问题解决（1）思维的普遍形式是问题解决。
当我们提出“这是什么？”“为什么”这些问题时，我们就开始了思维活动。
问题解决的研究在心理学中有较长的历史。
问题解决（2）当<a name=baidusnap0></a>一个人</B>埋头思考时，其过程是十分隐蔽的。
今天的实验心理学不仅研究问题解决的外部行为，而且还注意内部心理机制的研究。
问题的任务是用从0到9的数字分别代替这些字母并要求算式计算正确，作为提示，D=5。
问题解决（3）两个火车站相距100km，某天下午2点，两个火车头相向开出。
一个火车的速度为60km/h，另一个火车的速度为40km/h，当火车头开始行走时，一只鸟突然出现在第一个火车头前面而向第二个火车头飞去，当鸟到达第二个火车头时，它又立即以原来的速度向第一个火车头飞去，鸟以80km/h的速度在两个火车头之间来回飞。
问：在两火车头相遇时鸟飞了多少公里？第十章思维和问题解决思维研究的两种方法思维和问题解决研究中的各种变量问题解决的早期研究问题解决的计算机模拟思维的计算机模拟的局限性推理决策一、思维研究的两种方法 Historically, there have been two primary approaches to the study of problem solving that have different emphases. Both have been very influential on the study of thinking and the study of learning. The two approaches represent a bottom-up (data-driven) analysis and top-down (conceptually driven) analysis analogous to the ways of examining perception. Thorndike’s Trial-and-Error Learning Insight in K?hler’s Chimpanzees 二、思维研究中的各种变量（1） Dependent Variable There are three primary ways to measure the process of problem solving. The first and most obvious thing to measure is the number or proportion of subjects in different conditions that are able to solve the problem within a time limit. The second measure of performance in solving the problem: latency, or the time taken to solve the problem. A third measure that can be used in some problem-solving situations where more than one solution is possible is the quality of the solution. It must be possible to rank the solutions on an ordinal scale; in other words, it must be possible to order them from best to worst. 二、思维研究中的各种变量（2） Independent Variable The primary independentvariable in the study of problem solving is the manner in which the problem is presented. This can be varied in several different ways. 二、思维研究中的各种变量（3） Control Variable Experiments concerned with problem solving and thinking are often more complicated than others in human experimental psychology; thus, this area requires a great deal of care to produce experimental control. Since it is typical in this field to use between-subjects designs, care must be taken to ensure that subjects in the different conditions are statistically equivalent, either by randomly assigning them to conditions or by matching them on some dimension such as IQ. Similarly, one must control as tightly as feasible all extraneous variables. 三、问题解决的早期研究功能固定化（functional fixity）定势（set）的作用噪声四、问题解决的计算机模拟如果我们想了解被试在解决问题时头脑内发生的情况，则可以用口语记录分析的方法，即出声思维的方法。
