（A）perpetuate（B）persevere（C）preserve（D）pretend34 Despite the fact that the book promises a complete rethinking of the factors contributing to the conflict, the picture that the book paints is______: the causes it suggests are more orthodox than______.（A）unique... innovative（B）commonplace... imitative（C）controversial...radical（D）familiar...revisionist35 The belief that science destroys the arts appears to be supported by historical evidence that the arts have______only when the sciences have been______.（A）declined...attacked（B）flourished...neglected（C）matured... unconcerned（D）succeeded... developed36 ______. Scholars hold differing opinions. Some trace the roots of Chicanos in the United States all the way back to the earliest migrations across the Bering Strait. Others start with Aztec society to demonstrate the historical continuities between contemporary Chicanos and their Aztec ancestors. A third group identifies the "Spanish Borderlands" period(1540 - 1820)as the earliest phase of Chicano history.（A）When does Chicano history begin?（B）There is continuing interest in Chicano history.（C）Chicano history has fascinated scholars for many years.（D）Few are concerned about setting a precise date for the origin of Chicano history.37 Many Easterners think that all California college students surf every day, wear sunglasses indoors as well as outdoors(even on rainy days), and mingle with the superstars daily. ______. A recent survey of students on a large, urban CSU campus revealed that only 2 percent had surfed, and although 40 percent did wear sunglasses, 15 percent of those were doing so on their doctors' recommendations. As for the superstars, barely 10 percent had met a Hollywood actor.（A）The possibilities of such stereotypes are endless.（B）Stereotypes, however, are often misleading.（C）Probably both Easterners and Californians would like to fit all of those stereotypes. （D）Most California students do live up to those enviable stereotypes.38 Accompanying the article on humor were pictures of a leering Groucho Marx and a grinning Sigmund Freud, one a brilliant humorist and the other a brilliant analyst whose own study of humor has been largely ignored. The unlikely pair attracted readers to the article, whose author made two major points. Serious studies of humor are rarely undertaken. ______.（A）Comics would urge us to laugh, not soberly to study laughter.（B）What a joke a Freudian analysis of the Marx Brothers would have been.（C）The studies that are made are rarely taken seriously.（D）Freud was interested in all aspects of the human mind.39 Another area that technology is changing our way of life is entertainment. ______. People listened to music in concert halls or at small social gatherings. For many people now however, music is a solitary experience.（A）Entertainment was once an activity enjoyed by a group of people.（B）The changes in entertainment is only one casein point.（C）Music was once favored by many people, old and young.（D）Music, for instance, was once a group experience.40 As researchers on aging noted recently, no treatment on the market today has been proved to slow human aging. ______. Those findings suggest that caloric restriction could delay aging and increase longevity in humans, too.（A）And scientists found that rats fed a low-calorie diet lived longer on average than free-feeding rats and also had a reduced incidence of conditions that become increasingly common in old age.（B）But one intervention, consumption of a low-calorie yet nutritionally balanced diet, works incredibly well in a broad range of animals, increasing longevity and prolonging good health.（C）What's more, animals eating low-calorie diet survived longer than those eating normally, which means that the maximum life span increased.（D）In addition, studies with monkeys demonstrated that calorie-restricted monkeys have lower blood pressure and a decreased likelihood of heart disease.41 A<u>So</u> on that perfect October morning, I stopped Carlos and said, B<u>point-blank</u>, "It doesn't seem to C<u>bother</u> you—D<u>to be short</u>, I mean. " 42 A<u>What</u> is limiting the realization of the opportunity B<u>are</u> the absence of relevant ideals C<u>in the minds</u> of the people D<u>who</u> are using and developing and innovating these technologies. "43 Bernstein and his colleagues A<u>assembled</u> a group of B<u>liberally-minded citizens</u> from Boulder and a separate group of C<u>conservatives</u> from Colorado Springs D<u>to discuss</u> climate change, same-sex civil unions, and affirmative action.44 A garden is A<u>an extension of oneself</u>—or selves—and so it B<u>has tobe</u> an arena C<u>where</u> striving does not cease, but continues D<u>in other means</u>.45 Only the gardener A<u>is capable of</u> endlessly reviving B<u>so much hope</u> that this year, C<u>regardless of</u> drought, flood, typhoon, or his own stupidity, this year D<u>is going to</u> do it right!46 A<u>Unless</u> a journalist for a major paper or TV network is found B<u>to have run</u> a false story—perhaps because it was "C<u>too good to check</u>"—then his or her career D<u>is generally over</u>.47 A<u>As it is</u>, though, I cannot deny that when April comes I find myselfB<u>go out to</u> lean on the fence and look at that miserable plot of land,C<u>resolving</u> with all my rational powers D<u>not to plant it</u> again.48 There was the A<u>highly regarded</u> foreign correspondent who won a prize for articles B<u>which</u> included an interview with a top Taleban official C<u>who</u> turned out D<u>not exist</u> at all.49 But then, A<u>both through</u> some mistakes or lack of care, the plant beganB<u>to wither and decline</u>, and C<u>nothing I did</u> D<u>would bring</u> it back to health.50 This most important measurement A<u>has omitted</u> in the studies of the quality of education in this country, the only one, I think, B<u>that</u> extends C<u>even to children</u> the license to freely speak, write and D<u>be creative</u>.51 The No Child Left Behind law, which A<u>marks</u> its sixth anniversary next month, is the first federal effort B<u>to hold</u> all public K-12 schools accountableC<u>to</u> the performance of D<u>their students</u>.52 If that kind of thing A<u>had happened</u> when I B<u>had been young</u>, the whole village would have condemned C<u>such an ungrateful son</u>, and his fatherD<u>would surely have given</u> him a good beating.53 He A<u>sat in front of</u> the young people, his dusty face B<u>masking hisage</u>, C<u>dressed in</u> a plain brown suit that did not D<u>fit for him</u>.54 A<u>By studying</u> geometry, students B<u>can</u> learn C<u>what to</u> develop logical arguments D<u>through</u> deductive reasoning.55 So he could not resist the temptation to A<u>play a little joke on</u> the education system, which B<u>had been thrown</u> into C<u>such a panic</u> by theD<u>successfully launching</u> of the Russian Sputnik.56 Schools must A<u>meet their annual goals</u> for all students and those same goals for specified student subgroups, B<u>includes</u> members of racial and ethnic minorities, C<u>economically disadvantaged students</u>, English-language learners, and children with D<u>disabilities</u>.57 Although Interact A<u>has the capacity</u> to bring people together, B<u>too often</u> the associations formed online C<u>comprising</u> self-selecting groups with little diversity of opinion, D<u>explains</u> the Frankfurter professor of law.58 If more students A<u>are thriving</u> in higher education, high schools mustB<u>not only</u> help them earn good grades in demanding courses, but also C<u>step up their work</u> to guide them through the difficult process of D<u>choosing and applying to</u> colleges.59 Evolution A<u>is always about</u> competition, but for humans, B<u>with Darwin speculated</u>, competition among groups C<u>has turned us into</u> pretty cooperative, empathetic and altruistic creatures—D<u>at least</u> within our families, groups and sometimes nations.60 The new approach A<u>challenges</u> the new atheists, who B<u>see themselves involve</u> in a war of C<u>reason against faith</u> and who have an unwarranted faith in the power of pure reason and D<u>in the purity</u> of their own reasoning.61 ______is the hometown of Shakespeare?（A）Stratford（B）London（C）Liverpool（D）Edinburgh62 ______is a Democratic president of the U. S.（A）Theodore Roosevelt（B）George W. Bush（C）Bill Clinton（D）Abraham Lincoln63 The 9/11 Attacks were a series of four coordinated suicide attacks upon the United States in the New York City and the Washington D.C.areas in September of______. （A）2000（B）2001（C）1999（D）199864 Wimbledon tennis tournament is held in______each summer.（A）the U.K.（B）the U.S.（C）Canada（D）Australia65 The highest office in the judiciary in the U. K. is______.（A）the Lord Chancellor（B）the Prime minister（C）the Secretary of State（D）the Queen66 The ______ grew up within the relative economic prosperity of the 1950s and 1960s, who created the counterculture of the 1960s.（A）Generation Xers（B）Generation Yers（C）Baby Boomers（D）Generation Zers67 Queen Victoria was the Monarch of the U. K. during the period from______.（A）1066 tol089（B）1837 to 1901（C）1558 to 1603（D）1981 to 198968 In the American welfare reform of 1996, AFDC was changed from an open-ended entitlement program to a block grant program called______.（A）TANF（B）Medicaid（C）Medicare（D）SSI69 Historians refer to the years between the Civil War and the start of the 20th century in the U. S. history as the______, an era of industrial giants.（A）Golden Age（B）Permissive Age（C）Gilded Age（D）Jazz Age70 The faith of "Devine Rights of the King" was held by James I of the House of______. （A）Plantagenet（B）Tudor（C）Windsor（D）Stuart71 The 16th century English Renaissance boomed under the reign of______.（A）Mary Tudor（B）Elizabeth I（C）Henry II（D）Henry VIII72 The following were the welfare benefits granted in cash in the U. S. except______. （A）SSI（B）TANF（C）Medicaid（D）Unemployment Compensations73 After______, England entered the age of Feudalism.（A）the Roman invasion（B）the arrival and settlement of Celts（C）the Norman Conquest（D）the Viking and Danish invasion74 In the U. S. ______ is the language secondary only to English in terms of the number of speakers.（A）French（B）Dutch（C）Spanish（D）Chinese75 ______has/have consistently been regarded with pride by the majority of British people.（A）Public housing（B）The Department of Social Security（C）Trade unions（D）The National Health Service76 In 1944 Congress passed the Servicemen's Readjustment Act, popularly called the______ which granted financial aid to the veterans to go to college.（A）Miranda Warnings（B）Bill of Rights（C）G. I. Bill of Rights（D）Equal Rights Amendment77 ______abolished slavery in the U. S.（A）The Civil Rights Act of 1964（B）The Voting Rights Act of 1965（C）The Emancipation Proclamation of 1863（D）The Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution of 186578 ______was practiced on the Island of Great Britain before Christianity was brought there.（A）Islam（B）Judaism（C）Druidism（D）Presbyterianism79 The main criticisms of the post-war practice of universal state welfare provision were advocated by ______in the U. K.（A）John Major（B）Tony Blair（C）George Brown（D）Margret Thatcher80 In the House of Commons in the U. K. , there are______MPS.（A）659（B）439（C）695（D）539三、名词解释81 Explain the following terms in English. Write your answer in the corresponding space on the Answer Sheet.(2. 5 points for each)"common-law" family82 Salad bowl83 GCE-A-Level84 Medicare四、写作85 You will read a table showing desertification in a region. Write a composition of no less than 120 words to describe the trend of the changes, the possible causes and effects, and some effective solutions for these changes on the AnswerSheet.86 Life expectancy has soared in China, while fertility has plummeted due to strict birth control policies. In 2009 there were 167 million over-60s, about an eighth of the population. By 2050 there will be 480 million, while the number of young people will have fallen. Taking care of the old will not only be a big challenge for individual families, but also for the government.Write an essay with the title " How Should the Chinese Society Face the Aging Era" in no less than 200 words on the Answer Sheet.87 Discuss on the following topic with persuasive arguments. Write your answer on the Answer Sheet.There has been a soaring statistics of gun-related crimes, but lobbies for citizen's right to arms remain strong in the United States. How do you interpret this phenomenon?。
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