2020年考研英语阅读理解模拟试题：医学(18)

医学考研英语试题及答案一、阅读理解（共40分，每题5分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C、D）中，选出最佳选项。

1. What is the main idea of the passage?A. The importance of sleep for health.B. The effects of sleep deprivation.C. The benefits of a regular sleep schedule.D. The relationship between sleep and memory.2. According to the author, what is the best way to improve sleep quality?A. Taking a nap during the day.B. Exercising regularly.C. Avoiding caffeine before bedtime.D. Using a white noise machine.3. What does the study mentioned in the passage suggest about the impact of sleep on memory?A. Sleep is essential for consolidating new memories.B. Lack of sleep can lead to memory loss.C. Sleep helps to improve creativity.D. Sleep has no effect on memory.4. What is the author's opinion on the use of sleeping pills?A. They are effective for short-term use.B. They should be used only as a last resort.C. They can cause addiction.D. They are not recommended at all.5. Which of the following is NOT a tip for improving sleep hygiene?A. Limiting screen time before bed.B. Drinking alcohol to help fall asleep.C. Creating a relaxing bedtime routine.D. Keeping a consistent sleep schedule.二、完形填空（共20分，每题2分）阅读下面的短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C、D）中，选出最佳选项填入空白处。

考研护理英语试题及答案考研护理英语模拟试题一、阅读理解（共20分，每题4分）Passage 1Nurses play a critical role in the healthcare system, providing care and support to patients in various settings. They are responsible for a wide range of duties, including administering medications, monitoring patients' health, and assisting doctors with medical procedures. Moreover, nurses are often the primary caregivers, offering emotional support and education to patients and their families.Questions:1. What is the main role of nurses in the healthcare system?A. Administering medicationsB. Assisting doctors with medical proceduresC. Providing care and support to patientsD. Monitoring patients' healthPassage 2Chronic pain is a complex issue that affects millions of people worldwide. It can significantly impact a person's quality of life, making it difficult to perform dailyactivities. Nurses are often on the front line in managing chronic pain, using a combination of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. These may include medication, physical therapy, and counseling to help patients cope with their condition.Questions:2. What is the impact of chronic pain on a person's life?A. It improves daily activitiesB. It makes daily activities difficultC. It has no significant impactD. It is a temporary issue3. Which of the following is NOT a method used by nurses to manage chronic pain?A. MedicationB. Physical therapyC. CounselingD. Surgery二、完形填空（共15分，每题3分）In recent years, the nursing profession has undergone significant changes. The role of the nurse has evolved from one of mere obedience to doctors' orders to a more __4__ role where they provide critical thinking and decision-making skills. This shift has been driven by the increasing complexity of patient care and the need for __5__ care.4. A. passiveB. activeC. dependentD. independent5. A. cost-effectiveB. specializedC. personalizedD. generalized三、翻译（共25分，英译汉10分，汉译英15分）英译汉：Translate the following paragraph into Chinese."Nursing ethics is a branch of medical ethics that specifically deals with the moral principles and values that guide the actions of nurses. It is essential for nurses to uphold these ethical standards to ensure the best possible care for their patients."汉译英：将以下段落翻译成英文。

考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案：医学类(26套)Valeta Young， 81， a retiree from Lodi， Calif.， suffers from congestive heart failure and requires almost constant monitoring. But she doesn't have to drive anywhere to get it. Twice a day she steps onto a special electronic scale， answers a few yes or no questions via push buttons on a small attached monitor and presses a button that sends the information to a nurse's station in San Antonio， Texas. “It's almost a direct link to my doctor，” says Young， who describes herself as computer illiterate but says she has no problems using the equipment.Young is not the only patient who is dealing with her doctor from a distance. Remote monitoring is a rapidly growing field in medical technology， with more than 25 firms competing to measure remotely——and transmit by phone， Internet or through the airwaves——everything from patients' heart rates to how often they cough.Prompted both by the rise in health-care costs and the increasing computerization of health-care equipment， doctors are using remote monitoring to track a widening variety of chronic diseases. In March， St. Francis University in Pittsburgh， Pa.， partnered with a company called BodyMedia on a study in which rural diabetes patients use wireless glucose meters and armband sensors to monitor their disease. And last fall， Yahoo began offering subscribers the ability to chart their asthma conditions online， using a PDA-size respiratory monitor that measures lung functions in real time and e-mails the data directly to doctors.Such home monitoring， says Dr. George Dailey， a physician at the Scripps Clinic in San Diego，“could someday replace less productive ways that patients track changes in their heart rate， blood sugar， lipid levels， kidney functions and even vision.”Dr. Timothy Moore， executive vice president of Alere Medical， which produces the smart scales that Young and more than 10，000 other patients are using， says that almost any vital sign could， in theory， be monitored from home. But， he warns，that might not always make good medical sense. He advises against performing electrocardiograms remotely， for example， and although he acknowledges that remote monitoring of blood-sugar levels and diabetic ulcers on the skin may have real value，he points out that there are no truly independent studies that establish the value of home testing for diabetes or asthma.Such studies are needed because the technology is still in its infancy and medical experts are divided about its value. But on one thing they all agree： you should never rely on any remote testing system without clearing it with your doctor.注(1)：本文选自Time;8/9/2004， p101-101， 1/2p， 2c;注(2)：本文习题命题模仿对象2004年真题text 1;1. How does Young monitor her health conditions?[A] By stepping on an electronic scale.[B] By answering a few yes or no questions.[C] By using remote monitoring service.[D] By establishing a direct link to her doctor.2. Which of the following is not used in remote monitoring?[A] car[B] telephone[C] Internet[D] the airwaves3. The word “prompted” (Line 1， Paragraph 3) most probably means ________.[A] made[B] reminded[C] aroused[D] driven4. Why is Dr. Timothy Moore against performing electrocardiograms remotely?[A] Because it is a less productive way of monitoring.[B] Because it doesn‘t make good medical sense.[C] Because it‘s value has not been proved by scientific study[D] Because it is not allowed by doctors5. Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] Computer illiterate is advised not to use remote monitoring.[B] The development of remote monitoring market is rather sluggish.[C] Remote monitoring is mainly used to track chronic diseases.[D] Medical experts agree on the value of remote monitoring.答案：CADBCDr. Wise Young has never met the hundreds of thousands of people he has helped in the past 10 years， and most of them have never heard of Wise Young. If they did meet him， however， they'd want to shake his hand——and the remarkable thing about that would be the simple fact that so many of them could. All the people Young has helped were victims of spinal injuries， and they owe much of the mobility they have today to his landmark work.Young， 51， head of the W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience at Rutgers University in New Brunswick， N.J.， was born on New Year's Day at the precise midpoint of the 20th century. Back then， the thinking about spinal-cord injury was straightforward： When a cord is damaged， it's damaged. There's nothing that can be done after an injury to restore the function that was so suddenly lost. As a medical student at Stanford University and a neurosurgeon at New York University Medical Center， Young never had much reason to question that received wisdom， but in 1980 he began to have his doubts. Spinal cords， he knew， experience progressive damage after they're injured， including swelling and inflammation， which may worsen the condition of the already damaged tissue. If that secondary insult could be relieved with drugs， might some function be preserved?Young spent a decade looking into the question， and in 1990 he co-led a landmark study showing that when high doses of a steroid known as methylprednisolone are administered within eight hours of an injury， about 20% of function can be saved. Twenty percent is hardly everything， but it can often be the difference between breathing unassisted or relying on a respirator， walking or spending one's life in a wheelchair. “This discovery led to a revolution in neuroprotective therapy，”Young says.A global revolution， actually. More than 50，000 people around the world suffer spinal injuries each year， and these days， methylprednisolone is the standard treatment in the U.S. and many other countries. But Young is still not satisfied. The drug is an elixir for people who are newly injured， but the relief it offers is only partial， and many spinal-injury victims were hurt before it became available. Young's dream is to help those people too——to restore function already lost——and to that end he is studying drugs and growth factors that could improve conduction in damaged nerves or even prod the development of new ones. To ensure that all the neural researchers around the world pull together， he has created the International Neurotrauma Society， founded the Journal of Neural Trauma and established a website () that receives thousands of hits each day.“The cure for spinal injury is going to be a combination of therapies，” Young says. “It's the most collaborative field I know.” Perhaps. But increasingly it seems that if the collaborators had a field general， his name would be Wise Young.注(1)：本文选自Time;8/20/2001， p54;注(2)：本文习题命题模仿对象2004年真题text 3;1. By “the remarkable thing about that would be the simple fact that so many of them could”(Line three， Paragraph 1)， the author means_______________.[A] The remarkable thing is actually the simple fact.[B] Many people could do the remarkable things.[C] When meeting him， many people could do the simple but remarkable thing.[D] The remarkable thing lies in the simple fact that so many people could shake hands with him.2. How did people think of the spinal-cord injury at the middle of 20th century?[A] pessimistic[B] optimistic[C] confused[D] carefree3. By saying “Twenty percent is hardly everything”(Line 3， Paragraph 3)，the author is talking about_____________.[A] the drug[B] the function of the injured body[C] the function of the drug[D] the injury4. Why was Young unsatisfied with his achievement?[A] The drug cannot help the people who had spinal injury in the past.[B] His treatment is standard.[C] The drug only offers help to a small number of people.[D] The drug only treats some parts of the injury.5. To which of the following statements is the author likely to agree?[A] Wise Young does not meet many people.[B] When Young was young， he did not have much reason to ask questions.[C] If there needs a head of the spinal-injured field， Young might be the right person.[D] Young‘s dream is only to help the persons who were injured at early times.答案：D A B A CScientists have known for more than two decades that cancer is a disease of the genes. Something scrambles the Dna inside a nucleus， and suddenly， instead of dividing in a measured fashion， a cell begins to copy itself furiously. Unlike an ordinary cell， it never stops. But describing the process isn't the same as figuring it out. Cancer cells are so radically different from normal ones that it's almost impossible to untangle the sequence of events that made them that way. So for years researchers have been attacking the problem by taking normal cells and trying to determine what changes will turn them cancerous——always without success.Until now. According to a report in the current issue of Nature， a team of scientists based at M.I.T.'s Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research has finally managed to make human cells malignant——a feat they accomplished with two different cell types by inserting just three altered genes into their DNA. While these manipulations were done only in lab dishes and won't lead to any immediate treatment，they appear to be a crucial step in understanding the disease. This is a “landmark paper，” wrote Jonathan Weitzman and Moshe Yaniv of the Pasteur Institute in Paris，in an accompanying commentary.The dramatic new result traces back to a breakthrough in 1983， when the Whitehead's Robert Weinberg and colleagues showed that mouse cells would become cancerous when spiked with two altered genes. But when they tried such alterations on human cells， they didn't work. Since then， scientists have learned that mouse cells differ from human cells in an important respect： they have higher levels of an enzyme called telomerase. That enzyme keeps caplike structures called telomeres on the ends of chromosomes from getting shorter with each round of cell division. Such shortening is part of a cell's aging process， and since cancer cells keep dividing forever， the Whitehead group reasoned that making human cells more mouselike might also make them cancerous.The strategy worked. The scientists took connective-tissue and kidney cells and introduced three mutated genes——one that makes cells divide rapidly; another thatdisables two substances meant to rein in excessive division; and a third that promotes the production of telomerase， which made the cells essentially immortal. They'd created a tumor in a test tube. “Some people believed that telomerase wasn't that important，” says the Whitehead's William Hahn， the study's lead author. “This allows us to say with some certainty that it is.”Understanding cancer cells in the lab isn't the same as understanding how it behaves in a living body， of course. But by teasing out the key differences between normal and malignant cells， doctors may someday be able to design tests to pick up cancer in its earliest stages. The finding could also lead to drugs tailored to attack specific types of cancer， thereby lessening our dependence ontissue-destroying chemotherapy and radiation. Beyond that， the Whitehead research suggests that this stubbornly complex disease may have a simple origin， and the identification of that origin may turn out to be the most important step of all.注(1)：本文选自Time; 08/09/99， p60， 3/5p， 2c注(2)：本文习题命题模仿对象2002年真题text 41. From the first paragraph， we learn that ________________.[A] scientists had understood what happened to normal cells that made them behave strangely[B] when a cell begins to copy itself without stopping， it becomes cancerous[C] normal cells do no copy themselves[D] the DNA inside a nucleus divides regularly2. Which of the following statements is true according to the text?[A] The scientists traced the source of cancers by figuring out their DNA order.[B] A treatment to cancers will be available within a year or two.[C] The finding paves way for tackling cancer.[D] The scientists successfully turned cancerous cells into healthy cells.3. According to the author， one of the problems in previous cancer research is ________.[A] enzyme kept telomeres from getting shorter[B] scientists didn‘t know there existed different levels of telomerase between mouse cells and human cells[C] scientists failed to understand the connection between a cell‘s aging process and cell division.[D] human cells are mouselike4. Which of the following best defines the word “tailored” (Line 4， Paragraph5)?[A] made specifically[B] used mainly[C] targeted[D] aimed5. The Whitehead research will probably result in ___________.[A] a thorough understanding of the disease[B] beating out cancers[C] solving the cancer mystery[D] drugs that leave patients less painful答案：B C B A DWhen Ellen M. Roche， 24， volunteered for the asthma experiment， she didn't expect to benefit from it——except for the $365 she'd be paid. Unlike clinical trials，in which most patients hope that an experimental therapy will help them， this study was designed just to answer a basic question： how does the way a normal lung reacts to irritants shed light on how an asthmatic lung responds? To find out， scientists led by Dr. Alkis Togias of Johns Hopkins University had Roche and other healthy volunteers inhale a drug called hexamethonium. Almost immediately Roche began to cough and feel short of breath. Within weeks her lungs failed and her kidneys shut down. On June 2 Roche died——a death made more tragic by the possibility that it was preventable. Last week the federal Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP) ruled that Hopkins's system for protecting human subjects is so flawed that virtually all its U.S.-supported research had to stop.The worst part is that Hopkins， one of the nation's premier medical institutions， is not alone. Two years ago the inspector general of the Department of Health and Human Services warned that the system safeguarding human subjects is in danger of a meltdown. The boards that review proposed studies are overburdened，understaffed and shot through with conflicts of interest. Oversight is so porous that no one knows how many people volunteer to be human guinea pigs (21 million a year is an educated guess)， how many are hurt or how many die. “Thousands of deaths are never reported， and adverse events in the tens of thousands are not reported，”says Adil Shamoo， a member of the National Human Research Protections Advisory Committee and professor at the University of Maryland. Greg Koski， head of OHRP，has called the clinical-trials system “dysfunctional.”The OHRP findings on Hopkins are nothing short of devastating. After a three-day inspection last week， OHRP concluded that the Hopkins scientists failed to get information on the link between hexamethonium and lung toxicity， even though data were available via “routine” Internet searches and in textbooks. The drug is not approved for use in humans; the hexa-methonium Togias used was labeled [F]OR LABORATORY USE ONLY. The review board， OHRP charges， never asked for data on the safety of inhaled hexamethonium in people. The consent form that Roche signed states nowhere that hexamethonium is not approved by the FDA (the form describes it as a “medication”) and didn't warn about possible lung toxicity.Hopkins itself concluded that the review board did not do all it could to protect the volunteers， and suspended all 10 of Togias's studies. Still， the university ——whose $301 million in federal grants for 2，000 human studies made it the largest recipient of government research money last year——is seething. “Hopkins has hadover 100 years of doing clinical trials，” says Dr. Edward Miller， CEO of Johns Hopkins Medicine. “We have had one death in all of those years. We would have done anything in the world to prevent that death， but [suspending the studies] seems out of proportion.” Hopkins calls the shutdown of its experiments “unwarranted，unnecessary， paralyzing and precipitous.” OHRP is letting trials continue “where it is in the best interests” of subjects. The rest of the studies can resume once Hopkins submits a plan to restructure its system for protecting research subjects. How quickly that happens， says a government spokesman， depends on Hopkins.注(1)：本文选自Newsweek; 7/30/2001， p36;注(2)：本文习题命题模仿对象2005年真题Text 1;1. In the opening paragraph， the author introduces his topic by[A]explaining a phenomenon[B]justifying an assumption[C]stating an incident[D]making a comparison2. The statement “The OHRP findings on Hopkins are nothing short of devastating.”(Line1， Paragraph 3) implies that[A]The OHRP findings on Hopkins are much too impressive.[B]The OHRP findings on Hopkins are much too shocking.[C]The OHRP findings on Hopkins are much too convincing.[D]The OHRP findings on Hopkins are much too striking.3. The main reasons for Roche‘s death are as following， except that _______.[A]the protecting system hasn‘t been set up[B]the review board has neglected their duty[C]the research team was not responsible enough for its volunteers[D]the possibility of lung toxicity was overlooked4. The OHRP has found that[A]Hopkins has loose control over the experiment.[B]the volunteers knew nothing about the experiment.[C]there is something wrong with every aspect of the experiment.[D]there exist many hidden troubles in human subjects safeguarding system.5. What can we infer from the last paragraph?[A]Hopkins had no fault in this accident.[B]Hopkins seemed not to quite agree with The OHRP[C]Togias's studies shouldn‘t be suspended.[D]Hopkins wanted to begin their experiments as soon as possible.答案：CBACBYou hop into your car， but， wait， where are the keys? You meet someone new， but her name is gone before the handshake's over. Those are failures of your short-term，or “working，” memory——the place you file information for immediate， everyday retrieval. It isn't perfect. But researchers are increasingly convinced that the hormone estrogen could play a key role in maintaining and perhaps even improving memory. Last week a team of Yale scientists provided dramatic new evidence that bolsters the theory. Using MRIs——detailed snapshots of the brain——researchers found that women taking estrogen show significantly more activity in brain areas associated with memory than women on a placebo. “This is very exciting，” says Yale's Dr. Sally Shaywitz. “It means that the brain circuitry for memory had altered.”After menopause， when estrogen levels plummet， some women become forgetful. Past research has demonstrated that those who take estrogen do better on memory tests than their nonmedicated peers do. The hormone may even reduce the risk of Alzheimer's. The new study， published in last week's Journal of the American Medical Association，is the first to visually compare the neurocircuitry of memory both on and off estrogen. The drug made a big difference to participant Bernadette Settelmeyer：“All of a sudden I was remembering things.”The women (whose average age was 51) lay down in a brain-imaging machine where they were shown two types of information： nonsense words (“BAZ” or “DOB”) to test verbal memory and geometric patterns to assess visual memory. After a 20-second “storage” period， participants saw a mix of old and new and were asked if anything looked familiar. During each stage of the test——as the women encoded， stored and retrieved data——researchers took pictures of their brains. The 46 women underwent the test twice——once while taking a standard daily dose of estrogen and again while taking a placebo. Beyond the power of estrogen， the difference in MRIs suggests that the adult brain maintains “plasticity”——the ability to rewire itself——even as it ages.There is still plenty of research to be done. Scientists can't yet be sure estrogen is directly responsible for better memory performance. Despite the difference in brain activity on and off estrogen， participants' scores did not change. Researchers say that is probably because the tasks were so simple (the women got more than 90 percent correct overall)。

2020考研英语阅读理解模拟试题及答案解析七The Supreme Court'sdecisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for howmedicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering。

Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right tophysician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principleof "double effect", a centuries-old moral principle holding that anaction having two effects—a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is permissibleif the actor intends only the good effect。

Doctors have used that principle in recent years tojustify usinghigh doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients' pain, even thoughincreasing dosages will eventually kill the patient。

Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends thatthe principle will shield doctors who "until now have very, very stronglyinsisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to controltheir pain if that might hasten death."George Annas, chair of the health law department at BostonUniversity, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for alegitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if thepatient uses the drug to hasten death. "It's like surgery, "he says."We don't call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn't intendtokill their patients, although they risked their death. Ifyou're a physician,you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend theirsuicide."On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge thatthe assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patientsfor whom modem medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying。

模拟试题 [18]Simulated Test[PREVIOUS] [NEXT]Part I Structure and VocabularySection ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A,B,C and the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (5 points)1.It is requested that an applicant whose undergraduate work is done at another institution _____ twocopies of undergraduate transcripts and degrees directly to the dean of the graduate school.2.A． must send3.B．send4.C．are to send5.D．need send6.Many farmers came to the city, _____ jobs and for all the other legendary opportunities of life inthe city.7.A． looking for8.B．to look for9.C．having looked for10.D．looked for11.Alcohol is highly unusual _____ at least twenty percent of it is absorbed directly into the bloodstream.12.A． in consequence of which13.B．provided that14.C．so that15.D．in that16.His features were agreeable;his body, _____ slight of build,had something of athletic outline.17.A． somehow18.B．as19.C．though20.D．somewhat21.Electronic computers, _____ many advantages,cannot carry out creative work or replace man.22.A． though having had23.B．which have24.C．even if having25.D．over which have26.We advocate _____ the economic,cultural and religious traditions of all national minorities.27.A． to respect28.B．to be respected29.C．respecting30.D．having respected31.This is so difficult a problem that the scientist is known to _____ it for about ten years.32.A． have worked on33.B．have been working on34.C．be working on35.D．work on36.I would have passed the college entrance examinations _____ I misread some of the questionsand gave the wrong answers.37.A． but38.B．because39.C．as40. D．in that41.Stress is a natural part of everyday life and there is no way you can avoid it, _____ you can avoidbeing hungry.42.A． much more than43.B．no more than44.C．any more than45.D．no less than46.We decided against installing the new heating apparatus for the reason _____ it would be too costly.47.A． why48.B．which49.C．that50.D．asSection BDirections:Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked A,B,C and the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.(5 points)11.Statistics from (A) the developed countries suggest that it is (B) only when (C) people's livingstandards begin to rise does birth rate begin to fall. (D)12.It is only natural that a 2 year old child, having just learned (A) to move about, trys (B) to reach for (C)things he is not supposed (D) to be touching.13. For the human species to survive (A) over time, their (B) members must regularly women must,whether at home or in the labor force, (C) make the (D) most of their physical appearance.14.From industrial beginnings (A) in the nineteenth century,plastics struggled (B) through (C) a hundredand twenty years of glory,failure,disrepute and suspicion on the slow road to (D) public acceptance.15.Freezing does not make canned fruits (A) unsafe to eat unless (B) it breaks the seal of the container andlets in (C) bacteria that causes (D) spoilage.16. Women have only 60 to 70 percent as much muscle (A) as men for their body is why (B) an averagewoman can't lift as much (C) ,throw as far, and hit as hard (D) as an average man.17. For any Englishman,there can never be any discussion as to (A) who is the world's greatest poet andgreatest one name can possibly (B) suggest itself to us (C) : that of (D) William Shakespeare.18.He appears to be absorbed (A) in the sports news (B) on the back pages of his paper and ignores (C)the hurried (D) crowd.19. American footfall, which (A) I know little, seems to be (B) an exciting (C) sports (D) game.20.Surprisingly (A) as it (B) may seem,the united states a relatively new nation has (C) the world's oldestorganized (D) trade union movement.Section CDirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A,B,C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)21.I'd like John to have the job, but if he doesn't accept it, we'll have to _____ a less experienced man.22.A． fall back on23.B．resort to24.C．turn on25.D．look up to26.There was tremendous excitement in the streets and the shouting didn't _____ till after midnight.27.A． die away28.B．die down29.C．die off30.D．die out31.Many English boys go to boarding school at the age of seven. They usually _____ quickly and arevery happy.32.A． get along33.B．carry on34.C．bring up35.D．settle down36.He agreed to take my classes while I was away, but he _____ . He never turned up for any of them.37.me up38.B．gave himself away39.C．let me down40. D．lived up to me41. Alcohol abuse is the most serious drug problem in the United States today. _____believes thatalcohol can do more good than harm if it is properly controlled.42.A． Anyway43.B．Nevertheless44.C．Meanwhile45.D．Otherwise46.Their ideas about occupation for men and women are not as _____ as older people's ideas are.47.48.B．harsh49.C．rigid50.D．serious51.My daughter is entering a new _____ of development now that she is starting school.52.53.B．era54.C．phase55.D．sphere56. A telephone directory is a book with large _____ ，a successful book so often reprinted as to make anyauthor envious.57.A． publication58.B．popularity59.C．registration60.D．circulation61.Since she took up Women's Lib, she has stopped _____ her husband on every point ofdifference between them: she sticks to her guns.62.A． giving in to63.B．putting up with64.C．turning to65.D．falling in with66.State governments and other governmental agencies, special foundation, and the college themselves_____ many scholarships to students with special abilities and to those with financial needs.67.A． allot68.B．grant69.C．present70.D．assign71.Most of the newly invented technical terms are _____ special discussions,and seldom get intogeneral literature or conversation.72.A． entitled to73.B．involved in74.C．confined to75.D．absorbed in76.The owner of a car is no longer forced to rely on public transportation and is, therefore, not _____ towork locally.77.A． compelled78.B．obliged79.C．restricted80.D．repelled81.In more general use are inexpensive chopsticks of bamboo or wood that can be bought in _____ ofpairs; 10 is the usual number.82.A． bunches83.B．bundles84.C．units85.D．pieces86. Postage rates depends upon several factors the type of communication,the _____，the weight and themethod of transportation.87.A． distribution88.B．termination89.C．destination90.D．delivery91.Most of the important cities of the world suffer from traffic congestion. In fact, any advantage gainedin comfort is often cancelled out in city driving by the _____ caused by traffic jams.92.A． frustration93.B．disturbance94.C．nuisance95.D．confusion96.I should have been quite willing to lend him the book he asked for,but I didn't have it with me _____ .97.A． of the moment98.B．for the moment99.C．on the moment100.D．to the moment101.As regards the development of moral standards in the growing child, _____ is very important in parental teaching. To forbid a thing one day and excuse it the next is no foundation for morality.102.A． persistence103.B．regularity104.C．consistency105.D．conformity106.Culture includes the beliefs and attitudes we learn. It is the _____ of behavior that helps people to live together and make one group of people different from another group.107.A． format108.B．pattern109.C．form110. D．mode111. The idea of using wind and solar energy as power sources is _____ new but is receiving increasing attention partly because these resources are non pollutant.112.A． in no way113.B．in a way114.C．at one time115.D．at times116.Physical exercises and games can provide change from work, allow relief of nervous _____ ,help to correct certain physical deficiencies and protect against illness.117.A． pressure118.B．stress119.C．tension120.D．anxietyPart II Cloze TestDirections： For each numbered blank in the following passage,there are four choices labelled A,B,C and the best one and put your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)In the past,permanence was the ideal. 41 engaged in handcrafting a pair of boots or in constructing a cathedral,all man's creative and productive energies went 42 maximizing the 43 of the built to had to. 44 the society around him was relatively unchanging each object had clearly defined functions,and economic logic 45 the policy of if they had to be repaired now 46 ,the boots that cost fifty dollars and lasted ten years were less expensive than those that cost ten dollars and lasted only a year.As the general rate of change in society 47 ,however,the economics of permanence are and must be replaced by the economics of 48 .First,advancing technology 49 to lower the costs of manufacture much more rapidly thanthe costs of repair means that it often becomes cheaper to replace than to is economically sensible to build cheap,unrepairable,throw away objects, 50 they may not last as long as repairable objects. 41．A．Those B．If C． Once D． Whether 42．A．about B．after C．on D．towards 43．A．facility B． efficiency C． durability D．stability 44．A．Although B．Unless C．Even if D．As long as 45．A．indicated B．dictated C．prescribed D．implied 46．A．or later B．or never C．and then D．and later 47．A．accelerates B．amplifies C． alternates D．anticipates 48．A．transience B．dominance C．prominence D． endurance 49．A．tempts B．tends C． turns D．tunes 50．A．as if B．and yet C．but then D．even thoughPart Ⅲ Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked A,B,C and the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.(40 points)Passage 1In a democratic society citizens are encouraged to form their own opinions on candidates for public office, taxes, constitutional amendments, environmental concerns, foreign policy, and other issues. The opinions held by anypopulation are shaped and manipulated by several factors: individual circumstances, the mass media, specialinterest groups, and opinion leaders.Wealthy people tend to think differently on social issues from poor people. Factory workers probably do notshare the same views as white collar collar, nonunion workers. Women employed outside their homessometimes have perspectives different from those of full time homemakers. In these and other ways individualstatus shapes one's view of current events.The mass media, especially television, are powerful influences on the way people think and act. Governmentofficials note how mail from th e public tends to“ follow the headlines.” Whatever is featured in newspapers and magazines and on television attracts enough attention that people begin to inform themselves and to expressopinions.The mass media have also created larger audiences for government and a wider range of pubic issues thanexisted before. Prior to television and the national editions of newspapers, issues and candidates tended toremain localized. In Great Britain and West Germany, for example, elections to the national legislatures wereusually viewed by voters as local contests. Today's elections are seen as struggles between party leaders andprograms. In the United States radio and television have been beneficial to the presidency. Since the days ofFranklin and his“ fireside chats,” presidents have appealed diectly to a national audience over the heads of Congress to advocate their programs.Special groups spend vast sums annually trying to influence public opinion. Public utilities, for instance, tried tosway public opinion in favor of nuclear power plants. Opposed to them were citizens' organizations that lobbiedto halt the use of nuclear power. During the 1960s the American Medical Association conducted an unsuccessful advertising campaign designed to prevent the passage of medicare.Opinion leaders are usually such prominent public figures as politicians, show business personalites, andcelebrity atheltes. The opinions of these individuals, whether informed and intelligent or not, carry weight withsome segments of the population. Some individuals, such as Nobel prizewinners, are suddenly thrust into publicview by the media. By quickly reaching a large audience, their views gain a hearing and are perhaps influentialin shaping views on complex issues.51.The second paragraph is mainly about _____ .52.A． the influence of gender on people's view53.B．the influence of people's status on their view54.C．the influence of living standard on people's view55.D．the influence of different ranks on people's view56. The expression“ follow the headlines” shows _____ .57.A． people seldom have time to read newspaper articles58. B．people think the headlines contain the most important information59.C．people often get their opinions from newspapers or television60.D．most people look on newspapers or TV as misleading61.Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage62.A． TV programs have a strong influence on governmental policy.63.B．Chats on televisions are chief means for running for presidency.64.C．More and more people show interest in politics because of TV.65.D．Before the use of TV, people showed little interest in politics.66.It is obvious that the opinion of famous people _____ .67.A． is often ignored by the public68.B．is seldom expressed to the point69.C．is often imposed on the public70.D．has a strong influence on peoplePassage 2To produce the upheaval in the United States that changed and modernized the domain of higher education fromthe mid1860's to the mid1800's, three primary causes interacted. The emergence of a halfdozen leaders inedcuation provided the personal force that was needed. Moreover, an outcry for a fresher, more practical, andmore advanced kind of instruction arose among the alumni( 校友 )and friends of nearly all of the old colleges andgrew into a movement that overrod e all conservative opposition. The aggressive“ Young Yale” movementappeared, demanding partial alumni control, a more liberal spirit, and a broader course of study. The graduatesof Harvard College simultanceously rallied( 聚集 )to relieve the college's poverty and demand new enterprise.Education was pushing toward higher standards in the East by throwing off church leadership everywhere, and inthe West by finding a wider range of studies and a new sense of public duty.The old style classical education received its most crushing blow in the citadel of Harvard College, whereEliot, a young captain of thirty five, son of a former treasure of Harvard, led the progressive forces. Fiverevolutionary advances were made during the first years of Dr. Eliot's administration. They were the elevationand amplification of entrance requirements, the enlargement of the curriculum and the develpoment of theelective system, the recognition of graduate study in the liberal arts, the raising of professional training in law,medicine, and the fostering of greater maturity in student life. Standards of admission were sharply advanced in1872-1873 and the appointment of a dean to take charge of student affairs, and a wise handling of discipline,the undergraduates were led to regard themselves more as young gentlemen and less as young animals. Onenew course of study after another was opened up:science, music, the history of the fine arts, advanced Spanish,political economy, physics, classical philology, and international law.55.Which of the following is the author's main purpose in writing the passage56.A． To present the history of Harvard College and compare it with that of Yale University.57. B．To criticize the conditions of the U.S. universities in the 19th century.58. C．To describe innovations in the education in the latter 1800's.59. D．To introduce what was happening in major before the turn of the century.60.According to the passage, the educational changes were the result of _____ .61.A． plans developed by conservative and church leaders62.B．efforts of interested individuals to redefine the educational system63.C．the demands of social organization seeking financial relief64.D．rallies held by westerners wanting to compete with eastern schools65.Before the change, Harvard _____ .66.A． was short of financial aid67.B．offered a narrower range of subjects68.C．was not strict with its students69.D．all of the above70.Form the passage, which of the following can be inferred about Harvard College before progressivechanges occurred71.A． Admission standards were lower.72.B．Students were younger.73.C．Classes ended earlier.74.D．Courses were more practical.Passage 3A million years have been added to man's evolutionary anthropologists once estimated the age of Zinjanthropus,the earliest toolmaking creature,as more than 600000 years,a recent radioactive dating measurement,based on volcanic rock samples from East Africa,where Zinjanthropus was discovered in 1959,now indicates that this primitive man may have roamed the earth 1750000 years new date pushes evidence for the emergence of toolmaking one of the two essential attributes of humanity back into the Pliocene Age,andit seems to fit more easily into the picture of human evolution than the 600000 year figure.The Zinjanthropus was capable of walking erect,so that its hands were freed,and it had a brain large enough to enable it to perform such simple tasks as making primitive cutting tools from quartz Zinjanthropus was not a man of the modern species,homo sapiens,but many anthropolgists see in the creature a type that could be very close to,if not actually in,the line of human Zinjanthropus must be classified as a man,albeit( 尽管 )of a primitive type,because no animal species other than man both makes and uses tools.Anthropologists consider it probable that the larger brain and higher intelligence of modern man evolved as primitive manlike creatures learned to use tools and to communicate by speech the other essential of a courseof evolution seems more reasonable starting nearly two million years ago than it would at the faster evolutionary pace required if the process started only a half million years ago.59. A million years are added to man's past by the _____ .60.A． unearthing( 出土 )of Zinjanthropus61.B．discovery of some primitive tools62.C．dating of rock samples from East Africa63.D．invention of a radioactive dating process64.This leads anthropologists to believe that _____ .65.A． the pattern of human evolution was not what has been generally supposed66.B．the evolutionary pace was faster than was supposed67.C．primitive intelligence must be reevaluated68.D．previous theories of human evolution are correct69.The Zinjanthropus can be called a man because _____ .70.made and used tools71.walked erect72.brain directed its toolmaking73.probably communicated by speech74.The new date fits the human evolutionary pattern more easily than the old because it _____ .75.A． allows a more reasonable evolutionary pace76.B．indicates man is younger than was believed77.C．establishes the existence of man in the Pliocene Age78.D．indicates that man is nearly two million years oldPassage 4“ Magic bullets ” ,this term sounds like the invention of a fantasy writer, but in fact, it represents a long standing dream of medical scientists. The dream: to find ways of homing in on and destroying diseased cells, such as cancer cells, while leaving healthy cells unharmed. It is a tantalizing idea but a highly elusive one, and for years reseachers could not quite make it work.The search for magic bullets began early in this century with the work of a brilliant German bacteriologist, Paul Ehrlich, who coined the term magic bullets, noticed that certain dyes were taken up by a variety of infectious microorganisms. That observation led him to the idea of chemically hitching a toxin(poison)such as arsenic to adye to kill the microbes(germs)that cause syphilis and other diseases. Although his efforts had only limited success, they led to the concept of “ chemotherapy ” ,the use of chemicals to treat disease. In later years, other investigators began looking for chemicals to kill cancer cells that have metastasized, or spread to other parts of the body. Metastasis is what makes cancer so deadly. A cancerous tumor can be removed surgically. But if even one or two cancer cells have broken away from a tumor, they can travel through the circulatory system and start new tumors elsewhere in the body. By the 1980's, researchers had developed some 40 drugs for killing cancer cells. These chemicals generally act by entering and destroying cells that are in the process of dividing rapidly. The problem is that many normal cells, such as hair cells and the cells of the intestines( 肠),also reproduce rapidly, and so they too absorb a large dose of the chemical. That is why cancer patients receiving chemotherapy often experience hair loss, nausea, and other unpleasant side effects. That is why chemotherapy usually does not cure a patient with metastasized cancer. If enough of the drug is given to kill all the cancer cells, the drug may well kill the patient, too.63. As we can see from the passage, the“ magic bullet” really refers to _____ .64.A． a kind of chemicals65.B．a kind of instrument66.C．a specific kind of cell67.D．a way of treatment68.In treating cancer patient, chemotherapy _____ .69.A． has proved to be effective70.B．has no effect at all71.C．often kill the patient72.D．has some limited effect73.Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage74.A． The first satisfactory magic bullet was developed by a German bacteriologist75.B．drugs for cancer often kill the patient along with the cancerous cells76.C．drugs for cancer often have some unpleasant side effects77.D．magic bullets proved to be effective only on ordinary cancer patients78.The expression “ home in on ” in the third sentence of paragraph 1 probably means _____ .79.A． locate80.B．kill81.C．reach82.D．inventPassage 5There is a new type of small advertisement becoming increasingly common in newspaper classified issometimes placed among “ situations vacant ” ,although it is not offer anyone a job,and sometimes it appearsamong“ situation wanted ” ,although it is not placed by someone looking for a jobitdoes is to offer hel p inapplying for a job.“ Contact us before writing your application ” ,or“ Make use of our long experience in preparing your curriculum vitae or job history ” is how it is usuallygrowth and apparent success of such a specialized service is,of course,areflection on the current high levels of unemployment. It is also an indication of the growing importance of thecurriculum vitae (or job history),with the suggestion that it may now qualify as an art form in its own right.There was a time when job seekers sim ply wrote letters of application. “ Just put down your name,address,age and whether you have passed any exams ” was about the average level of advice offered to young people applyingfor their first jobs when I left letter was really just for openers,it was explained,everything else could andshould be saved for the in those days of full employment the technique letter proved that you could writeand were available for eager face and intelligent replies did the rest.Later,as you moved up the ladder,something slightly more sophisticated was called advice then was to putsomething in the letter which would distinguish you from the might be the aggressive approach. “ Your search is am the person you are looking for ” was a widely used trick that occasionallyucceededs. Or it might be somespecial feature specially designed for the job in view.There is no doubt,however,that it is the increasing number of applicants with university education at all pointsin the process of engaging staff that has led to the greater importance of the curriculum vitae.67.The new type of advertisement which is appearing in newspaper columns _____ .68.job hunters of the opportunities availableeful advice to those looking for employment70.available jobs into various types71.employers of people available for work72.Nowadays a demand for this specialised type of service has been created because _____ .73.is a lack of jobs available for unievsity graduates74. are so many top level jobs available75.importance is attached to written application76.are becoming so varied that one needs advice to choose the right one77. In the past it was expected that first job hunters would _____ .78.an initial letter giving their life history79.some exams before applying for a job80.no qualifications other than being able to read and write81.any detailed information until they obtained an interview82.The job history has become such an important document because _____ .83.has been an increase in the number of jobs advertised84.has been an increase in the number of applicants with degrees85.are becoming much more complicated nowadays86.experiences for jobs are no longer required.Part IV English Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.(15 points)There can be no doubt that the computer revolution has touched virtually every person in the country insome way or other.Nor can there be any doubt that it has brought tremendous improvements in productivity and efficiency.(71) Indeed, there are many tasks undertaken by computers that could not be done without them, and we have reached the point that the benefits of computerization are taken for granted.Having accepted that computers are here to stay, what is the downside(72) The most obvious answer is that becuse of increased efficiency, less people are needed and the loss of jobs, particularly in the service industries, has been enormous, with more job losses yet to come.However, on a more insidious note, many users have not realized how computers have introduced vulnerability to their business; If computers are soon a boon, how do we cope when something goes wrong Computers have many uses, varying form pure accounting or back office sytems to stock or produciton control, or computer aided design or manufacturing.(73) In many instances, manual systems can quickly be introducedto ensure some continuity of the business; but in many cases if the computer is down, so is the business.The most probable causes of interruption in the past have been accidental damage or breakdown, and these can usually be dealt with expeditiously. However, in recent times the exposure causing most concern to insurers have been theft.(74) Initally the problem was the theft of PCs, and because most of these were based in offices which had not been targeted by thieves in the past, and thus had relatively poor security, losses mounted very quickly. It was common practice for a thief to make a fresh visit once the equipment had been replaced, as the new equipment would be more attractive due to rapid technological advances. The equipment would usually be covered byinsurance, but problems could be experienced if there were no back ups of date and/or programmes.The initial reaction by insurers was to step up requests for security improvements, including alarms and devices such as lock down plates or cables. (75) However, the criminal fraternity quickly came to realize that the real value in the computers is in the chip which is remarkably portable and unidentifiable, so even when caught the police have trouble proving the theft. This led to even greater demands for security, including encapsulation and computer safes.Part V Writing(15 Points)。

考研英语阅读理解长难句真题分析详解含译文1. " It's like surgery, “ he says . 〃 We don't call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn f t intend to kill their patient, although they risked their death . If you' re a physician f you can risk your patient' s suicide as long as you don' t intend their suicide .”结构：•It' s like surgery, " he says .•We ［主］don' t call ［if］ those deaths homicides ［宾］•原因状语从句：because the doctors ［主］didn z t intend to kill ［18］their patient ［宾］,•方式状语从句：although they ［主］risked ［®］ their death ［宾］.•条件状语从句：If you' re a physician ,•主语：you ［主］can risk ［i胃］your patient' s suicide•条件状语从句：as long as you ［主］don' t intend ［谓］their suicide ［宾］.单词：解析:•Although引导让步状语从句，其中包含一个宾语从句•That引导宾语从句，做ruled的宾语•That引导宾语从句，做holding的宾语，其中包含了一个插入语•if引导条件状语从句直译：尽管，这个判决说医生协助自杀是没有法律效力的，但是，实际上，法院是支持"双重影响”的医学原则，一个古老的道德准则说一个行为有两种影响——一个是我们希望的有益的影响，另一个是我们能够预见的有害的影响一是允许的，只要这个行为人的意图是期待好的影响译文：尽管，最高法院裁定没有赋予医生协助病人自杀的权利，但是, 最高法院实际上支持"双效〃这一医疗原则，这个存在了几个世纪的道德准则认为，某种行为具有双重效果——希望达到的良好效果和可以预见的有害效果——如果实施的行为目的是想达到好的效果，那么这种行为就是允许的重点：•In effect实际上生效・ Although引导让步状语从句，其中包含一个宾语从句. That引导宾语从句，做ruled的宾语• That引导宾语从句，做holding的宾语，其中包含了一个插入语Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients' pain f even though increasing dosages will eventually kill patient.结构：•Doctors ［主］have used ［谓］that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients' pain ［宾］,让步状语从句:even though increasing dosages ［主］will eventually kill ［if］ patient ［宾］单词：Justify vt证明…是合理的Dose ru剂量Dosage m剂］量用量morphine n.吗啡Terminally ack最终终于Even though引导让步状语从句直译：最近几年，医生一直使用这个原则来证明使用过量的吗啡来控制晚期病人的疼痛是合理的，尽管不断地增加剂量最终将会杀死病人译文：近几年来，医生已经利用这一原则来为自己使用大剂量的吗啡控制晚期病人的痛苦而辩护，尽管加大剂量最终会导致病人死亡重点：•Even though引导让步状语从句Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who “ until now have very f very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient medication to control their pain if that might hasten death ”.结构：•Nancy Dubler ［主］•插入语,director of Montefiore Medical Center,•contends ［谓］•宾语从句：that the principle ［±］will shield ［谓］doctors ［宾］定语从句：who ［主］"until now have very , very strongly insisted ［谓］宾语从句：that they ［主］could not give ［谓］patientssufficient medication to control their pain ［宾］条件状语从句：if that ［主］might hasten ［if］ death "［宾］Director n.主管主任Contend vt.主张观点认为Shield vt.保护Sufficient a.足够的充足的Hasten vt.加速•主语Nancy和谓语contend之间有一个插入语.第一个that引导宾语从句，做contend的宾语.这个宾语从句中包含了一个由who引导的定语从句，在句子中做主语.这个定语从句中包含了一个宾语从句，由that引导，做insisted的宾语这个宾语从句中又包含了一个条件状语从句，由if引导直译：M医学中心主任南希主张，这个原则将会保护这样的医生。

It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitableand in California optional .Small wonder. Americans’ life expectancyhas nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips ...It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitableand in California optional .Small wonder. Americans’ life expectancyhas nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips can bereplaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure. Such advances offer the aging population aquality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50years ago. But not even a great health-care system can cure death—and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatnessof ours。

Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to disintegrate andperish, even under ideal conditions. We all understand that at somelevel, yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to besolved. Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, wedemand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it'suseless. The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care. Physicians—frustrated by their inability to cure the disease andfearing loss of hope in the patient—too often offer aggressivetreatment far beyond what is scientifically justified。

考研英语二模拟试题及答案解析（18）(1~20/共20题)Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.Aging poses a serious challenge to OECD (Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development) countries, in particular, how to pay for future public pension liabilities. And early retirement places an__1__burden on pension financing. There is no easy solution, but__2__retirement could help.Early retirement may seem like a__3__individual goal, but it is a socially expensive one, and makes the present public pension system difficult to sustain for long. The__4__reason is that more people are retiring early and living longer. That means more retirees depending on the funding of those in work for their__5__, The__6__is worrying. In the next 50 years, low fertility rates and rising life expectancy in OECD countries will cause this old-age dependency rate to roughly double in size. Public pension payments, which__7__30c80 % of total retirement incomes in OECD countries, are__8__to rise, on average, by over three percentage points in GDP and by as much as eight percentage points in some countries.__9__is the pressure on pension funds that there is a danger of today´s workers not getting the pensions they expected or felt they__10__for.Action is needed,__11__simply aiming to reduce the__12__(and cost) of public pensions, or trying to__13__the role of privately funded pensions within the system, though necessary steps, may be__14__to deal with the dependency challenge. After years of__15__early retirement schemes to avoid__16__and higher unemployment, many governments are now looking__17__persuading people to stay in work until they are older.__18__, the thinking goes, if we are healthier now and jobs are physically less__19__and unemployment is down, then perhaps the__20__rate should rise a new.第1题A.unbelievableB.unsolvableC.unwantedD.unsustainable第2题A.hinderingB.delayingC.prolongingD.enforcing第3题A.inscrutableB.unpracticalC.worthyD.undeserved第4题A.controversialB.superficialD.essential 第5题A.incomeB.expenseC.nursingD.insurance 第6题A.outsetB.outcomeC.outbreakD.outlook第7题A.investB.deductC.affordD.cost第8题A.authorizedB.expectedC.intendedD.conceived 第9题A.SuchB.AsC.ItD.So第10题A.are paidB.should payC.would payD.be paid第11题A.forB.butC.whenD.and第12题A.visibilityB.credibilityC.generosityD.popularity 第13题A.augmentC.defineD.assess第14题A.inefficientB.insufficientC.indispensableD.inevitable第15题A.exploringB.consideringC.debatingD.advancing第16题A.inflationB.discrepanciesC.redundanciesD.depression第17题A.intoB.atC.onD.about第18题A.SurelyB.AccordinglyC.Similarlytely第19题A.oppressiveB.turbulentC.tiresomeD.strenuous第20题A.presentB.mortalityC.dependencyD.fertility下一题(21~25/共20题)Section ⅡReading ComprehensionDirections :Read the following four terts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B],[C]or [D].Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.Power and water are interconnected and that has serious consequences for the American Westas it grapples with climate change. By now, everyone knows you save energy by turning out lights. And you conserve water by taking shorter showers. But it´s just as true that saving water may be one of the most effective ways to save energy—and vice versa. "It´s a ´buy one, get one free´deal," said Douglas Kenney, a professor at the University of Colorado Law School and the editor of an upcoming book that explores the nexus of water and energy.In California today, just delivering water accounts for 20 percent of the state´s energy consumption. It takes power to gather water, purify water, and distribute water, especially in places like southern California where water is piped hundreds of miles to supply Los Angeles´sprawling demands.Nationally, energy production sucks more water from freshwater sources than any other sector except agriculture. It takes water to create the power we use to drive our cars, transport our groceries, and run our toaster ovens. Virtually every source of electricity in a typical American home or manufacturing plant—whether it comes from hydroelectricity, coal, natural gas, nuclear, biofuels, or even concentrated solar—also requires water. Lots of water.That´s a growing problem, because in many places, finding water for energy isn´t easy— and it´s bound to get tougher as energy demands soar and climate change alters hydrological cycles in already arid regions. The energy sector is the fastest-growing water consumer in the United States, according to a January 2011 Congressional Research Service report. Nationally, that´s a challenge, but regionally it could be a calamity. As the Congressional Research report notes, "much of the growth in the energy sector´s water demand is concentrated in regions with already intense competition over water." The connection between energy and water—and the precariousness of that link in the western United States—is exemplified in a gigantic plug of concrete stopping the muddy Colorado River above Las Vegas, otherwise known as Hoover Dam. At the ceremony inaugurating the Hoover Dam provided the two key ingredients—water and power—that freed the Southwest and southern California to go on a 75-year growth spurt. Lake Mead now supplies water to more than 22 million people, and it produces more than four billion kilowatts of electricity per year.The Colorado River, lifeblood of seven western states, is already as overdrawn as the federal treasury. Drought conditions during most of the 21st century have forced water managers to plan for a day when the region´ s vast system of dams and reservoirs no longer have enough water to store. Already, utilities have to scramble to respond on days when everybody in Phoenix, Las Vegas and Los Angeles wants to crank their air conditioners during the same heat wave.第21题What does "vice versa" (Line 3, Para. 1) refer to?A.Saving water and saving energy could happen meanwhile.B.Wasting water may be one of the fastest ways to waste energy.C.Saving water may be one of the most effective ways to save energy.D.Saving energy may be one of the most effective ways to save water.第22题Which of the following statement is TRUE?A.Energy production sucks water mostly.B.We fuel our cars and run our toaster ovens with water.C.Almost every source of electricity in home or factory requires water.D.Coal, natural gas, nuclear, biofuels require water, however solar does not.第23题It can be inferred from the passage that the Congressional Research Service report considers the U. S. energy sector______.A.efficientB.praiseworthyC.insignificantD.spiny第24题Which of the following can substitute for "overdrawn" (Line 1, Para. 6)?A.Deficient.B.Abundant.C.Significant.D.Prompt.第25题The most appropriate title for this passage could be______.A.Electricity Needs WaterB.Save the Colorado RiverC.How to Save WaterD.Saving Energy and Conserving Water上一题下一题(26~30/共20题)Section ⅡReading ComprehensionDirections :Read the following four terts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B],[C]or [D].Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.Ever since Muzak started serenading patrons of hotels and restaurants in the 1930s, piped-in music has been part of the consumer experience. Without the throb of a synthesiser or a guitar´s twang, shoppers would sense something missing as they tried on jeans or filled up trolleys. Specialists like Mood Media, which bought Muzak in 2011, devise audio programmes to influence the feel of shops and cater to customers´ tastes. The idea is to entertain, and thereby prolong the time shoppers spend in stores, says Claude Nahon, the firm´s international chief. Music by famous artists works better than the generic stuff that people associate with Muzak. The embarrassing brand name was dropped in 2013.Online shopping is an under-explored area of merchandising musicology. A new study commissioned by eBay, a shopping website, aims to correct that. Some 1,900 participants were asked to simulate online shopping while listening to different sounds. Some results were unsurprising. The noise of roadworks and crying babies soured shoppers´ views of the products on offer. Chirruping birds encouraged sales of barbecues but not blenders or board games.Sounds associated with quality and luxury seemed to be hazardous for shoppers´ wallets. The study found classical music and restaurant buzz caused them to overestimate the quality of goods on offer and to pay more than they should. That backs up earlier research which found that shoppers exposed to classical music in a wine store bought more expensive bottles than those hearing pop.EBay wants consumers to avoid such unhealthy influences when shopping online. It has blended birdsong, dreamy music and the sound of a rolling train—thought to be pleasant but notoverly seductive—to help them buy more sensibly. Retailers could presumably counter by turning up the Chopin. "Classical music does seem to be the way to go" if your only interest is the narrow one of squeezing as much money as possible from your clientele, says the study´s author, Patrick Fagan, a lecturer at Goldsmiths, part of the University of London.Few traditional shops are likely to use that tactic. H&M, a clothes retailer, airs "trendy, up-tempo" music from new artists, while Nespresso´s coffee boutiques go for "lounge-y" sounds, says Mr. Nahon. Grocery stores, with a broad following, play top 40 hits. The tempo tends to be slower in the mornings, when shoppers are sparser and older, and becomes more quick and lively as the day goes on.第26题The brand name Muzak was dropped in 2013 because it______.A.was outdatedB.was bought by Mood Media in 2011C.was often associated with generic musicD.entertained customers better第27题The sound of______may increase sales of board games.A.roadworksB.crying babiesC.chirruping birdsD.classic music第28题The word "hazardous"(Para. 3)probably means______.A.safeB.dangerousC.helpfulD.lucky第29题The sound which helps customers buy more sensibly______.A.belongs to classical musicB.includes the sound of a rolling trainC.sounds noisy and unpleasantD.is overly seductive第30题It can be inferred that a fashion shop should play______to attract customers.A.trendy and up-tempo musicB.lounge-y musicC.slow and tender musicD.quick and lively music上一题下一题(31~35/共20题)Section ⅡReading ComprehensionDirections :Read the following four terts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B],[C]or [D].Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.Not too many decades ago it seemed "obvious" both to the general public and to sociologists that modern society has changed people´ s natural relations, loosened their responsibilities to kin and neighbors, and substituted in their place superficial relationships with passing acquaintances. However, in recent years a growing body of research has revealed that the "obvious" is not true. It seems that if you are a city resident, you typically know a smaller proportion of your neighbors than you do if you are a resident of a smaller community. But, for the most part, this fact has few significant consequences. It does not necessarily follow that if you know few of your neighbors you will know no one else.Even in very large cities, people maintain close social ties within small, private social worlds. Indeed, the number and quality of meaningful relationships do not differ between more and less urban people. Small-town residents are more involved with kin than are big-city residents. Yet city dwellers compensate by developing friendships with people who share similar interests and activities. Urbanism may produce a different stifle of life, but the quality of life does not differ between town and city. Nor are residents of large communities any likelier to display psychological symptoms of stress or alienation, a feeling of not belonging, than are residents of smaller communities. However, city dwellers do worry more about crime, and this leads them to a distrust of strangers.These findings do not imply that urbanism makes little or no difference. If neighbors are strangers to one another, they are less likely to sweep the sidewalk of an elderly couple living next door or keep an eye out for young trouble makers. Moreover, there may be a link between a community´s population size and its social heterogeneity. For instance, sociologists have found much evidence that the size of a community is associated with bad behavior including gambling, drugs, etc. Large-city urbanites are also more likely than their small-town counterparts to have a cosmopolitan outlook, to display less responsibility to traditional kinship roles, to vote for leftist political candidates, and to be tolerant of nontraditional religious groups, unpopular political groups, and so-called undesirables. Everything considered, heterogeneity and unusual behavior seem to be outcomes of large population size.第31题Which of the following statements best describes the organization of the first paragraph?A.Two contrasting views are presented.B.An argument is examined and possible solutions given.C.Research results concerning the quality of urban life are presented in order of time.D.A detailed description of the difference between urban and small-town life is given.第32题According to the passage, it was once a common belief that urban residents_____.A.did not have the same interests as their neighborsB.could not develop long-standing relationshipsC.tended to be associated with bad behaviorually had more friends第33题One of the consequences of urban life is that impersonal relationships among neighbors_____.A.disrupt people´ s natural relationsB.make them worry about crimeC.cause them not to show concern for one anotherD.cause them to the suspicious of each other第34题It can be inferred from the passage that the bigger a community is_____.A.the better its quality of lifeB.the more similar its interestsC.the more tolerant and open-minded it isD.the likelier it is to display psychological symptoms of stress第35题What is the passage mainly about?A.Similarities in the interpersonal relationships between urbanites and small town dwellers.B.Advantages of living in big cities as compared with living in small townsC.The positive role that urbanism plays in modern life.D.The strong feeling of alienation of city inhabitants.上一题下一题(36~40/共20题)Section ⅡReading ComprehensionDirections :Read the following four terts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B],[C]or [D].Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.How best to solve the pollution problems of a city sunk so deep within sulfurous clouds that it was described as hell on earth? Simply answered: Relocate all urban smoke-creating industry and encircle the metropolis of London with sweetly scented flowers and elegant hedges.In fact, as Christine L. Corton, a Cambridge scholar, reveals in her new book, London Fog, this fragrant anti-smoke scheme was the brainchild of John Evelyn, the 17th-century diarist. King Charles II was said to be much pleased with Evelyn´ s idea, and a bill against the smoky nuisance was duly drafted. Then nothing was done. Nobody at the time, and nobody right up to the middle of the 20th century, was willing to put public health above business interests.And yet it´s a surprise to discover how beloved a feature of London life these multicolored fogs became. A painter, Claude Monet, fleeing besieged Paris in 1870, fell in love with London´s vaporous, mutating clouds. He looked upon the familiar mist as his reliable collaborator. Visitors from abroad may have delighted in the fog, but homegrown artists lit candles and vainly scrubbed the grime from their gloom-filled studio windows. "Give us light!" Frederic Leighton pleaded to the guests at a Lord Mayor´ s banquet in 1882, begging them to have pity on the poor painter.The more serious side of Corton´ s book documents how business has taken precedence over humanity where London´ s history of pollution is concerned. A prevailing westerly wind meant that those dwelling to the east were always at most risk. Those who could afford it lived elsewhere. The east was abandoned to the underclass. Lord Palmerston spoke up for choking East Enders in the 1850s, pointing a finger at the interests of the furnace owners. A bill was passed, but there was little change. Eventually, another connection was established: between London´ s perpetual veil of smog and its citizens´ cozily smoldering grates. Sadly, popular World War I songs like "Keep the Home Fires Burning" didn´t do much to encourage the adoption of smokeless fuel.It wasn ´t until what came to be known as the "Great Killer Fog" of 1952 that the casualty rate became impossible to ignore and the British press finally took up the cause. It was left to aMember of Parliament to steer the Clean Air Act into law in 1956. Within a few years, even as the war against pollution was still in its infancy, the dreaded fog began to fade.Corton´s book combines meticulous social history with a wealth of eccentric detail. Thus we learn that London´s ubiquitous plane trees were chosen for their shiny, fog-resistant foliage. It´s discoveries like these that make reading London Fog such an unusual and enlightening experience.第36题Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 2?A.The fragrant anti-smoke scheme was inspired by John Evelyn´ s child.B.King Charles II was not actually satisfied with Evelyn´ s idea.C.The process of drafting the bill against the smoky nuisance was slow.D.It wasn´ t until the middle of the 20th century that someone willingly put public health above commercial interests.第37题The word "grime"(Para. 3)is closest in meaning to______.A.fogB.dirtC.frostD.paint第38题Which of the following would be most heavily affected by London´s pollution according to Corton´ s book?A.rich dwellers in the east.B.the underclass in the west.C.East London´ s slum dwellers.D.servants of furnace owners.第39题The author mainly shows in the last but one paragraph that______.A.Great Killer Fog led to huge mortalityB.The British press was also playing a big roleC.It was a long way for Clean Air Act to be passedD.reducing the air pollution worked though it was in the primary stage第40题There were plane trees everywhere in London because they_____.A.could resist fog and hazeB.were related to social historyC.contained a wealth of eccentric detailD.were shiny and beautified the environment上一题下一题(41~45/共5题)Part BDirections :Read the following tert and decide whether each of the statements is true or false. Choose T if the state ment is true or F if the statement is not true. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.[A]Monitor your alcohol use[B]Pay attention to table manners[C]Don´ t be a gossip[D]Network with higher-ups[E]Keep the conversation light[F]Dress appropriately[G]Make new friendsFor young workers, holiday parties can be a wonderful opportunity to celebrate a successful year gone by, catch up with colleagues and hobnob with senior executives to try to get ahead. But a host of challenges confront young employees—from figuring out whom to bring to walking the fine line between being friendly and being flirty. Some do´ s and don ´ts when it comes to these events:__41__If you´ re new to the company, talk to co-workers who have attended previous office functions to get a sense of what you should wear. Dress conservatively, not "like you´re going to a club in Vegas, "says Tom Gimbel, CEO of staffing firm LaSalle Network in Chicago. But, he adds, don´t take it "to the point where(you´re)wearing a suit where everybody else is wearing jeans."__42__Steer clear of talking about those layoffs or pay freezes that have hit morale, experts advise. "Try to keep the conversation upbeat," says Barbara Pachter, president of Pachter & Associates, a business-etiquette and communications firm in Cherry Hill, N.J. "If you´re merging, that could be an exciting thing,(or if)you´re adding new product lines, that could be an exciting thing" to talk about.__43__While it´ s fun to indulge in rumors about colleagues, you don´ t want to be known as the person who´s always spreading juicy gossip. "You want to be known for your work ethic, you want to be known for the work product that you put out, and at a holiday party, you don´t want to be the one telling everybody who´ s making out with whom and who´ s fighting with whom," says Mr. Gimbel. Instead, he encourages people to stick to safe topics like sports, entertainment and what´ s going on in the world.__44__Even if you´re intimidated by the clique of VPs huddling in their own circle, don´t pass up the opportunity to meet these people, who could be interviewing you when you´ re up for your next promotion. Look for an opening to chime in on a topic that you know about.If they don´t already know you, introduce yourself and say how long you´ve been with the company and what you do. Afterward, if you feel like you connected with someone senior, send them a follow-up email saying it was nice to meet them, says Ms. Pachter. "What have you got to lose?"__45__Holiday parties are one of the few workplace events where imbibing is allowed and even encouraged to get people relaxed. However, just because alcohol is free-flowing at the bar doesn´t mean you should take that as a license to reprise your college frat parties."Most people head toward the bar and the buffet when they get to a holiday party, and if they drink on an empty stomach they tend to get inebriated and then they could say the wrong thing or do the wrong thing," says Ms. Whitmore. "No. 1 rule is: Don´t drink too much, monitor youralcohol intake. Usually, one or two drinks is plenty."第41题第42题第43题第44题第45题上一题下一题(1/1)Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points)第46题Hallowell argues in his new book, Driven to Distraction at Work: How to Focus and Be More Productive, that when you feel real or imagined concerns piling on, share them with a friend, and there´s a better chance that aimless anxiety will change into problem-solving. He believes that worrying alone is one of the major reasons that people can´t focus, both at work and elsewhere in their lives.Worrying alone does not have to be toxic, but it tends to become toxic because in isolation we lose perspective. We tend to globalize, catastrophize, when no one is there to act as a reality check. Our imaginations run wild.Indeed, Samuel Johnson, a severe worrier himself, called worry a "disease of the imagination". When we worry alone we risk losing touch with reality, becoming paralyzed in worry, making bad decisions, and even getting sick, as toxic worry depresses immune function. ___________上一题下一题(1/1)Section WritingPart A第47题Write a letter of about 100 words to your American friend Jam, recommending your Chinese friend Han Ling to teach him Chinese.You should include the details you think necessary.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name. Use "Li Ming" instead.Do not write the address.(10 points)______________上一题下一题(1/1)Part B第48题Write an essay based on the following graph. In your essay, you should1)interpret the graph, and2)give your comments.You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET.(15 points)图片_______________上一题交卷交卷答题卡答案及解析(1~20/共20题)Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.Aging poses a serious challenge to OECD (Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development) countries, in particular, how to pay for future public pension liabilities. And early retirement places an__1__burden on pension financing. There is no easy solution, but__2__retirement could help.Early retirement may seem like a__3__individual goal, but it is a socially expensive one, and makes the present public pension system difficult to sustain for long. The__4__reason is that more people are retiring early and living longer. That means more retirees depending on the funding of those in work for their__5__, The__6__is worrying. In the next 50 years, low fertility rates and rising life expectancy in OECD countries will cause this old-age dependency rate to roughly double in size. Public pension payments, which__7__30c80 % of total retirement incomes in OECD countries, are__8__to rise, on average, by over three percentage points in GDP and by as much as eight percentage points in some countries.__9__is the pressure on pension funds that there is a danger of today´s workers not getting the pensions they expected or felt they__10__for.Action is needed,__11__simply aiming to reduce the__12__(and cost) of public pensions, or trying to__13__the role of privately funded pensions within the system, though necessary steps, may be__14__to deal with the dependency challenge. After years of__15__early retirement schemes to avoid__16__and higher unemployment, many governments are now looking__17__persuading people to stay in work until they are older.__18__, the thinking goes, if we are healthier now and jobs are physically less__19__and unemployment is down, then perhaps the__20__rate should rise a new.第1题A.unbelievableB.unsolvableC.unwantedD.unsustainable参考答案： D 您的答案：未作答答案解析：本题考查形似词辨析。

考研英语类模拟试题第一部分：阅读理解阅读下面短文，然后根据短文内容回答问题。

When we think about taking a holiday, we often imagine sandy beaches and sunny skies. But for a growing number of people, the stress of flying can make this an impossible dream. In the UK, 43% of people suffer from a fear of flying. This can have a big impact on their quality of life, including missing out on business opportunities and being unable to visit friends and family abroad.Jane Wells is one of those people who is terrified of flying. “It’s frustrating,” she says. “I used to love traveling, but now just the thought of getting on a plane makes me feel sick.”For some, the fear is not just about the plane –it’s also about the airports. The long lines, the security checks, and the crowds can all add to the anxiety. Steve Wilson has not flown for over 10 years. “I get sweaty palms just thinking about it,” he says. “I can’t face the thought of going through the airport. I’d rather stay at home.”Many people try to avoid flying altogether. Some choose to drive or take the train instead, even if it means longer journey times. But for others, the fear is so great that they don’t even want to leave the house.If you are one of those who are afraid of flying, there are things you can try to help. One solution is to take a course that teaches you skills to manage your anxiety. This can include breathing techniques and exercises to usewhen you feel overwhelmed. For others, therapy might be the best option. Cognitive behavioral therapy can help you to challenge negative thoughts and change your behavior.1. What percentage of people in the UK suffer from a fear of flying?2. What impact can a fear of flying have on people's lives?3. Why does Jane Wells feel frustrated about her fear of flying?4. What aspect of flying does Steve Wilson find most challenging?5. What are some potential solutions for people with a fear of flying?第二部分：翻译请将以下句子翻译成英文：1. 我们计划本周末去爬山。

中医学考研英语试题及答案# 中医学考研英语试题及答案## 一、阅读理解（共4篇，每篇5题，每题2分，共40分）### 阅读理解A文章Traditional Chinese Medicine: A Holistic Approach to Health文章摘要：Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is a comprehensive system of health care that has been practiced for over 2,000 years. It includes various practices such as herbal medicine, acupuncture, massage, and dietary therapy, all aimed at restoring the balance of Qi and preventing disease.问题1：What is the main focus of Traditional Chinese Medicine?A. Preventing diseases onlyB. Restoring the balance of QiC. Using only herbal medicineD. All of the above答案1：B问题2：How long has TCM been practiced?A. 100 yearsB. 500 yearsC. 2,000 yearsD. 5,000 years答案2：C问题3：Which of the following is NOT a practice of TCM?A. AcupunctureB. SurgeryC. MassageD. Dietary therapy答案3：B问题4：What is the ultimate goal of TCM practices?A. To cure diseasesB. To prolong lifeC. To restore health balanceD. To increase body strength答案4：C问题5：According to the passage, which of the following statementsis true?A. TCM only focuses on treating symptoms.B. TCM is a relatively new field of medicine.C. TCM has a long history and a holistic approach.D. TCM practices are limited to China.答案5：C### 阅读理解B文章标题：The Role of Acupuncture in Modern Medicine文章摘要：Acupuncture, a key component of TCM, has been increasingly recognized by modern medicine for its efficacy in treating various conditions, including chronic pain and stress-related disorders.问题1：What is the significance of acupuncture in TCM?A. It is a minor aspect of TCM.B. It is the only recognized practice in TCM.C. It is a key component with wide applications.D. It has been largely dismissed by modern medicine.答案1：C问题2：What conditions can acupuncture help treat?A. Only acute conditionsB. Chronic pain and stress-related disordersC. Only psychological disordersD. None of the above答案2：B问题3：How is acupuncture perceived by modern medicine?A. It is not recognized at all.B. It is recognized for its efficacy.C. It is considered a pseudoscience.D. It is only used as a last resort.答案3：B问题4：What is the main purpose of acupuncture?A. To cure all diseasesB. To restore the balance of QiC. To replace modern medicineD. To provide quick relief only答案4：B问题5：According to the passage, which of the following is a benefitof acupuncture?A. It has no side effects.B. It can cure any condition.C. It is a scientifically proven treatment.D. It is a cost-effective alternative.答案5：C### 阅读理解C & D（此处省略，以满足800字以下的要求）## 二、完形填空（共10题，每题1分，共10分）文章标题：The Integration of TCM and Western Medicine文章摘要：The integration of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western medicine has the potential to offer patients a more comprehensive approach to health care, combining the strengths of both systems.（此处省略具体完形填空题目及答案，以满足字数要求）## 三、翻译（英译汉，共5题，每题3分，共15分）1. The concept of Yin and Yang is fundamental to TCM.- 中医的基本理念是阴阳平衡。

医学考研英语试题及答案一、阅读理解（共20分，每题4分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。

AThe medical profession is an ever-evolving field with new research and developments constantly emerging.1. What is the main idea of the passage?A) The medical field is dynamic and changing.B) Research is the only way to advance medicine.C) Medical professionals must be constantly learning.D) The passage does not have a clear main idea.2. What can be inferred from the passage?A) Medical professionals are resistant to change.B) New developments in medicine are rare.C) The medical field requires continuous learning.D) Research is not valued in the medical community.BRecent studies have shown that a balanced diet and regular exercise can significantly reduce the risk of chronic diseases.3. What is the focus of the recent studies mentioned in the passage?A) The benefits of a balanced diet.B) The importance of regular exercise.C) The reduction of chronic disease risk.D) Both A and B.4. What can be concluded from the passage?A) Chronic diseases are on the rise.B) Diet and exercise have no effect on health.C) Lifestyle changes can improve health outcomes.D) The passage does not provide any conclusions.二、完形填空（共15分，每题1.5分）Read the following passage and fill in the blanks with the most suitable word from the options provided.In recent years, telemedicine has become increasingly popular as a convenient way for patients to receive medical 5. (A) advice, (B) services, (C) treatment, (D) consultation.5. The correct answer is: (D) consultation.6-10. [Fill in the blanks with the correct options from the choices provided.]三、翻译（共15分，每题5分）Translate the following sentences from English to Chinese.11. The discovery of penicillin revolutionized the treatment of bacterial infections.翻译：青霉素的发现彻底改变了细菌感染的治疗方式。

有关“临床医学考研”的英语试题有关“临床医学考研”的英语试题如下：阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。

短文有5段，共10道问题。

Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide, with over 14 million new cases and 8.2 million deaths in 2018. The two most common types of cancer are breast cancer and lung cancer, with breast cancer affecting about 2.1 million women each year. The good news is that the rates of cancer survival are increasing, especially in developed countries. This is mainly due to earlier detection, better treatment options, and more effective screening programs.1.According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true about cancer?A. Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide.B. Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer.C. Cancer survival rates are increasing.D. Cancer is becoming more prevalent each year.2.How many new cases of cancer are there each year?A. 14 millionB. 8.2 millionC. 2.1 millionD. 5 million3.Which of the following best describes the main reason for the increase in cancer survival rates?A. More people are developing cancer.B. Better treatment options are available.C. Screening programs are less effective.D. Less people are surviving cancer.4.How many women are affected by breast cancer each year?A. 8.2 millionB. 2.1 millionC. 14 millionD. 5 million。

医学考研英语试题及答案医学考研英语模拟试题一、阅读理解（共20分，每题4分）Passage 1Researchers have found that a diet rich in fruits and vegetables can significantly reduce the risk of developing certain types of cancer. The study, which followed over10,000 participants for a period of ten years, showed that those who consumed at least five servings of fruits and vegetables daily had a 30% lower risk of developing cancer compared to those who consumed less than three servings a day.Questions:1. According to the study, what is the impact of a diet richin fruits and vegetables on cancer risk?A. It increases the risk of cancer.B. It has no significant impact on cancer risk.C. It significantly reduces the risk of developing certain types of cancer.D. It eliminates the risk of all types of cancer.Passage 2The latest medical breakthrough in the treatment ofAlzheimer's disease involves the use of a new drug that targets the beta-amyloid plaques in the brain. These plaques are believed to be one of the primary causes of the disease. The drug has shown promising results in clinical trials, improving cognitive function and slowing the progression of the disease.Questions:2. What is the primary target of the new drug for Alzheimer's treatment?A. Cognitive functionB. Beta-amyloid plaquesC. The progression of the diseaseD. The cause of the disease二、完形填空（共15分，每题3分）The World Health Organization (WHO) has recently launched a campaign to raise awareness about the importance of mental health. Mental health is as important as physical health and should not be overlooked. The campaign aims to educate people about the signs of common mental health disorders and to encourage them to seek help when necessary.3. The WHO campaign is focused on ________ the significance of mental health.A. ignoringB. emphasizingC. avoidingD. minimizing4. Mental health is considered as ________ as physical health.A. less importantB. equally importantC. more importantD. unimportant三、词汇与语法（共25分，每题5分）5. The doctor suggested that the patient should ________ a balanced diet to improve his health.A. stick toB. come up withC. look intoD. get away from6. Despite the recent advances in medical technology, thereare still many diseases that are ________ to cure.A. possibleB. impossibleC. likelyD. unlikely7. The research team ________ the data for hours before they could draw any conclusions.A. analyzedB. was analyzingC. had analyzedD. have analyzed四、翻译（共20分，每题10分）8. 将下列句子从英文翻译成中文。

考研英语阅读模拟试题考研英语阅读模拟试题(1)At 18 ， Ashanthi DeSilva of suburban Cleveland is a living symbol of one of the great intellectual achievements of the 20th century. Born with an extremely rare and usually fatal disorder that left her without a functioning immune system (the bubble-“boy disease，” named after anearlier victim who was kept alive for years in a sterile plastic tent)， she was treated beginning in 1990 with a revolutionary new therapy thatsought to correct the defect at its very source， in the genes of her white blood cells. It worked. Although her last gene-therapy treatment was in 1992， she is completely healthy with normal immune function ，according to one of the doctors who treated her， W. French Anderson of the University of Southern California. Researchers have long dreamed of treating diseases from hemophilia to cancer by replacing mutant genes with normal ones. And the dreaming may continue for decades more.“ Therewill be a gene-based treatment for essentially every disease，”Anderson says，“within 50 years.”It ’nots entirely clear why medicine has been so slow to build on Anderson ’ s early success. The National Institutes of Health budget officeestimates it will spend $432 million on gene-therapy research in 2005 ，and there is no shortage of promising leads. The therapeutic genes are usually delivered through viruses that don’causet human disease. “ The virus is sort of like a Trojan horse ，” says Ronald Crystal of New YorkPresbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical College.“ The cargo is the gene.At the University of Pennsylvania ’Abramson Cancer Center，immunologist Carl June recently treated HIV patients with a geneintended to help their cells resist the infection. At Cornell University ，researchers are pursuing genebased- therapies for Parkinson ease’ sanddisa rare hereditary disorder that destroys children’ s brain cells. At StanUniversity and the Children ’ s Hospital of Philad，r e lphiasearchers aretrying to figure out how to help patients with hemophilia who today mustinject themselves with expensive clotting drugs for life. Animalexperiments have shown great promise.But somehow， things get lost in the translation from laboratory topatient. In human trials of the hemophilia treatment， patients show aresponse at first ， but it fades over time. And the field has still notrecovered from the setback it suffered in 1999， when Jesse Gelsinger，an 18-year-old with a rare metabolic disorder， died after receiving anexperimental gene therapy at the University of Pennsylvania. Someexperts worry that the field will be tarnished further if the next people tobenefit are not patients but athletes seeking an edge. This summer，researchers at the Salk Institute in San Diego said they had created a“ marathonmouse”by implanting a gene that enhancesrunning ability;already， officials at the World Anti-Doping Agency are preparing to testathletes for signs of “ genedoping. ”But the principle is the same，whether you ’ retrying to help a healthy runner run faster or allow amuscular-dystrophy patient to walk. “Everybodyrecognizes that genetherapy is a very good idea，” says Crystal.“And eventually it’s going to work. ”1.The case of Ashanthi Desilva is mentioned in the text to____________.[A] show the promise of gene-therapy[B] give an example of modern treatment for fatal diseases[C] introduce the achievement of Anderson and his team[D] explain how gene-based treatment works2.Anderson‘s early success has ________________.[A]greatly speeded the development of medicine[B]brought no immediate progress in the research of gene-therapy[C]promised a cure to every disease[D]made him a national hero3. Which of the following is true according to the text?[A]Ashanthi needs to receive gene-therapy treatment constantly.[B]Despite the huge funding， gene researches have shown fewpromises.[C]Therapeutic genes are carried by harmless viruses.[D]Gene-doping is encouraged by world agencies to help athletesget better scores.考研英语阅读模拟试题4.The word “tarnish (line” 5， paragraph 4) most probably means ____________.[A] affect[B] warn[C] trouble[D] stain5.From the text we can see that the author seems ___________.[A] optimistic[B] pessimistic[C] troubled[D] uncertain答案：ABCDA。

医学考研英语真题在此提供一篇医学考研英语真题的文章。

请注意这只是一个示例，不代表真正的医学考研英语真题内容。

Title: Advances in Cancer ImmunotherapyAbstract:Cancer immunotherapy, an emerging field in cancer research and treatment, has shown promising results in recent years. This article aims to explore the latest advancements in cancer immunotherapy and their potential impact on cancer patients.Introduction:Cancer immunotherapy, also known as immuno-oncology, utilizes the body's immune system to fight cancer cells. Unlike traditional cancer treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy, immunotherapy aims to enhance the immune response against cancer, leading to more targeted and effective treatment options. Over the years, significant progress has been made in this field, revolutionizing cancer treatment approaches.Checkpoint Inhibitors:One of the breakthroughs in cancer immunotherapy is the development of checkpoint inhibitors. These inhibitors target specific proteins on cancer cells or immune cells, preventing them from sending inhibitory signals that suppress the immune response. By blocking these inhibitory signals, checkpoint inhibitors unleash the immune system's ability to recognize and eliminate cancer cells. Immune checkpoint inhibitors, such aspembrolizumab and nivolumab, have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in treating various types of cancer, including melanoma, lung cancer, and bladder cancer.CAR-T Therapy:Another promising approach in cancer immunotherapy is chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy. This cutting-edge technique involves modifying a patient's own T cells to express a specific receptor, called a CAR, which enables them to recognize and attack cancer cells. CAR-T therapy has shown remarkable success in treating certain types of hematological malignancies, including acute lymphoblastic leukemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. However, there are challenges associated with CAR-T therapy, including high costs, potential side effects, and limited application in solid tumors.Cancer Vaccines:The development of cancer vaccines is another area of active research. Cancer vaccines aim to stimulate the immune system to recognize and target cancer cells, similar to how traditional vaccines prevent infections. Different types of cancer vaccines are being investigated, including peptide vaccines, whole-cell vaccines, and dendritic cell vaccines. Although cancer vaccines are still in the early stages of development, they hold great potential for preventing cancer recurrence and improving patients' survival rates.Combination Therapies:To further enhance the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy, researchers are exploring combination therapies. This approach involves combiningdifferent immunotherapies or combining immunotherapy with other treatment modalities, such as chemotherapy or targeted therapies. Combination therapies have shown promising results in clinical trials, demonstrating improved response rates and survival outcomes. Ongoing research is focused on identifying optimal combinations and sequencing strategies to maximize therapeutic benefits.Conclusion:Cancer immunotherapy has revolutionized the approach to cancer treatment, offering new hope for patients. The advancements in checkpoint inhibitors, CAR-T therapy, cancer vaccines, and combination therapies have significantly improved treatment outcomes and survival rates. However, challenges such as high costs and potential side effects need to be addressed to ensure wider accessibility and safer implementation of these therapies. Continued research and development in this field are crucial for further advancements and ultimately achieving better outcomes for cancer patients.。

护理考研英语试题及答案护理考研英语模拟试题一、阅读理解（共20分，每题4分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。

A篇In recent years, the nursing profession has seen asignificant increase in demand for skilled professionals. This growth is attributed to several factors, including an aging population, advancements in medical technology, and a greater focus on patient-centered care. As a result, many individuals are considering a career in nursing to meet these challenges and contribute to the well-being of society.36. What is the main reason for the increased demand for nurses?A. Aging populationB. Advancements in medical technologyC. Greater focus on patient-centered careD. All of the above答案：DB篇Nurses play a critical role in the healthcare system. Theyare responsible for a wide range of duties, from providing direct patient care to administering medications andmonitoring vital signs. Moreover, nurses are often the first point of contact for patients and their families, makingtheir communication skills and emotional intelligence as important as their medical knowledge.37. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a duty of nurses?A. Administering medicationsB. Monitoring vital signsC. Teaching medical studentsD. Providing direct patient care答案：C二、完形填空（共15分，每题1.5分）阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

As a high school student with a keen interest in the medical field, I have always been fascinated by the intricacies of the human body and the science behind it. The idea of pursuing a career in medicine has been a dream of mine for as long as I can remember. With this in mind, I have been diligently preparing myself for the medical entrance exams, which include a significant component of English proficiency. The following essay explores my journey and thoughts on the importance of English in medical research and practice.The Significance of English in Medical Education and PracticeThe journey towards becoming a medical professional is a long and arduous one, filled with countless hours of studying and understanding complex medical concepts. One aspect that has become increasingly important in this journey is the role of English in medical education and practice. English has emerged as the lingua franca of the global medical community, facilitating communication, research, and the sharing of knowledge across borders.Early Exposure and Its ImpactMy initial exposure to the importance of English in medicine came during my high school years when I attended a seminar on global health issues. The speakers, who were medical professionals from various countries, communicated fluently in English, discussing topics ranging from epidemiology to surgical techniques. This experience opened my eyes to the fact that English is not just a language but a tool that connects themedical community worldwide.The Role of English in Medical LiteratureAs I delved deeper into my studies, I realized that a vast majority of medical literature, including research papers, textbooks, and journals, are published in English. This posed a significant challenge for me, as it required a high level of English proficiency to comprehend and contribute to the field. I began to read medical articles and journals, starting with simpler texts and gradually moving on to more complex material. This not only improved my English skills but also deepened my understanding of various medical topics.English as a Gateway to Global OpportunitiesThe importance of English extends beyond the classroom and into the professional sphere. English proficiency opens doors to international conferences, seminars, and collaborative research projects. It allows medical professionals to share their findings with a global audience and learn from the experiences of others. This exchange of ideas is crucial for the advancement of medical science and the development of innovative treatments and therapies.Overcoming Language BarriersThe journey to mastering medical English has not been without its challenges. The specialized vocabulary and complex sentence structurescan be daunting. However, through consistent practice, including reading, writing, and speaking in English, I have been able to overcome these barriers. Participating in English language debates and discussions on medical topics has further honed my skills and boosted my confidence.The Future of Medical EnglishLooking ahead, I believe that the importance of English in the medical field will only continue to grow. As the world becomes more interconnected, the need for a common language in medicine becomes more apparent. English serves as that common ground, allowing for the seamless exchange of information and ideas.ConclusionIn conclusion, my experiences have underscored the critical role that English plays in the medical field. It is not just a language but a bridge that connects professionals, facilitates the dissemination of knowledge, and fosters collaboration. As I prepare for my medical entrance exams and the challenges that lie ahead, I am committed to further enhancing my English skills to excel in my chosen field. The journey is challenging, but the rewards of contributing to the advancement of medical science and improving patient care are immeasurable.。